Tutorial MANUAL

Fundamental of Mathematics (SESH1070)

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 P. P. SAVANI SCHOOL OF
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SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 1

List of Tutorial:

Sr. No. Name of Tutorial Hours

1. Calculus – 1 2

2. Calculus – 2 2

3. Calculus – 3 2

4. Sequence and Series – I - 1 2

5. Sequence and Series – I - 2 2

6. Sequence and Series – II - 1 2

7. Sequence and Series – II – 2 2

8. Matrix Algebra – 1 2

9. Matrix Algebra – 2 2

10. Matrix Algebra – 3 2

Total Hours 20

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 2

 Module 1:
Calculus
(4 Hours)

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 3

 Tutorial Session – 1
Calculus – 1
𝑥 3 −1 𝑥 2 −𝑥−12 √𝑥+3−√3
Q-1 Find (a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→4 𝑥−4 𝑥→0 𝑥
1
A-1 (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 2√3
Q-2 Given an 𝜀, 𝛿 proof of the fact that lim (2𝑥 − 5) = 3
𝑥→4
𝜀
A-2 𝛿=
2
Q-3 In an 𝜀, 𝛿 proof of the fact that lim(2 + 5𝑥) = 17, if we are given some 𝜀, what is
𝑥→3
the largest value of 𝛿 that can be used?
𝜀
A-3 𝛿=
5
Q-4 (a) Find lim
4𝑥−1
𝑥→+∞ √𝑥 2 +2
4𝑥−1
(b) Find lim
𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 +2

A-4 (a) 4 (b) −4

Q-5 Evaluate lim (2𝑥11 − 5𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥→+∞

A-5 +∞
√𝑥 3 + 1 + √𝑥 5 + 1
Q-6 lim+
𝑥→−1 √𝑥 + 1
A-6 √3 + √5
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
Q-7 lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
3
A-7
5
Q-8 Show that the following function are continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
1
𝑥 sin (𝑥) , 𝑥 ≠ 0
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥=0
1
𝑥 cos (𝑥) , 𝑥 ≠ 0
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥=0

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 4

 Tutorial Session – 2
Calculus – 2
Q-1 Determine the constant 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that the function 𝑓 defined below is
2𝑥 + 1, if 𝑥≤1
continuous everywhere 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, if 1 < 𝑥 < 3
2

5𝑥 + 2𝑎, if 𝑥≥3
A-1 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1
Q-2 Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1| is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
Q-3 Obtain the points of discontinuity of a function 𝑓defined on [0,1] as follows:
1 1 1 1 2 1
𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = (2) − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 2 , 𝑓 (2) = 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = (3) − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 2 < 𝑥 < 1
and 𝑓(1) = 1. Also examine the types of discontinuities.
A-3 𝑥 = 0 is a point of discontinuity and 𝑓 has a discontinuity of the first kind from
the right at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 = 1/2 is a point of discontinuity and 𝑓 has a discontinuity of the first kind
𝑥 = 1 is a point of discontinuity and 𝑓 has a discontinuity of the first kind from
the left at 𝑥 = 1.
Q-4 Find 𝑦𝑛 of the given functions:
𝑥 2𝑥
(a) (𝑥−2)2
(b) (2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

(c) sin2 𝑥 (d) sin3 𝑥

(e) cos 4 𝑥 (f) sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
log 𝑥 (−1)𝑛 𝑛! 1 1 1
(g) If 𝑦 = , prove that 𝑦𝑛 = [log 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 2 − 3 … … … … − 𝑛]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1
(−1)𝑛 𝑛! (−1)𝑛 (𝑛+1)!
A-4 (a) 𝑦𝑛 = (𝑥−2)𝑛+1 + 2 (𝑥−2)𝑛+2
(−1)𝑛 𝑛!2𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛 𝑛!
(b) 𝑦𝑛 = + 2 3(𝑥−1)𝑛+1
3(2𝑥+1)𝑛+1
𝑛𝜋
(c) 𝑦𝑛 = −2𝑛−1 cos (2𝑥 + )
2
3 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
(d) 𝑦𝑛 = 4 sin [𝑥 + ] − 4 3𝑛 (3𝑥 + )
2 2
1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
(e) 𝑦𝑛 = 2 2𝑛 cos (2𝑥 + ) + 8 4𝑛 cos (4𝑥 + )
2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
(f) 𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛−2 sin (2𝑥 + ) − 3𝑛 2𝑛−2 sin (6𝑥 + ) + 4𝑛−1 sin (4𝑥 + )
2 2 2
1, 𝑥 < 0
Q-5 Check continuity of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1, 𝑥 > 0
A-5 𝑓 has discontinuity of the first kind or jump discontinuity.

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 5

 Tutorial Session – 3
Calculus – 3
Q-1 Test the application of Roll’s theorem for the following functions:
(a) |𝑥| on [−1,1]
1
(b) cos 𝑥 on [−1,1]
(c) 𝑥 2 on [2,3]
(d) tan 𝑥 on [0, 𝜋]
A-1 (a) to (d) Roll’s theorem cannot be applied.
Q-2 Find ‘𝑐’ of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions:
1
(a) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) in [0, 2]
(b) 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 in [−1,1]
A-2 (a) 0.24

(b) √1⁄3

Q-3 Verify Cauchy’s mean value theorem for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in [1,2].
14
A-3 𝑐= . Verified.
9

Q-4 Verify Cauchy’s mean value theorem for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏].
𝑎+𝑏
A-4 𝑐= . Verified.
2

Q-5 Write the definitions of global maxima, global minima, local maxima, local
minima, critical point, local extremum and global extremum.
Q-6 Find the maxima and minima of the function 10𝑥 6 − 24𝑥 5 + 15𝑥 4 − 40𝑥 3 + 108.
A-6 For 𝑥 = 2, minimum and 𝑥 = 0 neither maximum nor minimum.
Q-7 Find the maximum and minimum values of the following functions:
(a) 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 1
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
(b) 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1

(c) 𝑎2 sin2 𝑥 + 𝑏 2 cos2 𝑥

A-7 (a) (b) (c)
𝜋
At 𝑥 = 1; Max = 0 At 𝑥 = 1; Max = −3, At 𝑥 = 2 ; Max = 𝑎2
At 𝑥 = 3; Min = −28 1
At 𝑥 = −1; Min = 3 At 𝑥 = 𝜋; Min = 𝑏 2
At 𝑥 = 0; No extremum

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 6

 Module 2:
Sequence and Series – I
(4 Hours)

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 7

 Tutorial Session – 4
Sequence and Series – I - 1
Q-1 Test the convergence of the following sequences:
3𝑛 𝑛 2 2𝑛3 +7𝑛
(a) (b) {√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛} (c) {(𝑛−1) } (d) {5𝑛3 +3𝑛2 }
𝑛+7𝑛2

A-1 (a) Convergent; 0

(b) Convergent; 0
(c) Convergent; 1
2
(d) Convergent; 5
Q-2 Test the convergence of the following sequences:
𝑛2 −𝑛 1 2 3 4
(a) 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑛2 +𝑛 (b) 𝑆𝑛 = 2 + (−1)𝑛 (c) {3 , − 32 , 33 , − 34 , … . }
A-2 (a) Convergent;2
1

(b) Oscillating Sequence;1 and 3

(c) Convergent;0
Q-3 𝜋 1
Is the sequence sin (6 + 𝑛) convergent?
A-3 Yes
Q-4 Test the convergence of the series:
1 3 5
(a) + + … … ..
1∙2∙3 2∙3∙4 3∙4∙5
∞
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
(b) ∑ ( 2 𝑛
)
𝑛=1
𝑛 √
∞
3
(c) ∑ ( √1 + 𝑛3 − 𝑛)
𝑛=1
∞

(d) ∑ (√𝑛4 + 1 − √𝑛4 − 1)

𝑛=1
∞
3𝑛 − 1
(e) ∑ √
2𝑛 + 1
𝑛=1
A-4 (a), (c), (d) Convergent; (b), (e) Divergent
Q-5 Test the convergence of the series:
1 1 1 1
(a) + + + ⋯.. …
2 5 10 1 + 𝑛2
1 1 1
(b) 𝑝
+ 𝑝
+ + ⋯ [Hint: Derive for 𝑝 > 1, 𝑝 < 1 & 𝑝 = 1]
2(log 2)
e 3(log 3) e 4(log 4)𝑝 e

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 8

 ∞
1
(c) ∑
𝑛(1 + log 2 𝑛)
𝑛=1

∞
2 tan−1 𝑛
(d) ∑
1 + 𝑛2
𝑛=1

∞
1/𝑛
(e) ∑
𝑛=3
ln 𝑛 √ln2 𝑛 − 1
𝜋
A-5 (a) 𝐼 = 4 ; Convergent
(b) For 𝑝 > 1; Convergent otherwise Divergent
𝜋
(c) 𝐼 = 2 ; Convergent
3𝜋 2
(d) 𝐼 = ; Convergent
16
𝜋
(e) 𝐼 = 2 − sec −1(ln 3); Convergent

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 9

 Tutorial Session – 5
Sequence and Series – I - 2

Q-1 Test the convergence of the following series:

∞
3𝑛 𝑛!
(a) ∑
𝑛𝑛
𝑛=1
1 2 3
(b) + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!
∞
𝑛3 + 2
(c) ∑
2𝑛 + 2
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛!2
(d) ∑ 2
2𝑛
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛
4 (𝑛 + 1)!
(e) ∑
𝑛𝑛+1
𝑛=1
A-1 (a) 𝑙 > 1;Divergent
(b) 𝑙 < 1;Convergent
(c) 𝑙 < 1;Convergent
(d) 𝑙 < 1;Convergent
(e) 𝑙 > 1;Divergent
Q-2 Test the convergence of the following series:
10 20 40
(a) 5 − + − +⋯
3 9 27
1 1 1
(b) 1 − 𝑝 + 𝑝 − 𝑝 + ⋯ for 𝑝 > 0
2 3 4
1 2 3
(c) − + − +⋯
2 5 10
1 2 3 4
(d) − + − +⋯
6 11 16 21
1 1 1 1
(e) − + − +⋯
1∙2 3∙4 5∙6 7∙8
A-2 (a) By Leibnitz’s test; Convergent
(b) By Leibnitz’s test; Convergent
(c) By Leibnitz’s test; Convergent
(d) By Leibnitz’s test; Not Convergent but Oscillatory series
(e) By Leibnitz’s test; Convergent

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 10

 Module 3:
Sequence and Series – II
(6 Hours)

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 11

 Tutorial Session – 6
Sequence and Series – II – 1
Q-1 Expand log 𝑥, in powers of (𝑥 − 1) and hence evaluate log(1.1) correct up to
four decimal places.
1 1 1
A-1 log 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑥 − 1)3 − (𝑥 − 1)4 + ⋯ ; log 1.1 = 0.095308
2 3 4

Q-2 Expand 3𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 in powers of (𝑥 − 3).

A-2 𝑓(𝑥) = 154 + 130(𝑥 − 3) + 35(𝑥 − 3)2 + 3(𝑥 − 3)3 + ⋯

Q-3 Expand 𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 + 43𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 14 in powers of (𝑥 − 3).

A-3 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 9(𝑥 − 3) − 2(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑥 − 3)3 + ⋯
𝜋
Q-4 Expand sin (4 + 𝑥) in powers of 𝑥. Hence find the value of sin 44° and sin 46°.

𝜋 1 𝑥2 𝑥3
A-4 sin ( + 𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥 − − ) ; sin 44° = 0.6947 and sin 46° = 0.7193
4 √2 2! 3!

Q-5 Express (𝑥 − 1)4 + 2(𝑥 − 1)3 + 5(𝑥 − 1) + 2 in ascending power of 𝑥.

A-5 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 + 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4
Q-6 Determine the first four terms of the Maclaurin’s series for sin 2𝑥.
4 4 8 7
A-6 sin 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 +⋯
3 15 315
Q-6 Determine the Maclaurin’s series for cosh 3𝑥 up to 𝑥 6 .
9 27 81
A-6 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥6 + ⋯
2 8 80
Q-7 Determine the Maclaurin’s series for cos 4𝑡 as far as the term in 𝑡 6 .
32 4 256 6
A-7 1 − 8𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 𝑡 +⋯
3 45
3
Q-8 Expand 𝑒 2𝑥 using Maclaurin’s series up to 𝑥 3 .
3 9 9
A-8 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
2 8 16
Q-9 Expand 𝑒 2𝜃 cos 3𝜃 as far as the term in 𝜃 2 using Maclaurin’s series.
5
A-9 1 + 2𝜃 − 𝜃 2 + ⋯
2
Q-10 Use Maclaurin’s series to determine the expansion of (3 + 2𝑡)4 .
A-10 81 + 216𝑡 + 216𝑡 2 + 96𝑡 3 + 16𝑡 4 + ⋯

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 12

 Tutorial Session – 7
Sequence and Series – II – 2

Solve the following:

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2 1
Q-1 lim A-1 −
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4
𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
Q-2 lim A-2
𝑥→0 𝑥3 6
tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
Q-3 lim A-3
𝑥→0 sin3 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥
Q-4 lim A-4 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 − log 𝑥

cos ℎ𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Q-5 lim A-5 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 1 3
Q-6 lim A-6 log ( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 2 2
𝜋
log (𝑥 − 2)
Q-7 lim
𝜋 A-7 0
𝑥→ tan 𝑥
2

Q-8 lim log 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 tan 2𝑥 A-8 1

𝑥→0

log(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Q-9 lim A-9 1
𝑥→𝑎 log(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎 )

lim (1 − tan 𝑥) sec 2𝑥

Q-10 𝑥→
𝜋
4
A-10 1
1
Q-11 lim(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥 A-11 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0
1
tan 𝑥 𝑥 2 1
Q-12 lim ( ) A-12 𝑒3
𝑥→0 𝑥

Q-13 lim(sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 A-13 1

𝑥→0

𝜋𝑥
Q-14 lim(2 − 𝑥)tan 2 A-14 𝑒𝜋
2
𝑥→1

1 tan 𝑥
Q-15 lim ( ) A-15 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 13

 Module 4:
Matrix Algebra
(6 Hours)

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 14

 Tutorial Session – 8
Matrix Algebra – 1
Q-1 Reduce the following matrices to row echelon form and hence find their ranks:
1 2 3 1 2 −1 3
(a) [ 4 6 8] (b) [ 3 4 0 −1]
3 4 5 −1 0 −2 7
1 4 3 −1 −2 1 3
(c) [2 0 3 1 ] (d) [ 1 4 5]
4 8 9 −1 0 1 2
0 6 7 1 5 3 −2
(e) [−5 4 2] (f) [2 0 4 2 ]
1 −2 0 4 8 9 −1
A-1 (a) Rank = 2 (b) Rank = 2

(c) Rank = 2 (d) Rank = 3

(e) Rank = 3 (f) Rank = 3

Q-2 Find the inverses of the following matrices by Gauss-Jordan method:

1 2 3 2 6 6
(a) [ 2 5 3] (b) [ 2 7 6]
1 0 8 2 7 7
1 1 −1 0
1 0 1
−1 1 0 1 ]
(c) [−1 1 1] (d) [
−1 −3 3 −1
0 1 0 2 −3
2 −5
7
−40 16 9 0 −3
A-2 (a) 𝐴−1 = [ 13 −5 −3] (b) 𝐴−1 = [ 2 ]
−1 1 0
5 −2 −1
0 −1 1
1 1 1
−2 2 3 0 1
2 2
(c) 𝐴−1 = [0 0 1] (d) 𝐴−1 = [1 −2 1 −1]
1 1 1 2 1 1 0
2 2
−2 1 6 −1 2
Q-3 Solve the following systems by Gaussian elimination method:
(a) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6

(b) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1

(c) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −6, 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5

(d) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 17, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16

A-3 (a) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3 (c) 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 6

19 9 3
(b) 𝑥 = 4
,𝑦 = −4,𝑧 = 4 (d) 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 2

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 15

Q-4 Solve the following systems by Gauss-Jordan Method:

(a) 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 7

(b) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 24, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 34

(c) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 20, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 16

(d) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 5, 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 51, 15𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 85

A-4 (a) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 1 (c) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3

(b) 𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −9, 𝑧 = 7 (d) 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 1

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 16

 Tutorial Session – 9
Matrix Algebra – 2
Q-1 Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices:
4 6 6 3 −2 2
(a) [−8 −10 −8] (b) [−2 3 2]
4 4 2 2 2 3

0 0 1 2 −2 1
(c) [ 0 2 0] (d) [−2 5 −2]
3 0 0 4 4 1

3 −1 −1 −1 −1 1
A-1 (a) 𝜆 = 0, −2, −2; [−4] , [ 1 ] , [ 0 ] (b) 𝜆 = −1,5,5; [−1] , [ 1 ] , [0]
2 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 −1 1 −1
(c) 𝜆 = 2, √3, −√3; [1] , [ 0 ] , [ 0 ] (d) 𝜆 = 1,2,5; [ 1 ] , [−2] , [ 2 ]
0 √3 −√3 3 4 1
Show that the following matrices are diagonalizable. Find the modal and diagonal
Q-2
matrices in each case:
2 −2 1 0 −3 −2
(a) [−2 5 −2] (b) [3 6 2]
4 4 1 3 3 5

−1 4 −2 0 0 −2
(c) [−3 4 0] (d) [1 2 1 ]
−3 1 3 1 0 3

−1 −1 −1 5 0 0 1 2 −1 3 0 0
A-2 (a) 𝑃 = [ 2 1 2 ] ; 𝐷 = [0 1 0] (b) 𝑃 = [−1 0 1 ] ; 𝐷 = [ 0 3 0]
1 3 4 0 0 2 0 −3 1 0 0 5

1 2 1 1 0 0 −2 −1 0 1 0 0
(c) 𝑃 = [1 3 3] ; 𝐷 = [0 2 0] (d) 𝑃=[ 1 0 1] ; 𝐷 = [ 0 2 0]
1 3 4 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 2

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 17

 Tutorial Session – 10
Matrix Algebra – 3
Q-1 Verify Caley-Hamilton theorem for the following matrices:

1 0 5 −2
(a) [ ] (b) [ ]
3 −2 1 3

1 2 0 −1 3 1
(c) [2 −1 0 ] (d) [0 0 2]
0 0 −1 1 1 −1
Q-2 Apply Caley-Hamilton theorem to find 𝐴−1 for the following matrices:
2 4 −1
1 4
(a) [ ] (b) [0 4 2 ]
3 2
1 1 −2

1 2 −4 1 10 −7 −12
A-2 (a) 𝐴−1 = −10 [ ] (b) 𝐴−1 = [−2 3 4 ]
−3 1 8
4 −2 −8

−1 3 1
Q-3 If 𝐴 = [ 0 0 2 ], show that 𝐴4 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼 = 22𝐴2 + 2𝐴 − 19𝐼.
1 1 −1

1 2 1
Q-4 If 𝐴 = [0 −1 1], compute 𝐴7 − 3𝐴6 + 5𝐴5 − 2𝐴4 + 6𝐴3 + 𝐴2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐼.
1 0 1

110 62 135
A-4 [ 26 22 31 ]
83 52 110

SESH1070 – Fundamentals of Mathematics 18