Financial Reporting

IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements

IAS 2 Inventories
IAS 7 Statements of cash flows
IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors
IAS 10 Events after the reporting period
IAS 11 Construction contracts
IAS 12 ★★ Income taxes
IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment
IAS 17 Leases
IAS 18 Revenue
IAS 19 ★★★ Employee benefits
Accounting for government grants and disclosure of government
IAS 20 assistance
IAS 21 ★★★ The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
IAS 23
IAS 24
IAS 27
Borrowing costs
Related party disclosures
Separate financial statements
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IAS 28 Investments in associates
IAS 31 Interests in joint ventures
IAS 32 Financial instruments: presentation
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IAS 33 Earnings per share

IAS 34 Interim financial reporting
IAS 36 Impairment of assets
IAS 37 ★★★
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Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

IAS 38 Intangible assets
IAS 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement
IAS 40 Investment property
IAS 41 Agriculture
IFRS 2 ★★★ Share-based payment
IFRS 3 ★ Business combinations
IFRS 5 ★★★ Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosures
IFRS 8 ★★★ Operating segments
IFRS 9 ★★ Financial Instruments
IFRS 10 ★ Consolidated financial statements
IFRS 11 ★★★ Joint arrangements
IFRS 13 ★★★ Fair value measurement
IFRS 15 ★★★ Revenue from contracts with customers
IFRS 16 Leases
IAS 26 * Accounting and reporting by retirement benefit plans
IAS 29 * Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies
Disclosure in the financial statements of banks and similar financial
IAS 30 * institutions (not examinable)
IFRS 1* First time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards
IFRS 4 * Insurance contracts
IFRS 6 * Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources
IFRS 12* Disclosures of interests in other entities
IFRS 14* Regulatory deferral accounts

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Part1. The IASB’s Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting
财报的目的：
The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting
entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions
about providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling or holding equity and debt
instruments, and providing or settling loans and other forms of credit.

财报提供的信息：
General purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the information，需要结合其他信息，譬
如整个经济环境和预期，政治风向和事件，行业及公司展望等。
General purpose financial reports provide information about the financial position of a reporting entity, which
is information about the entity's economic resources and the claims against the reporting entity, and the
effects of transactions and other events that change a reporting entity's economic resources and claims. (简单
的理解，就是 asset, liability, equity and revenue & expense)

用户关心的 3 方面信息：
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1) Accrual accounting
2) Past cash flows
3) changes in economic resources and claims not resulting from financial performance, e.g. a share
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issue
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Qualitative characteristics of financial information

The cost constraint on useful financial reporting: The benefits of reporting information should justify the
costs to provide and use that information.
Underlying assumption: going concern

The elements of financial statements

Asset A resource controlled by an entity as a result for past events and from which further
economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
Liability A present obligation of the entity arising from the past events, the settlement of which is
expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.
Equity The residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all its liabilities.
Income Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or
enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increase in equity, other
than those relating to contributions from equity participants.
Expense Decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or
depletions of assets or increases of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than
those relating to distributions to equity participants.

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Recognition 条件：经济利益流进/出的可能性 probable+ 成本或价值 measured with reliability
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Measuremen 方式：其中，历史成本是最为常用的

Historical cost Current cost Realizable value Present value

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Part 2. 准则

PPE (IAS 16)

生产使用，或行政办公使用。使用期限：至少超过一个会计期间 (否则归为 NCAHFS)

1) 初始计量：
Purchase price Finance costs
 Import duties  Capitalised for qualifying assets (IAS 23)
 Non-refimdable purchase taxes
Subsequent costs
Directlv attiibutable costs %  Capitalised when:
 Employee benefit costs cost of replacing is inclined, and • recognition
 Site preparation criteria met e.g. flimace relinina
 Initial deliveiy & handling costs
 Installation & assembly costs Exchanges



Professional fees
Costs of testing
Site restoration provision (IAS 37).

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Cost = normally FV of asset given up
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2) 后续计量：Revaluation model 或者 Cost model2 选 1
Cost model Valuation:
 Cost less accumulated  Fair value (using fair value hierarchy ill IFRS
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depreciatioi^impaimient losses 13)

Revaluation inodel  'Highest and best use' valuation
 Revalued amount less subsequent  Sufficient regularity that canying amount does
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accumulated depredation/ impairment losses not differ materially fi om FV at end of reporting

 Upward revaluation to OC'I period volatile: annual
 Downward revaluation:  non-volatile: 3-5 years
1st to OC'I  Revalue entire class
then in P/TL

Investment property (IAS 40)

用来赚租金 earn rentals 或资本升值 capital appreciation

1) 初始计量：
Cost + 直接费用 + 交易成本
2) 后续计量：2 选 1
Fair value model: Cost model:
不折旧 参见 PPE (IAS 16)
FV 变动计入 P&L
Intangible asset (IAS 38)

‘an identifiable asset without physical substance’

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注意：这些只能费用化
Internally generated 的 Brands, Publishing titles, Customer lists & Other similar
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Start-up costs: Training, Advertising/promotion, Reorganizations/relocations

1) 初始计量：
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2) 后续计量：2 选 1
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Costmodel: Revaluation model:
Cost less accumulated To FV only if active market (IFRS 13):' transactions for
amortization/impairment losses the asset take place with sufficient frequency and volume
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to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis'

1) 如果 No active market,则用 cost model
2) Revalue whole class
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3) Revalue regularly such that BV not materially diff to FV

Impairment of assets (IAS 36)

减值测试适合一般长期资产，以下不适用：
 inventories  investment property held under the fair value
 deferred tax assets model
 employee benefit assets  biological assets held at fair value less costs to
 financial assets sell
 non-current assets held for sale.
资产出现在负债表上金额不能大于 Recoverable amount = Fair value less costs of disposal 和 Value in use
取高值。也就是说，如果 carrying value≦ Recoverable amount，不需要减值！
1) 测试频率：Annual 或有任何减值迹象时 where there is evidence of impairment
必须 Annual impairment test 的科目：
a) Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life/ not yet available for use
 b) Goodwill acquired in a business combination.
2) Cash-generating unit 定义：
It is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of
the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.
3) 减值的顺序：先 GW，再 NCA on a pro-rata basis 按比例 based on carrying amount
4) 减值损失折回 Reversal：
a) Goodwill 只能减值，不会再增值 impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed
b) NCA on a pro-rata basis 按比例，减值折回部分计入 P&L，再超出部分计入 OCI。
5) 先增值再减值-考试技巧：
a) It is XX company policy to make all necessary transfers for excess depreciation following
revaluation.有这句话，人家 OCE 已经吐出一部分了，所以可以用水位线方法简单计算
b) 没有这句话，这直接把之前增值的 OCE 全部吐出，类似于有准备先冲准备

Employee benefits (IAS 19)

1) Short-term benefits 定义: Employee benefits (other than termination benefits) that are expected to be

employees render the related service.

计量：Accruals basis & not discounted to PV
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settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period in which the
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Accumulating paid absences：当期没用完，带 Non-accumulating paid absences 不能代入下一年
入下个年度的 can be carried forward for use in (e.g. maternity leave or military service).
future periods (e.g. holiday pay).
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It is recognised as an accrual at the year end. 仅当发生时计入费用

2) Post-employment benefits 定义：which are payable after the completion of employment.

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Defined contribution plans Defined benefit plans

Post-employment benefit plans other than defined

Post-employment benefit plans under which an contribution plans.只要不是 DC，就是 DB。
entity pays fixed contributions into a separate Typically, a separate plan is established into which
entity (a fund) and will have no legal or the company makes regular payments, as advised
constructive obligation to pay further by an actuary. This fund needs to ensure that it
contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient has enough assets to pay future pensions to
 assets to pay all employee benefits relating to pensioners.The company bears the pension plan's
employee service in the current and prior periods. risks and benefits.企业对于养老金计划承担风险
The pension scheme (or plan/trust) is a separate 和收益，养老金池子和养老金义务的金额由精算
fund from the company itself.虽然实际经营养老 师确定，不足需补足。记录有单独的帐，不在财
金计划可以是公司高管或信托，但理论上养老 务报表上显示：
金计划和公司是 2 个实体。公司只要支付固定  pension plan assets (at fair value)
的金额给养老金计划，其余不用管了。  pension plan liabilities (at present value)
入账注意事项：
a) immediate recognition of past service cost (previously deferred)过去的劳务成本立刻入账
b) application of the same interest rate to assets and liabilities 资产负债采用同样利率
c) recognition of all remeasurements in OCI 精算差异入 OCI

3) Settlements 清算- 一次性现金支付，结束关系，差额入 P&L

The gain or loss on a settlement is recongnised in profit or loss when
The settlement occurs：
DR PV obligation（as advised by actuary） ×
CR FV plan assets（any assets transfered） ×
CR Cash（paid directly by the entity）
CR/DR Profit or loss（difference）

4) ‘Asset ceiling’test
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定义：Amounts recognised as a net pension asset in the statement of financial position must not be stated at
more than their recoverable amount.如果养老金为正资产，资产要做封顶测试。
Remeasurement loss & Impairment 合并计入 OCI。
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Provisions, contingencies and events after the reporting period

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(IAS 37)

1) Provision (IAS 37)定义：A liability of uncertain timing or amount.

a) 认定三要素：Present obligation of past event, probable & reliable estimate
b) Uncertainties 估值：large population 大样本量用 expected values，单个义务用 best estimate.
c) Discounting: 如果 Provision 时间价值很重要，那要以 pre-tax rate 折现到 PV，且能反映风险。
d) An asset can only be recognised where the present obligation recognised as a provision gives access
to future economic benefits (e.g. decommissioning costs 如环境恢复成本 Dr PPE X, Cr Provision X)
unwinding of the discount (Dr Finance cost Y, Cr Provision Y)计入 P&L。

2) Contingent liability 定义：present obligation， probable，reliability measured 三个条件不能同时满足

Recognised in F/S Disclose in notes Do nothing
Provision Probable
Contingent liability Possible Remote
Contingent asset Virtually certain Probable Possible
3) Specific types of provision2 种
Future operating losses not recognised
Restructuring–仅当 detailed formal + valid expectation Recognised (direct expenditures)
同时满足时，产生 constructive obligation，即计划必
须板上钉钉且做了必要宣布：
starting to implement that plan
or announcing its main features to those affected

Events after the reporting period (IAS 10)

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调整不调整，关键看：是否在年底已经存在，或者是否影响到公司的持续经营
Adjusting events 调整项目 Non-adjusting events 非调整事项
Resolution of a court case 未决诉讼 Destruction of major asset, e.g. by flood or fire 自然
Bankruptcy of a major customer 大客户破产 灾害
Evidence of NRV of inventories 库存 NRV 测试 Major share transactions 大宗股权交易
Discovery of fraud or errors that show the financial Announcement of a plan to close part of a business
statements were incorrect 舞弊/错误 关闭公司或部门，包括裁员
Financial instruments 金融工具 (IFRS 9)

Financial instrument 定义：Any contract

that gives rise to both a financial asset of one
entity and a financial liability or equity
instrument of another entity.

1) Financial asset: 可以是 cash，或 equity instrument of another entity; 或 contractual right
举例：Trade receivables; options; shares (as an investment).
注意：未来现金流折现率还是采用 original effective rate 当初的利率 (而不是用现在的市场利率或有效
利率等)
Initial measurement Subsequent measurement
Investment in Debt: Fair value + Amortised cost
-business model: held to collect transaction costs
contractual cash flows (solely
principal and interest)
Investment in Debt: Fair value +
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-business model: held to collect transaction costs income (with reclassification to P/L on
contractual cash flows (solely derecognition)
principal and interest) and to sell Note:interest revenue calculated on amortised
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financial assets cost should be reported in P/L

初始计量时，FL 也可以 irrevocably designate 选择 FV through PL(交易成本 FL 扣除，直接费用化)，来
降低 an accounting mismatch
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IEI：一般指股权投资<20%，没有 significant influence

Initial measurement Subsequent measurement
Investment in Debt: Fair value + Fair value through other comprehensive
-if not held for trading transaction costs income (no relassification)
Optional:irrevocable election；if not Note:dividend income should be reported
taken up,falls into ‘All other’ in P/L
category below
All other financial assets Fair value + Fair value through profit or loss
Transaction costs
expensed to P/L

注意：当投资非上市公司，FV 公允价值不能被可靠计量，则用历史成本来代替。

2) Financial liability: 可以是 contractual obligation

举例：Trade payables; debenture loans(payable); mandatorily redeemable preference shares; forward contracts
standing at a loss 预计亏损的远期合同 (Dr P&L, Cr FL)
3) Equity instrument. Any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting
all of its liabilities.
举例：Own ordinary shares; warrants; non-cumulative irredeemable preference shares;

4) 金融衍生品 Derivative.三大特征：
– its value changes in response to an underlying variable (e.g. share price or interest rate)
– it requires little or no initial net investment
– it is settled at a future date.

5) 复合金融工具 Compound instruments：It contains some characteristics of equity and some of financial
liability then its separate components need to be classified separately.

Recognition:
Financial assets and liabilities are required to be recognised in the statement of financial position when the
entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
The recognition criteria for financial instruments differ from those in the Conceptual Framework which

cost or value that can be measured reliably

Derecognition: CF & consideratioin 差额计入 P&L

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requires items to be recognised when there is a probable inflow or outflow of resources and the item has a
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Financial assets 1) When the contractual rights to the cash flows expire (e.g. because a
customer has paid their debt or an option has expired worthless);
2) The financial asset is transferred (e.g. sold), based on whether the entity has
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transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial
asset.
Accounting policy Fair value through OCI Fair value through P&L
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Workings Dr FA 101 Dr FA 100

Cr Cash 101 Dr Expense 1
Cr Cash 101
公允价值变动 公允价值变动
Dr FA 9 Dr FA 9
Cr OCI 9 Cr Income 9
Financial liabilities When the obligation is discharged (e.g. paid off), cancelled or expires
Financial Where a part of a financial instrument (or group of similar financial instruments)
instrument meets the criteria above, that part is derecognised

Financial assets are reclassified under IFRS 9 when, and only when, an entity changes its business model for
managing financial assets. The reclassification should be applied prospectively from the reclassification date.

Credit Loss - 'expected loss' model

适用于 all financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss
Hedge
1) Companies enter into hedging transactions in order to reduce business risk.对冲的目的是降低损失。
The aim is that where the item hedged makes a financial loss, the hedging instrument would make a
gain and vice versa, reducing overall risk.
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当满足以下条件时，hedge accounting provisions of IFRS 9 is mandatory。
a) the hedging relationship consists only of eligible hedging instruments and eligible hedged items.有资格
的对冲工具和被冲项目
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b) full documentation – Mike 说这个已经不做要求了
c) hedging relationship meets all of the following hedge effectiveness requirements：
i. economic relationship 经济关系：the hedging instrument and the hedged item have values that
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generally move in the opposite direction because of the same risk 反向行动来对冲，才能降低风
险；
ii. hedge ratio of the hedging relationship (quantity of hedging instrument vs quantity of hedged item)
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对冲工具和被冲项目的数量基本对等

2) Hedge 做账方式：
a) Fair value hedges
These hedge the change in value of a recognised asset or liability that could affect profit or loss.
All gains and losses on both the hedged item and hedging instrument are recognised immediately in
profit or loss. 差额入账 PL The gain or loss on the hedged item adjusts the carrying amount of hedged
item. 被对冲项目按 FV 值变动
如果被冲项目是入账 OCI 的，那么价值波动入 OCI，保持一致。However, if the hedged item is an
investment in an equity instrument held at fair value through OCI, the gains and losses on both the
hedged investment and the hedging instrument will be recognised in OCI.
b) Cash flow hedges
These hedge the risk of change in value of future cash flows from a recognised asset or liability (或比
较能预测的未来交易) that could affect profit or loss。入账步骤：
i. The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is effective (对冲的量<被冲的量，超
过部分直接入 PL) is recognised in other comprehensive income ('items that may be reclassified
 subsequently to profit or loss') and the cash flow hedge reserve.先入 OCI，等实际发生了记录为 PL，
跟对冲项目的损失抵减
DR Forward contract （Financial asset in SOFP） 3.36
CR Other comprehensive income 3,36
ii. Any excess is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
The overall effect on profit or loss is：
$’m
Profit or loss（extract）
Cost of sales (65.70)

Profit on forward contract：

In current period 0.84
Reclassified from other comprehensive income
3,36
(61.50）
因为对冲所得 4.2，抵减了被冲项目价格上涨的损失，所以实际采购价为 61.50

Share-based payment (IFRS 2)

非立即支付，而是期满支付，但每年 recognize 一部分，且享有该福利的员工数变化属会计估计 change

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in accounting estimate.
1) Equity-settled share-based payment
The entity receives goods or services as consideration for equity instruments of the entity (including
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shares or share options). 入账：Dr Expense, Cr Equity

计量方式：→ use FV at grant date and do not update for subsequent changes
(用最开始的股价，而不要更新成每年的股价)。
注意：从第一年底的估计开始算 (第 0 年的揣测是无效信息)
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2) Cash-settled share-based payment

The entity acquires goods or services by incurring liabilities to the supplier of those goods or services for
amounts that are based on the price (or value) of the entity's shares or other equity instruments.入账：
Dr Expense, Cr Liability
计量方式：→update the fair value at each year end (changes recognised in P&L)
(更新成最新的/每年的公允股价)。

3) Transactions with a choice of settlement

The entity receives or acquires goods or services and the terms of the arrangement provide either the
entity or the supplier with a choice of whether the entity settles the transaction in cash or by issuing
equity instruments.
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后续计量：
a) The equity component is not subsequently revalued (consistent with the treatment of equity-settled
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share based payment)这个数值不变

b) The liability component will need to be adjusted for any changes in the fair value of the cash
alternative up to the settlement date (30 September 20X4).随 FV 变化。股价变化带来的
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cash-settlement 是 non-adjusting event,但如果数值重大，需要 Disclose.

c) 入账：最后的选择是股权还是现金，将影响 accounting treatment：
payment of the liability 或者 transfer to share capital/share premium

Foreign transactions and entities (IAS 21)

Functional currency: The currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.公司
运营的经济环境的本币
初始计量：交易时间点汇率 spot exchange rate
后续计量：
Monetary assets and liabilities Restate at closing rate.
Non-monetary assets measured in terms of Do not restate
historical cost (i.e. they remain at historical rate)
Non-monetary assets measured at fair value Use exchange rate at date when fair value was
measured.
Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
(IFRS 5)

Disposal group 定义
Disposal group is a group of assets to be disposed of together as a group in a single transaction and liabilities
directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction。
1) 形式：a group of CGUs，单一 CGU，或 CUG 部分
2) 价值的衡量：是以卖来实现，而非持续使用 An entity shall classify a non-current asset (or disposal
group) as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sales transaction
rather than through continuing use.
3) 认定条件 criteria：
a) 价格合理 Reasonable price in active market
b) 方案不会有很大变化或撤回 no significant change or withdraw the plan
c) 一定级别管理层通过方案 management committed
d) 积极寻找买家 Active programme to locate a buyer
e) 一年内卖 within one year

整个 CGU 减值，则先记在其中的 GW 中，然后其他)。不再摊销/折旧。

5) 后续计量：FV 增值的话，可以折回之前减值损失，但不超过减值损失部分。
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4) 入账：一旦认定为要卖，则 carrying value 记录为 fair value less cost of sale，差额计入 P&L。 (如果
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6) 以资产+负债形式，单列披露。
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Group accounts (IFRS 10)–立场：single entity 作为一个公司来看

Investment Criteria Required treatment in group

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accounts
Subsidiary Control Full consolidation
Associate Significant influence Equity accounting
Investment which is none Asset held for accretion As for single company
of the above 通常<20% of wealth accounts per IFRS 9
1) Control 必须满足的条件，3 个都要：
a) Power over the investee
b) Exposure to, or rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the investee 承担风险，享有
权利，左右利润分配的权利
c) The ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor's returns 行使投
票权/否决权，左右投资决策
衍生一下：任命/罢免核心管理人员，对孙公司的控制，操纵合并范围 (Rights to direct the
investee to enter into, or veto changes to, transactions for the benefit of the investor)，其他管理契
约中的权利
关键时间点：The date of 'Acquisition' & 'Disposal'
2) Significant influence： ‘power to participate’, but not to ‘control’
 特征：往往具有 20%以上，不足 50%投票权。选董事会代表，参与政策制定，有重大交易，管理
层交换，提供必要技术信息。

Goodwill (IFRS 3)

$
Consideration transferred (cost of investment) X
Non-controlling interests(NCI) X

Less: Net acquisition-date fair value of indentifiable (X)

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed X

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Consideration 对价
注意：买公司的 Costs (professional fee) involved in the transaction are charged to profit or loss.
Deferred consideration 未来支付的对价要折算到当前，才是真正的对价 discounted to PV at
acquisition date to determine its FV
Contingent consideration Measured at FV at acquisition date，初始计量用 FV
未来支付跟当初 FV 的差额计入 P&L
Cash, Share, Loan note

Full goodwill
Full goodwill NCI at fair value
Partial goodwill NCI= proportionate share of the FV of 被收购方净资产
P-80% NCI-20%
consideration 13,800 13,800
NCI 3,200 3,200
Less:FV of NA of S (13,000) (10,400) (2,600)
Goodwill 4,000 3,400 600
 GW
Consolodated P’ goodwill Attributable to NCI
Goodwill

Partial goodwill
P-80% NCI-20%
consideration 13,800 13,800
NCI 3,200 3,200
Less:FV of NA of S (13,000) (10,400) (2,600)
Goodwill 3,400 3,400 0
GW
Consolodated P’ goodwill Attributable to NCI
Goodwill
注意：
Under IFRS 3 the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed of subsidiaries are therefore required to
be brought into the consolidated financial statements at their fair value rather than their book value.
资本在合并报表中入账，用 FV 而不是其在单家报表的 BV。

Joint arrangements (IFRS 11)

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定义：A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control.
定义：Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when
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decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.做决定需
要一致同意
Joint operations A joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the
类似同居
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arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities,
处理：按比例分账 relating to the arrangement.
开一个 Joint operation 认定：
account，Line by line 入 1) its own assets, liabilities and expenses
账 2) its share of assets held and expenses and liabilities incurred jointly
3) its revenue from the sale of its share of the output arising from the joint
operation
4) its share of revenue from the sale of output by the joint operation itself.
合并报表：No adjustments are necessary on consolidation
Joint ventures A joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the
类似结婚 arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
处理：Equity method 出现在母公司报表上的形式：
1) at cost; or
2) at fair value (as a financial asset); or
3) using the equity method as Investments in Associates
合并报表：同 Associates
Revenue from contracts with customers (IFRS 15)

来源：IFRS 15 is the result of a joint IASB and FASB project on revenue recognition. It replaces both IAS 18
Revenue and IAS 11 Construction contracts.

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新变化：Under IFRS 15 the transfer of goods and services is based upon the transfer of control, rather than
the transfer of risks and rewards as in IAS 18. Control of an asset is described in the standard as the ability
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to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset.
Performance obligation Under IAS 19 Under IFRS 15
$ $
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Handset 00.00 460.80

Network services:(200×6)/(161.60×6) 1,200.00 969.60
Total 1,200.00 1,430.40
The variation in timing has tax implications, and if tax rate changes, may have an overall effect on profit.
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认定：For contracts such as long-term service contracts and multi-element arrangements it could result in
changes either to the amount or to the timing of revenue recognised.

影响：IFRS 15 is likely to impact on the timing, measurement, recognition and disclosure of revenue.
These impacts will require adjustments in policies, procedures, internal controls and systems. Even if the
total revenue reported does not change, the timing will change in many cases.
Contract An entity’s right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has
asset transferred to a customer when that right is conditioned on something other than the
passage of time (ie the entity’s future performance).
Receivable An entity’s right to consideration that is unconditional (ie only the passage of time is
required before payment is due.)
Performance A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer either XX or XX:
obligation a) A good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct;
履约义务 b) A series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same ad that have the
same pattern of transfer to the customer.
 Stand-alone The price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a
selling price customer.
Transaction The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for
price transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on
behalf of third parties 税

例题：

Five-step model：
1) Identify the contract with a customer. 识别与客户订立的合同
2) Identify the separate performance obligations in the contract. 识别合同中单独的履约义务
关键词：distinct function and distinct profit margin
3) Determine the transaction price. 确定交易价格
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关键词：'entitled'需要考虑 reasonable estimates of contingent amounts, customer’s credit risk and the
time value of money (if material). 比如合同某块业务价值有减损时，它用 FV，其他用原价。
4) Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract. 将交易价格分摊
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至单独的履约义务
关键词：stand-alone selling price, reasonably measure
5) Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. 履行每项履约义务时确认
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收入关键词：transfer control, Output methods vs Input methods.

在某一点时确认收入
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如果履约义务不满足在一段时间内履行的标准，则主体在评价资产控制权转移给客户的时点时，应考
虑以下指标：
1. 主体是否已转移了对资产的实际占有（Physical possession）
2. 主体是否拥有收取对资产的付款的现实权利
3. 客户是否已经拥有资产的法定所有权（Legal title）
4. 客户是否已经接受资产（Accepted the asset）
5. 客户是否已承担资产所有权上的重大风险和报酬

11 种情况：
1) Sale with a right of return: 收入以 Expected value 来计算，用金额*百分比。可能收不到的钱叫做
refund liability。Expected value = amount - refund liability
2) Warranties 质保：看这种担保义务是不是法定的。法定的，不能被拉出来单卖的，不算做收入；可
以拉出来单卖，有卖价的，算作收入。按五步法分摊
3) Principal versus agent：如果是卖家，收入都入账；如果是代理 Dr T/ R 10, Cr T/P 8; Dr COS 8, Cr
Revenue 10 可入账的利润是 2，这才是收入
4) Options for additional goods or services：类似于优惠券。举个例子：100 送 20 优惠券，第二次使用
20 优惠券,第一次：Dr cash 100, Cr revenue 83.33, Cr defer income 16.67;第二次：Dr cash 80, defer
 income 16.67, Cr revenue 96.67
5) Customers’ unexercised rights 客户未行使权利：类似于付定金买。如果是 non-refundable prepayment
不可退还的预付款，如果客户逾期未履约剩余义务，且今后再履约的可能性极低 remote,则可将对
应剩余义务的定金计为收入。
6) non-refundable prepayment 不可退还预付款：类似于俱乐部入会费。处理类似于优惠券，随今后的
服务一起分摊。
7) Licensing 许可证: 取决于牌照跟商品或服务是否绑定的。whether the performance obligation is
satisfied ‘at a point in time’ or ‘over time’.绑定的，那跟产品，随时间阶段入账；如果不绑定，那获得
的时间点入账。
a) Right to access
表示 the entity can make changes to the intellectual property throughout the licence period，这种情
况：performance obligation satisfied overtime
b) Right to use
表示 customer can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the
licence at the point at which it is transferred.
Royalties, based on sales or on usage 只有当销售实际发生或履约义务完成时，才能确认为收入。

许可证（不包括基于销售或使用消费的许可证）、
如果主体出售其知识产权许可证，则收入确认的时间将部分取决于许可证的性质。如果许可
证代表客户可使用知识产权的承诺，收入通常应在实用知识产权的期间确认；而转让使用知
识产权之权利的承诺则通常在转让发生当时形成收入。
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8) Repurchase agreements 回购协议：关键：看会不会行权，以及卖出和买回的价格！！！
a) An entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset (a forward contract 远期合同)，不拥有和控制，
但有义务。入账方式：回购金额<买入价，当作租赁；金额》买入价，当作融资协议，要同时
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入 asset 和 liability。
b) An entity has the right to repurchase the asset (a call option 权利持有者，买入期权) 不拥有和控
制，但有义务。入账方式：回购金额<买入价，当作租赁；金额》买入价，当作融资协议，要
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同时入 asset 和 liability

c) An entity must repurchase the asset if requested to do so by the customer (a put option 义务承担方
/期权的发行方).这种情况下，公司必须考虑客户是否会行权 must consider whether or not the
customer is likely to exercise that option. 入账方式：回购金额<买入价，客户不赚钱，可能就不
行权了；金额》买入价，当作融资协议，要同时入 FA 和 liability

回购协议
如果主体向客户销售商品且主体具有回购该资产的义务，这将对主体会计处理产生影响。
如果主题必须回购商品或具有回购选择权，则安排应作为融资安排或租赁进行核算，类似
地，如果客户可选择是否将该项目回售给主题，且在合同开始时存在促使其这样做的重大
经济激励措施，该安排应作为融资安排或租赁进行核算。如果客户可选择是否将该项目回
售给主题，但在合同开始时不存在促使其这样做的重大经济激励措施，则该安排应作为具
有退货权的销售进行核算。

9) Consignment arrangements 委托代销安排：如果没有到期必须代理商买下的条款，则该笔不作为收

入，仍然视作公司的库存，只是放在别人家里罢了。
10) Bill-and-hold arrangements“开出账单但代管商品”的安排：如果控制权已经归客户了，这笔销售构成。
 客户不提货，后续构成的是 custodial services 保管服务，可视作一个单独的履约义务。
但有种情况是，控制权不转移，纯粹业务人员骗奖金，那就不是销售，无收入入账。所以就要找题
目里的关键词，这笔货是否具有这样的特质：1 是客户要求不发货的；货物单独存放；货物随时待
发；公司不能使用这批货物了。

Fair value measurement (IFRS 13)

Fair value
Fair value is a market-based measure, not an entity-specific one. Therefore, valuation techniques used to
measure fair value maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and minimise the use of unobservable
inputs.

IFRS 13 establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorises the inputs to valuation techniques into 3
levels:
Level 1 inputs Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the
市场法 entity can access at the measurement date.
Level 2 inputs
收益法
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Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset
or liability, either directly (i.e. prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices), e.g.
quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or for identical or similar assets in non
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active markets or use of quoted interest rates for valuation purposes
Level 3 inputs Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, e.g. discounting estimates of future
成本法 cash flows.
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Level 3 inputs are only used where relevant observable inputs are not available or where
the entity determines that transaction price or quoted price does not represent fair value.
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1) A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction takes place either资产或负债进行有序交易的主
要 (或最有利)市场。:
a) in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
b) in the most advantageous market (in the absence of a principal market). 注意：计算最有利市场
时，需要扣除所有成本，包括运输成本和交易成本。但计算FV时，应该不含交易成本transaction
costs。
2) The fair value of a liability assumes that the liability remains outstanding and the market participant
transferee would be required to fulfill the obligation, rather than it being extinguished.需要考虑各种风
险，包括信用风险。
3) For non-financial assets, the fair value measurement is the value for using the asset in its highest and
best use
(the use that would maximise its value，考虑点：physically possible, legally permissible and financially
feasible) or by selling it to another market participant that would use it in its highest and best use. 对于
非金融资产，资产的最高效和最佳使用，以及资产是与其他资产相结合使用还是单独使用。主体
计量公允价值时所采用的适当估值技术，着重关注市场参与者对资产或负债进行定价时所使用的
变量。
Operating segments (IFRS 8)

为了让股东完全了解公司业务发展，discloses revenues, profits and assets (amongst other items) by major

business area.
IFRS 8 is only compulsory for entities whose debt or equity instruments are traded in a public market.该准则
的披露，只对上市公司有要求
1) 对运营部门的定义：
a) that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses (including
revenues and expenses relating to transactions with other components of the same entity),
b) whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity's chief operating decision maker to
make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and
c) for which discrete financial information is available.
2) 合并披露：如果 2 个部门有类似的经济性质 similar economic characteristics，可以合并 aggregated
起来一起披露。具体包括：products or services 的性质，production process，客户类型，提供服务的
方式，监管环境的性质。
3) 披露要求：
a) Meet the definition of an operating segment

满足 10%，就需要披露。注意：如果有负数，需要撇除负数项目，取所有正项目来考虑。举
例：（利润分别为-6，2，10） ，按照 12 来考虑总利润。
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b) Segment total is 10% or more of total：无论收入（外部+内部总额） ，利润，还是资产, 只要一个
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c) 报表披露总额必须达到 75%外部收入，如果不满的话，那原来<10%的也需要披露，凑足 75%。
At least 75% of total external revenue must be reported by operating segments.
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Discontinue operations (IFRS 5)

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1) 定义: A discontinued operation is a component of an entity that either has been disposed of or is classified
as held for sale and:
a) represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, or 对于重大的生
产线,题目会给比较明显的.比如 10%销售额
b) is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical
area of operations, or
c) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.
2) 披露：分成两块：
a) Continuing operations:这个按正常做
 Continuing operations
Revenue（4,700 + （3,300×8/12）） 66,900
Cost of sales(3,700 + (2,400×8/12) + (W5)14 + (W6)10 + (W5)27) (5,351)
Gross Profit 1,549
Other income (150 + (30×8/12）+ (W3)45 ) 125
Distribution costs(270 + (210×8/12） (530)
Finance income (W4) 6
Finance costs (110 + (60×8/12）+ (W4)4 ) (154)
Profit before tax 586
Income tax expense (140 + (120×8/12）) (220)
Profit for the year from continuing operations 366

b) 不持续经营的，只要算 profit 即可
Discontinued operations
Profit for the year from discontinued oprations ((40×3/12）+ (W8)7 ) 3
Profit for the year 369

Accounting policies (IAS 8) – 它的改变是追溯性的

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retrospectively
1) 当出现以下情况时，就需要改会计政策了：
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a) required by an IFRS; or
b) it results in the financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information about the
effects of transactions, other events or conditions on the entity's financial position, financial
performance or cash flows.
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2) 具体改动：
a) opening balance of each affected component of equity
b) comparative amounts for each prior period

Agriculture (IAS 41)

1) Biological assets 活的动植物, except for bearer plants-这个用 PPE 计量！

2) Agricultural produce at the point of harvest 农产品
计量：
Biological assets Fair value less costs to sell, FV 变动直接计入 PL
如果没有 FV，用 cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Agricultural produce Fair value less costs to sell, FV 变动直接计入 PL
3) Government grants relating to biological assets held at fair value less costs to sell

IFRS for Small and Medium-sized Entities

1) 对 SME 的标准定义 – SME 不存在规模测试 no size test

a) do not have public accountability (i.e. do not issue debt or equity instruments in a public market or
hold assets in a fiduciary capacity for outsiders); and
b) publish general purpose financial statements for external users.
2) 跟 IFRS 会计处理对比：
Area IFRS for SMEs Full IFRSs
Financial Amortised cost Amortised cost
Instruments •All 'basic' financial instruments other •Financial assets: business model is held to

value can be measured reliably. Cost

•Unquoted investments in equity
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than those publicly traded or whose fair collect cash flows
•Financial liabilities: all others not held at
fair value through profit or loss Cost Also
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instruments (where FV not reliably the case
measurable)
Financial Fair value through profit or loss Fair value through profit or loss
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Instruments •All other financial instruments SMEs can •Financial assets: all others
also choose to use the IFRS 9 rules •Financial liabilities: held for trading,
(limiting disclosures to those required for accounting mismatch or part of group
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SMEs). evaluated on FV basis Fair value through

OCI Financial assets:
•business model is held to collect cash flows
and sell financial assets
•investments in equity instruments not held
for trading and irrevocable election made at
inception
Investment Fair value through profit or loss Fair value model, or
Property (where fair value can be measured Cost model (accounting policy choice)
without undue cost or effort, otherwise as
PPE under cost-depreciation impairment
model)
Property, plant Revaluation model not permitted. Revaluation model, or
and equipment Cost model (accounting policy choice)
 Intangible assets All intangibles (including goodwill) are Only amortised if finite useful life
amortised. No specific limit
Useful life presumed to be 10 years if Revaluations permitted where active market
unable to make a reliable estimate. Capitalised when the 'PIRATE‘ criteria met
Revaluation model not permitted.
All internally generated research and
development expenditure is expensed.

Income Tax (IAS12) – CT + DT = tax charge

1) Current tax is the amount of income taxes payable or recoverable in respect of taxable profit or loss for a
period.
2) Deferred tax is the tax attributable to temporary differences, which are differences between the
carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax base.是 b/f 和政
府税务部门计算的 tax base 之间的暂时性差异。Where the tax base materially differs to accounting
treatment, the tax charges in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income may be
misleading without some form of adjustment.

Carrying amount at Y/E 20X2

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Tax base at Y/E
Cumulative difference 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
Deferred tax 40% 37,500 25,000 12,500
2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000
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1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

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Adjustments for deferred tax are made in accordance with the accruals concept and in accordance with the
definition of a liability in the Conceptual Framework, ie a past event has given rise to an obligation in the
form of increased taxation which will be payable in the future. The amount can be reliably estimated. (DFA 同
样道理)
Development costs 财报上资本化，但不是 tax deductible，会造成 DTL
Impairment losses 公司做账了，但不是 tax deductible，会造成 DTA
(and inventory losses)
Financial assets 公允价值计量的 PL 或 OCI 都不是 tax deductible，会造成 DTL 或 DTA
Unused tax losses and 过去的 Tax losses 如果可以抵扣未来盈利，那么会省税 tax saving。如果判断
unused tax credits 未来肯定有盈利，那么这部分省税的记为 DTA。

Group financial statements 合并报表常见问题：

Fair value adjustments 资产增值，必须把 DTL 考虑进去。这样 identical net asset 会降低，GW 会增
长
Unrealised profits 因为税是针对单家企业收的，这样站在合并的角度看，未实现利润收税了，
多交税所以有 DTA
不计提 DTL 例外情况 如果母公司，投资人有能力控制子公司，吐回交税差的时间，或者很大可能
 以后不会吐回了。

Related parties(IAS 24)

披露关联方交易， 是为了确保财报的公允 transactions reflected in financial statements have been carried out
on an arm's length basis, unless disclosed otherwise. 注意点：substance over legal form 挖掘背后的关系！
1) 关联方：
a) A person or a close member of that person’s family is related to a reporting entity if that person
i. control or joint control
ii. significant influence
iii. key management personnel
b) An entity is related to a reporting entity if any of the following conditions applies
i. members of the same group
ii. an associate* or joint venture* of the other entity
iii. joint ventures* of the same third party
iv.
v.
vi.
one associate + one JV
post-employment benefit plan
公司掌握在 a)的个人手中
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2) 非关联方 Not related parties
a) Two entities have key management personnel in common，即在 A 公司做 ED，又在 B 公司做 NED，
或者对 C 公司有重大影响
b) A 和 B 公司合资组建 C 公司
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c) Providers of finance
d) Trade unions 工会
e) Public utilities 公共事业单位
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f) Departments and agencies of a government、

g) 其他：customer, supplier, franchisor, distributor, or general agent
3) 披露要求：
a) Name of its parent 母公司和 the ultimate controlling party 最终控制方，不管是否有交易
b) key management personnel compensation 给高管的薪酬结构
c) Related party transactions 关联方交易（这里不包括 intragroup tras） ：关系，应收应付，佣金，坏账，
doubtful debt
d) Government-related entity 可以豁免 exemption is available from full disclosure

Lease (老准则 IAS 17，新准则还在 ED 阶段 IFRS 16)

1. 先看老准则 IAS 17，它是第一个考虑到 substance over form 这个问题的准则，不管是承租人，还

是出租方，入账时，都应该 is determined by the commercial substance of the lease。虽然说 The legal
form of any lease is that the title to the asset remains with the lessor.
 金融租赁 5 大特点：
a) 合同到期一般会有
transfers ownership
b) 承租人有优先 option to
purchase，以低于市场价
格
c) 租赁期=major part of the
asset's economic life，
d) PV of minimum lease
payments 几乎=资产
注意： FV，
 租赁期=不可撤销租赁期+优先续租期（合理认为会续租） e) 租赁标的一般是定制品
 PV of MLP 也包括物品担保费 plus any amounts guaranteed by the specialised，满足承租方
lessee（预付与否都算） 业务需求

入账方式：

FINANCE LEASE
LESSEE ACCOUNTING
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Statemet Property, plant & equipment No property, plant and equipment
of X Lease receivable (net investm't in lease):
financial Lease liability: Present value of:
position Present value of:  Minimum lease payments X
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 Minimum lease payments  Unguaranteed residual value X

(X) X
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Profit or Depreciation (X) No depreciation

loss Finance cost (X) Finance income X

OPERATING LEASE

Statement of No property, plant & equipment Property, plant & equipment X

financial
position

Profit or loss No depreciation Depreciation (X)

Rental expense (X) Rental income X
(normally straight line over lease term) (normally straight line over lease term)

注意：显示在承租人和出租人账目上的区别是：担保额 vs 未担保额
Net investment in the lease at 1 January 20X1:
Gross Discount Net
Investment factor (10%) investment
 $ $
1.1.X1 Instalment 40,000 1 40,000
1.1.X2 Instalment 40,000 0.909 36,360
31.12.X2 Guaranteed residual value 10,000 0.826 8,260
Minimum lease payments 90,000 84,620
31.12.X2 Unguaranteed residual value 2,000 0.826 1,652
(12,000 – 10,000)

Sale and leaseback transactions

需要根据融资租赁的 5 个特点判断性质！
As no disposal is deemed to have taken place, any excess sales proceeds over the carrying amount of the asset is
treated as deferred income and released to profit or loss over the lease term:
DR Property, plant & equipment
CR Deferred income

2. 新准则 IFRS 16
目前的问题：
对于 OL 还是 FL，它们的归类影响了 FS，包括负债率，杠杆，ROCE 和利息等。
对于 OL 当前的会计处理是有争议的，与 assets and liability 的定义不一致。 育
所以呼吁资本化 OL，认为这样做更符合 assets and liability 的定义，赋予它在租赁期间跟 FL 一样的
权利与义务。
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2013-Exposure Draft 征求意见草案
基于 2010ED 和 2009DP，新准则将替代 IAS 17.
跟老准则经营租赁一样处理。承租方也可以选择资本化，按照后面的 a 或 b 处理。
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Leases of less than 12 months

'Type A' assets 'Type B' assets
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Type Assets where the lessee consumes more Assets where the lessee consumes not more
than an insignificant amount of the than an insignificant amount of
economic benefits embedded in the the economic benefits embedded in the
underlying asset underlying asset

Examples Most equipment and vehicle leases Most property leases

Approach Reflects the financing nature of the Reflects the fact that property has a long
transaction and consumption of a life and lessors look to earn a yield rather
depreciating asset than a lender's return

'Type A' assets 'Type B' assets

LESSEE ACCOUNTING
Initial DR Right-of-use asset X DR Right-of-use asset X
recognition CR Lease liability X CR Lease liability X
(at PV lease payments and expected residual (at PV lease payments and expected residual
value guarantee payments, discounted at the value guarantee payments, discounted at the
rate the lessor charges the lessee) rate the lessor charges the lessee)
Initial direct costs incurred by the lessee are Initial direct costs incurred by the lessee are
added to the right-of-use asset added to the right-of-use asset

P/L Amortisation of right-of-use asset (normally Single straight line lease cost (combining
straight line) unwinding of discount and amortisation of
Interest on lease liability asset)
Variable lease payments not included in lease Variable lease payments not included in
liability lease liability

SOFP Right-of-use asset less amortisation and/or Right-of-use asset less amortisation and/or
impairment losses impairment losses
Lease liability at amortised cost Lease liability at amortised cost

SOCF Interest payments

Capital payments
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'Type A' assets 'Type B' assets
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LESSOR ACCOUNTING

Initial Asset derecognised Asset not derecognised

recognition Profit on derecognition split between lessee's interest (i.e.
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profit x PV lease payments/fair value) and residual interest

(deferred as is unearned).
Lease asset recognised:
PV lease payments
Residual asset:
PV residual value & expected
variable payments
Unearned profit on derecognition (X)

P/L Profit on derecognition of lessee's interest Rental income

Interest on lease asset Depreciation of asset

SOFP Lease asset at amortised cost Asset less depreciation

The professional and ethical duty of the accountant 职业道德

Importance of ethics
1) Ethics in accounting is of utmost importance to accounting professionals and those who rely on their
services.
2) Accounting professionals know that people who use their services, especially decision makers using
financial statements, expect them to be highly competent, reliable, and objective.
3) Those who work in the field of accounting must not only be well qualified but must also possess a high
degree of professional integrity.
4) A professional’s good reputation is one of his or her most important assets

Criteria to judge whether manipulation of financial statements occurs

There is a very fine line between acceptable accounting practice and management’s deliberate
misrepresentation in the financial statements. The financial statements must meet the following criteria:
1) Technical compliance: A transaction must be recorded in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP).
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2) Economic substance: The resulting financial statements must represent the economic substance of the
event that has occurred.
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3) Full disclosure and transparency: Sufficient disclosure must be made so that the effects of transactions
are transparent to the reader of the financial statements.
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Directors' responsibility
1) Directors are responsible for preparation the financial statement incompliance with IFRS and statutory
laws and regulations.合规
2) If they believe that they are not complying with IFRS, they should take all steps to ensure that the error
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or irregularity is rectified.纠错
3) Directors have a responsibility to act honestly and ethically and not be motivated by personal interest
and gain.诚实，避免利益冲突
4) If the ethical conduct of the directors is questionable then other areas of the financial statements may
need scrutiny.任何错误会导致 FS 受质疑

Accountants' responsibility
1) Accountants must possess a high degree of professional integrity and the profession’s reputation
depends upon it.正直和声誉
2) Professional accountancy bodies set out ethical guidelines within which their members operate covering
standards of behaviour, and acceptable practice. These regulations are supported by a number of codes.
专业协会守则指导
3) The accountant has a responsibility not to mask the true nature of the financial statement.还原真相
4) The accountant should try and persuade the directors to follow acceptable accounting principles and
comply with accounting standards and the accountant should consider his position if the directors insist
on the adjustments by pointing the inaccuracies out to the auditors.合规，特殊事件时候的立场考虑
Reason for / Aim of Unethical practice
1) Management often seeks loopholes in financial reporting standards that allow them to adjust the financial
statements as far as is practicable to achieve their desired aim.
2) Reasons for such behaviour often include market expectations, personal realisation of a bonus, and
maintenance of position within a market sector.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

1) CSR is concerned with business ethics and the company’s accountability to its stakeholders, and about
the way it meets its wider obligations.
2) CSR emphasises the need for companies to adopt a coherent approach to a range of stakeholders
including investors, employees, suppliers, and customers.
3) Directors must consider the short-term and long-term consequences of their actions, and take into
account their relationships with employees and the impact of the business on the community and the
environment.

Benefits of environmental and social reporting

管理层战略跟重要外部 Stakeholder 一致 加强 stakeholder 关系
提高公众对企业问责制和责任感的认识 吸引更多投资人，利于融资
外部监督有利于持续提高环境和社会保护
有效的自我约束，将违规风险降到最低
绿色供应商会进入客户的优先名单中
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加强竞争优势
增进员工士气
提高盈利能力
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OCI 的几种形式
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1. 固定资产 (非投资性资产)的 Revaluation model，通俗来讲就是水位线以上的价值波动。

2. 养老金 Pension obligation/asset 公允价值的波动，包括 Remeasurement loss & Impairment。
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3. 金融资产 (债券和股票投资)公允价值的波动。其中债券是你打算卖，才选择以公允价值计量，相
应的公允变动才计入 OCI。股票投资都以公允价值计量，其公允价值变动计入是否计入 OCI 任由
您选择 (考题中会明示)。做这个选择时,买入交易成本计入初始计量,卖出交易成本计入 P&L。
4. 金融资产 Hedge – 只是暂时存放在 OCI 里，之后要从 OCI 转到 P&L 中
5. 外币报表折算差异: 因为 FS 是按照年底汇率然后倒算出的 RE，而 PL 是按照平均汇率来记账的，
这 2 个值算出来肯定是不一致的，差额就是外币报表折算差异，进入 OCI。
a) 这里需要注意的是，在 FS 报表里，外币资产因汇率的价值波动：FV 计量时，就用当前汇率；
HC 计量时，用原始汇率。不是因为汇率因素入 OCI，而是汇率计价的东西，是 PPE 增值或是
金融资产，而导致的。只有 FS 表跟 PL 表的差异，才是进入 OCI 的。
6. Deferred tax on revaluation – 进入报表的资产>tax base，就会有一个暂时性差异，叫做 deferred tax.

关于考试：
1) 写分录是训练思维的，报表上如有一增必有一减，就算放错位置，报表整体还是平的，至少考试
时候可以出报表；
2) 各种题型需要对比着来看：
Comments：
Group Disposal：组织架构变化，如子公司变成 Associate,则从整体来看，差额计入 PL；如子公司还是
子公司,则从局部来看,用 NCI 的价值来算，差额计入 Equity
IFRS 9：A 公司买 B 公司股票 5%作为 inv. hold for trading，FV 变动 3 计入 OCI。后又买 20%变联营。
则这个 OCI 3 不需要重新归类到 PL，直接从 OCE 转到 RE 即可。这样做，对利润表没有影响，但对资
产负债表有影响。 （OCE 转 RE，视作实现的利润）

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