ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the very outset of this report. I would like to extend my sincere & heartfelt obligation

towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavour. Without their active

guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement, I would not have made headway in the

project.

I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to my faculty guide ‘KAUSHIK SIR’ for his

valuable guidance and support on completion of this project in its presently.

I extend my gratitude to ‘MUNICIPAL COLLEGE ROURKELA’ for giving me this

opportunity.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents and

member of my family, who has always supported me morally as well as economically.

At last but not least gratitude goes to all of my friends who directly or indirectly helped me to

complete this project report.

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

Thanking you

PIYUSH MISHRA

CERTIFICATE

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

This is to certify that PIYUSH MISHRA, student of class XII has successfully completed the

research on the project ‘FUNCTIONS & ITS TYPES’ he has taken proper care and shown

utmost sincerity in completing this project under the guidance of ‘KAUSHIK SIR’ during the

year 2021-2023.

Signature of the guide Signature of external examiner

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 ABSTRACT

A function is defined as a relation between a set of inputs having one output each. In simple

words, a function is a relationship between inputs where each input is related to exactly one

output. Every function has a domain and co domain or range. A function is generally denoted

by f(x) where x is the input. The general representation of a function is y = f(x).

A function in maths is a special relationship among the inputs (i.e. the domain) and their

outputs (known as the co domain) where each input has exactly one output, and the output

can be traced back to its input.

An example of a simple function is f(x) = x2. In this function, the function f(x) takes the value

of “x” and then squares it. For instance, if x = 3, then f(3) = 9. A few more examples of

functions are: f(x) = sin x, f(x) = x2 + 3, f(x) = 1/x, f(x) = 2x + 3, etc.

There are several types of functions in maths. Some important types are:

 Injective function or One to one function: When there is mapping for a range for each

domain between two sets.

 Subjective functions or onto function: When there is more than one element mapped

from domain to range.

 Polynomial function: The function which consists of polynomials.

 Inverse Functions: The function which can invert another function.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................6

FUNCTIONS.............................................................................................................................7

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS..........................................................................................................8

LIST OF TYPES OF FUNCTIONS..........................................................................................9

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON SET ELEMENTS...................................................10

TYPES OF FUNCTION - BASED ON EQUATION.............................................................12

Identity Function...............................................................................................................13

Linear Function.................................................................................................................13

Quadratic Function...........................................................................................................14

Cubic Function..................................................................................................................14

Polynomial Function.........................................................................................................14

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON RANGE..................................................................15

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON DOMAIN...............................................................18

Algebraic Function...........................................................................................................18

Trigonometric Functions...................................................................................................19

Logarithmic Functions......................................................................................................19

SOLVED EXAMPLES............................................................................................................20

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................21

REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................22

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 INTRODUCTION

Functions are defined as the relations who give a particular output for a particular input

value. A function has a domain and co domain (range). F(x) usually denotes a function

where x is the input of the function. In general, a function is written as y = f(x).

A function in very abstract terms can be thought of as something that will take an input and

produce an output. It depends on the function what kind of input it will take and what

output it will give. But, to imagine, It can be thought of as a machine or a box which gives

an output for a particular value of the input. 

A function is a special kind of relation. It is a relation in which each domain value maps

only to one range value. It is denoted by ƒ: X⇒Y

What this means that it is a function from X to Y. It takes input from set X and gives the

unique value from set Y as output. “X” is called the domain of the function while “Y” is

called the co-domain. 

It can be seen anywhere, for example, Weatherman takes a reading from the thermometer.

The thermometer usually gives a reading in Celsius or Fahrenheit. The weatherman then

converts it using some formula. That formula can be thought of as something which resides

in the “Function Machine” box given in the figure above. It takes input temperature in

degree Celsius and converts it into Fahrenheit. Now, can one reading of degree celsius give

us two different temperature outputs in Fahrenheit? No. That’s why a rule is put on the

function machine that it cannot give two outputs on taking one input.

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FUNCTIONS

A function is a relationship which explains that there should be only one output for each

input. It is a special kind of relation (a set of ordered pairs) which obeys a rule, i.e. every y-

value should be connected to only one y-value.

Mathematically, “a relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element

of set A has one and only one image in set B”.

In other words, a function f is a relation from a set A to set B such that the domain of f is A

and no two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element. Also, A and B are two non-

empty sets.

Let A and B be two nonempty sets. A function or mapping f from A to B is written as f: A -

> B is a rule by which each element a ∈ A is associated with a unique element b ∈ B

he function takes a number as input. So its domain is all real numbers and in the output it

gives the square of that number as output. So the co-domain will be all the positive

numbers. 

Now, coming to the question whether this mathematical expression is function or not.  

According to the definition for each value of X, it should give a unique output but vice

versa is not true. That is for different values of x it can give same value as output and will

still be considered as function. 

For example: here, x = -2 and 2 both give the same output 4. 

Since the condition is not violated, it will be considered as a function.  

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TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

The types of functions are defined on the basis of the domain, range, and function

expression. The expression used to write the function is the prime defining factor for a

function. Along with expression, the relationship between the elements of the domain set and

the range set also accounts for the type of function. The classification of functions helps to

easily understand and learn the different types of functions.

Every mathematical expression which has an input value and a resulting answer can be

conveniently presented as a function. Here we shall learn about the types of functions and

their definition, examples.

The function y = f(x) is classified into different types of functions, based on factors such as

the domain and range of a function, and the function expression. The functions have a

domain x value that is referred as input. The domain value can be a number, angle, decimal,

fraction. Similarly, the y value or the f(x) value (is generally a numeric value) is the range.

The types of functions have been classified into the following four types.

1. Based on the Set Elements

2. Based on Equation

3. Based on Range 4. Based on Domain

LIST OF TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

The types of functions are classified further to help for easy understanding and learning. The

types of functions have been further classified into four different types, and are presented as

follows.

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  One Function
 Many One Function

Based on Elements  Onto Function

 Identity Function
 Linear Function
Based on Equation  Quadratic Function
 Cubic Function
 Polynomial Functions

 Modulus Function
 Rational Function
 Signup Function

Based on the Range  Even and Odd Functions

 Algebraic Functions
Based on the Domain  Trigonometric Functions
 Logarithmic Functions

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TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON SET ELEMENTS

These types of functions are classified based on the number of relationships between the

elements in the domain and the co domain. The different types of functions based on set

elements are as follows.

One to one Function

A one-to-one function is defined by f: A → B such that every element of set A is connected

to a distinct element in set B. The one-to-one function is also called an injective function.

Here every element of the domain has a distinct image or co-domain element for the given

function.

Many to One Function

A many to one function is defined by the function f: A → B, such that more than one element

of the set A are connected to the same element in the set B. In a many to one function, more

than one element has the same co-domain or image. If a many to one function, in the co

domain, is a single value or the domain element are all connected to a single element, then it

is called a constant function.

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Onto Function

In an, onto function, every co domain element is related to the domain element. For a

function defined by f: A → B, such that every element in set B has a pre-image in set A. The

onto function is also called a subjective function.

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One to One and Onto Function (Bijection)

A function that is both a one and onto function is called a injective function. Here every

element of the domain is connected to a distinct element in the co domain and every element

of the co domain has a pre-image. Also in other words every element of set A is connected to

a distinct element in set B, and there is not a single element in set B which has been left out.

Into Function

Into function is exactly opposite in properties to an onto function. Here there are certain

elements in the co-domain that do not have any pre-image. The elements in set B are excess

and are not connected to any elements in set A.

Constant Function

A constant function is an important form of a many to one function. In a constant function, all

the domain elements have a single image. The constant function is of the form f(x) = K,

where K is a real number. For the different values of the domain(x value), the same range

value of K is obtained for a constant function.

TYPES OF FUNCTION - BASED ON EQUATION

The algebraic expressions are also functions and are based on the degree of the polynomial.

The functions based on equations are classified into the following equations based on the

degree of the variable 'x'.

 The polynomial function of degree zero is called a Constant Function.

 The polynomial function of degree one is called a Linear Function.

 The polynomial function of degree two is called a Quadratic Function.

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  The polynomial function of degree three is a Cubic Function.

Let us understand each of these functions in detail.

Identity Function

The identity function has the same domain and range. The identity function equation is f(x) =

x, or y = x. The domain and range of the identity function is of the form {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3),

(4, 4).....(n, n)}.

The graph of the identity function is a straight line that is equally inclined to the coordinate

axes and is passing through the origin. The identity function can take both positive and

negative values and hence it is present in the first and the third quadrants of the coordinate

axis.

Linear Function

A polynomial function having the first-degree equation is a linear function. The domain and

range of a linear function is a real number, and it has a straight line graph. Equations such as

y = x + 2, y = 3x, y = 2x - 1, are all examples of linear functions. The identity function of y =

x can also be considered a linear function.

The general form of a linear function is f(x) = ax + b, is used to represent objective

functions in linear programming problems. Here x, y are variables, and  a, b are real numbers.

Graphically the linear function can be represented by the equation of a line y = mx + c, where

m is the slope of the line and c is the y-intercept of the line.

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Quadratic Function

A quadratic function has a second-degree quadratic equation and it has a graph in the form of

a curve. The general form of the quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0 and a,

b, c are constant and x is a variable. The domain and range of the quadratic function is R.

The graph of a quadratic equation is a non-linear graph and is parabolic in shape. Examples

of quadratic functions are f(x) = 3x2 + 5, f(x) = x2 - 3x + 2.

Cubic Function

A cubic function has an equation of degree three. The general form of a cubic function is f(x)

= ax3 + bx2 + cx +d, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c, and d are real numbers & x is a variable. The

domain and range of a cubic function is R.

The graph of a cubic function is more curved than the quadratic function. An example of

cubic function is f(x) = 8x3 + 5x2 + 3.

Polynomial Function

The general form of a polynomial function is f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2+ ..... ax + b. Here n

is a nonnegative integer and x is a variable. The domain and range of a polynomial function

are R. Based on the power of the polynomial function, the functions can be classified as a

quadratic function, cubic function, etc.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON RANGE

Here the types of functions have been classified based on the range which is obtained from

the given functions. The different types of functions based on the range are as follows.
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Modulus Function

The modulus function gives the absolute value of the function, irrespective of the sign of the

input domain value. The modulus function is represented as f(x) = |x|. The input value of 'x'

can be a positive or a negative expression. The graph of a modulus function lies in the first

and the second quadrants since the coordinates of the points on the graph are of the form (x,

y), (-x, y).

Rational Function

A function that is composed of two functions and expressed in the form of a fraction is a

rational function. A rational fraction is of the form f(x)/g(x), and g(x) ≠ 0. The functions used

in this rational function can be an algebraic function or any other function. The graphical

representation of these rational functions is similar to the asymptotes, since it does not touch

the axis lines.

Signum Function

The signum function helps us to know the sign of the function and does not give the numeric

value or any other values for the range. The range of the signum function is limited to {-1, 0,

1}. For the positive value of the domain, the signum function gives an answer of 1, for

negative values the signum function gives an answer of -1, and for the 0 value of a domain,

the image is 0. The signum function has wide application in software programming.

Even and Odd Function

The even and odd functions are based on the relationship between the input and the output

values of the function. For the negative domain value, if the range is a negative value of the

range of the original function, then the function is an odd function. And for the negative

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domain value, if the range is the same as that of the original function, then the function is an

even function.

If f(-x) = f(x), for all values of x, then the function is an even function, and if f(-x) = -f(x), for

all values of x, then the function is an odd function. An example of even functions are x2,

Cosx, Secx, and an example of odd functions are x3, Sinx, Tanx.

Periodic Function

The function is considered a periodic function if the same range appears for different domain

values and in a sequential manner. The trigonometric functions can be considered periodic

functions. For example, the function f(x) = Sinx, have a range [-1, 1] for the different domain

values of x = nπ + (-1)nx. Similarly, we can write the domain and the range of the

trigonometric functions and prove that the range shows up in a periodic manner.

Inverse function

The inverse of a function f(x) is denoted by f-1(x). For inverse of a function the domain and

range of the given function is changed as the range and domain of the inverse function.

The inverse of a function can be prominently seen in algebraic functions and in inverse

trigonometric functions. The domain of Sinx is R and its range is [-1, 1], and for Sin-1x the

domain is [-1, 1] and the range is R. The inverse of a function exists, if it is a bijective

function.

If a function f(x) = x2, then the inverse of the function is f-1(x) = √x.

Greatest Integer Function

The greatest integer function is also known as the step function. The greatest integer function

rounds up the number to the nearest integer less than or equal to the given number. Clearly,

the input variable x can take on any real value. However, the output will always be an integer.

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Also, all integers will occur in the output set. Thus, the domain of this function is real

numbers R, while its range is integers (Z).

The greatest integer function graph is known as the step curve because of the step structure of

the curve.The greatest integral function is denoted as f(x) = ⌊x⌋. For a function taking values

from [1, 2), the value of f(x) is 1.

Composite Function

The composite functions are of the form of gof(x), fog(x), h(g(f(x))), and is made from the

individual functions of f(x), g(x), h(x). The composite functions made of two functions have

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the range of one function forming the domain for another function. Let us consider a

composite function fog(x), which is made up of two functions f(x) and g(x).

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS - BASED ON DOMAIN

Functions are used in all the other topics of maths. The functions have been classified based

on the types of equations used to define the functions. The function equations generally have

algebraic expressions, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponents, and hence are named

based on these domain values. The three broad types of functions based on domain value are

as follows.

Algebraic Function

An algebraic function is helpful to define the various operations of algebra. The algebraic

function has a variable, coefficient, constant term, and various arithmetic operators such as

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. An algebraic function is generally of the form

of f(x) = anxn + an - 1xn - 1+ an-2xn-2+ ....... ax + c.

The algebraic function can also be represented graphically. The algebraic function is also

termed as a linear function, quadratic function, cubic function, polynomial function, based on

the degree of the algebraic equation.

Trigonometric Functions

The trigonometric functions also have a domain and range similar to any other function. The

six trigonometric functions are f(θ) = sinθ, f(θ) = cosθ, f(θ) = tanθ, f(θ) = secθ, f(θ) = cosecθ.

Here the domain value θ is the angle and is in degrees or in radians. These trigonometric

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functions have been taken based on the ratio of the sides of a right-angle triangle, and are

based on the Pythagoras theorem.

Further from these trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions have also been

derived. The domain of the inverse trigonometric function is a real number value and its

range is an angle. The trigonometric functions and the inverse trigonometric functions are

also sometimes referred to as periodic functions since the principal values are repeated.

Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic functions have been derived from the exponential functions. The logarithmic

functions are considered as the inverse of exponential functions. Logarithmic functions have

a 'log' in the function and it has a base. The logarithmic function is of the form y Here the

domain value is the input value of 'x' and is calculated using the Napier logarithmic table. The

logarithmic function gives the number of exponential times to which the base has raised to

obtain the value of x. The same logarithmic function can be expressed as an exponential

function as x = ay.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on R.

Solution: N × N → N, given by (a, b) → a – b, is not binary operation, as the image of (2, 5)

under ‘–’ is 2 – 5 = – 3 ∉ N.

Similarly, ÷: N × N → N, given by (a, b) → a ÷ b is not a binary operation, as the image of

(2, 5) under ÷ is 2 ÷ 5 = 2/5 ∉ N.

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Example 2: Let f : {2, 3, 4, 5} → {3, 4, 5, 9} and g : {3, 4, 5, 9} → {7, 11, 15} be functions

defined as f(2) = 3, f(3) = 4, f(4) = f(5) = 5 and g (3) = g (4) = 7 and g (5) = g (9) = 11. Find

gof.

Solution: From the given, we have:

gof(2) = g (f(2)) = g (3) = 7

gof (3) = g (f(3)) = g (4) = 7

gof(4) = g (f(4)) = g (5) = 11

gof(5) = g (5) = 11

Example 3: Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a

– b} is an equivalence relation.

Solution: R is reflexive, as 2 divides (a – a) for all a ∈ Z.

Further, if (a, b) ∈ R, then 2 divides a – b.

Therefore, 2 divides b – a.

Hence, (b, a) ∈ R, which shows that R is symmetric.

Similarly, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then (a – b) and (b – c) are divisible by 2.

Now, a – c = (a – b) + (b – c) is even. (from the above statements)

CONCLUSION

 In mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between one variable

(the independent variable) and another (the dependent variable), which changes along with it.

Most functions are numerical; that is, a numerical input value is associated with a single

numerical output value. The formula A = πr2, for example, assigns to each positive real

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number r the area A of a circle with a radius of that length. The symbols f(x) and g(x) are

typically used for functions of the independent variable x. A multivariable function such

as w = f(x, y) is a rule for deriving a single numerical value from more than one input value.

A periodic function repeats values over fixed intervals. If f(x + k) = f(x) for any value of x, f is

a periodic function with a period of length k (a constant). The trigonometric functions are

periodic. See also density function; exponential function; hyperbolic function; inverse

function; transcendental function.

REFERENCE

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS BOOK CLASS 12

DIGAMBAR PATRI, D.N. PATRI,

IMAGES REFERENCE FROM GOOGLE

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