HISTORY

CH - 1 TO 5
TIMELINES
CH - 1 Name -
Date Happenings

1688 British parliament seizes power from the monarchy

1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England

1785 & Grimm Brothers Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm were
1786 born

1789 The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French
Revolution

1797 Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin

1804 Civil Code or Napoleonic Code removed all privileges based

on birth & established equality

1807 Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born

1812 Grimm brothers published their first collection of tales

1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig

1814- Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement

1815

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1815 The defeat of Napoleon by Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria

1821 Greek struggle for independence begins

1821 Nationalism sparked off amongst the Greeks

1824 English poet Lord Byron died of fever

1824 Massacre at Chios, Eugene Delacroix

July 1830 The first upheaval took place in France

1831 Giuseppe Mazzini was sent to exile for attempting a revolution

in Liguria

1831 An armed rebellion took place against Russian rule

1832 Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent

nation

1833 The founding of Young Europe in Berne

1834 A Customs Union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of

Prussia

1845 Weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors

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1848 French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu prepared a series of
four prints visualising ‘Democratic and social Republics’

1848 Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and

peasants revolt against economic hardships; middle classes
demand constitutions and representative governments;
Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand
nation-states

18 May 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to

1848 take their places in the Frankfurt parliament

1859 Tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by

Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the
Austrian forces

1859- Unification of Italy

1870

1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy

1866-1871 Unification of Germany

1867 Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians

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January Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor
1871 in a ceremony held at Versailles

1905 Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman

Empires

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CH - 2
Dates Happenings

January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South

Africa

1919 Gandhiji launched satyagraha against the Rowlatt

Act

13 April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh incident

March 1919 Khilafat Committee formed

September 1920 Gandhiji convinced Congress for a non-cooperation

movement

December 1920 Non-Cooperation program was adopted by Congress

in Nagpur

January 1921 Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began

October 1920 Oudh Kisan Sabha

6 January 1921 Police firing at peasants in Rae Bareli

1920 The militant guerrilla movement spread in Gudem

Hills, Andhra Pradesh

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1922 Chauri Chaura violence

11 February 1922 Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation

Movement

1928 “Go Back Simon” movement

Nov 1930 – Jan First Round Table Conference

1931

Sept-Dec 1931 Second Round Table Conference

Nov – Dec 1932 Third Round Table Conference

December 1929 The “Purna Swaraj” was formalized

26 January Declared to be celebrated as the Independence Day,

1930 but got very little attention

31 January Gandhiji sent a letter of Viceroy Irwin stating 11

1930 demands

12 March 1930 Salt March or Dandi March or Dandi Satyagraha or

Civil Disobedience Movement started

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6 April 1930 Salt March ended

April 1930 Abdul Ghaffar Khan got arrested

May 1930 Mahatma Gandhi got arrested

5 March 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact

23 March 1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced

to death

December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for a conference but

returned disappointed

26 September Poona Pact

1932

Jan 1932 Civil Disobedience Movement started again

1920 Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress

1927 Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and

Industries (FICCI)

1906 Muslim League established

1928 Death of Lala Lajpat Rai

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1935 The government of India Act

8 August 1942 Quit India movement launched

August 1925 Kakori Train Conspiracy Case

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CH -

Dates Happenings

15th century Silk routes linked the world

1845-1849 Great Irish Potato Famine

1851 Slaves for sale, a prospective buyer carefully inspecting

slaves lined up before the auction

1815-1846 Corn Laws

1839 Triumph for the The Anti-Corn Law League, founded in

Manchester

26 June 1846 Corn Laws were finally repealed

By 1890 Global agricultural economy

1869 Emigrant ship leaving for the US, by M.W.Ridley

1874 Irish emigrants waiting to board the ship, by Michael

Fitzgerald.

1820-1914 World trade is estimated to have multiplied 25 to 40

times.

1851 The Smithfield Club Cattle Show, Illustrated London

News

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1878 Export of meat was possible only after ships were
refrigerated

1885 The European powers met in Berlin to complete the

carving up of Africa between them

1890’s Spread of Rinderpest or Cattle plague.

1887 Transport to the Transvaal gold mines, the graphic

Late 1880’s Rinderpest arrived in Africa

1892 Rinderpest moved like a forest fire and reached Africa’s

Atlantic coast

1897 Rinderpest reaches the Cape

1900’s India’s Nationalist Leaders began opposing the system

of indentured labour migration as cruel and abusive.

1914-1918 First World War (fought between Allies and Central

Powers)

August 1914 First World War began

1921 Huge job losses – one in every five British workers were
out of work

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1920’s Mass Production in the US economy (Henry Ford, a
well-known pioneer of mass production of cars)

January 1914 Ford doubled the daily wages to $5

1919-1929 Car Production in the US rose from 2 million in 1919 to

more than 5 million in 1929

1923 The US resumed exporting capital and become the

largest overseas lender.

1929-mid1930 Great Depression

’s

1928 US overseas loans reached over $1 billion in the first half

of 1928

By 1933 Over 4,000 banks had closed

Between About 110,000 companies had collapsed.

1929-1932

1935 A modest economic recovery was underway in most

industrial countries

Between Due to the crash in international prices, the prices in

1928-1934 India fell by 50%

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1931 Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience
Movement at the height of the depression

1934-1945 Second World War (between Axis powers and Allies)

July 1941 German forces attack Russia (Hitler’s attempt to invade

Russia was a turning point in the war)

July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference

1947 IMF(International Monetary Fund) and WB (World

Bank) began financial operations

Between World trade grew annually

1950-1970

Late 1950s Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention

more towards developing countries

15 June 1964 Group of 77 (G-77) was established (to demand a new

international economic order [NIEO])

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CH -

Dates Happenings

1900 Dawn of the century, published by E.T.Paul Music

Co., New York, England

26 January Two Magicians, published in Inland Printers

1901

By 1730s Earliest factories in England were established

1764 Spinning Jenny, Invented by James Hargreaves

Late 19th Cotton production (first symbol of new era) grew

Century

1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw

cotton to feed its cotton industry

1787 Britain import of raw cotton soared to 22 million

pounds

1840s Demand for iron and steel increased rapidly with the
expansion of railways in England

1860s Demand for iron and steel increased rapidly with the
expansion of railways in the colonies

1873 Britain, exporting iron and steel worth about $77

million

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1781 James Watt improved the steam engine made by
Newcomen and got a patent of the new engine

Mid 19th Britain, 500 varieties of hammers were produced

century and 45 kinds of axes. (Hand Labour)

1750s Indian merchants network was breaking down

17th century The gross value of a trade which passed through

(last years) Surat had been Rs. 16 million

1772 Henry Palutto, a company official, had ventured, to

announce that the demand for Indian textiles could
never reduce.

1811-12 Piece-goods accounted for 33% of India’s exports

By 1850-51 Piece-goods was not more than 3%

Early 19th Exports of British cotton goods increased significantly

century

18th century Virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India

(end)

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By 1850 Cotton piece-goods constituted over 31% of the value
of Indian imports

By 1870 Cotton piece-goods constituted over 50% of the value

of Indian imports

1860s Weaver faced a new problem(not get sufficient supply

of good quality raw cotton)

1854 First cotton mill (in Bombay)

1862 Four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and

2150 looms

1830s-1840s Dwarkanath Tagore, in Bengal, made his fortune in

the China trade before he turned to industrial, setting
up six joint-stock companies

1855 First Jute mill established in Bengal

1862 Another Jute mill established in Bengal

1860s In North India, the Elgin mill was started in Kanpur

By 1874 First spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its

production

Late 18th The British in India started exporting opium to china

century and took tea from China to England

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1917 Seth Hukum Chand was a Marwari businessman,
who established the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta

1901 With the growth of factories(there were 584,000

workers in Indian factories)

1946 Number of workers was over 2,436,000

1911 Over 50% of workers in the Bombay Cotton

industries, came from the neighbouring districts of
Ratnagiri

Between Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled

1900 & 1912

1911 About 67% of cotton piece-goods, were located in

Bombay and Bengal

1941 Over 35% of handlooms in India were fitted with fly

shuttles

Early 20th Images of numerous Indian god and goddesses, or

century historic figures (for advertisements)

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CH -
Dates Happenings

From AD Books in China were printed by rubbing papers.

594

17th Century The uses of print diversified

AD 768-770 Buddhist missionaries from China first introduced

hand-printing technology into Japan

AD 868 Oldest Japanese book ‘Diamond Sutra’ got printed

1295 Marco Polo, a great explorer returned to Italy from China

1430s Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press

1448 Gutenberg perfected the system by Olive press

1450-1550 The printing press was established in most countries of

Europe in a hundred years

1517 Religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses

From 1558 Began to maintain an Index of Prohibited books

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19th century Brought new readers among women, children & workers

Late 19th Primary education became compulsory

century

1857 A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone,

was established in France.

Late 18th Press came to be made out of metal

century

Mid-19th Richard M.Hoe of New York had perfected the

century power-driven cylindrical press

Late 19th Offset press was developed

Century

20th Electrically operated press accelerated printing operations

Century

1920s Popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling
Series in England

Mid 16th Printing press first came to Goa, India

Century

By 1674 About 50 books had been printed in Konkani & in Kanara

languages

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1579 Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book at Cochin

1713 First Malayalam book was printed

1710 Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts

1780 James Augustus Hickey started to edit the ‘Bengal

Gazette’

1821 Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi

1822 Two Persian newspapers, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and

Shamsul Akhbar were published

1867 Deoband Seminary, established

1810 The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of

Tulsidas, a 16th-century text, emerged from Calcutta

From 1880s Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri

Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous
religious text

1876 Rashsundari Debi wrote an autobiography ‘Amar Jiban’

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1860s Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the
experience of women

1870s Hindi printing began seriously

1880s Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with

passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste
Hindu women

Early 20th Ram Chaddha published ‘Istri Dharm Vichar’

Century

1871 Jyotiba Phule wrote ‘Gulamgiri’

1938 Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill-worker, wrote and published

Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal

1955 Sachi Kavitayan

1857 Attitude to freedom of the press changed after the revolt

1878 Vernacular Press Act was passed, which was modelled on

the Irish Press Laws

1907 Punjab revolutionaries were deported

1907 Balgangadhar Tilak wrote ‘Kesari’

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