Science8 Q3 Week2
Science8 Q3 Week2
OBJECTIVE: Differentiate the structure of solids, liquids, and gases based on their
boiling point and melting point.
The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Each of this state is also known as phase. Elements and
compounds can change from one phase to another when special physical forces (not chemical) are present.
One such force is temperature. The phase can change when temperature changes. As the temperature rises,
matter transforms to a more active state without changing its chemical properties. You can see water vapor
over a boiling pot of water. The vapor can condense and become a drop of water again. If you put that drop in
the freezer, it would become ice, which is a solid. No matter what phase it is in, it is always water. It always has
the same chemical properties.
TABLE 1
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE THREE PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER
FIGURE A
States of Matter. All three containers contain a substance with the same mass, but the substances are in
different states. In the left-hand container, the substance is a gas, which has spread to fill its container. It
takes both the shape and volume of the container. In the middle container, the substance is a liquid, which
has spread to take the shape of its container but not the volume. In the right-hand container, the
substance is a solid, which takes neither the shape nor the volume of its container.
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Properties- are the distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify the different samples of matter.
Matter has two main kinds of properties --- physical and chemical. But we will focus only in the physical
because our topic melting point and boiling point belong to the physical properties of matter.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- these are the characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance
into another substance. Melting point, and boiling point belong to this property.
CHANGES OF STATE- The kinetic theory of matter can be used to explain how solids, liquids and gases are
interchangeable as a result of increase or decrease in heat energy. When an object is heated, the motion of
the particles increases as the particles become more energetic. If it is cooled, the motion of the particles
decreases as they lose energy.
MELTING:
• In solid, the strong attractions between the particles hold them tightly packed together.
• Even though molecules are vibrating, this is not enough to disrupt the structure.
• When a solid is heated, the particles gain energy and start to vibrate faster and faster.
• Initially the structure is gradually weakened which has the effect of expanding the solid.
• Further heating provides more energy until the particles start to break free of the structure.
• Although the particles are still loosely connected, they are able to move around.
The particles in the liquid are the same as in the solid but they have more energy.
To melt a solid, energy is required to overcome the attractions between the particles and allow them to pull
them apart. The energy is provided when the solid is heated up.
The temperature at which something melts is called its "melting point" or melting temperature.
• At room temperature a material is a solid, liquid or gas depending on its melting temperature.
• Anything with a melting temperature higher than about 20 oC is likely to be a solid under normal
conditions.
• Materials have widely differing melting temperatures e.g. mercury -39 oC, ice 0 oC, salt 1081oC,
aluminum 660 oC and steel 1535 oC.
Everyday materials such as ice, butter and wax have different melting temperatures and can be used as
examples with children.
Ice is probably the melting substance most children are familiar with. It can be problematic when trying to
develop an understanding of melting as it does often appear to them to melt without any source of heat.
Ice melts at room temperature because the surrounding air is warmer than the ice and at a temperature above
the melting temperature.
The heat energy required to melt the ice comes from the surrounding air which will consequently become a
little cooler.
Not all solids melt when they are heated. Some may undergo chemical changes as a result of heating.
For example, paper burns rather than melts.
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EVAPORATING:
Within a liquid some particles have more energy than other. These "more energetic particles" may have
sufficient energy to escape from the surface of the liquid as gas or vapor.
This process is called evaporation and the result of evaporation is commonly observed when puddles or
clothes dry.
• Evaporation takes place at room temperature which is often well below the boiling point of the liquid.
• Evaporation happens from the surface of the liquid.
• As the temperature increases the rate of evaporation increases.
• Evaporation is also assisted by windy conditions which help to remove the vapor particles from the
liquid so that more particles escape.
BOILING:
• If a liquid is heated the particles are given more energy and move faster and
faster expanding the liquid.
• The most energetic particles at the surface escape from the surface of the
liquid as a vapor as it gets warmer. Liquids evaporate faster as they heat up
and more particles have enough energy to break away.
• The particles need energy to overcome the attractions between them.
• As the liquid gets warmer more particles have sufficient energy to escape
from the liquid.
• Eventually even particles in the middle of the liquid form bubbles of gas in
the liquid.
• At this point the liquid is boiling and turning to gas.
• The particles in the gas are the same as they were in the liquid they just have more energy.
• At normal atmospheric pressure all materials have a specific temperature at which boiling occurs.
• This is called the "boiling point" or boiling temperature.
As with the melting point, the boiling point of materials vary widely e.g. nitrogen -210 oC, alcohol 78 oC,
aluminum 459 oC.
Any material with a boiling temperature below 20 oC is likely to be a gas at room temperature.
When liquids boil, the particles must have sufficient energy to break away from the liquid and to diffuse through
the surrounding air particles.
• As these particles cool down and lose energy, they will condense and turn back to liquid.
• When steam is formed by water boiling at 100 oC, the particles quickly condense as the surrounding air
temperature is likely to be much less than100 oC so the particles cool rapidly.
• In fact, the "steam" coming out of a boiling kettle can only be seen because some of the gas particles
have condensed to form small droplets of water.
• When a gas turns to a liquid (condenses) or a liquid turns to a solid (solidifies) the particles lose energy
to the surroundings.
References:
1.Chemistry (Exploring Life Through Science) pp.42-44
2. Integrated science Chemistry pp.
3. https://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/particle02.html
4. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103_-_
Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_7%3A_Solids%2C_Liquids%2C_and_Gases/7.1%3A_States_of_Matter
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PRACTICE EXERCISE 1:
A. Explain the following:
a. What happens to the structure of ice when it melts?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b. When given the same amount of heat, a gas expands more than a solid. Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
c. A gas, at constant pressure, increases greatly in volume when it is heated gently, but a solid does not.
Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. In the table, substances with their melting points and boiling points are listed.
Complete the table by classifying each substance as a solid, liquid, or gas at room
temperature (25 oC)
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2:
The melting and boiling of three substances are given in the table below.
Substance Melting point/ oC Boiling point/ oC
A 25 115
B -46 59
C 107 249
b.) If all three substances are heated from 0 oC to 100 oC, which substance will
(i) Change from solid to liquid? ____________________
(ii) Change from liquid to gas? ____________________
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EVALUATION:
Study the experimental set-up below.
delivery
tube
empty
bottle
hot boiling
air water
beaker
water
trough water
a. Predict what is observed in the beaker of water when the trough is filled with hot boiling water.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. With the end of the delivery tube still submerged in the beaker of water and the cap of the bottle still
closed, the water trough is carefully emptied and filled with ice-cold water. Predict what will be observed.
Explain your answer. (3 points)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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OBJECTIVE: Differentiate the structure of solids, liquids, and gases based on their
density and specific gravity.
YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY:
• Differentiating structures of solids, liquids, and gases based on their density and specific gravity.
You have heard the terms mass and volume before but what about density? Have you ever used this word
before? Perhaps you have heard someone describes a cake as very dense? What does this mean?
Mass and volume are fundamental properties of matter. Density is another property of matter that is very
closely related to the first two.
The mass of an object or a substance tells us how much matter it consists of.
• The greater the mass of an object, the more matter it contains.
• Mass is measured in kilograms (kg).
• When we measure the mass of small objects or small amounts of matter
we often measure in grams (g) or even milligrams (mg).
• One kilogram is the same as 1000 grams.
• One gram is the same as 1000 milligrams.
• How many milligrams are in one kilogram?
• When we talk of iron as being heavy and cotton as being light, we are actually referring to the density.
• Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a material.
• It is a measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume.
• We say density is the ratio of mass to volume.
• We can write a mathematical relationship to show this ratio as follows: density = mass/volume
• We can also use symbols for density (D), mass (m) and volume (V), so the equation to calculate
density can be written as D=m/V.
or
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If we have two materials with the same volume, the material with a higher mass will be denser.
It will have a higher density. We can think of density as the 'lightness' or 'heaviness' of objects of the same
size.
• Densities of solids and liquids are usually reported in grams per milliliter (g/ml), or grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cc or g/cm3), and those of gases in grams per liter (g/L).
• When an object floats in water, it has a density lighter than water and when it sinks, it is heavier than water.
• When an object sinks, it must displace an equal volume of water and its mass is greater than the mass of
water displaced.
• Between two immiscible liquids forming two layers, the liquid with a smaller density will form the upper
layer, while the one with a higher density forms the lower layer.
• The density of a substance can be used to identify the substance.
• Density is an important physical property of a substance.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Compare the three identical containers below.
2. They all have the same volume and contain the same material
3. Container A contains a solid material, container B contains the liquid state of that material and
container C the gaseous state of the same material.
4. Answer the questions that follow.
Guide Questions:
1. Which container (A, B, or C) contains the greatest number of particles? Which container contains the
smallest number of particles?
2. Which container (A, B, or C) contains the material with the greatest mass? Which container has
smallest mass? Why do you say so?
3. Which state has the highest density: solid (in container A), liquid (in container B) or gas (in container
C)? Which state has the lowest density? Why do you say so?
We have just performed a conceptual activity in which we compared the densities of the three states of the
same material.
• The high density of a solid material explains why it cannot be compressed.
• The particles in a solid are tightly packed and cannot be squeezed closer together into a smaller volume.
• Liquids are also very dense.
• The density of a liquid is roughly the same as the density of the solid state of the same substance.
• This is because their particles are close together, even though they are not locked into fixed positions.
• Most liquids cannot be compressed into smaller volumes.
• Liquids are slightly less dense than their solid states but water is an important exception.
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• Gases are not very dense at all because of the large spaces between the gas particles.
• That means they contain a small number of particles in a large volume.
• This is why gases can be compressed: their particles can be squeezed closer together to fit into a smaller
volume.
• Think back to the air that is compressed to fit inside a gas tank for a scuba diver.
Specific gravity - also called relative density, ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at
4°C.
• The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4°C (39.2 °F), which has a density of
1.0 kg per litre (62.4 pounds per cubic foot).
• Gases are commonly compared with dry air, which has a density of 1.29 grams per litre (1.29 ounces
per cubic foot) under so-called standard conditions (0 °C and a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere).
For example:
➢ Liquid mercury has a density of 13.6 kg per litre; therefore, its specific gravity is 13.6.
➢ The gas carbon dioxide, which has a density of 1.976 grams per litre under standard conditions,
has a specific gravity of 1.53 (= 1.976/1.29).
Because it is the ratio of two quantities that have the same dimensions (mass per unit volume), specific
gravity has no dimension.
• Buoyancy (the ability of an object to float in water or air) is intimately related to specific gravity.
• If a substance has specific gravity less than that of a fluid, it will float on that fluid: helium-filled balloons
will rise in air, oil will form a slick on water, and lead will float on mercury.
• The specific gravity of a substance is characteristic; it is the same for different samples of a substance
(if pure, the same in composition, and free from cavities or inclusions) and is used to help identify
unknown substances.
Solution:
References:
1. Chemistry (Exploring Life Through Science) pp 31-33
Online References:
1. https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-8/particle-model-of-matter/06-particle-model-of-matter?id=toc-id-17
2. https://www.britannica.com/science/specific-gravity
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Generalization:
• Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a material.
• Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at 4°C.
Specific gravity of substance X = Density of substance X
Density of water at 4°C
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1:
Answer the following problems:
1. An 18.2 g sample of zinc metal has a volume of 2.55 cm3. Calculate the density of zinc.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. What is the mass of 124 ml of solution that has a density of 1.13 g/ml?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. Calculate the density of a liquid in a beaker. The beaker has a mass of 15 g when empty. The
beaker with an unknown liquid has a mass of 31 g. What is the density of liquid if its volume is
10 ml?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2:
Solve the following problems:
1. Calculate the density of a 500 g rectangular block with the following dimensions:
Length = 8.0 cm, width = 6.0 cm, height = 5.0 cm
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Calculate the density and the specific gravity of a solid that weighs 125 g and has a volume
46.0 ml.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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Which substance will float on water? Assume density of water to be 1.0 g/ml
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. A glass plummet weighs 12.64 g in air, 8.57 g when immersed in water, and 9.12 g when immersed
in an oil. Calculate, the specific gravity of the oil. L
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. A crystal of a chemical salt weighs 6.423 g in air and 2.873 g when immersed in an oil having a
specific gravity of 0.858. What is the specific gravity of the salt?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
EVALUATION:
Read the following and write the letter of the correct answer.
1.The density of an object is
a) The mass divided by the volume D = m/v c) The same as its weight
b) The volume divided by the mass D = v/m d) The same as the size of the object
2. If two objects have the same volume but one has a greater mass, the one with greater mass
a) Has a lower density c) Will float
b) Has a higher density d) Will sink
3. If two objects have the same volume but one is made up of smaller and heavier atoms, the one with
small heavy atoms will
a) be larger than the other c) be denser than the other
b) be less dense than the other d) float
5. A tiny piece of sand is very light but sinks in water. This is because
a) Sand is a solid
b) Sand is less dense than water
c) There is more water than sand
d) Sand is denser than water
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D3
This module is intended to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on the particle nature of
matter. Specifically, it aims to identify and describe the classification of matter based on its
composition (element, compound, and mixture).
In your study about matter, you have learned that substances may be classified into element, compound,
and mixture. Given the figure below, determine which of the substances is an element, compound, and
mixture.
If you have answered compound, element, and mixture respectively, then you are correct. Today, you will
identify the classification of matter based on its composition (element, compound, and mixture).
Table salt, aluminum can, and pizza are all matter which are classified as compound, element, and mixture
respectively. This classification is based on their composition.
1. An element is a pure substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken
down into simpler substance by chemical means. The atom that makes up the element gives its
identity.
For example, the element hydrogen is composed of only hydrogen atom, helium is composed of
helium atom and oxygen gas is composed of oxygen atoms. These elements cannot be broken
down further into simpler type of atom.
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D3
Below is the Periodic Table of Elements. All of the elements in the Periodic Table are composed of a single
type of atom.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table_simple_eo.svg
Creative Commons License
The diagrams below represent the atoms of an element hydrogen and molecules of oxygen gas.
2. A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are
chemically combined and can be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means. In a
compound, atoms combined to form new properties different from those elements from which it is
made of.
• Sodium Chloride commonly known as table salt is a compound composed of one atom of
sodium and one atom of chlorine. Sodium is a form of highly reactive metal and chlorine is
a toxic chemical substance when both elements combine, they form a compound salt. Salt
is used as food preservative. Thus, in a compound substance combined lose their original
properties and formed a new set of properties different from their original properties.
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3. A mixture is composed of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are physically
combined, retained their individual properties, and can be separated by physical means.
• Air is a mixture of different gases (elements and compounds) such as nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, argon, and traces of water vapor,
• Cake is a mixture of sugar, flour, eggs, baking powder, and other ingredients.
(a) Mixtures of different gases (air) (a) Mixtures of metals (Copper and Tin - Bronze)
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D3
Practice Exercise 2: Identify whether the composition of substances in each statement is an element,
compound or mixture.
_________________ 2. Helium is a gas used to inflate party balloons. It consists of helium atom.
_________________ 3. Steel is an alloy a physical combination of the elements iron and carbon.
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D3
Identify 3 substances at home and determine its composition (element, compound, and mixture). Write the
importance of these substances. Write your answer on the table below.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
Generalization:
Evaluation
DIRECTIONS: Identify the classification of matter based on its composition. Write element,
compound, or mixture on the space provided.
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D4
This module is intended to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on the particle nature of
matter. Specifically, it aims to identify and describe the classification of matter based on its
composition (element, compound, and mixture).
In our previous lesson we classify matter based on its composition (element, compound, and mixture). We
learned that element is composed of only one type of atom, compound is composed of two or more
different types of atom, and mixture is composed of two or more different substances (element and
compound that are physically combined.
Review activity: Apply your prior knowledge in identifying if the given substance is an element, compound,
and mixture. Write your answer on the space provided.
______________ 1. Blood
______________ 2. Coffee
______________ 3. Helium
Now that you know how to classify matter based on its composition. It is now time for us to describe matter
based on their composition (element, compound, and mixture).
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D4
Looking back on our review activity blood is classified as mixture because during the combination,
substances such as plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells do not alter their composition
they only combined physically and no new substance is formed. Plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and
red blood cells retained their original properties. Thus, if you look at blood under the microscope you can
see that the solid components of blood such as platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells are floating
in the liquid component plasma.
Mechanical separation, magnetism, filtration, evaporation, distillation and crystallization are used to
separate components of mixtures.
Then we have helium and nitrogen gas, both are classified as element.
Helium a colorless and non-toxic gas is composed of helium atom. This
substance cannot be broken down further into other substance as it is the
simplest form of matter. The particles of the helium atom give its
characteristic property. Helium having an atomic number of 2 is the
second lightest element. It is used to inflate party balloons because its
density is lighter than the air causing it to go up or rise. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A
_Helium_-_Toy_balloons.jpg
Nitrogen gas (N2) is used in food preservation as it does not react with the foods. It consists of two atoms of
nitrogen and is considered element because it is made up of the same type of atom. Since it is made up of
the same type of atom its composition is constant throughout thus it cannot be divided further into simpler
substance.
Hence, element is a pure substance composed of only one type of atom and cannot be further divided into
simpler substance.
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D4
Carbon and oxygen are two different atoms with different properties when they combine, they lose both of
their properties and formed new set of properties different from that of their original properties. Since,
carbon atom and oxygen atoms combined chemically they can also be separated by chemical means. But it
requires so much energy to split the two atoms together.
In a compound, two or more different types of atom combined chemically to form new substance different
from that of the atoms combined.
Organize the ideas you have learned by completing the concept map. Choose your answer from the box
below.
Classification of Matter
Examples
Description
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D4
Given the diagrams of element, compound and mixture. Draw a line to match them to their description.
• • compounds
• • mixture of compounds
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-S8MT-Q3-W2-D4
Look for 3 classifications of matter you have at home. Observe and describe the classification of matter
based on its composition (element, compound, and mixture).
1.
2.
3.
Generalization:
Based on its composition, classification of matter is described as;
• Element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance
• Compound a chemical substance that can be divided by chemical means
• Mixture can be distinguished and can be separated by physical means
Evaluation
Directions. Given the different substances identify and describe the classification based on their
composition. Write your answer on the space provide.
1. Iron nail
2. Graham cake
3. Table sugar
4. Aluminum
5. Acetone
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