The ozone layer is a thin part of But it does not cause more than 1- Rocks: LITHOSPEHRE Disaster:

Earth's atmosphere that absorbs 2% of the ozone layer depletion. • Lithosphere has various types of • Earth has four concentric zones. • A serious disruption of the
almost all of the sun's harmful The volcanic eruptions are also rocks. • The innermost zone is the 'Inner functioning of a community or a
ultraviolet light. "Ozone holes" are responsible for the depletion of the • Rocks are naturally occurring core'. This zone is a solid mass of society due to hazardous events
popular names for areas of damage ozone layer hard and consolidated inorganic iron which has a radius of about interacting with conditions of
to the ozone layer Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion vulnerability and exposure, leading
materials, composed of one or a 1,216 km.
The depletion of the ozone layer
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION large number of minerals • Covering the inner core is the to widespread human, material,
has harmful effects on the
• Due to human activities ozone 1. Igneous: These rocks are formed outer core. This is a layer of molten economic andbenvironmental
environment. Let us see the major
layer is becoming thin. The thinning by solidification of magma in the liquid containing nickel and iron. It losses and impacts.
effects of ozone layer depletion on
of this layer is called ozone interior, or lava on the surface of is about 2,270 km thick. • The International Federation of
man and environment.
depletion. This happens when the earth. Igneous rocks are composed • The outer core is covered by solid the Red Cross and Red Crescent
Effects on Human Health -
chlorine and bromine atoms in the Societies (IFRC) define disaster as a
Humans will be directly exposed to of primary minerals, which are 'Mantle', which is about 2,900 km
atmosphere come in contact with
the harmful ultraviolet radiation of predominantly silicates. Igneous thick. calamitous event resulting in loss of
ozone and destroy the ozone
the sun due to the depletion of the rocks sometimes overlap with • The outermost hardened exterior life, great human suffering and
molecules. One chlorine can
ozone layer. This might result in sedimentary and metamorphic zone is known as 'Crust. The crust distress, and large-scale material
destroy 100,000 molecules of
serious health issues among rocks varies in thickness from about 5 km damage.
ozone. It is destroyed more quickly
humans, such as skin 2. Sedimentary: Sedimentary rocks to 50 km Hazard:
than it is created. Some
diseases, cancer, sunburns, are formed by the precipitation • The crust and the mantle which is • A potentially damaging physical
compounds release chlorine and
cataract, quick ageing and weak event, phenomenon or human
bromine on exposure to high from solutions, and consolidation hard and brittle is lithosphere.
immune system.
ultraviolet light, which then of remnants of biotic components • Lithosphere is the outer layer of activity that may cause the loss of
Effects on Animals -
contributes to ozone layer like plants and animals. These rocks the earth that includes the crust life or injury, property damage,
Direct exposure to ultraviolet
depletion. Such compounds are contain both original primary and solid part of mantle social and economic disruption or
radiations leads to skin and eye
known as Ozone Depleting minerals and altered as well as • Lithosphere interacts with environmental degradation is
cancer in animals.
Substances (ODS). The ozone- newly synthesised secondary atmosphere, hydrosphere and called hazard.
Effects on the Environment -
depleting substances that contain
Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minerals biosphere and forms Pedosphere. • A hazard turns into a disaster
chlorine include
minimal growth, flowering and 3. Metamorphic: Also known as • Pedosphere has both biotic and when there are elements of risk
chlorofluorocarbon, carbon
photosynthesis in plants. The Thermal rocks they are formed abiotic components. and vulnerability A is said to occur
tetrachloride,
forests also have to bear the from pre existing rocks (igneous or • There are two types of when the hazard impacts on that it
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and
harmful effects of the ultraviolet sedimentary) due to change in the lithosphere: exceeds its capacity to cope with it.
methyl chloroform. Whereas, the
rays. temperature and pressure These • – The oceanic lithosphere which Hazards vary duration, area of
ozone-depleting substances that
Effects on Marine Life - rocks are formed when magma is about 5 km to 8 km thick extent, speed of onset.
contain bromine are halons, methyl
Planktons are greatly affected by
bromide, and hydro intrudes through pre existing composed of basalt • Hazards can be single or a
the exposure to harmful ultraviolet
bromofluorocarbons. igneous or sedimentary rocks. • – The continental lithosphere combination of many, in origin and
rays. These are higher in the
Chlorofluorocarbons are the most Further, igneous and metamorphic which is 30 km to 40 km thick. effects. It can vary with respect to
aquatic food chain. If the planktons
abundant ozone-depleting rocks get weathered and form location, type, intensity, probability
are destroyed, the organisms
substance. It is only when the sediments. These sediments get frequency
present in the food chain are also
chlorine atom reacts with some Exposure: Exposure refers to
affected. deposited and `lithified' into
other molecule, it does not react
Solutions to Ozone Layer sedimentary rocks. people, property, systems, or other
with ozone. Montreal Protocol was
Depletion elements present in hazard zones
proposed in 1987 to stop the use,
The depletion of the ozone layer is Greenhouse Effect? This melted ice increases the that are thereby subject to
production and import of ozone-
a serious issue and various The greenhouse effect is the volume of water in oceans, leading potential losses.
depleting substances and minimise
programmes have been launched process thanks to which Earth has a to the rise of sea levels. Vulnerability: Vulnerability refers
their concentration in the
by the government of various higher temperature than it would 2. Extreme weather events like to the characteristics and
atmosphere to protect the ozone
countries to prevent it. However, have without it. The gases that cyclones, drought, and floods are circumstances of a community,
layer of the earth.
steps should be taken at the radiate heat also known as becoming more frequent and more
Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion system or asset that make it
individual level as well to prevent greenhouse gases absorb the intense as a result of global
Ozone layer depletion is a major susceptible to the damaging effects
the depletion of the ozone layer. energy radiated out by the Earth warming.
concern and is associated with a of a hazard. There are many
Following are some points that and reflect a part of it back to 3. The oceans have absorbed most
number of factors. The main causes aspects of vulnerability, arising
would help in preventing this Earth. Of all the energy that the of the extra heat and carbon
responsible for the depletion of the from various physical, social,
problem at a global level: Earth receives from the Sun, a part dioxide so far. More than the air,
ozone layer are listed below: economic, and environmental
Avoid Using ODS - of it around 26% is reflected back global warming is making the seas
Chlorofluorocarbons -
Reduce the use of ozone depleting to space by the atmosphere and both warmer and more acidic. This factors. Examples may include poor
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are
substances. E.g. avoid the use of clouds. Some part of it is absorbed is a threat to marine ecosystems. design and construction of
the main cause of ozone layer
CFCs in refrigerators and air by the atmosphere, around 19%. 4. Reduced rainfall and increasingly buildings, inadequate protection of
depletion. These are released by
conditioners, replacing the halon The rest hits the ground and heats severe droughts may lead to water assets, lack of public information
solvents, spray aerosols,
based fire extinguishers, etc. the surface of the Earth. This shortage. and awareness, limited official
refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.
Minimise the Use of Vehicles - absorbed energy is radiated out of 5. Heatwaves may lead to death recognition of risks and
The molecules of
The vehicles emit a large amount the earth in the form of Infrared and illness, especially among the preparedness measures.
chlorofluorocarbons in the
of greenhouse gases that lead to Waves. These IR waves warm the elderly.
stratosphere are broken down by Risk: There are many aspects of
global warming as well as ozone atmosphere above the Earth. The 6. High temperatures and humidity
ultraviolet radiations and release vulnerability, arising from various
depletion. Therefore, the use of atmosphere again radiates this could also produce more mosquito-
chlorine atoms. These atoms react physical, social, economic, and
vehicles should be minimised as energy it received from the Earth borne diseases.
with ozone and destroy it environmental factors. Examples
much as possible. Use Eco-friendly both upwards and downwards. The Measure to stop global warming
Unregulated Rocket Launches - may include poor design and
Cleaning Products - energy sent downwards results in a Drive less
Researches say that the
Most of the cleaning products have construction of buildings,
unregulated launching of rockets higher equilibrium temperature Walk, bike, carpool or take mass
chlorine and bromine releasing than if greenhouse gases were transit more often. You'll save one inadequate protection of assets,
results in much more depletion of
chemicals that find a way into the absent. This greenhouse effect is pound of carbon dioxide for every lack of public information and
the ozone layer than the CFCs do. If
atmosphere and affect the ozone essential to supporting life on mile you don't drive! awareness, limited official
not controlled, this might result in a
layer. These should be substituted Earth. Humans have increased the Recycle more recognition of risks and
huge loss of the ozone layer by the
with natural products to protect levels of greenhouse gases in the You can save 2,400 pounds of preparedness measures
year 2050.
the environment. air by excessive use of fossil fuels carbon dioxide per year by Risk Assessment: A risk assessment
Nitrogenous Compounds -
Use of Nitrous Oxide should be like coal and petroleum. This recycling just half of your
The nitrogenous compounds such is a process to identify potential
Prohibited - breaks the equilibrium maintained household waste.
as NO2, NO, N2O are highly hazards and analyze what could
The government should take by the greenhouse effect, resulting Check your tires
responsible for the depletion of the happen if a hazard occurs. Disaster
actions and prohibit the use of in an increase in temperature of Keeping your tires inflated properly
ozone layer. risk assessments include: the
harmful nitrous oxide that is our earth's atmosphere. Simply, can improve your gas mileage by
Natural Causes - identification of hazards; a
adversely affecting the ozone layer. global warming refers to an more than 3 percent.
The ozone layer has been found to review of the technical
People should be made aware of increase in the earth's Use less hot water
be depleted by certain natural
the harmful effects of nitrous oxide temperature. Global warming is a It takes a lot of energy to heat characteristics of hazards such as
processes such as Sun-spots and
and the products emitting the gas major problem that the world is water. Use less hot water by taking their location, intensity, frequency
stratospheric winds.
so that its use is minimised at the facing today shorter and cooler showers and and probability; the analysis of
individual level as well Effects of Global Warming washing your clothes in cold or exposure and vulnerability,
Human activities such as the warm instead of hot water including the physical, social,
burning of fossil fuel and Avoid products with a lot of health
Capacity :Capacity refers to all the packaging Risk Mapping: Risk mapping is a
deforestation increase the level of
strengths, attributes and resources You can save 1,200 pounds of process of analyzing the hazard,
greenhouse gases that causes long-
available within a community, carbon dioxide if you reduce your vulnerability
term heating of the earth's climate
organization or society to manage garbage by 10 percent. and capacity through a scientific
system. This human-produced
and reduce disaster risks and Plant a tree
temperature increase is commonly methodology. The process of risk
strengthen resilience A single tree will absorb one ton of
referred to as global warming. map preparation includes analysis
Resilience: carbon dioxide over its lifetime.
1. Year by year, records have been of several variables and
Disaster resilience is the ability of Turn off electronic devices
broken for the longest heatwaves Simply turning off your television, parameters which are sub-sets of
individuals, communities, which affect the sustainability of base categories; hazard,
DVD player, stereo, and computer,
organisations and states to adapt humans and other forms of life in vulnerability and capacity
when you're not using them, will
to and recover from hazards, the earth. save you thousands of pounds of
shocks or stresses without 2. Increased temperatures are carbon dioxide a year.
compromising long-term prospects melting glaciers and ice caps.
for development.
A hazard map is a map that Objectives and steps in disaster A disaster management plan would Define the following Hazards. Disaster types
highlights areas that are affected preparedness have identified dedicated shelters Earthquake, Volcanic eruption, Natural Hazards:
by or are vulnerable to a particular objectives or buildings like schools that can be Landslide, Snow avalanche, Flood, (i) Geological: If the cause of the
hazard. (1) Ensure public awareness of, and used to accommodate people Tsunami, storm, tornado disaster lies in the geology of the
• They are typically created for preparedness for, disasters displaced from their homes Earthquake The sudden release of planet, it is said to be a geological
natural hazards, such as (ii) Prepare and be ready to 5. Inventory of Resources stored elastic energy in the earth's disaster. Earthquakes are due to
earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, implement a disaster management An inventory must be made of all lithosphere, caused by its abrupt the movement of earth masses
flooding and tsunamis. plan the resources available for disaster Effects are Ground shaking, ground relative to each other. Volcanic
• Hazard maps help prevent serious (iii) Ensure standard procedures for management. The inventory rupture, and liquefaction eruptions, landslides and
damage and deaths. evacuation and immediate relief includes material resources, Volcanic eruption The avalanches have similar origins and
• The purpose of hazard mapping is (iv) Prepare sheltering plans and equipment, trained personnel, etc. subterranean movement of magma are classified as geological
to gather together different hazard ensure physical availability of Notes should also be made of and its eruption and ejection from disasters.
related information in one map. shelters resources that can be requisitioned volcanic systems together with (ii) Meteorological: When the
• Hazard mapping involves a (v) Have plans for warehousing of in case of need. Such inventories associated tephra, ashes, and disaster is due to climatic
graphical representation of the relief materials and logistics of help to plan actions and gases, under the influence of the conditions like cyclones. blizzards
location, magnitude and temporal operation deployment of resources and the confining pressure and cloud bursts, etc., it is called a
characteristics of hazards on 2 or 3 (vi) Ensure availability of healthcare roles of different people. superheated steam and gases meteorological disaster. Climatic
dimensional surfaces. services by identifying teams, and 6. Warehousing of Relief Materials The effects are Gas and aerosol conditions can cause heavy rains,
• Two objectives of hazard map availability of medicines and other To cope with a disaster, we will emission, ash and tephra ejection, drought (leading to famine
• To make the people of the region essential materials need large quantities of material pyroclastic and lava flows conditions), heat waves, cold
aware of the hazards likely in the steps involved in disaster resources like food items, water, Landslide The downslope waves. and so on. All these
region preparedness. medical supplies, etc. It may not be displacement of surface materials disasters have their origin in
• To help disaster managers and 1. Disaster Management Plan possible to procure them in large (predominantly rock and soil under meteorological conditions.
other stake holders to plan and be (DMP). The first step in disaster quantities at short notice. Some gravitational forces). The effects (ii) Hydrological: When the disaster
prepared for the disaster as preparedness is the making of a quantity of such materials needed are Rockfall, rotational and occurs due to excessive water flow
and when it occurs Methods to disaster management plan that in an emergency must always be translational slide, debris flow, as in floods, flash floods etc., it is
hazard information collection honestly represents what the local available. lahar, and soil creep known as a hydrological disaster.
• Undertaking field travel and government and communities are 7. Logistics Snow avalanche The downslope These can happen as a result of
“overflights” of the study area capable of doing to cope with a The Oxford Advanced Learners' displacement of surface materials other disasters like cyclones and
• Contacting local officials and disaster. A disaster management Dictionary defines logistics as "the (predominantly ice and snow under cloud bursts, tsunami, etc.
community leaders plan must be made at state and practical organization that is gravitational forces) (iv) Medical: When the disaster is a
• Maintaining contact with local levels. The objectives of needed to make a complicated plan Flood The inundation of typically medical emergency like epidemics,
appropriate national planning preparing a DMP are: successful, when a lot of people dryland with water. The effects are it can be described as a medical
officers (1) Identify agencies for the DM and equipment is involved." The Flash flood, fluvial flood, rural disaster. Many of them have
• Determining the availability of operations and their functions term probably came originally from ponding, urban flood, coastal occurred recently, the notable
existing data. (ij) Identify individual(s) to military science, relating to flooding, storm surge, jökulhlaups, being dengue, malaria, swine flu,
• Using experienced staff members command the operations procurement, maintenance and glacial lake bursts Ebola disease, etc. A last class of
or consultants to get an overview (iii) Identify individuals from transportation of material, people Tsunami The displacement of a disaster is cosmic events like an
Data Requirements of Hazard different agencies, and their and facilities.. significant volume of water, asteroid, meteorite or a comet
Mapping: functions 8. Communication generating a series of waves with striking our planet. It is believed
Spatial characteristics such as (iv) Identify the method of A very critical element in disaster large wavelengths and low that such events have happened
location, distribution and coordination between different preparedness is communication. amplitudes. As the waves approach many times in the past and may
dimension; temporal (duration and agencies, government and private Many communication systems and the shallow water, their amplitude happen in future as well and cause
speed of onset) and magnitude are 2. Early Warning Systems modes are available today like increases through wave shoaling extensive damage to the earth and
the major data requirements for Wherever practicable, people must landline phones, fax, text Storm/Cloud burst A significant its inhabitants
hazard mapping. Such information be made aware of an impending messaging services. wireless perturbation of the atmospheric Man-made Hazards:
can be obtained through the disaster in advance. This will give phones, satellite phones, internet- system, often involving heavy Man-made disasters on the other
following sources: them time to prepare themselves based communication systems and precipitation and violent winds hand are not predictable but
1. Base maps: Base maps represent for leaving their homes for safer so on. Tornado A violently rotating avoidable. These can also be
topographic layers of data such areas. Many natural phenomena 9. Education and Training of column of air pendant (normally) classified under different sub-
aselevation, roads, water bodies, are predictable. It is possible to Personnel from a cumulonimbus cloud and in heads like:
cultural features and utilities. It issue early warnings to the people Many activities associated with contact with the surface of the (i).Social: Group clashes, terror
must be plan metric, i.e. a likely to be affected by the event. disaster management require earth strikes, arson, etc.
representation of information on a Such warnings help to reduce loss special skills. People need to be Lightning (ii) Technological: Industrial
plane in true geographic of life and property. trained to undertake such The atmospheric discharge of static accidents, structural collapse, etc.
relationship and with measurable 3. Evacuation Plans activities. Many people are electricity, occurred when the (iii) Chemical: Leakage of toxic
horizontal distances. In many instances like a cyclone involved in various stages of resistance of the intervening air gases, radiation hazards etc.
2. Remotely sensed images: (which is quite predictable now-a- disaster management. Appropriate between areas of positive and (iv) Transport-related: Those that
Satellite images are sources of days), a major task before the training must be given to such negative charge is overcome happen on roads, in railways, ships
readily available information of disaster strikes will be to evacuate people to enable them to etc.
locations on the earth’s surface people from the areas that the appreciate the significance and
compared to conventional ground cyclone will affect. There will be a criticality of their jobs.
2. Vulnerability Assessment: Disaster Risk assessment is a
survey methods of mapping that storm surge in sea level and people 10. Public Awareness Programmes
This step is performed to process to determine the nature
are labour intensive and time living in low-lying areas will have to An informed community has
determine the elements at risk, and extent of such risk, by
consuming. be taken to higher reaches. greater awareness about hazards
degree of vulnerability and the analyzing hazards and evaluating
3. Field data: Through the advances 4. Shelters and Sheltering Plans and risks and ability and confidence
causes of the elements at risk. All existing conditions of vulnerability
of technology, ground surveying A basic need of displaced persons is to cope with disasters. The
elements (people, building, that together could potentially
methods using electronic survey a place to live in and be safe from involvement of people at the
resources etc) which are prone to harm exposed people, property,
systems like Total Station, the nature's fury. community level is generally
the hazard are identified and an services, livelihoods and the
global positioning systems (GPS) recommended in managing
inventory is prepared. Then the environment on which they
and Laser Scanners, have all greatly disasters.
degree of their vulnerability is depend. In this way, informed
increased opportunities for data
analysed and causes of their decisions can be made regarding
capture in the field
vulnerability are determined. steps to reduce the impacts of
3. Capacity Assessment: disasters.
MITIGATION RESPONSE Capacity assessment means to Steps in Risk Assessment :
• Hazard Mapping • Rescue Operations identify the strengths and 1. Hazard Assessment:
• Vulnerability Analysis • Providing Shelter resources available to reduce the In this section the researcher
• Mitigation Measures • Providing Food and Water level of risk, or the effects of a identifies the types of hazards that
• Development Control • Medical Help disaster. In this step, resources of a have occurred in the area in the
• Economic • Information to All community are evaluated by past or can occur in the future. This
• Diversification • Identification of the dead analyzing the available strengths is usually the first step which then
PREPAREDNESS • Preserving Bodies like skills, expertise, equipment, defines other steps because for
• DM Plans • Special Needs infrastructure etc. Then the each hazard, different tools and
• Early Warning Systems RECOVERY availability of these resources is techniques are used for analysis
• Evacuation Strategies Shelters • Reconstruction of Houses evaluated to know how soon these and assessment. Earthquakes, for
• Inventory Warehousing Logistics • Water Supply resources can be deployed and example, require different
• Communication Public Awareness • Infrastructure Agriculture become available to use. Another instruments and specializations for
• Education and Training • Commercial important step is to find out how analysis than e.g. landslides or
• Mock Drills • Establishments durable and long lasting these floods. The next steps are to find
•Rehabilitation resources are and what is the level the frequency, seasonality,
• Livelihood of their operational integrity magnitude, intensity, extent and
• Continued medical help causes of the occurrence of
hazards.
Disaster Response How are stakeholders in disaster Define 'relief in the context of Importance of communication Benefits and Cost of Stakeholder
It is the stage immediately after a management identified? disaster management. Identify technology in disaster Participation in DRR
disaster, when the occurrence of Meaning and Forms of Stakeholder the principles guiding relief. management Benefits TO DRR The potential
the disaster is known. The response Participation •Disasters in most cases take away Application in disaster benefits of increased stakeholder
phase also has a component before Stakeholders are people/ many essential subsistence needs management: Communication has participation include the following
the disaster in terms of the communities who may be directly and livelihood, making coping been identified as a fundamental ‣ Improved programme/project
preparations. This is a critical phase or indirectly, positively or difficult for victims/communities requirement in disaster design by drawing on local
and many agencies are involved in negatively affected by the outcome affected. The victims end up management operations. A variety knowledge and expertise to ensure
the operations. The objectives of of projects, programmes or new needing help. of methods of communications is that designs accurately reflect
the response phase are to: provide initiatives such as DRR education. • It is defined as the provision of required to inform the public, stakeholder priorities and needs,
immediate relief to reduce the The three basic forms of assistance or intervention during or communicate with aid workers for ‣ Improved means of verifying the
suffering of the affected people stakeholders are: immediately after a disaster to early warning and evacuation, relevance and appropriateness of
Conduct search operations and Primary stakeholders: They are the meet the life preservation and request for donations and aid etc. proposed interventions,
rescue those stranded beneficiaries of a development basic subsistence needs of those These communication tools help us ‣ Strengthened stakeholder
•Provide food, water and intervention or those directly people affected. Relief can be of an to do that faster. Communication commitment to, and ownership of
accommodation in temporary affected (positively or negatively) immediate, short term, or also helps to calm people and bring policies and projects, leading to
shelters to displaced people by it. They include local populations protracted duration an element of trust and hope increased uptake of project
• Provide medical services as may individuals and community-based • Relief, as a disaster management among them. This aspect should be services and greater willingness to
be needed to people injured Take organisations) in the project process, provides timely e shelter, given high priority in disaster share costs,
measures to prevent unhygienic /programme area as well as poor food, water and sanitation, or management plans. ‣ Enhanced sustainability as a
conditions that can cause diseases, and marginalised groups who have health items. needs such as basic result of increased stakeholder
and their spread. While the traditionally been excluded from household items, Steps to Effective Communication ownership
response steps may vary according participating in development • Relief activities provide goods • Use standard terminologies when Costs and Risks to DRR
to the disaster, the following three efforts. In disaster risk reduction, and services to disaster-affected communicating-risks, disaster, Each progressive level of
steps are common to many of these stakeholders include: populations in the form of supplies. coping, resilience, vulnerable, stakeholder participation brings
them. homeowners, renters, homeless vouchers or cash transfers, so as to • Ensure statements are direct and with it different costs and risks. The
1. Search and Rescue persons and community-based enable those populations to cover unambigous principal cost is the absence of
Typically, in many disasters, this is small-scale businesses. their essential needs. Relief • Inform appropriate individuals stakeholder participation in
the first step in response. As an Secondary stakeholders: These measures differ, depending upon when the mission or the plan programmes and projects. Lack of
example, in an earthquake, many refer to those who influence a the nature of disaster. At certain changes stakeholder participation can lead
people get buried under debris of development intervention or are occasions, money may have no • Communicate all information to:
their homes or other buildings. indirectly affected by it. They value, but certain articles like food, needed by those individual or ‣Higher up-front costs in terms of
Some people may be alive under a include the government, line clothes, etc, may be more teams external to the team time and resources,
collapsed building. Some of these ministry and project staff, important • Use non-verbal communication ‣ Danger of undertaking poorly
people may survive if they are implementing agencies, local • Relief, globally, is guided by appropriately Use proper order planned or merely token
rescued and given medical help. governments, civil society based fundamental principles which when communication information participatory activities due to
2. Medical Care organisations, private sector firms, disaster organisations and NGOs • use proper order when limited time, capacity, commitment
An immediate requirement when and other development agencies. engaging in disaster relief response communication information or resources;
rescue efforts are going on is Key stakeholders: This group can ought to apply. The principles Barriers to Effective ‣ Lack of political will on the part of
medical help. Some people may significantly influence or are require that communication governments to allow wide
have minor injuries that need first important to the success of the 1. Response to disasters must have stakeholder participation because
aid immediately. Some others may project through financial resources humanitarian imperative • Non-Focus on the issue at hand, they fear loss of power or
have serious injuries requiring or power. In the context of DRR in 2. Aid is provided based on needs not being attentive influence,
hospitalisation. On-field care and the local, regional or national scale, alone and must be done without • Avoid interruption, show interest ‣ Difficulty in reaching out to
ambulance services must be key stakeholders could include discrimination of any kind (race, in what is being said marginalised groups and ensuring
available. National Disaster Management creed or nationality of the • Avoid being judgemental but that the true priorities and needs of
3. Humanitarian Relief Organisation (NADMO), Ministry of recipients) make provision for feedbacks poor and vulnerable groups are
With thousands of people Local Government and Rural 3. Aid will not be used to further a • Pay attention to non-verbal represented,
displaced from their homes and Development (MLGRD), particular political or religious communication ‣ Difficulty in identifying genuine
having lost their resources, or Metropolitan Municipal and District standpoint • Be conscious of individual representative non-governmental
unable to use them, humanitarian Assemblies (MMDAs), etc. and they 4. Aid agencies do not to act as differences organisations (NGOs) and civil
aid is a first priority. Shelter, food could be financiers of DRR efforts. instruments of government foreign • Keep stress in check but be society organisations (CSOs)
and water will be primary needs of A key element in stakeholder policy assertive
individuals. participation is the ability to 5. That culture and custom are
NGOS identify stakeholders, their needs, respected in response and relief
The response phase is most likely interests, relative power and activities Capacity building in the context of • Undertaking necessary structural
the period when many NGOs will potential impact on the intended 6. Disaster response is built on local disaster management. List the measures is one of the major
have to be a part of the relief work. endeavour in a people-centred capacities structural and nonstructural thematic areas for action for
Many times, NGOs will be the first fashion measures in capacity building. disaster risk reduction and
responders when the disaster • The capacity development enhancing resilience.
strikes as they will be nearby doing includes training programs, • These consist of various physical
Control over development and Rivers that carry large quantities of
some socio-economic development curriculum development, large- infrastructure and facilities
economic activities silt lose their water capacity over
work before and during the scale awareness creation efforts, required to help communities cope
The government should have the years and must be de-silted to
disaster. and carrying out regular mock drills with disasters
policies and practices in place for: bring back the waterway to its
4. Damage Assessment and disaster response exercises. •The implementation of these
(a) Land use for various purposes. normalcy capacity. (f) Building
During the response phase, many • The capability to implement, measures is essential to enhance
Control over land use for houses in flood-planes must be
government and private agencies enforce, and monitor various disaster preparedness, a
residential and commercial avoided, industrial activity in flood
will be at many sites where damage disaster mitigation measures has to component of Priority-4 of the
purposes must be stringently areas also should also be
has occurred. Loss of life and be improved at all levels from the Sendai Framework
implemented as a mitigation contained, or such industries must
damage to private and public local to the higher levels of • It is also an important component
measure, using the hazard be chosen that the economic loss in
property has to be assessed. governance of investing in disaster risk
mapping and vulnerability analysis. case of a disaster is minimum.
5. Coordination • It is also strengthening the DRR reduction for resilience, which is
(b) Agricultural crop patterns: Crop (g) Constructing houses and
During the response phase in governance at all levels to better Priority 3 of Sendai Framework
patterns must be studied and commercial buildings on hill slopes
particular, with multiple agencies manage risk and to make the Non-Structural Measures:
farmers advised to grow the kinds is highly risky and must be
offering their help and present at governance systems more • Any measure not involving
of crops that can withstand the approved based on thorough
many sites, coordination of efforts responsive. physical construction that uses
impact of a disaster likely in the geological studies only. This activity
is a key factor. Setting up of a • Capacity building is an ongoing knowledge, practise or agreement
region. Where agricultural income is generally undertaken after
control room and identifying the process that equips officials, to reduce risks and impacts, in
is the sole source of finance for cutting trees from hill slopes and
person in command, as per the SOP stakeholders and the community to particular through policies and
families, they will lose their clearing the site of vegetation. This
if available, is a first step in perform their functions in a better laws, public awareness raising,
livelihood in addition to their can cause severe landslides.
coordination. For coordination of manner during a crisis/disaster training and education
monetary loss due to disasters. As an example, in the case of
the response efforts, the following Structural Measures: • Sets of appropriate laws,
(c) Alternate income schemes must Uttarakhand, which depends
points are important: • Any physical construction to mechanisms, and techno-legal
be made available for people in heavily on pilgrimage and tourism
1) unified command reduce or avoid possible impacts of regimes are crucial components in
case they lose their livelihood, for its economy, many hotels and
2) control room hazards or application of strengthening the disaster risk
including insurance schemes and other infrastructure were
3) communication network engineering techniques to achieve governance to manage disaster
similar means. (d) Critical constructed after clearing hill
4) information to media hazard-resistance and resilience in risk, which is Priority-2 of the
infrastructure must be ensured to slopes. During the cloudburst and
structures or systems. Sendai Framework.
save the heavy economic loss due the resulting floods, most of this
• These non-structural measures
to disasters. infrastructure was washed away.
comprising of laws, norms, rules,
(e) Water resource management This is a case that brought out this
guidelines, and techno-legal regime
schemes must be implemented to aspect prominently for careful
(eg. building codes) framework and
save water and to avoid flooding. consideration of development
empowers the authorities to
managers.
mainstream disaster risk reduction
and disaster resilience into
development activities.These non-
structural measures comprising of
laws, norms, rules, guidelines, and
National Disaster Management Sendai Framework? Explain about National Crisis Management National Institute of Disaster Salient features of the National
Authority (NDMA) it. Committee (NCMC) and Crisis Management (NIDM) Policy on Disaster Management in
The Act provides for setting up of The Sendai Framework on Disaster Management Group (CMG) The National Centre for Disaster India (or) List the objectives of the
NDMA under the Chairmanship of Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is an Management (NCDM) was National Policy on Disaster
the Prime Minister. The NDMA has ambitious agreement that sets out National Crisis Management established in Indraprastha Estate Management in India The
the responsibility for laying down the overall objective to Committee (NCMC): The National on the M.G. Road, New Delhi, objectives of National Policy on
policies, plans and guidelines for substantially reduce disaster risk Crisis Management Committee within the Indian Institute for Disaster Management as
disaster management as well as and losses in lives, livelihoods and (NCMC) comprises of high level Public Administration (IIPA) campus documented in the National
their coordination, enforcement health and in the economic, officials of the Central Government, in 1995. It was established in the Policy on Disaster Management
and implementation, so that timely physical, social, cultural and headed by the Cabinet Secretary. backdrop of the International (NPDM) are:
and effective response to disasters environmental assets of persons, This Committee, constituted in the Decade for Natural Disaster (i) Promoting a culture of
is ensured. Necessary cooperation businesses, communities and Cabinet Secretariat has Secretary to Reduction (IDNDR). The NCDM was prevention, preparedness and
and assistance will be provided by countries. It pursues the following the Prime Minister, Secretaries of on October 16, 2003 upgraded and resilience at all level knowledge,
the Central Ministries, goal: "Prevent new and reduce the Ministries of Home Affairs, designated as the National Institute innovation and education.
Departments and the concerned existing disaster risk through the Defence, Information and of Disaster Management (NIDM). (ii) Encouraging mitigation
State Governments for carrying out implementation of integrated and Broadcasting, RAW, NDMA, Deputy The Institute achieved statutory measures based on technology,
the mandate of NDMA. The inclusive economic, structural, NSA, and Director of Intelligence status with the enactment of the traditional wisdom and
executive committee of NDMA is legal, social, health. cultural, Bureau as members. The Disaster Management Act, 2005. environmental sustainability.
the National Executive Committee educational environmental, Committee will deal with major The responsibilities of the Institute (iii) Mainstreaming disaster
(NEC). The committee assists technological political and crisis that could have serious are contained in Section 42 management into the
NDMA to discharge its functions, institutional measures that prevent national ramifications. NCMC will (Chapter VII) of the Act. A few of developmental planning process.
and ensure compliance of the and reduce hazard exposure and be supported by Crisis the responsibilities include: (iv) Establishing institutional and
relevant directions of the Central vulnerability to disaster, increase Management Group (CMG) of all (a) developing training modules. techno-legal frameworks to create
Government. In addition to the preparedness for response and the Central Nodal Ministries and (b) undertaking research and an enabling regulatory
Chairman, NDMA has nine other recovery, and thus strengthen would be assisted by NEC. The documentation in the area of DM, environment and a compliance
members, out of which one would resilience." Committee is expected to give the (c) organising training programmes. regime.
be designated as Vice-Chairperson. necessary directions to the Crisis (d) undertaking and organising (v) Ensuring efficient mechanism
Other officials include a Secretary 7 global targets of Sendai Management Group. various study courses, conferences, for identification, assessment and
and five Joint Secretaries including Framework. lectures and seminars for monitoring of disaster risks.
one Financial Advisor. There would 1. Substantially reduce global Crisis Management Group (CMG): promoting and institutionalising (vi) Developing contemporary
be 10 Joint Advisors and Directors, disaster mortality by 2030, aiming This Crisis Management Group disaster management, forecasting and early warning
14 Assistant Advisors, Under to lower average per 100,000 (CMG) is formed under the (e) publication of journals, research systems backed by responsive and
Secretaries and Assistant Financial global mortality between 2020- Chairmanship of the Home papers, books, etc. fail-safe communication with
Advisor and Duty Officer. There are 2030 compared to 2005-2015. Secretary. The Joint Secretary (DM) The NIDM is also responsible for information technology support.
other supporting staffs too. 2. Substantially reduce the number is the Convener of CMG. The group capacity development in (vii) Promoting a productive
The different Ministries, of affected people globally by 2030, comprises of senior officers derived partnership with other research partnership with the media to
Departments of the Government of aiming to lower the average global from various Central ministries and institutions. It is also expected to create awareness and contributing
India, the State Government, and figure per 100,000 between 2020- other concerned departments. The develop a National Level towards capacity development.
SDMA are expected to follow these 2030 compared to 2005-2015.7 functions of the CMG include: information base. The Union Home
policies and guidelines. Other 3. Reduce direct disaster economic • Reviewing the contingency plans Minister is the President of the Stake holder participation in
responsibilities of NDMA include: loss in relation to global gross formulated by the Central Institute, with 42 general body disaster management?
(a) Approval of the National Plan: domestic product (GDP) by 2030. Ministries/Departments; members. The general body Stakeholder 'participation,
(b) Approve plans that are 4. Substantially reduce disaster • Reviewing the measures required members include secretaries of stakeholder engagement and
prepared by the various Ministries damage to critical infrastructure for dealing with a natural disaster; various ministries, departments of stakeholder 'involvement' are often
or Departments of the Government and disruption of basic services, and the State Governments the Union Government and heads used interchangeably in relation to
of India, ensuring that they are in among them health and • Coordinating the activities of the of certain national level scientific, the interactions between two or
accordance with the National Plan: educational facilities, including various Central Ministries with research and technical more stakeholders in policy
(c) Providing guidelines to the through developing their resilience respect to disaster preparedness organisations. The Institute is making. development projects,
SDMA for drawing up of State by 2030. and relief; and To obtain headed by a Director, who is organisational management and
Plans, 5. Substantially increase the information from nodal officers assisted by faculty and staff. decision making in disaster risk
(d) Laying down guidelines for the number of countries with national regarding the various measures Presently the Institute has four reduction (DRR) education
integration of the various measures and local disaster risk reduction initiated with respect to the above academic divisions: In brief, 'stakeholder participation'
taken by the different Ministries or strategies by 2020 functions. 1. Geo-Hazard Division is the involvement of interest
Departments for the prevention or 6. Substantially enhance 2. Hydro-met Hazard Division groups (ie., representatives of
mitigation of disaster, international cooperation to 3. Policy Planning and Cross Cutting locally affected communities,
(e) Coordinating all the efforts developing countries through Issues Division national or local government
related to the enforcement and adequate and sustainable support 4. Response Division authorities, politicians, civil society-
implementation of the policy and to complement their national based organisations and
plan for DM: actions for implementation of this businesses) in a planning or
(f) Recommending the required framework by 2030. decision-making process
funds for disaster mitigation; 7. Substantially increase the Participatory development is
(g) Supporting other countries availability of and access to multi- defined as a process in which
affected by major disasters, as hazard early warning systems and people are proactively and
decided by the Central disaster risk information and significantly involved in all decision-
Government; assessments to the people by 2030. making processes that affect their
(h) Taking appropriate measures lives
for the prevention or mitigation of
disasters, as well as preparedness
and capacity building for dealing
with disaster threats,
(i) Lay down policies and guidelines
for the optimum functioning of
NIDM

6 international relief organizations