MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – Open Channel and Hydrodynamic Force

OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW AND FLOW STATES CRITICAL FLOW

When the flow is critical
Open-channel flow, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free
- FN = 1
surface, known as a channel.
- Specific energy is a MINIMUM
- Discharge is a MAXIMUM
Hydraulic radius, is the term used to describe the shape of a channel. It is
- The depth is known as critical depth
the ratio between the length of the wetted perimeter and the cross-sectional
area of flow. When flow is critical, the following formula will be useful:
A, cross sectional area of flow
R= For non-rectangular channels (general):
P, wetted perimeter
Q2 A3
=
FLOW CAPACITY g B

Manning’s Formula For rectangular channels:

1 2 1 q2
v = R3 S 2 ; Q = Av = d3c
n g

Chezy’s Formula Relation b/w critical depth and the specific energy (for rectangular):
v = C√RS ; Q = Av 2 3
dc = E ; E = dc
3 2
SPECIFIC ENERGY
- is the energy of the flow with reference to the channel bed as the datum. UNIT FLOW/DISCHARGE, 𝐪 (𝐦𝟑 /𝐬/𝐦) – (For rectangular section only)
Q
q = vd =
NORMAL DEPTH B
- is the depth when the flow is steady and uniform.
SITUATION. A rectangular channel has 5 m width and 3 m water depth. The
BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS slope of the channel is 1 in 1200 and the Manning’s coefficient is 0.02. Neglect
τ = γRS headloss.
7. Determine the minimum width of the throat without changing the water level
SITUATION. A trapezoidal canal with a bottom width 4 m and a side slopes at the entrance.
1H:1V on the left and 1.5H:1V on the right, with n = 0.016 and a bed slope of 3 8. Determine the maximum height of the hump to produce critical depth.
in 10000, carries a discharge of 8 m3/s. 9. Determine the specific energy at the hump.

SITUATION. A triangular channel with a water depth of 1.2 m.

10. Determine the minimum specific energy.
11. Determine the critical velocity.
12. If the maximum flow in the triangular channel becomes 10 m3/s, determine
the section factor. (Hint: Section factor is the product of section area and
the square root of hydraulic depth.)

FLOW STATES / ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

1. Determine the normal depth.
2. Determine specific energy. FROUDE NUMBER, FN
3. Determine the average shear stress on the channel bed. - is a dimensionless value that describes different flow regimes of open
channel flow. It is a ratio of inertial and gravitational forces.
SITUATION. A channel has vertical wall 2 m apart and semicircular invert. The
channel has a centerline depth of 1.5 m, the bed slope is 1 in 2000 and the Energy Grade Line Depth, d
discharge is 1 m3/s. UPPER STAGE, (FN < 1.0)

CRITICAL STAGE, (FN = 1.0)

Qmax

LOWER STAGE, (FN > 1.0)

Channel Bed
Discharge, Q

𝐅𝐍 < 𝟏, subcritical flow (slow, tranquil)

𝐅𝐍 = 𝟏, critical flow
𝐅𝐍 > 𝟏, supercritical flow (fast, rapid, shooting)

For rectangular sections,

𝐕
𝐅𝐍 =
4. Determine the roughness coefficient. √𝐠𝐝
5. Determine Chezy’s C value.
6. Determine the friction factor. For non-rectangular sections,
𝐐𝟐 𝐁 𝐕 𝐀
𝐅𝐍 = √ 𝟑 OR 𝐅𝐍 = where: 𝐃 = hydraulic depth =
𝐀 𝐠 √𝐠𝐃 𝐁
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

SITUATION. Given the section of channel and floodway, it has a uniform slope MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
of 0.00012 and the Manning’s coefficient n = 0.014 for both channel and x=y1+y2
floodway. The side slopes used is 1:1.
d y1 y2
b=2d b

Rectangular Trapezoidal
(half-square)

90°

N-sided Channel
Triangular
(half of a 2N-sided polygon)
13. Determine the flow rate. x=2y
14. Determine the specific energy.
15. Determine the Froude Number. y y
16. Determine the critical depth of the given section. y 60°

NON-UNIFORM FLOW Most Efficient of all Most Efficient of all

Trapezoid Sections Circular Sections
(semi-hexagon)
HYDRAULIC JUMP - when liquid at high velocity discharge into a zone of
lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly For Minimum Seepage
flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of
the flow’s kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some d 𝛉
energy irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. 𝜽 𝐛 = 𝟒𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐
∆F = ρQ(∆v) b
Qγ
F2 − F1 = (v − v2 )
g 1 SITUATION. An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.5 m³/s at a slope of
0.005. The channel material has an n-value of 0.015.
21. Find the most efficient cross-section for a rectangular section.
22. Find the most efficient cross section for a triangular section.
23. Find the most efficient cross section for a trapezoidal section.
24. Find the most efficient cross section for a circular section.

SITUATION: A trapezoidal canal having side slope of 1V:1H carries a discharge

of 25m3/s. If the mean velocity is 1.25 m/s,
25. What the dimension of the most efficient section?
26. What is the dimension of the channel for minimum seepage?

HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
For rectangular sections: ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐅𝐇𝐃 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐯
⃑⃑⃑𝟏 − ⃑⃑⃑
𝐯𝟐 )
q2 d1 + d2
= d1 d2 ( )
g 2
For any section: 27. The figure below shows a smooth curved vane attached to a rigid
Q2 A1 y1 − A2 y2 foundation. The jet of water, rectangular in section, 100 mm wide and 50
= mm thick, strike the vane with a velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate the
g 1 1
− magnitude of the hydrodynamic force acting on the vane.
A2 A1

SITUATION. If the energy loss in a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel is

found to be 6 m and pre jump Froude number of flows is equal to 6.
17. Determine the depth of flow before the jump.
18. Determine the depth of flow after the jump.
19. Determine the ratio of post to pre jump height.
20. Determine the Froude number after the jump.

SITUATION. A horizontal jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 12

m/s is deflected through an angle of 45 degrees by the vane. Neglecting friction,
determine the force exerted by the jet on the vane
28. If the vane is moving 4 m/s along the horizontal jet.
29. If the vane is moving 6 m/s against the horizontal jet.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

FORCES ON PRESSURIZED PIPES

∑ 𝐅⃗ = ∑ 𝛒𝐐𝒗
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃗
𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝛒𝐐𝒗
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃗
𝒊𝒏

30. Water is flowing through a tee in a horizontal plane as shown in the figure.
Neglecting losses, determine the resultant force needed to hold the tee in
place.

WATER HAMMER
- Also called Hydraulic Shock.
- is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid (usually a liquid but sometimes
also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum
change).

Celerity
𝐸
For RIGID pipes: 𝑐 = √ 𝜌𝐵

𝐵 𝐸
For NON-RIGID pipes: 𝑐=√ 𝐸 𝑑
𝜌(1+ 𝐵 )
𝐸𝑡

Time for pressure wave to travel, T

𝑇 = 2𝐿/𝑐
For 𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎, instantaneous closure
Ph = ρcv
For 𝒕𝒄 < 𝑻, rapid closure
Ph = ρcv
For 𝒕𝒄 > 𝑻, slow closure
2L
Ph = ρ [ ] v
tc

SITUATION. A 600-mm diameter non-rigid pipe of length 2.5km with a thickness

of 10mm is to carry water flowing at 0.9 m³/s. Use E w = 2.07x109 Pa for water
and Es = 200000 MPa for steel.
31. Determine the celerity in m/s.
32. Find the water hammer pressure developed for the following conditions:
a. Time of closure = 4 seconds
b. Time of closure = 6 seconds
33. Determine the composite bulk modulus of water.