Chapter1 Spring15
Chapter1 Spring15
Chapter1 Spring15
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Introduction 1-2
What’s the Internet
Mobile network
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
Internet: “network of Home network
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus
Institutional network
private intranet
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: a service view
communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
“best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery
Introduction 1-4
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
“what’s the time?” machines rather than
“I have a question” humans
introductions all communication
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent governed by protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-5
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-7
Protocol Suite
Introduction 1-8
Organization of air travel
a series of steps
Introduction 1-9
Layering of airline functionality
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
Introduction 1-10
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications application
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
transport: process-process data transport
transfer
TCP, UDP network
network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination link
IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
PPP, Ethernet
physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-11
Assignment of Protocols to Layers
ping Application
application
HTTP Telnet FTP DNS SNMP
Layer
Routing Protocols
ICMP RIP
Network
IGMP IP PIM
Layer
OSPF
DHCP
Network
Interface
Introduction 1-12
Layers in the Example
Introduction 1-13
Layers and Services
Service provided by TCP to HTTP:
reliable transmission of data over a logical connection
Service provided by IP to TCP:
unreliable transmission of IP datagrams across an IP
network
Service provided by Ethernet to IP:
transmission of a frame across an Ethernet segment
Other services:
DNS: translation between domain names and IP addresses
ARP: Translation between IP addresses and MAC addresses
Introduction 1-14
Encapsulation and Demultiplexing
As data is moving down the protocol stack, each
protocol is adding layer-specific control
information User data
HTTP
TCP
Ethernet IP datagram
Ethernet Ethernet
IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header User data
Header Trailer
Ethernet fram e
Introduction 1-15
To Summarize: Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect
rest of system
layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-16
A closer look at network structure
network edge:
applications and
hosts
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of
networks Introduction 1-17
The network edge
end systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at “edge of network” peer-peer
client/server model
client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
peer-peer model:
minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-18
Network edge: reliable data transfer
service
Goal: data transfer TCP service [RFC 793]
between end systems reliable, in-order byte-
handshaking: setup stream data transfer
(prepare for) data loss: acknowledgements
transfer ahead of time and retransmissions
Hello, hello back human flow control:
protocol sender won’t overwhelm
set up “state” in two receiver
communicating hosts
congestion control:
TCP - Transmission senders “slow down sending
Control Protocol rate” when network
Internet’s reliable data congested
transfer service
Introduction 1-19
Network edge: best effort (unreliable)
data transfer service
Goal: data transfer App’s using TCP:
between end systems HTTP (Web), FTP (file
same as before! transfer), Telnet
UDP - User Datagram (remote login), SMTP
Protocol [RFC 768]: (email)
connectionless
unreliable data App’s using UDP:
transfer streaming media,
no flow control teleconferencing, DNS,
no congestion control Internet telephony
Introduction 1-20
The Network Core
mesh of interconnected
routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete “chunks”
Introduction 1-21
Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-end resources
reserved for “call”
link bandwidth, switch
capacity
dedicated resources:
no sharing
circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
call setup required
Introduction 1-22
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into “pieces”
divided into “pieces” frequency division
pieces allocated to calls time division
resource piece idle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)
Introduction 1-23
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-24
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
All links are 1.536 Mbps
Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Introduction 1-25
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets aggregate resource
user A, B packets share demand can exceed
network resources amount available
each packet uses full link congestion: packets
bandwidth queue, wait for link use
resources used as needed store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Bandwidth division into “pieces” Node receives complete
Dedicated allocation packet before forwarding
Resource reservation
Introduction 1-26
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
D E
Introduction 1-29
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-31
Four sources of packet delay
1. nodal processing: 2. queueing
check bit errors time waiting at output
determine output link link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-32
Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps) d = length of physical link
L=packet length (bits) s = propagation speed in
time to send bits into medium (~2x108 m/sec)
link = L/R propagation delay = d/s
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-33
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
cars “propagate” at Time to “push” entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll
toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
service car (transmission 12*10 = 120 sec
time) Time for last car to
car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:
Q: How long until caravan
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth? A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-34
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
Yes! After 7 min, 1st car
Cars now “propagate” at at 2nd booth and 3 cars
1000 km/hr still at 1st booth.
Toll booth now takes 1 1st bit of packet can
min to service a car arrive at 2nd router
Q: Will cars arrive to before packet is fully
2nd booth before all transmitted at 1st router!
cars serviced at 1st See Ethernet applet at AWL
booth? Web site
Introduction 1-35
Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
Introduction 1-36
Queueing delay
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-38
Timing in Circuit Switching
D
Assume
Number of hops = M
Per-hop processing delay = P P
Link propagation delay = D
Transmission speed = R bit/s
Message size = L bits
L/R
Total Delay = total propagation
+ total transmission
+ total processing Total Delay
= 4MD + L/R + (M-1)P
Introduction 1-39
Timing in Datagram Packet Switching
Assume:
Number of hops = M
Per-hop processing delay = P
Link propagation delay = D
Packet transmission delay = T
Message size = N packets P+Q
Nodal Queueing delay = Q T
P+Q
Total Delay = total propagation T
+ total transmission Total
+ total store&forward Delay
+ total processing D
+ total queueing
= MD + NT + (M-1)T + (M-1)P
+ (M-1) Q
Introduction 1-40
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-41
Residential access: point to point access
Introduction 1-42
Residential access: cable modems
Introduction 1-43
Company access: local area networks
company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects
end system to edge router
Ethernet:
10 Mbs, 100Mbps,
1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
modern configuration:
end systems connect
into Ethernet switch
LANs: chapter 5
Introduction 1-44
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
via base station aka “access
point”
base
wireless LANs: station
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps
wider-area wireless access
provided by telco operator
~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
mobile
next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps)
hosts
over wide area
Introduction 1-45
Home networks
Typical home network components:
DSL or cable modem
router/firewall/NAT
Ethernet
wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
Introduction 1-46
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
Bit: propagates between two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
physical link: what lies Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
Category 5:
guided media:
100Mbps Ethernet
signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction 1-47
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Fiber optic cable:
Coaxial cable: glass fiber carrying light
two concentric copper pulses, each pulse a bit
conductors
high-speed operation:
bidirectional
high-speed point-to-point
baseband: transmission (e.g., 10’s-
single channel on cable 100’s Gps)
legacy Ethernet
low error rate: repeaters
broadband: spaced far apart ; immune
multiple channels on
cable to electromagnetic noise
HFC
Introduction 1-48
Physical media: radio
signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic terrestrial microwave
spectrum e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “wire” LAN (e.g., Wifi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation wide-area (e.g., cellular)
environment effects: 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
reflection satellite
obstruction by objects Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
interference multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-49
Internet Infrastructure
IXP
local ISP IXP
Backbone Network
Introduction 1-50
Internet Infrastructure
The infrastructure of the Internet consists of a
federation of connected networks that are each
independently managed (“autonomous system”)
Note: Each “autonomous system may consist of multiple
IP networks
Hierarchy of network service providers (NSPs)
Tier-1: nation or worldwide network (10s)
Tier-2: regional networks (100s)
Tier-3: local Internet service provider (1000s)
Introduction 1-51
Internet Infrastructure
Location where a network (ISP, corporate
network, or regional network) gets access
to the Internet is called a Point-of-
Presence (POP).
Locations (Tier-1 or Tier-2) networks are
connected for the purpose of exchanging
traffic are called peering points.
Public peering: Traffic is swapped in a specific
location, called Internet exchange points (IXPs)
Private peering: Two networks establish a
direct link to each other.
Introduction 1-52
Internet structure: network of networks
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Introduction 1-53
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… …
.
…
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-54
Internet structure: network of networks
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Introduction 1-55
Internet structure: network of networks
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest Tier 1 ISP
of Internet
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-56
Internet structure: network of networks
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP