Question bank- IAT 1

2- marks questions

1. Give four characteristics of matter waves.

ans:-

1}Matter waves do not have electromagnetic properties.

2} The electron microscope would be constructed on de-Broglie waves.

3}The likelihood of locating a particle in spacetime is represented by a matter-wave.

4}The charge of a material component has no effect on matter waves.

2. Explain the term wave packet with diagram.

ANS:-

1}This hump or envelope of waves is called the wave packet or the wave group and can be made use of
as a mark on the wave.

2}The propagation of the distinguishing mark with time can be detected by measuring devices.

3}If the number of superposed waves is increased, the hump becomes narrower and the intervening
region of weaker disturbances broader.

4}In the limit, if infinite number of waves of continuously varying wavelengths (or frequencies)
extending over a finite range is superposed, a single hump in a narrow region results with no
disturbance at any other point. This forms the wave packet.
3. What are phase velocity show that Vp > c 2 /v.
ANS:

1}The phase velocity is also called wave velocity, of a

monochromatic wave, i.e. the velocity with which a

definite phase of the wave propagates through a

medium.

2}Phase velocity or wave velocity

vp = λ v = 2π v λ /2π

 Using angular velocity  = 2π v and propagation constant k =2π/λ,

vp = w/k

3} Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ travels with velocity ‘v’. Its momentum is p = mv.

4}According to de-Broglie’s hypothesis, matter wave is associated with the particle and it

travels with phase velocity ‘vp’.

5} Wavelength of matter wave is given by de-Broglie’s equation, λ=h/p

Phase velocity or wave velocity, vp = λv =h/v=p=E/P--------------(Plank’s equation E = hv)

vp =mc2/mv-------------------------------(Einstein’s equation E = mc2)

vp =c2/v

As, v < c, vp>c.

*Phase velocity or wave velocity is greater than the speed of light, which can not be

possible.
4. State and explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
ANS:-

1}Formulated by the German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg in 1927.

2}Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that quantum mechanics does not simultaneously

permit the determination of position and momentum of a particle accurately. Any effort made to make
the measurement of position of the particle- such as an electron- very accurately, results in a

large uncertainty in the measurement of momentum and vice versa.

5. Draw the planes and directions using given miller indices.

6. Give the steps to determine miller indices of a lattice plane.
ANS:-

Step 1:-Determine the intercepts of the plane along the axes X, Y and Z in terms of
the Lattice Constant a, b, c.
Step 2:-Express m, n and p in terms of the respective basic vectors, as fractional
multiples we get,m/a, n/b and p/c.
Step 3:-Take the reciprocals of the three fractions, i.e. a/m, b/n ,c/p.
Step 4:-Find the LCM of the denominator by which the above three ratios are
multiplied. This operation reduces them to a set of three integers h, k and I. The
resultant three integers are called Miller indices of the given plane, denoted by
(hkl).
Step 5:- write these h,k and l in a paranthesis without putting comma between
them.(h k l)
7. Differentiate between direct and indirect band gap semiconductor.
ANS:-
Differentiate between direct and indirect band gap semiconductors.
Direct band-gap (DBG) semiconductor Indirect band-gap (IBG) semiconductor

A direct band-gap (DBG) semiconductor is An Indirect band-gap (IBG) semiconductor is

one in which the maximum energy level of one in which the maximum energy level of
the valence band aligns with the minimum the valence band and the minimum energy
energy level of the conduction band with level of the conduction band are misaligned
respect to momentum. with respect to momentum.

In a DBG semiconductor, a direct In case of a IBG semiconductor, due to a

recombination takes place with the release ofrelative difference in the momentum, first, the
the energy equal to the energy difference momentum is conserved by release of energy
between the recombining particles. and only after the both the momenta align
themselves, a recombination occurs
The probability of a radiative recombination accompanied with the release of energy.
is high.
The probability of a radiative recombination
The efficiency factor of a DBG is comparatively low.
semiconductor is higher. Thus, DBG
semiconductors are always preferred over The efficiency factor of a IBG semiconductor
IBG for making optical sources. is lower.

Example, Silicon and Germanium

Example, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs).
8. Deduce the relation between the current density and conductivity of a semiconducto r.
Ans:-

9. What are miller indices? Miller indices do not only define a particular plane but a set of
parallel planes, explain with suitable example.
ANS:-

1}While studying crystallography, understanding crystal planes are of high

importance. Miller Indices are the mathematical representation of the crystal
planes. This method was also historically known as the Millerian system and the
indices as Millerian or the Miller Indices.

2} We know that crystal lattices are the infinite array of points arranged
periodically in space. These points can be joined together by drawing a straight
line and by extending these lines in the three-dimension we notice that they
appear to be a set of crystal planes or Crystallographic Planes. The crystal
lattices are constructed by the set of parallel lines known as the Crystallographic
Planes.
 4 and 5 marks Questions

1} Derive the equation for interplanar distance in cubic crystal lattice,in

terms of lattice parameter and(hkl) with neat sketch.

Ans:-

The "Interplanner Spacing or distance" is the perpendicular distance do

between the corresponding (hkl) planes, which can be computed by taking the
general case as follows. It is also the perpendicular distance from origin to that
set of parallel planes (4) Let us consider Fig. 1.29 where the plane ABC of a cubic
crystal belongs to a family of planes whose Miller indices are (hk). Let the
perpendicular ON be drawn from origin to the plane ABC

(fig.1: -interplanar distance) (fig.2: -enlarged version of fig.1)

Let us suppose ‘ON’ makes an angle α’, β’, γ’(fig1,&fig 2),with x,y,z axes, respectively.The intercepts of plane
ABC whose miller indices are (hkl) on these axes are:

OA=a/h, OB=a/k,OC=a/l.---------------------------------------(1)

Where a=lattice comstant.

Now from fig.1

cos α’=ON/OA, cos β’=ON/OB, cos γ’=ON/OC,----------------------------------------(2)

The distance ‘ON’ represents the interplanar spacing dhkl of the family of planes(hkl),so form(1) &(2)
we get

cos α’=d/(a/h),cos β’=d/(a/k),cos γ’=d/(a/l),-----------------------------------(3)

Let us consider (fig 2), where the cordinates of N are (x,y,z)

So, (ON)^2=(d)^2=(x^2+y^2+z^2) -------------------------------------------(4)

Where x=d cosα’, y=d cos β’, z=d cos γ’

i.e, d= √d^2 cos^2 α’+d^2+cos^2 β’+d^2cos^2y’ -------(5)

So, cos^2 α’+ cos^2 β’+ cos^2 γ’=1 -------------------------(6)\

Substituting the values of cos^2 α’, cos^2 β’, cos^2 γ’ from (3), we get (dh/a)^2+
(dk/a)^2 +(dl/a)^2= 1

D^2/a^2 (h^2+k^2+l^2)=1

dhkl=a/(√h^2+k^2+l^2)

This is the expression for interplanar spacing in terms of lattice constant α and miiller
indices h,k and l.

2. Explain the construction and working of Bragg’s spectrometer to determine

crystal structure.

Ans:-

1} construction:-

Bragg's Spectrometer consists of a collimator containing two slits S1S1 and S2S2 made up of
lead, through which X-ray is passed.

spectrometer table with crystal mounted on it.

rotating arm with slits S3 and S4 and ionization chamber with electrical
connection.

2}working:-

X-rays from an X-ray tube are made to pass through two fine slits S₁ and S₂ which
collimate it into a fine beam. This X-ray beam is then made to fall upon the crystal
mounted on the spectrometer table. This table is capable of rotation about a
vertical axis and its rotation can be read on a circular graduated scale S. The
reflected beam after passing through the slits S3 and S4 enters the ionization
chamber. The X-rays entering the ionization chamber ionizes the gas which causes
a current to flow between the electrodes and the current can be measured by
galvanometer G. The ionization current is a measure of the intensity of X-rays
reflected by the crystal.

3}Determination of crystal structure:-

The ionization current is measured for different values of glancing angle 0. A graph is drawn

between the glancing angle 0 and ionization current The spectrometer arrangement couples the
rotation of the crystal with the rotation of the detector so that the angle of rotation of the detector is
twice that of the crystal. This satisfies the conditions of Bragg's law for diffraction of the x-rays from the
crystal lattice planes.

lonization current at different glancing angle is measured and graph is plotted.

The ratio of inter planar distance for different planes is measured.

Rearranging Bragg's equation 2d sin Θ = n λ

3. State and Derive Bragg’s law with neat diagram.

Ans:-

1}In 1912, W H Bragg and W L Bragg explained Laue’s pattern.When a crystal is

bombarded with monochromatic X-rays at certain glancing angle, intense

2}reflected X-rays are produced when the wavelengths of the scattered X-rays
interfere constructively.

3}In order for the waves to interfere constructively, the differences in the travel
path must be equal to integer multiples of the wavelength.

4} When this constructive interference occurs, a diffracted beam of X-rays will

leave the crystal at an angle equal to that of the incident beam.

5} Statement of Bragg’s law/ Bragg’s equation: n λ = 2d sinΘ

Derivation of Bragg’s equation Let us consider a crystal having parallel lattice

planes separated by a distance d apart and a beam of X-rays having a
wavelength λ is incident on the planes at an angle θ (Fig. 21.3). As shown in Fig.
21.3, ray 1 is reflected from the upper atomic plane while ray 2 is reflected from
the lower atomic plane at the same angle θ as that of ray 1 but ray 2 travels a
distance of 2a larger than ray 1. If this distance 2a is equal to an integral number
of wavelengths (nλ), then rays 1 and 2 will be in phase on their exit from the
crystal and constructive interference will occur. If the distance 2a is not an
integral number of wavelengths, then destructive interference will occur. Thus,
for constructive interference nλ = 2a Also, a = d sin θ
So, 2a = 2d sin θ Thus, nλ = 2d sin θ where n = l, 2, 3, … for the first order,
second order, third order, etc., for maxima.

This relation is known as Bragg’s law. If we know the wavelength, λ, of the X-rays
incident on the crystal, and we can measure the angle θ of the X rays diffracted
from the crystal, then we can measure the spacing (d-spacing) between the
atomic planes as given below:

n = λ 2 sinθ We then re-orient the crystal to expose another atomic plane and
measure the d-spacing between all atomic planes in the crystal, which helps us
to determine the crystal structure of the given material and the size of the unit
cell of the crystal
4.Explain de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves and deduce the
expression for wavelength. Also give the equation for de Broglie’s
wavelength in terms of kinetic energy and potential energy of a particle.
Ans:-

1} Considering symmetry observed in nature and periodicity of motion, Louis de

Broglie (1924) made a great unifying speculative hypothesis that, “Just as radiation has
particle-like properties, electrons and other material particles possess wave-like properties”

2}These waves associated with particles are called matter waves or de Broglie waves.

Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics.

All matter exhibits wave-like behavior while moving.

Wavelength of matter wave is given by the equation

λ = h/p (where p-momentum of the particle)

p = mv (m-mass of the particle, v- velocity of the particle)

and Plank’s constant, h= 6.626X10 -34 Js

2} de-Broglie’s wavelength in terms of kinetic energy of the particle:

Kinetic energy of a particle,

K= 1/2(mv^2) = (1/2m) (m2 v^2) =1/2m(p^2)

p=√2mK--------------(2)

Substitute (2) in (1),

λ=h/√2mKc

3} de-Broglie's wavelength in terms of Potential energy (eV) of a charged particle:

Kinetic energy, K = eV

where, V = potential difference ------->p = √2mK = √2meV

:. de-Broglie wavelength

λ =h/p = h/( √2meV)

If accelerated charge is electron, then λ= h √2eVm

where, me= mass of electron or λ 12.27 / (√V) = Å for electron beam

5. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, show that electron does not pre-exist inside

the nucleus.

Ans:-

6. What is meant by group velocity? Show that group velocity of a matter wave is equal to
particle velocity.
Ans:-
7. Derive Schrodinger time dependent wave equation.

Ans.
8. Derive Schrodinger time independent wave equation.

Ans.

Schrodinger time dependent wave equation can be obtained by eliminating E from

time independent Schrodinger equation.