IoT and IIoT Systems

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Lecture 2
Foundations of IoT/IIoT and Components

Prof Pedro Tondo, M.Eng.

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Today
• IoT/IIoT infrastructure
• Industry 4.0
• IoT/IIoT Components
• Assignment 1 (status of kits)

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Industry 4.0
• IoT and IIoT provided a crucial foundation for Industry 4.0

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IIoT Infrastructure
• IoT Connectivity – must be compatible to link all components (gateways,
sensors, edge nodes)

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IIoT infrastructure
• ‘A gigantic network of networks of devices and computers connected through
a series of technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections
• IoT is usually thought of as a network of networks
• Industry 4.0 is contributing to the expiation of IoT/IIoT

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What is Industry 4.0?

• The term Industry 4.0 stands for the fourth industrial
revolution.
• This is a new chapter in the field of real time control of the
entire value stream which is present at any given
organization. It will also include the real time life cycle of a
product.
• Systems will be capable to intelligently adapt to new
customer requirements while optimizing their processes
and production cycles.
• Industry 4.0 is introducing the concept of CPS – cyber
physical systems
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History

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What is Industry 4.0?

Objective:
• Fundamentally, the goal of industry 4.0 is to utilize the
progress achieved in information and communications
technologies (and that expected in the near future) for the
benefit of manufacturing systems.
• Industry is faced with the inevitable challenge of preparing
for this change.
• Systems and components will have to be retrofitted to
provide data to the required automation levels present for
modelling, predictions and optimization.

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What is Industry 4.0?

Objective:
• Additional communications capability and autonomy in
reactions to external influences and internally stored
specifications are transforming mechatronic systems into
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).
• Additionally, systems and models will be aimed to achieve
an increasing improvement in energy and resource
efficiency.

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 Cyber Physical Systems

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system of collaborating computational

elements controlling physical entities. CPS are physical and engineered
systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and
integrated by a computing and communication core. They allow us to add
capabilities to physical systems by merging computing and communication
with physical processes.
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Implementation – how do we get there?

The German Science and Industry Research Union on Industrie 4.0 from April 2013 provides
implementation recommendations [3], explains needs for research, and identifies eights
areas for action which are listed here – supplemented with one usage aspect – to illustrate
the initial situation:
1. Standardization
2. Management of complex system
3. Area wide broadband infrastructure
4. Safety
5. Work Organization and workplace design
6. Training and further training
7. Legal framework conditions
8. Resource efficiency

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System Architecture
The 3 axis
• The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), developed for
comparable purposes in connection with the smart grid has been
adapted and expanded to meet the requirements of Industry 4.0 as
the Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0).
• The “Asset Layer”, which represents the real, physical world, an
“Integration Layer” has been added (y axis), containing a virtual map
of the physical installation of a system.
• The x axis, which in the standard model which focused primarily on
the value chain for power distribution, has been made more general.
The distinction between the “type” and “instance” of an object along
the value chain is particularly important.
Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

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System Architecture
The 3 axis
• As long as an idea, a concept, a thing, etc., remains a plan
and is not yet available as a real, usable object, it is
termed a “type”.
• When the plan is implemented as a real product, the type
becomes one or many instances, which may also include
objects which are not directly tangible, e.g. software,
archives, etc.

Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

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System Architecture
• The z axis is labelled in accordance with the terminology
from the IEC 62264 and IEC 61512 standards, with
additions representing the networking between
enterprises (“Connected World”) and, at the other end of
the scale, the “Product”, taking account of the demand for
active involvement of the product in, for example, a self-
configuring production line.

• RAMI4.015, presented during the 2015 Hanover Fair, it

was published in both German and English in early 2016
and contributed to the international standardization
process. Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

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RAMI 4.0

Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

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 Expected Benefits
Robot Assisted production (collaborative)

Predictive Maintenance

Additive manufacturing of complex parts

Machines as a service

Big data drive quality control

Production line simulation

Smart supply network

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Smart Factory

• Over the Internet of Things, cyber physical systems will

communicate and cooperate with each other and humans
in real time.

• Via the internet of things, both internal and cross

organization services are offered and utilized by
participants of the value chain

• How quickly will this happen?

Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

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 Time to reach 100 Million customers

• Telephone 75 Years

• Web 7 Years

• Facebook 4 Years

• Instagram 2 Years

• Pokemon Go 1 Month
 Robots working in Amazon WH
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2013 2014 2015 2016
 ANALYTICS
Data stored grows EVERY DAY WE CREATE
4X FASTER THAN THE WORLD ECONOMY
2,500,000,
000,000,
000,000
(2.5 QUINTILLION) BYTES OF
DATA

Fill 10 million Blu-ray discs,

the height of which stacked,
would measure the height of 4
Eiffel Towers on top of one
another

Increasing quantity of data

allows for
MORE QUALITATIVE
APPROACH Adient / Adient Industry 4.0/ May 11, 2017
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IoT/IIoT Components
Components

image: RF page
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IoT/IIoT Components
Smart Device/Thing
• A thing in the IoT world can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal
with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver
when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned
an IP address and is able to transfer data over a network.
• Common IoT devices:
• Electronics prototyping platforms (Arduino/RasberryPi/Asus Tinkerboard)
• Temperature sensors and thermostats
• Pressure sensors
• Humidity sensors
• Light intensity detectors
• Moisture sensors
• Proximity detection
• RFID tags

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IoT/IIoT Components
Gateway
• Potentially operate in all seven layers of the OSI model
• It’s a protocol converter
• IoT gateways manage the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and protocols
• A gateway can accept packet formatted for one protocol (eg apple talk) and convert it to a packet
formatted for another protocol(TCP/IP)
• IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with higher
order encryption techniques. It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect the
system from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.

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IoT/IIoT Components
Cloud

• IoT/IIoT creates data from devices, applications and users which have to be managed
in an efficient way.

• IoT clouds offers tools to collect, process, manage and store huge amount of data in
real time or near real time. Industries and services can easily access these data
remotely and make critical decisions when necessary.

• Basically, IoT cloud is a sophisticated high-performance network of servers optimized

to perform high speed data processing of billions of devices, traffic management and
deliver accurate analytics.

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IoT/IIoT Components
Cloud (con’t)

• Distributed database management systems are one of the most important

components of IoT cloud.

• Cloud system integrates billions of devices, sensors, gateways, protocols, data

storage and provides predictive analytics.

• Companies use these analytics data for improvement of products and services,
preventive measures for certain steps and build their new business model accurately.

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IoT/IIoT Components
Analytics
• The process of converting analog data from a device or billions of smart devices and sensors into
useful insights which can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis

• How well did you sleep? How many steps did you do today? What is your resting heart rate? How
long does it take to get to work?

• One of the major advantages of an efficient IoT system is real time smart analytics which helps
engineering professionals to find out irregularities in the collected data and act fast to prevent an
undesired scenario (current technologies allow this to be automated – IBA)

• Enterprises can use big data collected from IoT devices and utilize the insights for their future
business opportunities and demand. Careful analysis will help organizations to predict trends in
the market and plan ahead for a successful implementation (pandemic data)

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IoT/IIoT Components
Analytics (con’t) – Tools

https://orangedatamining.com/
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IoT/IIoT Components
User Interface (UI)
• User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system
which can be accessible by users.

• Designers will have to make sure a well designed user interface

for minimum effort for users and encourage more interactions.

• Modern technology offers much interactive design to ease

complex tasks into simple touch panels controls. Multicolor
touch panels have replaced hard switches in our household
appliances and the trend is increasing for almost every smart
home devices.

• User interface design has higher significance in today’s

competitive market, it often determines the user whether to
choose a particular device or appliance.

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Current status and future of IoT

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Value of IoT and IIoT

Image: GE 30
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Summary
• Internet of Things has been evolving ever since it started its journey few years back.

• New technologies and protocols joins IoT ecosystem to make it more accessible, cost effective,
energy efficient and most importantly secure.

• We will witness a continuous development in IoT due to huge demands in different sectors.

• Smart PLC/SCADA architecture solutions (more industrial data is uploaded constantly)

• Safety and Security

• Dependability

• Interoperability (over Internet of things and internet services)

• Decentralization – ability of CPS to make own decisions and calculate the effect on other systems

• What is the goal of IoT/IIoT?

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Assignment 1
• If you do not have an Arduino – go to step 5 of the assignment procedure

• The main goal of this assignment is to get a web interface to send messages to PubNub

• Include screenshots of your PubNub Dashboard with your assignment submission (zip
all files please)

• After you complete the assignment please look into choosing a Arduino simulator to try
the sketches provided (https://all3dp.com/2/best-arduino-simulators-online-offline/)

• Good luck!

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Next week
- IoT and IIoT Architecture and Modules – Chapter 2

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Questions?
Comments?

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References

1. RF Page. https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/

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