A To Z in Criminology Updated 2020

www.criminologysolutions.
com
A TO Z IN CRIMINOLOGY
Maxims | Terms | Personalities
By:
ROMMEL K. MANWONG
Philippine Copyright 2020
_______________________________________________________________________
“
Train your mind with terms
Adopt yourself with great maxims
Go hunt your dream with great persona!
May You Be Blessed with the Courage

To Accomplish All You Can. To Set No Limitations
And Pursue Your Every Plan. May You Learn to Appreciate
Each Trait That You Possess. To Know That Your Potential
Will Lead You to Success. May You Be Filled with Confidence
And Given Self Esteem. And Be Blessed with A Future
That Fulfills Your Every Dream
___
Rommel K Manwong
www.criminologysolutions.com
RKM Criminology Solutions, Last Update 04 June 2020 - Page 1

A
AB EXTRA - from outside.
AB INITIO - from the beginning.
ABANDONED CHILD – a person who has no proper parental care or
guardianship, or one whose parents or guardians have deserted him for
a period of at least six continuous months.
ABATEMENT – any act that remove or neutralize a fire hazard.
ABBREVIATED PLAIN DRESS MESSAGE – a message that has
certain elements of the message heading omitted for speedy handling.
Anyone or all of the following may be omitted - precedence, date, date-
time group, and group count.
ABDUCTION – is the taking away of a woman from her house or the place
where she may be for the purpose of carrying her to another place with
intent to marry or to corrupt her. The elements constituting the crime
of abduction are: that the person kidnapped must be a woman; the
crime must be committed against her will; and it must be committed
with unchaste designs, that is, with the intention of lying with the
woman.
ABDUCTION WITH CONSENT – the essential elements of abduction with
consent are: that the taking away of a maiden over 12 and below 18
years of age; the girl shall have consented to being taken away; and the
act shall have been committed with lewd designs.
ABERRATIO ICTUS – mistake in the blow.
ABET – encouraging or inciting a crime; abet usually applies to aiding an
individual in the violation of a law.
ABEYANCE – in expectation, remembrance and contemplation of law.
ABOLITIONISM – a political and criminological perspective that advocates
the radical transformation of modern punishment forms with a more
reflexive and multifaceted approach capable of better understanding
dominant ideological constructions of crime.

ABORTION – is the willful killing of the fetus in the uterus, or violent

expulsion of the fetus from the natural womb and which results to the
death of the fetus.
ABRAHAM MASLOW – an American psychologist who was best known for
creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health
predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in
self-actualization.
ABRASION – a wound characterizes by the removal of the superficial layer
of the skin brought about by friction against a hard-rough surface.
ABRASION – in ballistic examination, they are scratches caused by using
improper cleaning materials or by firing ammunition with bullets to
which abrasive material was adhering.
ABSOLUTE – free from condition or qualification; perfect.
ABSOLUTE CLAIM – a claim which is subject to no contingency and may
be proved and allowed as a debt by a tribunal, or committee on claims.
ABSTAIN – refrain.
ABSTINENCE – means refraining from drug use or being drug-free.
ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE – only the abuse of confidence that facilitates
the lustful purpose of rape is the kind of abuse of confidence that
aggravates the responsibility of the offender.
ABUSE OF RIGHTS – a principle in law which holds that indemnity for
damages may be granted in cases where there is an abuse of rights. A
person should be protected only when he acts in the legitimate exercise
of his right, that is, when he acts with prudence and in good faith; but
not when he acts with negligence or abuse.
ACCELERANT – in fire starting, any flammable fluid or compound that
speeds the progress of a fire. Also called booster.
ACCESS – a way of entering or travelling towards a location. It is used
when describing which vehicle movements may be permitted at an
intersection (such as with an access-only barrier). It is also used when

describing the location of driveways and walkways which provide an

entrance to a property.
ACCESSORIES – those who having knowledge of the commission of the
crime, and without having participated therein, either as principals or
accomplices, take part subsequent to its commission in any of the
following manners: by profiting themselves or assisting the offender to
profit by the effects of the crime; By concealing or destroying the body
of the crime, or the effects or instruments thereof, in order to prevent
its discovery; by harboring, concealing or assisting in the escape of the
principal of the crime, provided the accessory acts with abuse of his
public functions or whenever the author of the crime is guilty of
treason, parricide, murder, or an attempt to take the life of the Chief
Executive, or is known to be habitually guilty of some other crime (Art.
19, RPC).
ACCESSORY – in traffic law enforcement, the accessory of an automobile
is any article designed to be used in connection with such vehicle to
add to its utility or ornamentation and which is primarily adapted for
such use whether or not essential to the operation of the vehicle.
ACCESSORY AFTER FACT – Under Art.19 (1), Revised Penal Code, they
are: 1) the accused must not have participated in the criminal design
nor cooperated in the commission of the felony; 2) He must have
knowledge of the commission of the crime; and 3) he must have profited
from the effects of the crime.
ACCIDENT – any happening beyond control of persons, consequences of
which are not foreseeable.
ACCIDENTAL CHARACTERISTICS - Indications peculiar to one weapon
or to each cartridge case and bullet fired in the same gun.
ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS - are those who commit crimes when the
situation is conducive to its commission.
ACCIDENTAL WHORL - is a fingerprint pattern which is a combination of
two or more different types of pattern except in the plain arch. It can

be a combination of a loop and a whorl, a loop and a central pocket loop

whorl, or any combination of two or more different loops and whorl type
patterns. Symbolized by letter “X” in the fingerprint classification.
ACCOMPLICE – those who, not being principals cooperate in the execution
of the offense by previous or simultaneous acts (Art. 18, RPC).
ACCOUNTABILITY – the ways in which organizations and individuals are
rendered answerable for their policies and day-to-day activities, exerted
by internal and external mechanisms.
ACCOUNTABLE PUBLIC OFFICER – a public officer who has been duly
entrusted with government funds or property.
ACCURATE (EFFECTIVE) RANGE - distance within which the firer has
control of his shots.
ACCUSE – to formally charge or declare another person of being guilty of
a punishable offense. A statement or defense attempting to prove that
a suspect charged with a crime could not have committed that crime.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT – a separate message originated by the addressee
to inform the originator that his message has been received and is
understood.
ACQUISITIVE CRIMES – are those which when committed, the offender
acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
ACQUITTAL – one is acquitted if, after he has been arraigned and trial has
been begun, upon a valid indictment or information, he is discharged
by a competent court. It is also a verdict that a criminal defendant is
not guilty or the finding of a judge that the evidence is insufficient to
support a conviction.
ACT – any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external
world. In Certiorari, the act contemplated in the law is one which
creates some sort of status, i.e., determinative of a certain legal right.
A merely threatened act, or an act which is preliminary and does not
determine a legal right, cannot be reviewed in a certiorari proceeding.

ACT OF LASCIVIOUSNESS – acts of lewdness committed upon a person

of either sex, short of lying with a woman and anything leading up to
it. What constitutes lewd or lascivious conduct must be determined
from the circumstances of each case.
ACTION - breech mechanism of a gun, by which it is loaded and unloaded.
ACTION STEREOTYPING – based on typical actions, stereotyping in
which an officer expects that a certain type of event will unfold in a
particular way; can result in the officer's failure to see the event the
way it actually occurs.
ACTIONES LEGIS - law suits.
ACTIVE CRIMINALS – are those who commit crimes due to
aggressiveness.
ACTUS NEMINI FACIT INJURIAM - the act of the law does no one wrong.
ACTUS NON FACIT REUM NISI MENS SIT REA - the act does not make
one guilty unless there be a criminal intent.
ACTUS REUS - a guilty deed or act.
ACUTE CRIMINALS – are those who violate a criminal law because of the
impulse or fit of passion. They commit passionate crimes.
AD HOC - for this purpose.
ADDICTION – the state of physical dependence on a drug.
ADJOURN- to postpone or defer.
ADMINISTRATIVE CRIMINOLOGY – a form of practical policy-relevant
criminology that focuses almost exclusively on the nature of the
criminal event and the particular setting in which it occurs. Under this
perspective, the offender is considered only as a ‘rational actor’ who
makes calculated decisions about the costs and benefits of criminal
action. Administrative criminologists seek to reduce the opportunities
for crime, thus making the costs/risks of crime outweigh the potential
benefits.

ADMINISTRATIVE LOG – a written record of the actions taken by the

crime scene coordinator, including assignments and release of the
scene.
ADMINISTRATOR – any person who acts as agent of the owner and
manages the use of a building for him.
ADMISSIBILITY – is a legal criterion used to determine whether an item
of evidence can be presented in court; requires that the evidence have
relevance, materiality, and competence.
ADMISSION - an acknowledgment of facts. It embraces any statement of
fact made by a party which is against his interest or unfavorable to the
conclusion for which he contends or inconsistent with the facts alleged
by him.
ADOLPHE QUETELET – a Belgian Statistician who pioneered the idea of
Cartography, thus became the “Father of Cartographical School of
Criminology. He also coined the word “seasonal crimes”.
ADOPTION – is the act or proceeding by which of paternity and filiation
are recognized as legally existing between persons not so related by
nature.
ADULTERY – a crime committed by a married woman who has sexual
intercourse with a man not her husband and by the man who has
carnal knowledge of her, knowing her to be married, even if the
marriage be subsequently declared void.
ADVANCE WARNING AREA – the first component of a work zone,
upstream of the approach area, used to alert drivers to road work
ahead.
ADVERSARIAL COURT SYSTEM – where the accused is innocent until
proven guilty.
ADVERSARY – an individual, group, organization, or government that
conducts activities or has the intention and capability to conduct
activities detrimental to the individual, private or government entity.

AETIOLOGICAL CRISIS – refers to the majority of post-war criminology

was predicated on the basis that poor social conditions caused crime.
AFFIDAVIT – summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to
support a summary judgment is that affidavit from which it may be
clearly drawn that certain facts pleaded by either party are certain,
undisputed and indubitable which dispense with the hearing or trial of
the case.
AFFIRM – means to ratify; confirm; resents agenda-things to be done.
AFFIRMATION – the process in which a witness acknowledges that he or
she understands and undertakes the obligation of an oath; a means of
establishing a witness's competence.
AFTER OPERATION REPORT – it is a report that may be rendered after
any successful police operation that leads to the arrest of any member
or some members of syndicated crime group.
AFTER SOCO REPORT – it is a report rendered by the Team Leader of the
SOCO that conducted the scene of the crime operations, processing or
investigation.
AGEISM – discrimination or prejudice against people because of their age
or presumed age.
AGENT – a person who bind himself to render some service or to do
something in representation or on behalf of another, with the consent
or authority of the latter.
AGENT OF PERSON IN AUTHORITY – any person who by direct provision
of law or by election or by appointment by competent authority, is
charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and
security of life and property. Any person who comes to the aid of
persons in authority.
AGENT REPORT – a report rendered by a documented agent who answers
an intelligence requirement.

AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES - are those which, if attendant in the

commission of the crime, serve to increase the penalty without,
however, exceeding the maximum of the penalty provided by law for the
offense.
AGGRESSION - threatening behaviors, either verbal or physical, directed
at others
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (interactive) - includes repeated noncompliance
to a direct command, verbal abuse-name calling, verbal abuse-threat,
and physical abuse.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (isolated) - includes cursing/swearing,
intentional destruction of property, and self-destructive behaviors.
AGONIST – a drug that mimics naturally occurring chemicals that
stimulate particular receptors in the brain and central nervous system.
AGREEMENT – a proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not
answered and irrespective of the length of time that has passed. It only
becomes an agreement when accepted by the other party. The only
exception is where there is a duty on the part of the other party to
answer, and hence silence is implied assent.
AGROTERRORISM – the use of biological agents as weapons against the
agricultural and food supply industries.
AIR BRAKE – a brake in which the mechanism is actuated by the
manipulation of air pressure. The term is often used to describe brakes
that employ air under pressure above atmospheric, in contrast to
vacuum brakes, which employ pressure below atmospheric.
AIR CRAFT SERVICE STATION – portion of an airport where flammable
liquids are stored or dispensed and shall include all facilities essential
thereto such as underground tanks from which aircraft fuel and
lubricants maybe drawn through dispensing device.
AIR GUN - a weapon (or toy), designed to discharge normally from the
shoulder, in which the expanding force of compressed air is employed
to propel the projectile. Specifically, an air gun must have a smoothbore

barrel. The projectile is commonly either round metal balls, special

metal bullets, or pellets, or darts.
AIR PISTOL - a weapon (or toy) as described above, except that is intended
to be discharged normally from one hand. The weapon variety of air
pistol mat have either a smoothbore r rifled barrel. The toy variety is
not rifled. Missiles used are the same types as for air rifles and air guns.
AIR RESISTANCE – refers to the resistance encountered by the bullet
while in flight.
AIR SHOTGUN - a smoothbore shoulder arm using compressed air to
propel a small quantity of round shot in the fashion of the common
shotgun. In the modern breech loading air shotguns, the charge is
packed in a small container of paper or similar fragile material with
supporting wads to hold the charge together until it leaves the barrel.
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT – refers to an occurrence associated with the
operation of an aircraft which takes place between the times any person
boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all
such persons have disembarked, in which any person suffers death or
serious injury as a result of being in or upon the aircraft or by direct
contact with the aircraft of anything attached thereto; or the aircraft
receives substantial damage.
ALBERT COHEN – published Delinquent Boys - The Culture of the
Gangs in 1955. He advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency.
ALBERT OSBORNE – published the book ‘questioned documents’ and
became prominently known as ‘father of questioned document
examination’. He developed fundamental principles of document
examination responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific
evidence by the courts
ALCOHOL – a liquid produced by fermentation, which is the action of yeast
on liquids containing sugars and starches. A depressant drug that
slows down activity in the central nervous system.

ALCOHOL ABUSE THEORY - the theory that disinhibition of impulse

control and inattentiveness to the environment contribute to aggressive
and neglectful behavior.
ALCOHOLISM – a clinical syndrome characterized by very heavy alcohol
consumption and continued drinking despite severe negative social and
physical consequences.
ALEC JEFFREYS – developed the first DNA profiling test and became
known as the ‘Father of DNA Evidence’.
ALEXANDER III OF MACEDON - commonly known as Alexander the
Great, was a king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He was a
brilliant tactician and ability to adapt to the enemy’s tactics. He used
military intelligence in his successful conquests.
ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE – was a Superintendent of the penal colony
at Norfolk Island in Australia during the 1840s who introduced the
“Mark System” - a system in which a prisoner is required to earn a
number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order
to entitle him for a ticket to leave or conditional release which is similar
to parole.
ALEXANDRE LACASSAGNE - as a French physician and criminologist.
He was the founder of the Lacassagne school of criminology, based
in Lyon France, and considered to be the main rival
to Lombroso's Italian school. In forensic studies, he was the first to try
to individualize bullets on gun barrel, his comparisons at the time were
based simply on the number of lands and grooves.
ALFRED REDL – he was brilliant intelligent agents, though a homosexual.
He became Chief of the Austro – Hungarian Secret Service, and became
a double agent for Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he
was forced to commit suicide.
ALGOR MORTIS – the decrease in body temperature that occurs after
death.
ALIBI - at another place, elsewhere.

ALIBI- usually a defense plea stating at the time of the crime the accused
was elsewhere.
ALIEN – foreigner; a foreign –born resident of this country who has not
become a naturalized citizen.
ALIGNMENT - the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of
individual letters in words to the baseline. It is the alignment of words
or the relative alignment of letters.
ALIUNDE - from elsewhere, or, from a different source
ALLAN PINKERTON - America’s most famous private investigator and
founder of Criminal Investigation in USA. He established the practice
of handwriting examination in American courts and promoted a plan to
centralize criminal identification records.
ALLEGATION – assertion without proof but which its advocate proposes
to support with evidence.
ALLEGED – connotes something “claimed”. It leaves the truth of the
averment an open question.
ALLEGIANCE – the obligation of fidelity and obedience which the
individuals owe to the government under which they live or to their
sovereign, in return for the protection they receive.
ALLIGATOR PATTERN – a pattern of deep cracking on the surface of a
material that has been burned which could point to the point origin of
the fire: appearance of charred wood that is similar to the alligator skin.
ALLIGATORING – the checking of charred wood, which gives it the
appearance of alligator skin.
ALLOY – metals mixed by fusing.
ALPHOSE BERTILLON - a French Anthropometrist who devised an
identification system based on the theory that every individual has
unique body measurements prominently known as the Bertillon
System. He was considered ‘Father of Criminal Identification’.
ALTER – To add, change, substitute or omit something from a pleading or
instrument.

ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES – circumstances in law which can me

aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effect of the crime
and other conditions attending its commission.
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS – also called alternative medicine,
alternative therapies or complementary medicine. A variety of
therapeutic or preventive health care practices that do not follow
accepted medical methods and may not have a scientific explanation
for their effectiveness.
AMBASSADOR – A person who have been appointed as chief of mission
and have served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
AMBUSH – a robbery that involves virtually no planning and depends on
surprise and the use of force against victims; usually produces a small
score.
AMEND – means to add, change, substitute or omit something from a
pleading or instrument.
AMENDMENT- addition or change.
AMICUS CURIAE - friend of the courts, usually an attorney who
volunteers to assist the court in whatever manner deemed necessary.
AMIDO BLACK – a dye that is sensitive to blood and thus is used in
developing fingerprints contaminated with blood.
AMMUNITION – metallic cartridges and shot shells used in firearms.
AMNESTIC SYNDROME – the inability to remember ongoing events more
than a few minutes after they have taken place.
AMNESTY – a general pardon extended to a group of people, such a
political offender purposely to bring about the return of dissidents to
their home and to restore peace and order in the community.
AMPHETAMINE – a synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central
nervous system and speeds up the messages going from the brain to
the body. Also known as "speed"; a group of stimulant drugs.
ANABOLIC STEROIDS – a synthetic substance derived from the male
hormone, testosterone. Assist in the growth and repair of muscle. Some

anabolic steroids are used to treat medical conditions and are

sometimes misused to enhance athletic performance and appearance.
ANACHRONISM – refers to something wrong in time and in place. This
means that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing
materials to the exact date it was supposed to have been written.
ANALGESICS – are painkilling drugs.
ANARCHIST – person who proposes the over-throw of the government by
creating disorder and violence.
ANIMO TESTANDI - with an intention of making a will.
ANIMUS FURANDI – fully intending to commit a theft; state of mind at the
time the theft is committed.
ANNUL – invalidate void and cancel. Commonly used in annulment of
marriage.
ANOMIE – a social condition in which norms are uncertain or lacking.
ANONYMOUS – no name known or acknowledged: unsigned letter, note,
etc.
ANONYMOUS INFORMANT – those who gives information through
telephone with the hope that the informant cannot be identified.
ANSWER – in Sec. 1 Rule 19, Rules of Court, includes the affirmative
and/or special defenses and counterclaim contained therein.
ANTAGONIST – a substance that blocks the effects of another drug by
binding with the receptor site for that drug in the brain; for example,
naltrexone is an antagonist for opioids.
ANTE - before.
ANTE LITEM MOTAM – before the institution of the action or
commencement of litigation.
ANTE MORTEM – before death.
ANTECEDENT CIRCUMTANCES - facts existing before the commission of
the crime such as hatred, bad moral character of the offender, previous
plan, conspiracy, etc.

ANTHRAX – an acute infectious disease with three forms (cutaneous,

intestinal, and inhalation), which differ in means of transmission,
symptoms, and lethality; also, a biological agent.
ANTHROPOMETRY – a system of criminal identification developed by
Alphonse Bertillon which was based on 11 measurements of the human
body frame. Having to do with the measurement of the human body to
determine differences in races: comparison with corresponding
measurement or other individual.
ANTI-DEPRESSANT – a psychoactive drug used to treat depression and
depressive disorders, for example, selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors such as Prozac and Zoloft.
ANTIMONY - used to alloy lead in bullets for hardening the projectile.
ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY – a pathogenic type of family structure which
espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to
their children.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is characterized by
continuing violation of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-
social behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
ANVIL - in a primer or a cartridge case, a fixed point against which the
priming mixture is compressed and there by denoted by action of the
firing pin.
ANXIETY - is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve
it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense; it could be low and
can be a motivating force.
ANXIETY DISORDERS – are disorders characterized by persistent and
unpleasant feelings of fear or apprehension that significantly interfere
with daily life.
APPEAL – a request that a case removed from lower court to higher court.
A request to a higher (appellate) court for that court to review and
change the decision of a lower court.

APPEALED POLICY - a type of policy that arises when problems at the

lower levels of the organization and the man in charge does not know
how to meet the problem. He then appeals to his superiors for
guidelines and for guidance.
APPEARANCE – voluntary submission to a court’s jurisdiction.
APPELLATE – relating to appeals; person who appeals to a higher court;
appeal from the decision of a lower court to a higher court.
APPELLATE COURT – court that has the power to review appeals from
another jurisdiction of the lower court to a higher court.
APPELLEE – person appealed against: often times referred to as the
“respondent”.
APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY – uses a variety of disciplines to examine
criminality and the criminal justice system. The study focuses more on
the processes seen in the justice system and in the enforcement of laws
directed towards influencing social policies.
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – a type of conflict where a person
faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is
sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive
features must be accepted regardless which course of action is chosen.
ARBITRARY – willful and unreasoning action, without consideration of
and in disregard of the facts and circumstances of the case. Action is
not arbitrary when exercised honestly and upon due consideration
where there is room for two opinions, however much it may be believed
that an erroneous conclusion was reached.
ARBITRARY DETENTION – a detention that begins not merely from the
moment a person is locked up in prison cell but from the moment such
person is deprived of his liberty without legal grounds, and it ends only
when such person is absolutely freed from any restraint on his person.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL LOOTING – the illegal, unscientific removal of
archaeological resources from public, tribal, or private land.

AREA – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of

designated districts.
AREA TARGET STUDY – refers to the area of operation of surveillance
activities.
ARGRUMENTATIVE QUESTION - a type of leading question which reflects
the examiners interpretation of the facts.
ARMOR PIERCING BULLETS – are hardened steel cores and are fired
against vehicles and other armored targets.
ARRAIGN – means to summon a person to a court to answer charges made
against him in an incident.
ARRAIGNMENT – is the initial step in a criminal prosecution whereby the
defendant is brought before the court to hear the charges and to enter
a plea. The procedure of furnishing the accused with the copy of the
complaint or information with the list of witnesses, reading the same in
the language or dialect known to him whether he pleads guilty or not
guilty; all of the procedures are made in open court by the judge or the
clerk of court.
ARREST – is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be
bond to answer for the commission of an offense (Rule 113, RRC). A
restraint on person, depriving one of his own will and liberty, binding
him to become obedient to the will of the law.
ARSON - the intentional or malicious destruction of a property by fire. It
is also defined as the criminal burning of property.
ARTERIAL ROAD – is a major road, used primarily for through traffic
rather than for access to adjacent land, that is characterized by high
vehicular capacity and continuity of movement. Intersections are
spaced relatively far apart and are frequently signalized.
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE - a British writer best known for his detective
fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes

ARTHUR MACARTHUR JR – father of Gen. Douglas Macarthur. He was a

United States Army general who became the military Governor-
General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION - is the introduction of seminal fluid with
spermatozoa in the generative of a woman by any means of springe,
pipette, irrigator, etc.
ASPHYXIA – death due to lack of oxygen; death due to sudden or gradual
cessation of oxygen intake.
ASPORTATION – taken away; moving of items from one place and
“transporting” said items to another place; Removal of such goods is
extremely important when considering an offense of larceny.
ASSAULT – a threat or use of force on another that causes that person to
have a reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive
contact; the act of putting another person in reasonable fear or
apprehension of an immediate battery by means of an act amounting
to an attempt or threat to commit a battery.
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY – the occupancy or use of a building or
structure or any portion thereof by a group of people for civic, political
education travel, religious, social, amusement or recreational purposes.
ASSESSMENT – a specific evaluation methods and tests used in
screening, identification, diagnosis and determining suitability for
treatment or mitigation.
ASSET - any information, facility, material, information, or activity which
has a positive value to its owner whether it is an individual, private or
government entity.
ASSIGNMENT SHEETS – the written reports completed by persons
assigned tasks at a crime scene that document what they have done
and found.
ASTHENIC – a type of body built that is lean, slightly built, and narrow
shoulders

ATAVISM – Lombroso’s concept which suggests that criminals are

physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution
ATHLETIC – a type of body built that is medium or tall, strong, muscular,
and with course bones
ATOM – the smallest particle of an element that take part in a chemical
reaction.
ATTACK CODE – a malicious software program intended to impair or
destroy the functioning of a computer or a network resource.
ATTAINDER – loss of civil rights, inheritance, property etc.; such as loss
of civil rights occur after a person has committed treason or felony and
received a sentence of death for his crime.
ATTEMPT – intent is a quality of the mind and implies a purpose only,
while attempt implies an effort to carry that purpose into execution.
ATTEMPTED BOMBING - incidents in which a device designed or
purposely made to detonate/ignite fails to function. Intent of activity is
criminal in nature; this also pertains to malfunctioning, recovered,
and/or disarmed devices.
ATTEMPTED FELONY- when the offender commences the commission of
a felony directly by overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of
execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or
accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
ATTEST – to bear witness and testify under oath or signature.
ATTITUDES - are predisposition to respond in a positive or negative way
to someone or something in your environment.
AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM - The prison system called the “Congregate
System”. The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night
and congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was
enforced.
AUGUST VOLLMER - was the first police chief of Berkeley, California and
a leading figure in the development of the field of criminal justice in

the United States in the early 20th century. He is considered as the

‘father of modern policing’ and the ‘father of police professionalism’.
AUGUSTE COMTE – one among the prominent founder of sociology and
positivism
AUGUSTE DEMETZ – was a French penal reformer and jurist who
established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839
providing house fathers as in charge of these boys.
AUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP - Authoritarian chiefs, commanders,
captains, or sergeants tend to dominate the departments or units they
head. They determine all policies and dictate all procedures, work
schedules, and work assignments at their level. They tend to remain
aloof from group activity, making it clear “who is the boss around here.”
AUTHORITARIANISM – is a trait that focuses on the rigidity of person’s
belief. A person high in authoritarianism tends to adhere rigidly to
conventional values and to obey recognized authority. He is concerned
with toughness and power and opposes the use of subjective feelings.
AUTHORITY – a person or persons, or a body, exercising power or
command; for those upon whom the people have conferred authority.
It may also mean the right to command and control the behavior of
employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy.
AUTHORITY LEVEL PRINCIPLE – implies that decisions within the
authority of the individual commander should be made by them and
not be returned upward in the organizational structure.
AUTOEROTIC DEATH – the death from accidental asphyxiation as a

result of masochistic activities of the deceased. Also called sexual
asphyxia.
AUTOLOADING - a firearm which fires and reloads on a single pull of the
trigger so that the weapon is ready to be fired with the next pull of the
trigger.

AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS) – a

computerized system that stores and compares fingerprints and is used
to find matches for identification purposes.
AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM – an integrated system of
underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of
extinguishing agent or medium and design in accordance with fire
protection engineering standards which when actuated by its
automatic detecting device, suppress fire within the area protected.
AUTOMATIC LOADING TYPE – in ballistics, after the first shot is fired,
automatic loading or feeding of the chamber takes place.
AUTOPSY – examination and dissection of a dead body to discover the
cause of death; a post – mortem surgical examination.
AUTO-SEXUAL – also called self-gratification or masturbation, or “self-
abuse”. The sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation
of another.
AVIONICS – the electronic equipment (e.g., radio, navigation) on an
aircraft.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of
social derogation.

B
BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION - is comprehensive investigation about
the background of a person. A through and complete investigation of
all or some of the circumstances or aspects of a person’s life is
conducted.
BAIL – a security given for the release of a person in custody of the law,
furnished by him or a bondsman, conditioned upon his appearance
before any court as required under the conditions provided by the rules
of courts. It may be in the form of corporate surety, property bond or
cash deposit or recognizance.
BAILIFF – sheriff’s assistant who serves processes and officer has charge
or prisoners and guards the jurors in court, or one who supervise
offenders and maintain order in provincial and state courtrooms during
legal proceedings.
BAILMENT – provision of bail for an arrested person.
BALL – a term for “bullet” during the earlier times, and still being used in
military terminology.
BALL BULLETS – bullets that have soft lead cores inside a jacket.
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT - means that the bullet may lose its speed very
rapidly during its flight the air.
BALLISTICIAN – a person who has knowledge in firearms identification
and investigation.
BALLISTICS - the science of the motion of projectiles; refers also to the
science of firearm identification. It deals with the flight behavior of
various types of projectiles.
BAND – a group of more than three armed malefactors who act together in
the commission of an offense.
BANISHMENT OR EXILE – the sending or putting away of an offender
which was carried out either by prohibition against coming into a

specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been

removed.
BANK SECURITY - this type of security is concern with bank operations.
Its main objective is the protection of bank cash and assets, its
personnel and clientele. Security personnel are trained to safeguard
bank and assets while in storage, in transit and during transactions.
BARBITURATE – depressant drug.
BARREL - part of the gun through which passes the bullet from breech to
muzzle.
BARREL TIME - measured from the fall of the hammer to the muzzle of
the gun.
BARRICADE – is a device which provides a visual indicator of a hazardous
location or the desired path a motorist should take, but is not intended
to contain or redirect a vehicle. It is intended to provide separation or
to inform of closure, or to provide direction to pedestrians.
BARRIER - any structure or physical device capable of restricting,
deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.
BASE - bottom portion of the case which contains the primer which
contains the priming mixture. The shell head which contains the head
stamp, caliber and the year of manufacture.
BASE WARD - compressed paper or other materials inside a shot shell,
varying in size and form.
BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME - the malicious actions perpetrated on
children by their parents or other adults; also called child abuse and
neglect. The term "battered child syndrome” is also used to describe a
clinical condition in young children who have received non-accidental,
inexcusable violence or injury, ranging from minimal to severe or fatal
trauma, at the hand of an adult in a position of trust.
BATTERED WOMEN SYNDROME - the psychological, emotional and
behavioral reactions and deficits of victims and their inability to
respond effectively to repeated physical and psychological violence

BATTERY CUP - type of shot shell ignition form which the cap or primer
is held.
BATTERY- the application of force to another, resulting in harmful or
offensive contact.
BEAT – an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
The smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.
BEAT PATROL – the deployment of officers in a given community, area or
locality to prevent and deter criminal activity and to provide day-to-day
services to the community.
BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS – a deductive method of criminal
profiling in which characteristics of the perpetrator are determined
from evidence at the crime scene.
BELTED CASE - cartridge case with a band or belt at base just a head or
extractor grooves, and which case position in chamber of rifle.
BENCH WARRANT – an order issued by a judge or law court for the arrest
of a person charged with a contempt of court or criminal offense.
BÉNÉDICT MOREL – a French alienist who developed a theory of
degeneracy, based on the premise that certain (lower) social classes
and races were predisposed to various neurological and mental
illnesses due to bad heredity, resulting in social degradation.
BENZIDINE TEST – a color reaction tests that indicates the presence of
human blood.
BENZODIAZEPINES – are sedatives that affect the central nervous system
by slowing down the body physically, mentally and emotionally.
Prescribed by doctors to treat anxiety, sleeping problems, epilepsy,
alcohol withdrawal, and muscle spasms.
BERDAN CARTRIDGE – a primer with two flush holes or vent with the
anvil integral with the cartridge case. Also called a European type
primer.
BEST EVIDENCE – is the original object or document. It is which suffices
for the proof of particular fact. That evidence which, under every

possible circumstance, affords the greatest certainty of the fact in

question and in itself, does not indicate the existence of other and better
proof.
BEST EVIDENCE RULE – is a well-known rule of law that a witness cannot
be permitted to give oral testimony as to the contents of a paper writing
which can be produced in court.
BESTIALITY – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual
intercourse with animals.
BIAS – means preconceived opinion.
BIASED WITNESS – a witness who tends to exaggerate. Although he may
be honest, he cannot, while human nature remains unchanged,
overcome the tendency to distort, magnify or even minimize as his
interest persuades, the incidents which he relates.
BIFURCATING RIDGES – a single ridge which splits into two ridges
forming a “Y” shape formation or structure.
BIGAMY – a crime committed by a person who contracts a second or
subsequent marriage before the former marriage has been legally
dissolved, or before the absent spouse has been declared presumptively
dead by means of a judgment rendered in the proper proceedings.
BILL OF RIGHTS – a declaration and enumeration of the individual rights
and privileges which the Constitutions is design to protect against
violation by the government or by individual or group of individuals. It
is a charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation upon the
power of the state.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS – are certain microorganisms and toxins produced
by organisms (e.g., smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism) that cause
human illness or death and could be used as terrorist weapons;
typically, slower acting than chemical agents.
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES – a theory that attribute violence either to an
innate, instinctual drive for aggression or to a variety of neurochemical
imbalances such as increased testosterone levels or an imbalance in

levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or other

neurotransmitters.
BIPOLAR DISORDERS – are mental disorders characterized by recurring
and extreme swings in mood and behavior, from depression and
sadness, to elation and excitement.
BITE MARK INJURIES – pattern injuries made by a human or animal.
BLACK CARTRIDGE – a cartridge consisting of the case with its primer
powder charge and a wad to train the powder.
BLACK POWDER – a mechanical mixture of charcoal sulfur and salt peter.
Burns the considerable while smoke.
BLACKMAIL – some form of payments obtained by a person to prevent
disclosure of information that would bring disgrace or ruin if made
public: also referred to as extortion.
BLASTING AGENT – any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and
oxidizer used to set off explosives.
BLOOD MONEY – the price paid for causing a person’s death.
BLUE COLLAR CRIMES - are those committed by ordinary professionals
to maintain their livelihood.
BLUNT INJURIES – abrasions, contusions, lacerations, or fractures
consistent with crushing impact against the body with a blunt object
BOAT TAIL – referring to the base taper given certain bullet to give greater
efficiency at long ranges.
BOBBIES – a colloquial term used in reference to British police constables;
derived by the public from the first name of Sir Robert Peel, whose
efforts led to the creation of the first metropolitan police force in
London.
BODY LANGUAGE – refers to gestures, demeanor, facial expressions, and
other nonverbal signals that convey, usually involuntarily, a person's
attitudes, impressions, truthfulness, and so on.
BODYGUARDS – escort and protect persons from injury or from invasion
of privacy

BOGUS - fake; not genuine; not original

BOILING POINT – the temperature at which at a liquid is transformed or
converted to vapor
BOLT – disengages center pin to allow opening of cylinder and blocks
hammer
BOMB THREAT – an information or warning, written or oral, claiming
knowledge that a dangerous device, such as a bomb or similar type of
explosives, has been or will be placed in a building, aircraft, sea craft
or other facilities with the intent of harming people and destroy
properties.
BOMBING - any incident which uses a device constructed with criminal
intent and using high explosives, low explosives, or blasting agents
explodes. This term also refers to incidents where premature detonation
occurs during preparation, transportation, or placement of a
constructed device.
BONA FIDE – in good faith; sincere.
BOOK OF ACCOUNT – a book containing charges and showing a
continuous dealing with persons generally. To be admissible as
evidence, it must be kept as an account book and the charges made in
the usual course of business.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The
person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation
and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically unstable.
BORE - the inside of a gun barrel.
BORE DIAMETER - in rifled arms, the diametrical measurement between
tops of land.
BORN CRIMINALS – those that had pathological symptoms common with
imbecile and the epileptic. Lombroso argued that if criminal behavior is
inherited then the “born criminal” could be distinguished by associated
physical characteristics.

BOTTLE NECK CARTRIDGE - a type of cartridge designed to

accommodate more powder, usually for high powdered guns.
BOTTLENECK – a highway section with reduced capacity that experiences
operational problems such as congestion. Bottlenecks may result from
factors other than reduced roadway width. For example, the close
spacing of exit and entrance ramps can cause weaving patterns that
result in congestion.
BOULEVARD – an improved strip of land between the roadway and the
sidewalk, or between two opposing roadways.
BOW STREET RUNNERS – an early group of English criminal
investigators who operated as directed by a court which was located in
the Bow Street, London.
BRAIN DEATH – death occurs when there is irreversible coma absence of
electrical brain activity and complete cessation of all the vital functions
without possibility of resuscitation.
BRAIN LESION THEORY - the theory that tumors and seizures have been
associated with aggression and violent behavior
BRAWNER RULE – it provides that “a person is not responsible for
criminal conduct if at the time of the conduct as a result of mental
disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the
criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the
requirements of law.”
BREECH - the rear extremity of the rifle.
BREECH BLOCK - the steel block which closes the rear of the bore against
the force of the charge; the face of this block is known as Breech face.
BREECH BOLT – the part of the breech that resist the rearward force of
the combustion that occurs when a cartridge is discharge.
BRIBERY – the giving, offering, or taking of anything especially money, as
an inducement to do something illegal or wrong. It is a corrupt
payment, receipt, or solicitation of a private favor for official action.

BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE – a popular workhouse was in London which

was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners in 1553.
BRIGANDAGE – is a crime committed by more than three armed persons
who form a band of robbers for the purpose of committing robbery in
the highway or kidnapping persons for the purpose of extortion or to
obtain ransom, or for any other purpose to be attained by means of
force and violence.
BROKEN LINE – a pavement marking consisting of a cycle of marking
segments and gaps. Broken lines are permissive and inform drivers that
they are permitted to cross a broken line, two-lane, two-way highways
or multi-lane roadway or that there is a change in use of a particular
lane.
BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY – a perspective on crime causation which
holds that physical deterioration in a place, like broken windows,
results to increase on personal safety due to higher crime rates in that
area.
BROTHEL – establishment which commonly function as house of
prostitution.
BUDGETING – with all that goes of budgeting in the form of fiscal
planning, accounting, and control.
BUGGING – using a concealed electronic device to record conversations
within a room without the consent of those people involved.
BULGING – the swelling of a gun barrel.
BULLET – a projectile propelled form a firearm by means of the expansive
force of gases coming from burning gunpowder.
BULLET COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – a piece of optical equipment
frequently by firearms identification expert with camera attachment.
BULLET RECOVERY BOX – a long box filled with ordinary cotton and
separated into sections by card board partitions.
BULLET VELOCITY – is the speed at which a bullet travel forward.

BUNCO GAME – act or trick contrived to gain the confidence of the victim
who is then defrauded. This form of thief is handled by a special
investigative unit in most police departments in US.
BUPRENORPHINE – a synthetic agonist/antagonist that can be used in
substitution treatment for heroin dependence. It has been used for the
short-term treatment of moderate to severe pain.
BURDEN OF EVIDENCE – the duty of a party of going forward with
evidence.
BURDEN OF GOING FORWARD – in a criminal trial, the responsibility of
the defense to present enough evidence to create a reasonable doubt of
guilt in the court’s mind; an optional burden, as the defense is not
required to present any evidence.
BURDEN OF PROOF – in a criminal trial, the requirement that the
prosecution establish the defendant's guilt beyond and to the exclusion
of every reasonable doubt.
BUREAU – the largest organic functional unit within a large department.
It comprises of numbers of divisions.
BURGLARY – is the crime of breaking and entering a house or other
building belonging to another with the intent to commit a crime therein.
BURGLARY – the unlawful entering of a building or structure with the
intent to commit a felony or theft.
BURGUNDIAN CODE – a code which specified punishment according to
the social class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class
and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person
according to social status.
BURN INDICATORS – any effects of heat or partial burning that indicate
a fire's rate of development, points of origin, temperature, duration, and
time of occurrence and the presence of flammable liquids.
BURR HAMMER – an expose hammer having a serrated knob at the top
to provide a griping surface for cocking.

BUS LANE – a street or highway lane intended exclusively or primarily for

buses, either all day, or during specified periods.
C
CACOGRAPHY – a bad writing.
CADAVER – a corpse; a person who has been dead over a period of time.
CADAVER DOGS – are trained dogs, sensitive to the odor of decomposing
human remains that assist in locating bodies buried in the ground or
submerged in water.
CADAVER TAG – an identification tag attached to the cadaver containing
tag number, name (if identified), date/time and place of recovery,
date/time/type/place of incident, gender, other pertinent information,
and name of investigator.
CADAVERIC SPASM – the instantaneous tightening of an extremity or
other part of the body at the time of death. Also called death grip.
CAFFEINE – a stimulant that acts on the central nervous system to speed
up the messages to and from the brain. It is a substance found in the
leaves, seeds or fruit of a number of plant species, such as coffee and
tea plants.
CALAMITY – an event that brings terrible loss, lasting distress, or severe
affliction.
CALIBER – refers to the diameter of a bullet; somewhat larger than the
bore of the weapon from which the bullet is fired.
CALIPER – an instrument used for making measurements such as bullet
diameter and bore diameter. A measuring device used in the calibration
of bullet and gun bores.

CALL SIGN – is a word, or a combination of words, intended for

transmission by voice means, and it identifies the command, unit, or
authority of the radio station.
CALL SLIP – a debt and credit ticker authorizing the Central Bank to pay
a certain bank chargeable against the account of another bank
CALLIGRAPHY – the art of beautiful writing.
CALORIE – the amount required to raise the temperature of one gram of
water.
CALVIN GODDARD – was a forensic scientist, army
officer, academic, researcher and a pioneer in forensic ballistics. He
developed the method for microscope in the usage of the comparison
of firearms.
CANNABIS – a depressant that comes from the hemp plant, Cannabis
sativa. When taken at high doses it can have hallucinogenic properties.
Marijuana, hashish and hashish oil come from this plant. The active
chemical in cannabis is THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol).
CANNELLURED BULLET – an elongated bullet with grooves around it,
these grooves are used for holding the lubricant or for crimping
purposes.
CANNELLURES – serrated grooves that are sometimes found rolled into
the neck and bodies of the cases at the location of the bullet bases to
prevent the bullets from being pushed back of loosened.
CAPITAL OFFENSE – a very serious crime, for which the death penalty is
imposed
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - the most severe of all sentences, that of death.
Also known as the death penalty.
CAPLACK – used by muzzle loading guns whose ignition system employs
a percussion, a small thimble like metal cap containing a denoting
mixture.

CARBINE – a short barrel rifle, having a barrel not longer than 22 inches,
designed to fire a single shot through a rifled – bore, either semi-
automatic or fully automatic, for every press of the trigger.
CARBON BLACK – formed by the incomplete combustion of acetylene.
CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU - was a French clergyman, nobleman, and
statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. He soon rose in
both the Catholic Church and the French government. He introduced
the network of covert collectors who transmitted prompt and accurate
information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and
dissidents of the kingdom.
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY DEATH – death occurs when there is continues
and persistent cessation of hearth action and respiration.
CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH – this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the
polygraph instrument. This cardio unit is a mechanically operated unit.
It is a high-pressure system that records changes in mean blood
pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood
pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the
upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial
artery.
CARGO TANK – any container mounted on a tank vehicle with a capacity
of at least four hundred fifty liters used for carrying flammable or
combustible liquids. It does not apply to the fuel tank of a motor vehicle.
CARJACKING – the crime of taking a motor vehicle from the motorist or
passenger, or from his or her immediate presence, by use of force, fear,
or threat of force, with the intent to temporarily or permanently deprive
the owner of its use.
CARL ROKITANSKI – a pathologist
CARNAPPING – the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle
belonging to another without the latter’s consent, or by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon
things.

CARPOOL – an arrangement in which a group of people share the use and

possibly the cost of a car in travelling to and from pre-arranged
destinations together.
CARTRIDGE – is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet cartridge
case, gunpowder and primer.
CARTRIDGE CASE – a tubular metallic container which is designed to
hold the primer or priming, propellant, powder, and the bullet.
CARTRIDGE LIFE – the life of well-made metallic small arm ammunitions
is perhaps 10 years on the average age.
CASE OFFICER – the person responsible for and in charge of the
investigation of a case.
CASE OPERATIONAL PLAN – a definite target-specific activity conducted
in relation to an intelligence project under which it is affected. Several
case operations may fall under one intelligence project. Refers to a
preparatory plan on how to carry out a case operation which is the last
resort to pursue intelligence objectives when normal police operations
fail.
CASHIER’S CHECK – form of check where the bank is the payer of the
funds. Sometimes called as teller’s check, treasure checks, official
check and or manager’s check.
CASING – a type of fixed surveillance which is done by establishing an
outdoor observation post; the surveillant stays outdoors posing as a
person who normally conducts his business in such area. The term use
in the police organization while reconnaissance is used in military
terms.
CASUAL PILFERER – one who steals due to his inability to resist the
unexpected opportunity and has little fear of detection is no plan or
premeditation and he is usually a “loner” on the job.
CAUSA CAUSANAS – immediate cause and the last link in the change of
causative factors.

CAUSALITY – the concept of causality is based on the idea that one event
is the result of another event. The stories about the cause of disease,
for example, have evolved over time
CAUSE OF ACTION – is the act or omission by which a party violates a
right of another. It has two elements - 1) the right of plaintiff, and 2)
the violation of such right by the defendant.
CAUSE OF DEATH – a declaration of by what means and by whom the
declarant was injured is within the purview of the term “the cause of
the declarant’s death” in a dying declaration.
CAUSEWAY – a bridge or raised way constructed over marshy land or
water. It may be either an earth fill or bridge type structure.
CAVEAT EMPTOR – under this particular rule, it is incumbent upon the
buyer to examine the goods and determine any malfunctions or defects.
Often termed as “let the buyer beware” or “take care”
CELERITY – means swiftness of punishment. Beccaria argues that in
order to be effective deterrent, punishments must possess celerity. A
punishment that occurs quickly after the crime helps to form a strong
connection between the punishment and the crime in the minds of the
general public, so that whenever a citizen contemplates a criminal act,
he will instantly recall the punishment and weigh it into his
deliberation.
CELLULOSE NITRATE OR NITRO CELLULOSE – a highly combustible
and explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTIC – also known as Pyroxylin - plastic
substance, material or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro
cellulose) as base.
CENSORSHIP – it is the control and examination of the civil, national,
armed forces, field press, and prisoners of war.
CENTER FIRE - priming powder is located at the center.

CENTER FIRE CARTRIDGE - a cartridge case where the priming is found

in the center of the base.
CENTER PIN – serves as a locking device for the cylinder.
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL – is a fingerprint pattern which for the
most part of a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the loop ridges,
sometimes called a composite pattern, which means that it is made up
of two patterns in one, a whorl inside a loop. Symbolized by letter “C”
in the fingerprint classification.
CERTAINTY OF GUILT – absolute certainty of guilt is not demanded by
the law to convict one of any criminal charge but moral certainty is
required, and this certainty is required as to every proposition of proof
requisite to constitute the offense.
CERTIFICATED OF DESTRUCTION – is the certification by a witnessing
officer that the classified matters describe therein has been disposed of
in his presence, approved destruction methods.
CERTIORARI – the extra-ordinary remedy to correct an actuation of a
judge who has acted without jurisdiction, in excess of jurisdiction or
clearly in grave abuse of discretion, and not to correct errors of
procedures and/or mistakes in the judge’s findings or conclusions.
CESARE BECCARIA – an Italian philosopher and economist best known
for his work ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ which was published in
1764, which made him famous as the “Father of the
classical/traditional school of criminology”.
CESARE LOMBROSO – founder of the positivist school of thought and
commonly considered today as the “Father of Modern Criminology”,
published ‘The Criminal Man’ 1876.
CHAIN OF COMMAND – also known as Scalar Chain or Line of Authority.
This principle of organization suggests that communications should
ordinarily go upward through established channels in the hierarchy.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY – The process, by which evidence is handled,
transferred. Accounted for from the time of discovery until the final

disposition of the case where it is being used. At trial, the authenticity

of an item as evidence is crucial, whether it be a physical object like a
bullet, a medical record or a photograph. The item cannot be offered in
court without a testimonial sponsor who can vouch for its unaltered
authenticity to the court and the jury. To validate an item unaltered
authenticity. A record must be kept of each time the item changes
hands.
CHAMBER – refers to the rear portion of the barrel where the cartridge is
inserted.
CHAMBER PRESSURE – it is the pressure generated within the chamber
erroneously called breeched pressure.
CHANAKYA KAUTILYA - an Indian statesman, philosopher, and advisor
to the ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He advised his king that for the
ruler to succeed, the ruler should strike at his enemy’s weak points
by means of spies. He proposed the following means to conquer
enemy’s stronghold: Intrigues and spies - Winning over enemy’s
people - Siege and assault - Before beginning military operation, a
conqueror should know the comparative strength and weaknesses of
himself and his enemy.
CHANCE IMPRESSIONS – these are fingerprints which are imprinted by
mere chance or without any intention to produce the print.
CHANGE OF VENUE – suit which is initiated in one locality or district may
be changed to another locality for trial purposes
CHARACTER EVIDENCE – evidence of a person's moral standing or
personality traits in a community based on reputation or opinion.
CHARGE – to impose a duty or obligation to someone else: to accuse. The
accusation itself.
CHARIVARI – a medley of discordant voices, a mock serenade of
discordant noises made on kettles, tins horns, etc.., designed to annoy
and insult.

CHARLES DARWIN – proponent of the Theory of Evolution which laid the

foundation of anthropological criminology.
CHARLES DICKENS – Through his story entitled Bleak House, he
introduced the term ‘detective’ to the English language.
CHARLES GORING – published The English Convict: A Statistical Study

in 1913 which established some notions whether there were any
significant physical or mental abnormalities among the criminal
classes as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He argued that there is no
such thing as an anthropological criminal type.
CHARLES MONTESIQUIEU – a French historian and philosopher who
analyzed law as an expression of justice. He believed that harsh
punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
CHARRING – the scorching of materials by fire; used to deduce the
direction of fire spread by comparing relative depths of char throughout
the scene.
CHATTEL – item, article, or piece of property which is somewhat personal
and transferable.
CHECK KITING – a method of operation in which several checking
accounts based upon non – existent funds in the attempt to withdraw
funds.
CHEMICAL EXPLOSION – explosions in which the high-pressure gas is
produced by reactions that involve changes in the basic chemical
nature of the fuel; commonly caused by the burning of hydrocarbon
fuels (e.g., natural gas, gasoline, lubricating oils).
CHEMISTRY – a branch of science which deals with the study of
composition and study of matter, changes matter undergoes.
CHILD – a person below eighteen (18) years of age or one over said age and
who, upon evaluation of a qualified physician, psychologist or
psychiatrist, is found to be incapable of taking care of himself fully

because of a physical or mental disability or condition or of protecting

himself from abuse.
CHILD ABUSE – general term used to describe behavior on the part of a
parent or guardian that results in significant negative emotional or
physical consequences for a child. Abuse of children can take several
different forms: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse or
neglect.
CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW – refers to a child who is alleged
as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense under
Philippine laws.
CHILD NEGLECT – the negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child by
a parent or caretaker under circumstances indicating harm or
threatened harm to the child's health or welfare.
CHILD TRAFFICKING – the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of a child purpose of exploitation.
CHILDREN AT RISK - refers to children who are vulnerable to and at the
risk of committing criminal offenses because of personal, family and
social circumstances.
CHILLED SHOT – shot gun pellets made from lead especially hardened by
the additional of a slight amount of antimony.
CHIROSCOPY – the science of palm print identification.
CHOKED – the degree of constriction applied in the muzzle then of the
shotgun to degrease the spread of the pressure.
CHOP SHOP – an illegal operation at which stolen cars are disassembled
and their traceable parts are altered or disposed of so that untraceable
parts can be sold to repair shops, salvage yards, and indiscriminate
buyers.
CHROMING – it is the practice of inhaling vapors from volatile substances.
Modes of administration include huffing (saturated material is held
against the mouth and/or nose) and bagging (vapors are inhaled from
a plastic or paper bag held over the nose and/or mouth)

CHRONIC CRIMINAL - is one who commits crime acted in consonance of

deliberated thinking. He plans the crime ahead of time. They are the
targeted offenders.
CHRONOGRAPH – an instrument which can measure the velocity of
projectile.
CIPHER – is a system that manipulates one, two, or three characters at a
time.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL – indirect; concerning matters surrounding an event,
rather than the event itself
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE – Evidence of circumstances which are
strong enough to cast suspicion upon the defendant and which are
sufficiently strong to overcome the presumption of innocence, and to
exclude every hypothesis except that of the guilt of the defendant. It
does not directly prove the truth of the fact in issue, but may
established a strong inference as to the truth of the fact.
CITY PRISONERS – those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment
from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of not more than 1,000 pesos or both.
Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC. Those
detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC and under
preliminary investigation.
CIVIL COMMITMENT – the indefinite incarceration of the sex offender
who has been deemed untreatable
CIVIL SECURITY – it encompasses active and passive counter intelligence
measures affecting the non-military nationals permanently or
temporarily residing in an area under military jurisdiction.
CIVILIZING PROCESS – a concept which refers to the pacification of
medieval society through the development of self-restraint, social
regulation and increasing repugnance towards violence.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – the characteristics of physical evidence
that are common to a group of objects or persons.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT – is a broad label for a group of

thinkers of crime and punishment in the 18th and early 19th
centuries. Its most prominent members, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy
Bentham, shared the idea that criminal behavior could be understood
and controlled as an outcome of a "human nature" shared by all of
us. Human beings were believed to be hedonistic, acting in terms of
their own self-interest, but rational, capable of considering which
course of action was really in their self-interest.
CLASSIFICATION PROCESS – in prison management, is a method by
which diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of the treatment
programs are coordinated in the individual case study. It is a process
of determining the needs and requirement of prisoners for assigning
them to programs according to their needs and existing resources.
CLASSIFIED – refers to assign information by one of the four security
classification categories – Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, or
Restricted.
CLASSIFYING – mentally determining the name of subject or number of
which a specific record is to be filed is called classifying.
CLERK OF COURT – an officer of a court of justice who has charge of the
clerical part of its business, who keeps its record and seal, issues
process, enters judgment and orders, gives certified copies from the
records and the like. While the clerk of court belongs to the judicial as
distinguished from the executive or legislative branch of government,
his office is essentially a ministerial one.
CLONING – is the illegal programming of cellular phones by overwriting
their access codes with the codes of legitimate cellular customers; done
through a personal computer or cloning “black box."
CLOSE SURVEILLANCE – subject is aware that he is under observation
varied on each occasion. The subject is maintained under constant
observation in a close surveillance. Even in a situation where the

surveillant loses the subject, a close surveillance should continue

through an alternate plan.
CLOSE TAILING – a moving surveillance where subject is kept constant
within view: tight tailing
CLOVERLEAF – a highway intersection designed so as to route traffic
without interference, by means of a system of curving ramps from one
level to another, in the form of a 4-leaf clover.
COCAINE – a narcotic drug extracted from the leaves and fruit of the coca
plant; a powerful central nervous system stimulant used to produce
euphoria. Most commonly comes in the form of a white, odorless
powder called "cocaine hydrochloride". The powder is obtained from the
leaves of the coca bush.
CODE – is a system which uses words as the smallest element.
CODE OF KING HAMMURABI – credited as the oldest code prescribing
savage punishment.
CODEINE – a drug extracted from morphine and sold commercially to treat
mild to moderate pain.
CODING – making an identifying mark on the item to be stored to indicate
what classifications it is to be filed. It may be done by underlining,
checking, circling, or marking the record in some other way.
COERCION – the use of forceful means or physical compelling means to
obtain information from a suspect or offended party.
COGNITIVE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE – an interviewing approach in
which a witness is asked to recall events and details in different ways
as a means of fostering the witness's recollections.
COHABIT – the term cohabit means to dwell together, in the manner of
husband and wife, for some period of time, as distinguished from
occasional, transient interviews for unlawful intercourse.
COHORT – a group of individuals sharing certain social characteristics in
common such as sex, time, and place of birth.

COINS – are pieces of metal stamped by government authority, for use as

money or collectively referring to metal currency.
COLD BLOOD – crime not committed in a fit of anger. This is term utilized
in cases relating to homicides in which there is an absence of emotion
or violent passion.
COLLATER MATTERS – are matters other than the fact in issue and
which are offered as a basis for inference as to the existence or non-
existence of the facts in issue.
COLLECTION – refers to the organization of raw data and information into
usable form; grouping similar items of information so that they will be
readily accessible.
COLLISION – an incident resulting in property damage, personal injury or
death and involving the loss of control and/ or the striking of one or
more vehicles with another vehicle, a person, an animal or an
inanimate object.
COLLUSION – secret agreement for fraudulent or illegal purposes;
conspiracy; an agreement to defraud another of his rights or to secure
an object forbidden by law.
COMBINATION STANDPIPE – pipe line system filled with water connected
to a constant water supply for the use of Fire Service and the occupants
of the buildings solely for the suppression purposes.
COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM – developed by the FBI, a database of
convicted-offender and known- and unknown-subject DNA profiles that
is used to find matches and to link unsolved crimes in multiple
jurisdictions.
COMBUSTIBLE – descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.
COMBUSTIBLE FIBER – any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such
as cotton, oakum, rags, materials commonly used in commerce.
COMBUSTIBLE FIBER LOOSE HOUSE – an enclosed and isolated
structure where loose fibers are worked upon, and used as storage for
such fibers.

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID – any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8

Degrees Celsius or 100 Degrees Fahrenheit.
COMBUSTION – the burning of any substance, is a process that evolves
light and heat.
COME DOWN – a word used to describe hangover from drinking alcohol,
taking illegal drugs can lead to experiencing negative after-effects.
COMMAND POST/HOLDING AREA – and area where case conferences,
briefings and debriefings are being conducted by the responding
agencies.
COMMANDING OFFICER – an officer who is in command of the
department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – executed in accordance with the Code of
Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial
rights or obligations.
COMMISSION AGENT – one specially employed to receive goods from a
principal and to sell them for a compensation called “commission”.
COMMITMENT – consignment to a prison in or jail: commitment by means
of a court order or warrant of a person to a particular facility or
incarceration.
COMMON INTEREST TECHNIQUE – an interrogation technique whereby
the interrogator exert effort to impress the interrogee of their common
interest. The interrogator points out the real advantages the interrogee
will receive if he cooperates.
COMMON LAW – unwritten of the country based on custom, usage, and
decisions of law courts as contrasted with STATUTE LAW. Common law
marriage is not solemnized by religious or civil ceremony but effected
by an agreement to live together as husband and wife; cohabitation.
COMMUNICATION – refers to the transfer of thought or idea from one
person to another. It simply means the process of sharing ideas,
information, and messages with others in a particular time and

place. Technically, it refers to the means or equipment used to

exchange a thought or idea.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY - is the protection resulting from the
application of various measures which prevent or delay the enemy or
unauthorized persons in gaining information through our
communications.
COMMUNISM – a system of social organization in which goods are held in
common.
COMMUTATION – an act of the president changing/ reducing a heavier
sentence to a lighter one or a longer term into a shorter term. It may
alter death sentence to life sentence or life sentence to a term of years.
It does not forgive the offender but merely to reduce the penalty
pronounced by the court.
COMPANY SECURITY FORCE – a security force maintained and operated
any private company/ corporation for its own security requirements
only.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY – is a perspective in criminology that
deals with the study of the crime problem by understanding the
differences and similarities of social cultures in order to understand
crime patterns and trends.
COMPARISON - the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh
their identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental
act in which the element of one item are related to the counterparts of
the other.
COMPARISON CAMERA – a camera especially designed camera used to
photograph under the comparison of two specimens.
COMPARTMENTATION – is the grant of access to classified matter only
to properly cleaved persons in the performance of their official duties.
COMPEL – to force
COMPETENT EVIENCE – one that is not excluded by law in a particular
case.

COMPLAINANT – a party or person who makes a complaint or file a formal

charge in the court of law.
COMPLAINT – it is sworn written statement charging a person with an
offense, subscribed by the offended party, and peace officer, or other
public officer charged with the enforcement of the law violated. It is a
formal allegation or charge of the offender party.
COMPLETE BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION – consist of the
investigation of the background of a person, particularly all the
circumstances of his personal life.
COMPLEX CRIME – a single act which constitutes two or more grave or
less grave felonies, or an offense which is a necessary means for
committing the order.
COMPLEX LEADERSHIP – in complex organizations, effective leaders
learn to manage and develop networks. They foster and cultivate
interdependencies within and without the organization. Leaders
generally feel that it is their responsibility to enrich connections in the
system that is, to forge new connections where none existed or to
improve existing connections.
COMPLIMENTARY DOCTRINES – formulated jointly by two or more
bureaus in order to effect a certain operation with regard to public
safety and peace and order.
COMPONENT SWAPPING – a fraudulent practice in which manufacturers
(e.g., of computers) use parts from the lowest-cost supplier but do not
inform consumers that the parts are non-standard.
COMPOUND QUESTION – a question which calls for a single answer to
more than one question.
COMPOUNDS – are two or more different atoms combined in definite
proportion.
COMPRESSED GAS – is one in which at all normal atmospheric
temperature insides its container.

COMPROMISE – the loss of security, which results from an authorized

person obtaining knowledge of classified matter.
COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER – characterized by excessive
concern with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone does things their
way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over
conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing things for
relaxation.
COMPUTER CRIME – any illegal act in which knowledge of computer
technology is used to commit the offense; include frauds that are
perpetrated through the misuse of an electric machine.
COMPUTER VANDALISM – refers to the unauthorized removal of valuable
information from a computer system, thereby preventing the legitimate
user or owner from having access to that information.
CONCENTRIC FRACTURES – lines that roughly circle the point of impact
in a glass window.
CONCEPTUAL SKILL – the ability to analyze and solve complex problems.
This is analytical ability, which draws heavily on one’s mental
capacities to identify problems and opportunities, and to make good
problem-solving decisions that serves the organization’s purpose.
CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION – the final phase of the investigation.
Terminating an unsuccessful case or preparing a successful case for
prosecution.
CONCLUSIONARY QUESTION – a question which asks for an opinion
which the witness is not qualified or permitted to answer.
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE – incontrovertible evidence
CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTIONS – based on rules of substantive law which
cannot be overcome by evidence to the contrary.
CONCOMITANT CIRCUMTANCES – are facts existing during the
commission of the crime, i.e. opportunity, presence of the accused at
the scene of the crime.

CONCUBINAGE – any husband who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal

dwelling, or, shall have sexual intercourse, under scandalous
circumstances, with a woman who is not his wife, or shall cohabit with
her in any other place.
CONCURRENT – means running together.
CONDITIONING – a psychological principle which holds that the frequency
of any behavior can be increased or decreased thru reward,
punishment and or other association with other stimuli.
CONDUCTION – It is the transfer of heat by molecular activity with a
material or medium, usually a solid.
CONE – the reduction of diameter in a barrel where the chamber joins the
bore.
CONFABULATION – in hypnosis, the subject's fabrication of recollections
to fill in gaps in his or her actual memory.
CONFESSION – is an express acknowledgment by the accused in a
criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged,
while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting an
acknowledgment of guilt.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT – a person who gives information violate of
the law to includes crimes and criminals.
CONFIDENTIAL MATTERS – these are information and material (matter)
the unauthorized disclosure of which, while not endangering the
national security, would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the
nation or any governmental activity, or would cause administrative
embarrassment or unwarranted injury to an individual or would be of
advantage to a foreign nation.
CONFIDENTIAL SWINDLES – fraud or crimes that are based on deceit or
misrepresentation of facts.
CONFLICT - the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible
motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration
because it is a threat to normal behavior

CONFLICT THEORY - This theory states that individual’s band together

in group because they are social animals with needs that are best
served through collective action. People constantly clash as they try to
advance the interest of their group over those of the other, thus
resulting to conflict.
CONFRONTATION – bringing a witness face to face with the accused in a
criminal action.
CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP – a relationship established during the
marriage of man and woman by virtue of which they place the fruits of
their separate property and their earnings and divide, share and share
alike, upon the dissolution of the union, the benefits indiscriminately
obtained by either of them during the marriage.
CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP OF GAINS – means of which the husband and
wife place in a common fund the fruits of their separate property and
the income from their work or industry, and divide equally, upon the
dissolution of the marriage or of the partnership, the net gains or
benefits obtained indiscriminately by either spouse during the
marriage.
CONSANGUINITY – pertains to blood relationship.
CONSENSU - unanimously or, by general consent.
CONSENSUAL CRIMES – offenses that are committed by mutual consent
of parties involved; hence said to be “victimless crimes” typical
examples are vice offenses.
CONSENSUS AD IDEM – agreement as to the same things.
CONSOLIDATION AREA – an area designated by higher authorities as
processing area for recovered cadavers from the disaster scene.
CONSPIRACY – an agreement between two or more persons to commit a
crime in concert. It exists when two or more persons come to an
agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit
it.

CONSTRUCTIVE DELIVERY – a general term comprehending all those

acts which, although not conferring physical possession of the thing,
have been held by construction of law equivalent to acts of real delivery,
as for example, the giving of the key to the house, as constructive
delivery of the house from the vendor to the vendee.
CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION – The possession and cultivation of a
portion of a tract under claim of ownership of all is a constructive
possession of all, if the remainder is not in the adverse possession of
another.
CONSUL – a government official residing in a foreign country, who watches
over the interest of his countrymen.
CONSUMMATED FELONY – a felony is consummated when all the
elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.
CONTACT – in police operations, any persons whom the subject picks or
deals with while he is under observation and identifies the observer.
CONTAINMENT – those aspects of the social bond which act to prevent
individuals from committing crimes and keep them from engaging in
deviance
CONTEMPT – in its broad sense, contempt constitutes a disobedience to
the court by acting in opposition to its authority, justice and dignity. In
its restricted and more usual sense, contempt comprehends a despising
of the authority, justice or dignity of a court.
CONTINGENT LEADERSHIP – an alternative approach, recognizing the
diverse nature of organizations. It is focused on taking the advantages
of adapting leadership styles to the particular situation rather than
adopting a one size fits all stances.
CONTINUED CRIME – a continued crime is a single crime, consisting of a
series of acts but all arising from one criminal resolution.
CONTRA BONOS MORES - against good morals.
CONTRABAND – a generic term covering all goods exported from or
imported into the country contrary to applicable statutes.

CONTROL MODEL – in prison management, emphasizes prisoner

obedience, work end education.
CONTROL THEORY – a theory developed in the 1960s and 1970s,
attempts to explain ways to train people to engage in law-abiding
behavior. According to this view, crime is the result of insufficient
attachment and commitment to others.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – a substance that is subject to government
controls on its manufacture, sale or distribution.
CONTROLLING – is management function referring to the process of
monitoring performance, comparing results to objectives and taking
corrective action as necessary.
CONTUSION – an injury in which the skin is not broken, but the blood
vessels are ruptured.
CONVECTION – heat transfer by circulation within a medium, such as gas
or liquid.
CONVERGING RIDGES – are two or more lines forming an angle, a ridge
whose closed end is angular and serves as a point of convergence.
CONVICT CRIMINOLOGY – a contemporary perspective in criminology
that deals with the study of convicts and ex-convicts in order to provide
answers to many issues in criminal justice where criminal correction is
a pillar in the system.
CONVOY – an accomplice or associate of the subject used to avoid or elude
surveillant.
COOKIE – is a small file that some web pages plant within the browser of
a visiting computer; can pass its limited data (e.g., user name) back to
the web server on subsequent visits but cannot gather additional
information.
COORDINATING – means interrelating the various parts of the work.
COORDINATION REPORT – a report which is used as a means of formal
coordination to be made by the investigating agency with the police unit

or military unit having operational jurisdiction over the place where a

police case operation shall be conducted.
COPS – refers to Community Oriented Policing System. It is the deploying
of policemen in police blocks to provide police and public safety
services. It also involves the breaking down of large and impersonal
police departments into small units to create a series of mini-police
precincts, which are responsive to the smaller communities.
COPYRIGHT - an exclusive right granted or conferred by the government
on the creator of a work to exclude others from reproducing it, adapting
it, distributing it to the public, performing it in public, or displaying it
in public. Copyright does not protect an abstract idea; it protects only
the concrete form of expression in a work. To be valid, a copyrighted
work must have originality and possess a modicum of creativity.
CORDITE – a nitro glycine smokeless powder used mainly in England.
CORE – a point on a ridge formation usually located at the center or heart
of a pattern.
CORONER – a district officer whose function is to inquire into the
circumstances and causes of any violent or sudden death (with
suspicion) occurring within his jurisdiction; often referred to as the
“Coroner’s Inquest”.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT – also known as physical punishment.
CORPORATE CRIME – illegal acts or omissions which are the result of
deliberate decision-making or culpable negligence within a corporation.
CORPORATISM – a word used to describe an approach to criminal justice
based on centralization, government intervention and cooperation of
agencies and professionals working towards common goals. Typically,
it has also been associated with the use of targets, and prescribed ways
of working.
CORPSE – a dead body, commonly of a human being.
CORPUS – mean “body”.

CORPUS DELICIT – literally it means the body of a crime; the substance

of the crime or the vital evidences that established the essential
elements of an offense or felony.
CORRECTION – a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with
the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is
the field of criminal justice administration, which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government and the society in the
general involving the processes of handling individuals who have been
convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
CORRESPONDENCE – communication by means of letters, or it may refer
to the letters which pass between those who have friendly or business
relations.
CORROBORATE – to add credibility by evidence.
CORROBORATING EVIDENCE – confirmation by further evidence:
seconding or conforming initial evidence; additional evidence of a
different kind and character tending to prove the same point as that of
previously offered evidence.
CORROSION – the chemical wear and tear of the inside of the gun barrel
due to rust formation or chemical action of the byproducts of
combustion after firing.
CORROSIVE LIQUID – any liquid that causes fire when in contract with
organic matter or with certain chemicals.
CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS – a committed by a public official
by means of bribery considering the following elements 1) the person
receiving the bribe is a public officer, 2) Said officer shall have actually
received, either personally or through another, gifts or presents, or
accepted offers or promises; 3) Such reception or acceptance shall have
been for the purpose of executing an act, which may or may not be
accomplished, but not constituting a crime; and 4) the person offering
the gift or making the promises shall be a private individual.

COSA NOSTRA – literally means “one thing”, a term signifying organized

crime, and one of the variety of names for the mafia, the outfit, the mob,
the syndicate, or the organization.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE – a kind of intelligence that covers the activity
devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and
to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
COUNTERFEIT – to copy or imitate without authority, with intent to
deceive or to defraud by passing the imitation for the genuine.
COUNTERFEITING - is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false
coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy of; or imitate;
to make a spurious semblance of, as money or stamps, with the intent
to deceive or defraud.
COUNTERMEASURES – are actions taken or a physical entity used to
reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. The cost of possible
countermeasures may be monetary, but may also include non-
monetary cost such as reduced operational efficiency, adverse publicity
unfavorable working conditions, and political consequences.
COUNTERSIGN – to verify by an additional signature.
COURIER – the person delivering any ransom or other item demanded by
the offender.
COURT – persons appointed under law and vested with the power of
rendering judgments, issuing writs and hearing appeals
COURT DIVERSION – an initiative to divert some people who use drugs
away from courts and the criminal justice system into treatment or
education programs.
COURT MARTIAL – a military court for the enforcement of the military
regulations.
COVER – the means by which an individual group of organization conceals
the true nature of its acts and or existence from the observer.

COVER STORY – a biographical data through fictional that will portray

the personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the
operation
COVER SUPPORT – an agent assigned in target areas with the primary
mission of supporting the cover story.
COVERT – covered; protected; clandestine.
COVERT INTELLIGENCE – is the secret procurement of information,
which is obtained without the knowledge of the person or persons
safeguarding vital intelligence interest.
CRACK – a very pure form of cocaine obtained by heating cocaine powder
combined with baking soda (freebasing) and sold in the form of small
crystals or rocks.
CRAZING OF GLASS – the formation of irregular cracks in glass due to
rapid intense heat- possibly when accelerate is used.
CREDIBILITY – worthiness of belief.
CREDIBLE WITNESS – competent witness.
CREMATION – the reduction of a corpse to ashes.
CRIME – an act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point;
an anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to
the norms of society; they are the unacceptable acts in its social
definition; an act, which is considered undesirable due to behavioral
maladjustment of the offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or
abnormal behaviors. It is also a generic name that refers to offense,
felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.
CRIME ANALYSIS – is the use of systematic analytical methods to acquire
timely and pertinent information on crime patterns and trend
correlations; subdivided into administrative, strategic, and tactical
analysis.
CRIME COUNT – the number of offences occurring within a given referent
of time and space.

CRIME FLUX – a concept that defines the crime rate as a product of the
prevalence of victims in the population, and the frequency with which
they are victimized.
CRIME LABORATORY – a scientific organization that analyzes material
collected from crime scenes and suspects to help determine whether a
crime was committed and, if so, how, when, and by whom it was
committed.
CRIME MARKETS – a market that deals specifically with the acquisition,
distribution and consumption of illegal goods and services.
CRIME PATTERN – a crime characteristic in which the same crime is
committed repeatedly over a short period of time, sometimes by the
same offender.
CRIME RATE – the measure that gives an index of crime occurring in a
particular jurisdiction for a specific time period.
CRIME SCENE – also called “locus criminis”; the location at which a
suspected criminal offense has occurred.
CRIME SCENE RELEASE – the end of crime scene processing and the
return of the premises or area to the owner or another responsible
person; determined by the scene coordinator.
CRIME SCENE SKETCH – a measured drawing of a scene, showing the
location of all the important items, particularly physical evidence.
CRIME STATISTICS – the accounts that the State compiles of the actions
of its agencies concerning those acts which the law prescribes.
CRIMEN FURTI – larceny or theft
CRIMEN INCENDI – arson or incendiary fire
CRIMEN MAJESTATIS – treason
CRIMEN OMNIA EX SE NATA VITIAT – crime vitiates everything, which
springs from it.
CRIMEN TRAHIT PERSONAM – the crime carries the person.
CRIMES BY IMITATION – are crimes committed by merely duplicating of
what was done by others.

CRIMES BY PASSION – are crimes committed because of the fit of great

emotions.
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY – a study which include the scientific analysis of
the causes of crime and the study of criminal behavior. This is more
accurately known under the area called Criminal Sociology.
CRIMINAL HOMICIDE – unlawful taking of another’s life in such a
manner that he dies within a year and one day from the time the mortal
wound is inflicted.
CRIMINAL INFORMANT – an informant who give information to the police
pertaining to the underworld about organized criminals with the
understanding that his identity will be protected
CRIMINAL INSANITY – a mental state that precludes understanding of
the criminal nature of the act committed.
CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS – the identification of and
provision of insight into the relationship between crime data and other
potentially relevant data with a view to police and judicial practice.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – a study which pertains to the processes of
crime detection and the identification of criminal offenders. It is the
collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims – to identify
the guilty party; to locate the guilty party; and to provide evidence of
his (suspect) guilt.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR – a public safety officer who is tasked to
conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and
embodied under the law.
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION – the authority to hear and try a particular
offense and impose the punishment for it.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTITIONER – a person who deals in the broad
areas of law enforcement, courts and corrections. His work may include
police work; probation or parole work; or counseling and correctional
work in correctional institutions.

CRIMINAL LAW – one that defines crime, treats of their nature and
provides for their punishment. Punishment, in this sense, refers strictly
to the penalty imposed.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY – the law provides that a person may be held
criminally liable even if the injurious result be greater than that
intended, provided these requisites concur: 1) an intentional felony has
been committed; and 2) the wrong done to the victim be the direct,
natural, and logical consequence of the felony committed.
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE – consists in the failure to take such
precautions or advance measures in the performance of an act as the
most common prudence would suggest, whereby injury is caused to
persons or to property.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – a generic term used to describe the network of
laws and rules which govern the procedural administration of criminal
justice.
CRIMINAL PROFILING – is the process of inferring distinctive personality
characteristics of individuals who commit crimes.
CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMICS – the study of mental process of criminals
in action
CRIMINALIST – one who study criminalistics or forensic science. He is
a physical scientist who uses scientific methods and techniques to find
and interpret physical evidence. His interest is concerned with
criminalistic tools which includes DNA, blood, fingerprints, ballistics,
etc. They rely on scientific findings and techniques used in a particular
field and apply them within a legal framework.
CRIMINALISTICS – is the application of scientific disciplines, such as
geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, to criminal
investigation and the study of physical evidence.
CRIMINOGENESIS – is also known as criminal etiology; the study focused
on the causes of crimes.

CRIMINOGENIC PROCESSES – it explains human behavior and the

experiences which help the nature of a persons' personality as
reaching mechanism. Factors and experiences in connection thereto
infringe differently upon different personalities producing conflict
which is the aspect of crime.
CRIMINOLOGIST – a person who study criminology. He is more
concerned with the scientific aspects of crimes in relation to criminal
justice. He analyzes crime and criminal behaviors and attempts to
provide explanations as to who commits crime and why they do it. He
also analyzes a criminal’s behavior and the methods he or she employs
and develops profiles of criminals and their behavior using research
and studies that examine psychological behavior, social issues,
environmental factors, education levels and biological factors.
CRIMINOLOGY – is the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and
crime as a social phenomenon. This is the general and more traditional
meaning of criminology. However, there are other definition of
criminology suggested by some modernist such as criminology may
refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of analyzing
scientifically their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.
CRIMINOLOID – a term used by Lombroso to describe occasional
criminals who are influenced primarily by environmental factors; those
who commits crime due to less physical stamina or self-control. A
criminal type qualitatively similar to the born criminal but differing
quantitatively from him —who had become a criminal more from
precipitating external factors than from predisposing internal ones.
CRIMP – that part of mouth of a case that in turned in upon the Bullet. It
aids in holding the bullet in place, it offers resistance to the movement
of the bullet out of the neck which affects the burning of the gunpowder.
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY – is a perspective in criminology that deals with
the genesis of crime and the nature of social injustice and inequalities.
The study focuses on law and punishment where crime is viewed as

interconnected and part of a system of social inequalities. Critical

criminologists deal on the account of contextual factors of crime such
as oppression of workers, class division, ethnic minorities, women,
sexism, and racism.
CRITICALITY – is the impact of a loss as measured in financial terms; in
terms of the survival or existence of the organization.
CROSS EXAMINATION – the examination by the adverse party of the
witness as to any matter stated in the direct examination, or connected
therewith, with sufficient fullness and freedom from interest or bias, or
the reverse, and to elicit all important facts bearing upon the issue.
CROSS PROJECTION – a method of crime-scene sketching allowing for a
3-dimensional view of the scene.
CROSS REFERENCE – a cross reference is a notation put into a file to
indicate that a record to not store in that file but in the file specified on
the cross-reference. A cross-reference is somewhat like a directional
sign. It tells the filer or searcher where to find the needed material.
CROSS-EXAMINATION – in a trial, the questioning of a witness who was
initially called by the opposing party.
CROWD – consists of a body of individual people with no organization, no
single partnership. Each individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and
ruled by reason. All the participants have been thrown by circumstance
into a crowd for some common purpose that may give them at least one
thing in common.
CRUELTY – deliberate intention to prolong physical suffering of the victim.
CRYOGENIC – Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a
result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in
temperature of the immediate surroundings.
CRYPTANALYSIS – the process of accessing secured information by
breaking encryption; in computers, often done intrusively with
cryptanalysis software.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY – a component of communication security

which results from the provisions of technically sound crypto-system
and their proper use.
CRYPTOGRAPHY – the use of simple ciphers and codes to protect the
security of messages
CRYSTAL METH – a slang name for crystalline methamphetamine.
CULTURAL CRIMINOLOGY – a distinct theoretical, methodological and
interventionist approach to the study of crime that places criminality
and its control in the context of culture; that is, it views crime and the
agencies and institutions of crime control as cultural products—as
creative constructs. As such they must be read in terms of the
meanings they carry.
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY – a theory that views crime as one
resulting from man’s cultural values that permit and allow crime and
delinquency to happen or even demand behavior that violate the laws.
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION - handling down of delinquency as a socially
learned behavior, transmitted from one generation to the next
especially among depressed and disorganized urban areas.
CULTURE CONFLICT THEORY – explains that different groups have
different conduct norms, and the conduct norm of one group may be in
conflict with those of another. Adherence to one’s own norm would
violate the norm of another group.
CUMULATIVE EVIDENCE – additional evidence of the same kind bearing
on the same point.
CUMULATIVE QUESTION – a question which has already been asked and
answered.
CUNEIFORM – refers to the first forms of writing through pictographic
system, with symbols representing objects.
CURTAIN BOARD – a vertical panel of non- combustible or fire resistive
materials attached to and extending bellow the bottom chord if the roof

trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments

so that the heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof event.
CUSTODIA LEGIS – a thing is in “custodia legis” when it is shown that it
has been and is subjected to the official custody of a judicial executive
officer in pursuance of his execution of a legal writ.
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION – an investigation conducted by law
enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his
freedom of action. It includes invitation to a person who is being
investigated in connection with an offense.
CUSTODIAL MODEL - a model for prison management based on the
assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated for the protection
society and for the purpose in incapacitation, deterrence and
retribution. It emphasizes maintenance and security and order through
the subordination of the prisoner to the authority of the warden.
Discipline is strictly applied and most aspect of behavior is regulated.
CUSTODY – is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security
measures to ensure security and control within the prison.
CYBERCRIME – criminal activities which take place in a “virtual” space
using networked technologies. They cut across national boundaries,
which has implications for law enforcement and punishment.
CYBERSTALKING – the crime of harassing or threatening victims by
means of electronic technologies (e.g., through e-mail and Internet chat
rooms or news groups).
CYBERTERRORISM – the use of electronic tools to disrupt or shut down
critical infrastructure components, such as energy, transportation, and
government operations.
CYCLICAL CRIMES – offenses that occur or recur in certain patterns of
regularity.
CYCLOID – a term used by Kretschmer to describe a particular
relationship between body built and personality type.
CYLINDER – serves as chamber and magazine and a revolver.

CYLINDER NOTCH – it helps hold cylinder in place and aligned ready for
firing.
CYLINDER STOP – stops and holds the cylinder alignment for firing.
D
DACTYLOGRAPHY – the scientific study of fingerprints
DACTYLOGRAPHY – the study and comparison of fingerprints as a means
of criminal identification; first used systematically for that purpose in
England in 1900, but a means of identification since the first century.
DACTYLOSCOPY – identification of persons through examination and
comparison of fingerprint. The term is derived from the Greek words
dactylos – a finger and skopien – to examine
DACTYLOSCOPY – the study of fingerprints as means of personal
identification.
DAMPER – a normally open device installed inside an air duct system
which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
DAUBERT STANDARD – a test in scientific acceptability applicable to
gathering of evidence in criminal cases.
DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM – a French sociologist, famous for his work on
the “Anomie Theory” which focused on the sociological point of the
positivist school which explains that the absence of norms in a society
provides a setting conductive to crimes and other anti-social acts.
DE FACTO - in fact.
DE FUTURO - in the future.
DE INTEGRO - as regards the whole.
DE JURE - rightful, by right.
DEADLY WEAPON – a weapon which is designed for the destruction of life
or inflicting an injury.

DEATH – is the termination of life. It is the complete cessation of all the

vital functions without possibility of resuscitation.
DEATH BY ASPHYXIA – all forms of violent death which results primarily
from the interference with the process of respiration or to condition in
which the supply of oxygen to the blood or tissue or both has been
reduced below normal level.
DEATH CAUSED IN A TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY – when several persons,
not composing groups organized for the common purposes of
assaulting and attacking each other reciprocally, quarrel and assault
each other in a confused and tumultuous manner and in the course of
the affray someone is killed and it cannot ascertain who actually killed
the deceased but the persons who inflicted serious physical injuries can
be identified, such person shall be punished.
DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED UNDER EXCEPTIONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES – any legally married person who having caught his
spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another, shall
kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or
shall inflict upon them any serious injuries, shall suffer the penalty of
destierro.
DEBRIEFING – the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has
information at the direction of or under the control of the friendly
intelligence service.
DECEDENT – the term applied to the person whose property is transmitted
through succession, whether or not he left a will.
DECLASSIFY – is the removal of security classification from classified
matter.
DECOY – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy
whenever surveillant is burned.
DECRIMINALIZATION – a drug policy where possession of a drug for
personal use is treated as a misdemeanor rather than a criminal

offense. Often applied to substances considered to be less likely to

cause dependence.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING – a thinking process in which a particular
inference is drawn from a generalization in the absence of all the facts
or evidence.
DEFAMATION - libel, slander and any willful injury to the reputation of
another
DEFAULT - fault; neglect
DEFENSE COUNSEL – an attorney who represents the defendant in a legal
proceeding.
DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH THEORY – The idea that there is no impenetrable
barrier. Thus, security measures should be implemented at all times
with the integration of series of systems and barriers.
DEFORMITY- is meant physical ugliness, permanent and definite
abnormality. It must be conspicuous ad visible.
DELAYING RELEASE – a crime committed by a public officer or employee
who delays for the period of time, the performance of any judicial or
executive order for the release of a prisoner or unduly delays the
services of the notice of such order to said prisoner.
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY – is the conferring of an amount of
authority by a superior position onto a lower-level position. The person
to whom authority is delegated becomes responsible to the superior for
doing the assigned job. However, the delegators remain accountable for
accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and quality standards
of the agency.
DELIBERATE – carefully considered; willful; intentional violation of law;
with premeditation.
DELINQUENCY – any action; course or conduct that deviates from acts
approved by the majority of people. It is a description of those acts that
do not conform to the accepted rules, norms and mores of the society.

DELIRIUM – severe impairment of information processing in the brain

affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and
thinking.
DELTA – a point on the first ridge formation at or directly in front or near
the center of the divergence of the type lines.
DELUSION - a false belief based on an incorrect inference about external
reality and firmly sustained despite clear evidence to the contrary, and
which is not related to cultural or religious beliefs
DEMAND DRAFT – a bank transaction wherein a client of a bank will buy
or purchase a demand draft to be presented to its branch.
DEMAND REDUCTION – a strategy, policy or program aimed to reduce
consumer demand for controlled substances.
DEMEANOR EVIDENCE – behavior of a witness on the witness stand
during trial to be considered by the judge on the issue of credibility.
DEMENTIA – the deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing
brain maturation. There is a defect in the process of acquiring
knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgment.
DEMENTIA PRAECOX — a collective term of mental disorder usually that
begins shortly after puberty and leads to general failure of the mental
faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment.
DEMOCRACY – a form of government which is directed according to the
will of the people.
DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP – leadership that consult and involve
workers wherever feasible and appropriate; it builds of individuals,
rather than robots.
DEMOGRAPHY – the study of the characteristics of population groups
usually expressed in statistical fashion.
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY – a theory which explains that some
individuals are possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused their evil
behavior.

DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE – an evidence that has tangible and

exemplifying purpose.
DEMURRER – a denial of the defendant that the allegations of the
declaration, even if true, would legally constitute a cause for action; a
plea for the dismissal of a law suits in the grounds that even if the
statements of the opposition are true, they do not sustain to claim
because they are insufficient or otherwise legally defective.
DENSITY GRADIENT TECHNIQUE – a technique commonly used to
compare and analyze soil evidences.
DENTAL IDENTIFICATION – the identification of an individual on the
basis of dental records; performed by a forensic dentist, who compares
before-death records with after-death findings to see if there is a match.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) – a nucleic acid consisting of the
molecules that carry the body's genetic material and establish each
person as separate and distinct.
DEPARTMENT RULES – are rules established by department
directors/supervisors to control the conduct of the members of the
police force.
DEPAUCHERY – excessive hedonistic pleasure: a sexual immortality or
the unlawful excessive indulgence of lust in the form of sexual activity.
DEPENDENT CHILD – a child without a parent, guardian, or custodian
and is dependent upon the public support.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
extreme dependence on other people – there is acute discomfort and
even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
DEPRESSANT DRUGS – are groups of drugs that reduces activity in the
central nervous system.
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS – a group of illnesses characterized by a
depressed mood, low self-esteem and a reduced interest or pleasure in
regular activities, over a prolonged period of time, which affects a
person's everyday life.

DEPTH OF CHAR – depth of burning wood used to determine length of

burn thereby locating the point of origin of fire.
DERISION – scorn or mockery; ridicule
DESCRIPTION – the actual and factual reporting of one’s observation of
he reported sensory experience recounted by another.
DESIGNER DRUG – are synthetic analogues of illicit drugs, developed to
circumvent drug laws.
DESTIERRO – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he
committed a crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-
kilometer perimeter.
DETECTIVE BEAT – refers to a contiguous area where a team of police
investigators is assigned with a specific task of conducting follow-up
investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals, and other requests
with the end-in-view of full compliance and/or the filling of a case.
DETENTION PRISONERS – those detained for investigation, preliminary
hearing, or awaiting trial. A detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners
under the jurisdiction of Courts.
DETERRENCE - a strategy of punishment associated with the Classical
School. Deterrence can be either specific, punishing an individual so
that she will not commit a crime again, or general, punishing an
individual to set an example to society, so that others will not commit
the same crime.
DETOUR – a diversion from the usual travelled roadway either a crossover
from one multi-lane roadway to another (within the highway right-of-
way), or a route detour.
DETOXIFICATION – is the process of removing drugs from the body by
allowing them to metabolize over time. Often the initial stage of drug
treatment.
DICTUM – formal statement made by the judge; a judge’s statement or
opinion on some legal point other than the principle issue of the case.
Such statement is usually utilized as illustration or argument.

DIE - in hand loading ammunition, any number tools used to sized bullets
and shells.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY – a theory which explains that
criminal behavior is learned and not inherited, and learned through
interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY – a theory which explains that
society leads the lower class to want things and society does things to
people. Ohlin claimed that there is differential opportunity, or access,
to success goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means depending
on the specific location of the individual within the social structure.
Thus, lower class groups are provided with greater opportunities for the
acquisition of deviant acts.
DIGAMY – a valid second marriage.
DIGITAL FORENSIC ANALYSIS – the process of acquiring, preserving,
analyzing, and presenting evidentiary electronic data relevant to an
investigation or prosecution.
DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY – used in reference to
person of ordinary or average diligence. To determine that diligence, we
must use as a basis the abstract average standard corresponding to a
normal orderly person. Anyone who uses diligence below this standard
is guilty of negligence.
DIP TANK – a tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in
which articles or materials are immersed for the purposed of coating,
finishing, treating or similar processes.
DIRECT EVIDENCE – an evidence that proves the fact in issue without
aid of inference or presumptions.
DIRECT EXAMINATION – in a trial, the questioning of a witness by the
party that calls the witness to testify; the interrogation of a witness by
the party, who called him.
DIRECT MOTION – an action of the expensive force of gases out of the
burning powder.

DIRECT SUPPORT SERVICE PROVIDER – any person, whether from the

public or private sector, who provides or assists in the delivery of
services that directly benefit the child victim/ survivor of trafficking.
DIRECTING – task of making decisions and embodying them in specific
and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the
enterprise
DISASTER – an exceptional, damaging or destructive event which causes
serious loss, destruction, hardship, unhappiness, injuries or deaths.
DISASTER SCENE/AREA – a region or a locale heavily damaged by either
natural hazards, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods,
earthquakes, technological hazards including nuclear and radiation
accidents, or sociological hazards like riots, terrorism or war. The
populations living there often experience a loss of energy supply, food,
services, and an increasing risk of disease.
DISCIPLINARY BOARD IN JAILS – is a board that is organized and
maintained within our local jails for the purpose of hearing disciplinary
cases involving violation of jail rules and regulations by the inmates.
DISCORDANT OR DISTURBED FAMILY – a pathogenic type of family
structure characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parents from
the relationship that may express feelings of frustration. This is usually
due to value differences as common sources of conflict and
dissatisfaction.
DISCREET SURVEILLANCE – subject person to be watch is unaware that
he is under observation
DISCRETION – individual judgment: wise use of one’s judgement.
DISCRIMINATION – the unfavorable treatment based on a person’s color,
age, sexuality, gender or ethnicity.
DISGUISED WRITING – a writer may deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of
their effectiveness are termed disguised writing.

DISHONESTY – is the concealment or distortion of truth in a matter of fact relevant

to one's office or connected with the performance of his duties.
DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT – consist of abandonment or renunciation
of one's loyalty to the government, or advocating the overthrow of the
government.
DISPLACEMENT – shift of criminal activity from one spatial location to
another.
DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS – based on procedural rules and may be
overcome by evidence to the contrary.
DISPUTE – a controversy; a disagreement.
DISPUTED DOCUMENT – it suggest that there is an argument or
controversy over the document, and strictly speaking this is true
meaning. In this text, as well as through prior usage, however,
“disputed document” and “questioned document” are used
interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.
DISQUALIFY - to incapacitate; ineligible for office.
DISRUPTED FAMILY – a pathogenic type of family structure characterized
by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or
some other circumstances.
DISSENT – disagree; holding a separate opinion.
DISTILLATION – the process of fire raising the temperature to separate
the move volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the result vapor so as to produce a nearly purified
substance.
DISTRICT – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes,
usually with its own station.
DIVERGING RIDGES – are two ridges running side by side and suddenly
separating, one ridge going one way and the other ridge, another way.
DIVERSIFICATION - is an administrative device of correctional
institutions of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants for

the more effective custody, security and control of the treatment

programs of its diversified population.
DIVERSION - a discrete intervention to channel the mentally ill disordered
offender away from the judicial process and penal system into the
health care system. It is also an alternative, child-appropriate process
of determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict
with the law on the basis of his/her social, cultural, economic,
psychological or educational background, without resorting to formal
court proceedings.
DIVERSION PROGRAM – a program that the child in conflict with the law
is required to undergo after he/she is found responsible for an offense
without resorting to formal court proceedings.
DIVERSION ROUTE – is a route where a driver is required to depart
completely from the normal route and is directed to use an alternate
route.
DIVISION – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
DNA TYPING – is the process of isolating and reading deoxyribonucleic
acid-a genetic blueprint unique to every human (except for identical
twins), which can be used as a means of criminal identification. Also
called DNA fingerprinting.
DOCTRINE OF INFORMER PREVILEGE – a legal principle recognizing
that an informer/confidential informant’s identity should not be
disclosed during trial if such disclosure would result in retaliation to
the informer/confidential informant.
DOCUMENT - a written instrument in which is recorded matter which may
be used as evidence in court; any material containing marks,
symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible that may present or
ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil,
ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.

DOCUMENT EXAMINER – a person who studies scientifically the details

and elements of documents in order to identify their source or to
discover other facts concerning them.
DOCUMENT SECURITY – this involves the protection of documents and
classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage,
theft and compromise through disclosure.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE - those consisting of writing or any material
containing letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of
written expression offered as proof of its contents.
DOGMATISM – is a trait that regards legitimate authority as absolute and
accepts or rejects others based on their acceptance of authority. A
person high in dogmatism sees the world as a threatening place
DOLI CAPAX – capable of evil intent.
DOLI INCAPAX – incapable of crime.
DOMAIN – the absolute ownership of land.
DOMESTIC TERRORISM – the use or threatened use of violence against
persons or property by a group or an individual whose operations are
entirely within the victims' nation, without foreign direction, and are
done to further political or social objectives.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE – any form of physical assault, sexual abuse, rape,
threats and intimidation. It may also be accompanied by other forms of
intimidation such as degradation, mental and verbal abuse humiliation
and systemic criticism
DOMICILE – customary or permanent dwelling place, home, residence.
Taken in a legal frame of reference, domicile refers to “one’s official or
legal residence”.
DOMINIUM – ownership.
DOPAMINE – a brain chemical produced naturally by certain brain cells.
Specific drugs may block specific effects of dopamine, act like dopamine
at specific receptor sites or increase the availability of dopamine.

DOUBLE ACTION – a weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both

cocks and releases the hammer.
DOUBLE ACTION REVOLVER – a type of handgun which needs a long
pull on the trigger to cause the hammer to rock and fall without the
need of touching the hammer with the thumb.
DOUBLE APPROACH CONFLICT – a type of conflict where a person is
motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued
simultaneously.
DOUBLE BASE – a powder containing nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin as
the principal explosive ingredients.
DOUBLE BOND – the bond which carries a penalty for its non-fulfillment
DOUBLE JEOPARDY – the defense in a criminal action that the defendant
has previously been tried for the same offense as now charged.
DOUBLE LINE – a pavement marking used on two-way, undivided
roadways to inform the driver of a "no-passing" zone in both directions
of travel.
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL – is a fingerprint pattern consisting of two
separate and distinct loop formations. Symbolized by letter “D” in the
classification.
DOUGLAS MACARTHUR – son of Gen. Arthur Macarthur. He was an
American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War
II. He oversaw the successful Allied occupation of post-war Japan and
led United Nations forces in the Korean War. He served as chief of staff
of the Army and field marshal of the Philippines, where he helped
organize a military. During World War II, he famously returned to
liberate the Philippines in 1944 after it had fallen to the Japanese.
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR - was a famous management professor in the field
of personal development and motivational theory. He is best known for
his development of the Theory X and Theory Y, a leadership theory on
two different leadership styles.
DOWNSTROKE – the movement of the pen toward the writer.

DRAFT – a promissory note signed by the client of the bank.

DRAGNET OPERATION – is a police operation purposely to seal off the
probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime scene to prevent
their escape.
DRILLING – a three barrel gun, popular in Europe, which usually
combines smooth bores and rifled bores.
DRIVEWAY – a private road giving access from a public way to a building
or property on abutting grounds.
DROP – any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where
police undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting
purposes.
DROP SHOT – it means soft shot.
DRUG DEPENDENCE – a condition that occurs when a drug is central to
a person's life, they have trouble cutting down their use and experience
symptoms of withdrawal when trying to cut down. Can be physical or
psychological, or both.
DRUG INDUCED PSYCHOSIS – a disorder of the mind that occurs as a
result of substance misuse. Drug induced psychosis is characterized
by a range of symptoms, including hallucinations (most commonly
auditory), paranoia or feelings of being persecuted, physical agitation
or stupor, and intense emotions such as fear, ecstasy or depression.
DRUG MISUSE – also called “drug abuse”. The use of any drug for
purposes not consistent with legal regulations or medical guidelines.
This includes risky alcohol consumption, the hazardous or non-medical
use of prescription or over-the-counter medications, and illicit drug
use.
DRUG PREVENTION – refers to programs, services or other measures
designed to prevent harmful drug use. There are three levels of drug
prevention: primary prevention (preventing uptake of drug use),
secondary prevention (preventing problematic and/or increased drug

use) and tertiary prevention (reducing use and harms associated with
drug use).
DRUG TESTING – is the analysis of body fluids (such as blood, urine or
saliva), hair or other tissue for the presence of one or more psychoactive
substances.
DRY STANDPIPE – a type of standpipe system in which are normally not
filled with water. Water is introduced into the system through fire
service connection when needed.
DUCT SYSTEM – a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW – the regular procedure in the administration of
law; a procedure that is done under the authority of a law that is valid;
the requirement that no person shall be held to answer for a criminal
offense without “due process of law” simply requires that the
procedures fully protect the life, liberty, and property of the citizens in
the State.
DUEL – it is a formal or regular combat previously concerted between two
parties in the presence of two or more seconds of lawful age on each
side, who make the selection of arms and fix all the other conditions of
the fight.
DUPLICITY – the technical fault of using more than one of cause of action
in a declaration or more than one defense in any subsequent pleading;
fraud
DURESS – coercion or compulsion: as “confession signed under duress”.
The use of mental compulsion to obtain information; usually involving
the imposition of restrictions or restraints on physical behavior.
DURHAM RULE – a standard for judging legal insanity which hold that an
accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the
product of mental disease or mental defect.
DUST – a finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.

DUTY MANUAL – a manual that describes the procedures and defines the
duties of officers assigned to specified post or position.
DWELLING – any building or structure exclusively devoted for rest and
comfort as distinguished from places devoted to business, offices, etc..,
DYAD – is the most basic form of interpersonal communication, an
encounter or conversation between two people.
DYING DECLARATION – a statement given by a victim who has proper
knowledge or his or her imminent death, and who actually dies after
the declaration; a declaration of a dying person, made under the
consciousness of an impending death.
E
EARL RICHARD QUINNEY – advocated the Instrumentalist Theory, a
Marxist capitalist rule idea. He argued that the state exists as a device
for controlling the exploited class – the class that labors for the benefit
of the ruling class. He claims that upper classes create laws that protect
their interest and the same time the unwanted behavior of all other
members of society.
EARNEST ALBERT HOOTON – a Physical Anthropologist, popularly
known in the field of criminology for his Criminal Physical Inferiority
Theory in his “The Asymmetrical Character of Human Evolution," in
which he argues that human development has not been uniform, but
rather that some traits have developed differently for different subsets
of people.
EASEMENT – the right to use the realty of another for a specific purpose
or to limit the use of someone else’s realty
ECONOMIC RECESSION - occur when the amount of goods and services
produced by a country’s economy falls in two successive quarters.

ECSTASY – is a street term for a range of drugs that are similar in

structure to the synthetic stimulant MDMA
(methylenedioxymethamphetamine). The chemical structure of MDMA
is related to stimulants (amphetamines) and some hallucinogens.
Drugs sold as "ecstasy" often contain a range of drugs such as
amphetamine, amphetamine derivatives, caffeine, aspirin,
paracetamol, ketamine, in addition to, or in place of MDMA.
ECTOMORPHS – a type of body built that is thin physique, flat chest, and
delicacy through the body, slender, poorly muscled. They tend to look
more fatigue and withdrawn.
EDGEWORK – the momentary integration of subcultural practices with
experiences of extreme risk and excitement.
EDMUND LOCARD – Developed the first official crime laboratory in the
world prominently known for the Locard Exchange Principle, whenever
two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are
exchanged.
EDWARD HENRY – introduced the Henry system of fingerprint
classification and filing upon which modern methods were based. The
Henry System with modifications and extensions is used in Europe and
most English-speaking countries today.
EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - developed the print classification system
that would come to be used in Europe and North America. He published
classification and uses of fingerprints. He became head of Scotland
Yard and adopted fingerprint identification in replacement of
anthropometry.
EDWIN SUTHERLAND – an American Sociologist known for his
Differential Association Theory (DAT) and for defining white-collar
crimes. He was referred to as “the most important criminologist of the
twentieth century” because his explanation about crime and criminal
behavior can be seen as a corrected extension of social perspective.

EGO – refers to the organized part of the personality structure that

includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive
functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of
the operations of the ego are conscious. It represents what may be
called reason and common sense, and acts on what Freud call “reality
principle”.
EGOTIST TECHNIQUES – an interrogation technique usually employed
against an interrogee who has displayed a weakness or a feeling of
insecurity. The interrogator described him as the best person, superior
or comrade.
EGRESS – a way of exiting or travelling away from a location. Is used when
describing which vehicle movements may be permitted at an
intersection (such as with an egress-only barrier). Is used when
describing the location of driveways and walkways which provide an
exit from a property.
EJECTOR – the mechanism in a firearm which causes the cartridge case
or shell to be thrown out from the gun.
ELECTRICAL ARC – an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by the
passage of an electric current across a space between two conductors
or terminal due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
ELECTRICAL HEAT ENERGY – one that produces heat when electric
current flows through a conductor or when a spark jumps on air gap.
ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGE – refers to information generated, sent,
received or stored by electronic, optical or similar means, but not
limited to, electronic data interchange, electronic mail, telegram, telex,
or telecopy.
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE – refers to any distinctive mark, characteristic
and/or sound in electronic form, representing the identity of a person
and attached to or logically associated with the electronic data message
or electronic document or any methodology or procedures employed or
adopted by a person and executed or adopted by such person with the

intention of authenticating or approving an electronic data message or

electronic document.
ELECTRONIC SURVIELLANCE – a method listening to and recording
spoken interactions by using devices that gather and amplify sound.
ELICITATION – a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value
is obtained through the process direct intercommunication in which
one or more of the parties to the common is unaware of the specific
purpose of the conservation.
ELONGATED BULLET – a bullet longer than an ordinary bullet; it is wide,
the opposite type from the round bullet.
ELTON MAYO – an Australian born psychologist, industrial researcher,
and organizational theorist, who developed the concept of the Human
Relations Theory. This theory explains that the needs of workers were
often based on sentiment that could lead to conflicts with managers,
who mainly focused on cost reduction and efficiency.
E-MAIL INTERCEPT – is an intelligence technique in which e-mail is
intercepted and analyzed to obtain information about terrorists,
pornographers, hackers, and other criminals and their crimes; requires
a showing of reasonable cause.
EMANCIPATE – it means to set free
EMANCIPATION – rendered free or set at liberty by his parents’ guardian,
or master, such as a child emancipated from his parents.
EMBER – a hot piece of lump that remains after a material has partially
burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames
EMBEZZLE – it means to misappropriate funds
EMBEZZLEMENT – a statutory offense and may be defined as the
fraudulent appropriation to one’s own use of money or goods entrusted
to one’s care by another; the fraudulent appropriation of property by a
person to whom it has been entrusted or into whose hands it has
lawfully come.

EMERGENCY – an unforeseen, unplanned combination of circumstances

or the resulting situation that calls for immediate action in order to
prevent or reduce damage or hazard.
EMINENT DOMAIN – government’s power to take private property for
public use whenever the public exigency requires it; which can be done
only on condition of providing a reasonable compensation therefore.
EMOTIONAL ABUSE – it encompasses the lack of love and affection, as
well as deliberate withholding of contact and approval, it may include
a steady diet of put downs, humiliation, name calling, lying, demanding
excessive responsibilities, and unrealistic expectations.
EMOTIONAL APPROACH – an interrogation technique in which the
interrogator appeals to the suspect's sense of honor, morals, family
pride, religion, etc.; works better with women and first-time offenders.
EMOTIONAL NEGLECT – this exist when the child is maltreated, raped
or seduced, exploited, overworked, or made to work under conditions
not conducive to good health, or are made to beg in the streets or public
places, or when children are in mortal danger, or exposed to gambling,
prostitution and other vices.
EMPHATY – the power to enter into the feelings of spirits of others
ENCRYPTION – a means of data security in which the data are scrambled
into nonsense for storage or transmission and then unscrambled, as
needed, by legitimate users.
ENCUMBRANCE – it includes every right or interest in the land which
exists in favor of third persons.
ENDOMORPHS – a type of body built with predominance of soft and
rounded throughout the regions of the body. They have low specific
gravity and commonly persons with typically relaxed and comfortable
disposition.
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION – changes whereby energy is absorbed or is
added before the reaction takes place.

ENERGY – In bullets, the amount of work done, at a given ranges

expressed in foot pounds.
ENERGY BARRIERS – it is the employment of mechanical, electrical,
electronic energy imposes a deterrent to entry by the potential intruder
or to provide warning to guard personnel.
ENGLISH RULE – a rule which states that crimes are triable in that
country, unless they merely affect things within the vessel or they refer
to the internal management thereof.
ENGRAVING – is the process by which the line to be printed are cut into
pieces of metal by hand or with a machine. Ink is rubbed over the plate
to fill the cuts in the metal and the extra ink wiped-off the top. The
pressure of the paper on the plate causes the ink in the holes to be
lifted on the surface of the paper. The ink lines will be felt to be raised
above the surface. The engraving process is used for the production of
all genuine bank notes.
ENRICO FERRI – the principal younger colleague of Lombroso, who coined
the term “born criminal.” He was an Italian criminologist and socialist,
worked on the social and economic factors to crimes, and authored
Criminal Sociology published in 1884.
ENTRAPMENT – deceiving or tricking a person into committing a crime
not contemplated by the individual; entrapment does not imply the
mere act of a police officer furnishing a person opportunity to violate
the law, where the criminal intent was already present.
ENVIRONMENT – it covers all external factors affecting living things such
as poverty, stress, age, presence of other disease or disability, changes
in the weather. Factors in the physical, biological and social
environment that that contribute to health-related conditions.
EPIDEMIOLOGY – the study of the distribution and determinants of states
of health and illness in human populations

EPILEPSY – any of various disorders marked by disturbed electrical

rhythms of the central nervous system and typically manifested by
convulsive attacks usually with clouding of consciousness
EPISODIAC CRIMINAL – a non-criminal person who commits crime when
under emotional stress.
EPISODIC CRIMES – are serial crimes, they are committed by a series of
criminal actions within a lengthy space of time.
ERASURE – the removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a
document is an erasure. It may be accomplished by either of two
means. A chemical eradication in which the writing is removed or
bleached by chemical agents (e.g. liquid ink eradicator); and an
abrasive erasure is where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a
rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp with
implement.
ERNEST BURGESS – an American Sociologist, prominent contributor as
Urban Sociologist, collaborated with Robert Ezra Park and came out
with Introduction to the Science of Sociology, which became one of the
most influential sociology books, even referred as the “Bible of
Sociology”. Also, an advocated the Social Disorganization Theory which
link crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics, youths from
disadvantaged neighborhood and sub culture.
ERNEST KRETSCHMER – a German psychiatrist, popular in the field of
criminology for his work on body physique and character which
advanced the theory that certain mental disorders were more common
among people of specific physical types.
EROSION – it is more or less gradual wearing away of rifling by
combustion gas and bullet friction.
EROTOMANIA – a morbid propensity to love or make love;
uncontrollable sexual desire by members of either sex.
ERROR IN PERSONAE – mistake in the identity of the victim.

ERROR OF JUDGMENT – an error of judgment is one, which the court

may commit in the exercise of its jurisdiction.
ERROR OF JURISDICTION – an error of jurisdiction renders an order or
judgment void or void able
ESPIONAGE – an act, without authority therefor, enters a warship, fort,
or naval or military establishment or reservation to obtain any
information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential nature
relative to the defense of the country spied upon; or being in possession,
by reason of the public office he holds, of the articles, data, or
information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their
contents to a representative of a foreign nation.
ESPOUSAL – mutual promise to marry
ESTOPPEL – the principle that precludes a person from asserting
something contrary to what is implied by a previous action or statement
of that person or by a previous pertinent judicial determination.
ET CETERA – other things of that type.
ETHICAL DOCTRINES – doctrines that define the fundamental principles
governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of
the police organization.
ETHICS – study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct.
Ethics is the study of how people treat each other, and what it means
to lead a good life. It is also the study of the philosophy of human conduct,
the basic principle of right and wrong, set, or system of moral principles;
Morals and ethics are used interchangeable.
ETHNICITY – the problem that arises from using the biological concept of
‘race’ to describe social phenomena has led some theorists to reject the
term ‘race’ in favor of ‘ethnicity’. Like the terms ‘race’ and ‘racism’,
‘ethnicity’ has no universally agreed definition. The term ethnicity
characterizes social groups based upon a shared identity rooted in
geographical, cultural, historical factors and migratory patterns.

ETHNOGRAPHY – the study of groups of people in their natural setting,

typically involving the researcher being present for extended periods of
time in order to collect data systematically about their daily activities
and the meanings they attach to them.
EUGÈNE FRANÇOIS VIDOCQ – was a French criminal and criminalist,
who became the founder and first director of the crime-detection Sûreté
Nationale and the head of the first known private detective agency. He
is also regarded as the first private detective.
EUGENICS – study of hereditary improvement by genetic control.
EUPHORIA – a sense of elation and commonly sought by people who use
drugs.
EUTHANASIA – the painless, peaceful death; the deliberate putting to
death painlessly of a person suffering from an incurable disease
EVALUATION – is the examination of raw information to determine
intelligence value, pertinence of the information, reliability of the source
and agency, and its credibility or truth of information.
EVERLASTING CASE – brass cartridge case from heavy stock intended for
extended reloading life.
EVIDENCE – is the means suctioned by the Rules of Court of ascertaining
in a juridical proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact; anything
that has been used, left, removed, altered or contaminated during the
commission of a crime by either the suspect or victim.
EVIDENT PREMEDITATION – carrying out the criminal intent with
deliberation, calculation or reflection through a period of time
sufficient, with passionate consideration of the final consequences
thereof, thus indicating a greater perversity.
EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE – it is a signature, signed at a particular time
and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was
at particular age, in a particular physical and mental condition, using
particular implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for
recording his name.

EVIDENTIARY PRIVILEGES – certain matters of communication that

defendants and other witnesses have a right to have barred from
disclosure in court; classified as professional, political, social, and
judicial.
EX CATHEDRA - with official authority.
EX FACIE – on the fact of it.
EX GRATIA – out of kindness, voluntary.
EX PARTE – proceeding brought by one person in the absence of another.
EX POST FACTO - by reason of a subsequent act.
EXASPERATION – an interrogation technique employed against hostile
type interrogee. The subject is placed in a longer period of interrogation
without rest or sleep. The interrogator permits the source to go to sleep
and subsequently awaken for another series of questioning, and done
repeatedly.
EXCLUSION AREA - an exclusion area is a restricted area which contains
a security interest to top secret importance, and which requires the
highest degree of protection.
EXECUTION - the term for the process by which judgments are enforced;
the final act necessary to make legal a document effective; the
enforcement of capital punishment
EXECUTIVE OR VIP SECURITY – are those measures taken by Agents,
Security Officers, Law Enforcement officers or an Agency /officers to
protect heads of state, foreign, national or local dignitaries, civilian or
military against any personal injury, assassination, sabotage, and
espionage. These may include the protection of any government or
civilian officials and individual utilized as government witnesses.
EXEMPLARS – specimen of the writing of suspects are commonly
known as exemplars. The term “standards” is a general term referring
to all authenticated writings of the suspects while exemplars refers
more especially to a specimens of standard writing offered in evidence
or obtained or request for comparison with the questioned writing.

EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES – are those grounds for exemption from

punishment because there is wanting in the agent of the crime any of
the conditions which make the act voluntary, or negligent.
EXEMPTION – freedom from taxation on certain property or a certain
amount of one’s income; freedom from military service; property which
may not legally levied upon or sold to satisfy a debt after judgment
EXHIBITIONISM – the exposure of the sex organ, under other
conventionally lawful circumstances, for sexual gratification;
commonly known as indecent exposure.
EXHUMATION – disinterment of a body from a tomb or grave
EXOTHERMIC REACTION – a reaction that release or give off energy thus
they produce substances will less energy than the reactants.
EXPARTE – action in behalf of one party only.
EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY – is a perspective in criminology that
heavily relies on experimental methods of research. It focuses on
random selection of social issues directed to evidenced-based crime and
justice policy.
EXPERIMENTAL DRUG USE – are experimental drug use is when a
person tries a drug once or twice out of curiosity.
EXPERT EVIDENCE – the testimony of one possessing knowledge not
usually acquired by other persons.
EXPERT WITNESS – a witness, who by reason of his special training or
experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a
certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in a court action.
EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT – it is punishment in the form of group
vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or
group.
EXPLOITATION – at the minimum, child prostitution, child pornography
and other forms of sexual exploitation, child labor, force labor or
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, removal and
sale of organs, use in illegal activities, and participation in armed

conflict. The hiring, employment, persuasion, inducement, or coercion

of a child to perform in obscene exhibitions and indecent shows,
whether live or in video or film or to pose or act as a model in obscene
publications or pornographic materials, or to sell or distribute said
materials.
EXPLOSION – a physical reaction characterized by the presence of high-
pressure gas, confinement of the pressure, rapid release of the
pressure, and change or damage to the confining structure, container,
or vessel as a result of the pressure release.
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS – any explosives-involved situation that
encompasses bombings, incendiary bombings, attempted bombings,
stolen and recovered explosives, threats to government facilities
involving explosives, hoax devices and bomb threats.
EXPRESSWAY – a divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or
partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major
intersections.
EXPULSION – a putting out; ejectment
EXTENUATE – blame others; acquit
EXTERIOR BALLISTICS – study of the motion of projectiles from the time
it leaves nuzzle of the gun, the sudden escape of the expanding gas
when it comes to instant contact with the air in the surrounding
atmosphere at nuzzle point.
EXTINCTIVE CRIMES – are crimes, the result of criminal act is
destruction.
EXTORTION – unlawful obtaining, usually by force, of money of property
from another; use of coercion, force, or fear, property is obtained from
others with his consent.
EXTRA JUDICIAL ADMISSION – admissions that are made out of the
court or in judicial proceeding other than the one under consideration.
EXTRACTING GROOVE – the circular groove near the base of the case or
hell designed for automatic withdrawal of the case after each firing.

EXTRACTOR – pulls the empty shells from the cylinder simultaneously.

EXTRADITION – a legal procedure by which a person who commits a
crime in one jurisdiction (country) and flees to another can be arrested
in the second jurisdiction (country) and returned to the original
jurisdiction to be tried for the charge.
EXTRAJUDICIAL – that which is done outside the course of regular
judicial proceedings
EXTRA-OFFICE PLANS – these are plans made to organize the
community to assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the fields
of traffic control, organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention.
EYE PIECE – a part of the bullet comparison microscope where the
examiner views the specimens.
EYE WITNESS - one who testifies as to what he has seen
F
FABRIC WEIGHT – affects the rate of combustion at which the textile
undergoes.
FACIAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS – manual kits or computer
programs for preparing a likeness of a suspect; creates a composite
from individual facial features.
FACIAL RECOGNITION SOFTWARE – any of various computer programs
that compare video images of persons' faces (taken by cameras at
arenas, airports, hotels, etc.) with mug shots of known offenders for the
purpose of identifying and apprehending wanted persons.
FACIENDUM – something which is to be done.
FACILITATOR – a person who makes easier; one who helps to bring about
and enhance.
FACSIMILE – exact copy of the original

FACTITIOUS DISORDERS – a group of mental disorders characterized by

intentionally creating, falsifying, or exaggerating psychological and/or
medical symptoms in order to gain the role of patient without any
obvious and conscious secondary gain.
FACTUM - an act or deed.
FACTUM PROBANDUM – is the ultimate fact sought to be established.
FACTUM PROBANS – is the evidentiary fact by which the ultimate fact is
to be established.
FAIT ACCOMPLI – a thing done or accomplished.
FALSE ARREST – unlawful physical restraint upon an individual of
another’s liberty; such restrictions could occur in prisons, jails, or other
maximum-security facilities.
FALSE KEYS – are genuine keys stolen from the owner or any keys other
than those intended by the owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by
the offender.
FALSIFICATION – the act or process of making the content/s of a
document not the intended content.
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT - factors which may have an influence on
offending including the level of parental supervision, the way parents
discipline a child, parental conflict or separation, criminal parents or
siblings, parental abuse or neglect, and the quality of the parent-child
relationship.
FEEDBACK – a transmission made by a station called in response to the
call received.
FELLATIO – contact of the mouth of a person with the penis of another
person.
FELONIOUS – malicious intent to commit a crime; an element here is
intent.
FELONY – is an act or mission that is punishable by the Revised Penal
Code).

FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY – a developing intellectual approach which

emphasizes gender issues in the subject matter of criminology.
FENCE – a buyer and seller of stolen property.
FENCING – is the act of any person who, with intent to gain for himself or
for another, shall buy, receive, posses, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or
dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal in any
article, item, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be
known to him, to have been derived from the proceeds of the crime of
robbery or theft.
FETISHISM – a sexual perversion involving an inanimate object, specific
body part; as the sole stimulator for sexual gratification.
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS – refers to the work of an investigator in the
field. It concerns mostly with the collection, marking, preservation,
packing and transmission of physical evidence for exhibits as fired
bullets, fired shells, firearms, and allied matters.
FIELD NOTES – a shorthand written record made by a police officer from
the time he or she arrives at a crime scene until the assignment is
completed.
FIELD PROCEDURE – procedures intended to be used in all situations of
all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field.
Examples of these procedures are those related to reporting, to
dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons, receiving
complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes.
FILE ROOM - a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a
vault but of bigger size to accommodate limited people to work on the
records inside.
FILIATION – is the civil status of the child in relation to its mother or
father.
FILING – filing is the actual placement of materials in a storage container,
generally a folder, according to a plan. It includes the process of

classifying, coding, arranging, and storage systematically so that they

may be located quietly when needed.
FILING MANUAL – filing manual is an instructional book containing
detailed information about various phases of filing and records
management including rules for the procedures used. Illustrations of
those procedures and examples of clerical details, such as folder
labeling, typing style, and material used, are usually included in the
manual.
FINAL JUDGMENT – a judgment which is not subject to appeal because
of a statutory determination or because the time for appeal has expired;
a judgment of the highest court in any jurisdiction; a judgment which
ends the legal preceding by resolving the controversy.
FINE – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
FINGERPRINT - is a composite of the ridge outlines which appears on the
skin surface of the bulbs on the inside of the end of joints of the fingers
and thumbs. The ridges appearing in a fingerprint are commonly
referred to as papillary or frictional ridges. The ridges have a definite
contour and appear in definite individual details by which positive
identification can be made.
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION – a file-and-retrieval system in which
various numbers and letters are assigned to fingerprints in a multi-step
process.
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS – are patterns formed by the ridge detail of
fingerprints; primarily loops, whorls, and arches.
FINISHES – are materials used as final coasting of a surface for
ornamental or protective purposes.
FIRE – the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light
of combustion.
FIRE ALARM – any visual or audible signal produce by a device or system
to arm the occupants of the building or fore fighting elements of the

presence or dander of fire to enable them to undertake immediate

action to save the file and property and to suppress the fire.
FIRE ANALYSIS – the process of determining the origin, cause, and
responsibility as well as the failure analysis of fire or explosion.
FIRE CAUSE – the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an
ignition source together with proper air or oxygen.
FIRE DOOR – a fire resistive door prescribed fir openings in fire separation
walls portions.
FIRE ENGINE – a heavy motor truck equipped with firefighting apparatus,
especially power-driven pumps for throwing water and chemical under
high pressure.
FIRE EXIT DRILL – a practice drill fir the orderly and safe evacuation for
occupants in a building.
FIRE FINISH – is a lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container at
which vapors are evolve fast enough to support continued flaming.
FIRE HAZARD – any condition or act which increases or may cause an
increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may
obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the
safeguarding of life and property.
FIRE INSPECTOR – a personnel of the Fire Service performing fire safety
and or fire prevention functions.
FIRE LANE – the portion of a roadway or public-way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operations of
the firefighting units.
FIRE POINT – is the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container
at which vapors are evolving fast enough to support continues
combustion.
FIRE PROTECTIVE ASSEMBLY – an assembly incorporated in a
structure designed to prevent the spread of fire, such as dampers,
curtain board, fire stoppers and the like.

FIRE PROTECTIVE SAFETY DEVICE – any device untended for the

protection of buildings or persons to include but limited to build-in
protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic
extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other
garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during fire.
FIRE SAFETY CONSTRUCTION – refers to design and installation of
walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress etc. integral to
and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize
danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before the building is
evacuated.
FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION – is the process of recreating the
physical scene during the fire scene analysis through the removal of
debris and the replacement of contents or structural elements in their
pre-fire position.
FIRE SPREAD – the movement of fire from one place to another.
FIRE TRAP – a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily
or because it lacks adequate exits or fire conditions.
FIRE WALL – a wall designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire
resistance rating of not less than four hours with sufficient structural
stability to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses
under fore condition.
FIREARMS EXAMINER – person working in the field of firearms
identification.
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION – is the science by which one can determine
whether or not a particular bullet was fired from a particular gun. In
its broad definition, it is knowledge with which one is able to reveal any
pertinent facts about firearms or ammunition which will assist in the
investigation of a crime or accident in which either in involved.

FIREWALL – in cyber security, it is a device or software program that acts

as a checkpoint between a network or stand-alone computer and the
Internet; blocks any incoming or outgoing data that do not fit specified
criteria.
FIRING PIN - part of the hammer, or part activated by the movement of
the hammer, which detonates the primer of the cartridge by striking it.
FIRST RESPONDERS – are members of the police, military, fire, medical
teams, and other volunteer organizations who are expected to be the
first to respond to calls for assistance in cases of incidents involving
explosives.
FIXATION – lack of developmental progress at some psychosocial stage
resulting in aging without psychosocial maturation. Early
conceptualizations of sexual offenders differentiated between those who
were fixated and related more easily to children than to adults.
FLAGELLATION – the act of whipping, especially related to a source of
sexual excitement. An act sometimes associated with sadomasochistic
acts.
FLAME RETARDANT – any compound, or mixture which when applied
properly improves the fire-resistant quality of fabrics and other
materials.
FLAMES – includes out gases in order to be sustained it should maintain
a high temperature.
FLASH FIRE – a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity, such as one that
races over dust, over the surface of flammable liquids, or through gases.
FLASH POINT – the minimum temperature at which any materials gives
off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with
air.
FLASHBACK – is the recurrence of a hallucinogenic experience without
recent use of a hallucinogen.
FLAT-POINT BULLET - One with a hollow point for the purpose of
increasing the mushrooming effect up on impact.

FOCUS GROUPS – a data collection method which takes advantages of the

dynamic interaction of groups to collect largely qualitative data.
FOLDER – the container in which papers or materials are kept in a filing
cabinet is called a folder. Popular materials used in making folders, are
manila, Kraft, plastic and pressboard. A miscellaneous folder is a folder
that contains has not accumulated is sufficient volume being removed
to its own specially labeled folder known as an individual.
FOLDING TRIGGER – a trigger hinged so that it can be folded forward
close to the underside of the frame.
FOLK DEVIL – as constructed by the mass media and public officials, a
public identity that comes to embody a larger sense of threat and social
insecurity.
FOLLOW THROUGH – part of aiming and firing in which the aim is
maintained after the shot is fired
FOLLOWER – a metal platform in a clip or magazine that pushes the
cartridge upward to the proper angle for feeding the chamber.
FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION – is the process of gathering information
after the generation of the incident report and until the case is ready
for prosecution; undertaken for cases receiving a supervisory
disposition for further investigation.
FOOT POUND – the amount of work required to raise one pound one foot
high against the force of gravity.
FOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS – impressions that result when footwear, feet,
or tires tread on a moldable surface such as earth, clay, or snow.
FOOTWEAR PRINTS – are prints that result when footwear, feet, or tires
contaminated with foreign matter such as mud, grease, or blood are
placed on a smooth, firm surface (e.g., a floor, a chair, paper). Also
called residue prints.
FORCIBLE ABDUCTION – Under Art 342, RPC, they are 1) the person
abducted has to be a woman, regardless of her age, morality and
reputation; 2) against her will; and 3) with lewd designs.

FORCING CONE - rear portion of the revolver barrel, at the cylinder end,
that is slightly tapered to make it easier for the bullet to enter the barrel
as it emerges from the cylinder charge hole
FORENSIC – pertaining to the courts.
FORENSIC ACCOUNTANTS – are accountants who specialize in analyzing
financial evidence and testifying as expert witnesses in cases of white-
collar crime.
FORENSIC BALLISTIC – the study of recovered projectiles to identify the
firearms which fired them. It could be better termed as firearms
identification. The science of investigation and identification of firearms
and ammunition used in crimes.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY – a branch of chemistry which deals with the
application of chemical principles in the solution of problems that arise
in connection with the administration of justice. It is chemistry applied
in the elucidation of legal problems.
FORENSIC DENTISTRY – a medical specialty that relates dental evidence
to investigation.
FORENSIC INTERVIEW – an informational, unbiased gathering of data of
a possible victim with the goal of accurate, and defensible findings
regarding a possible crime.
FORENSIC MEDICINE – pertains to medical jurisprudence
FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST – a physician who specializes in the study of
changes in the body tissues as a result of disease or death, and the
impact of such evidence of such legal cases, typically homicides; may
work with the coroner in determining the cause of death.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPH ANALYSIS – refers to the comparison of
photos from a security surveillance camera with file pictures of
suspects to identify a perpetrator or acquire information about him or
her.
FORENSIC SCIENCE – the study regarding “instrumentation” involving
the tools in crime detection and criminal identification.

FORESIGHT – act of looking forward; to see (as a development)

beforehand.
FORFEIT – loss of a right by default.
FORGERY - is a legal term which involves not only a non-genuine
document but also and intent to fraud; an act of falsely making or
materially altering, with intent to defraud, any writing which if genuine,
might be of legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability.
FORGING – a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing
its shape or dimensions.
FORMAL COMMUNICATION – is the process of sharing understanding
and information on common subjects. More precisely, it is an
intercourse between, through or more people by means of words, letters
symbols, or gestures for the purpose of exchanging information.
FORMAL INTERROGATION – the systematic attempt to exploit to an
appropriate depth those are of the interrogee’s knowledge which have
been identified in the screening process.
FORMAL LEADERSHIP – is the process of exercising influence from a
position of formal authority in an organization.
FORNICATION – the sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried
person.
FORTUITOUS – it means accidental, such as a fortuitous event – one
depending upon chance.
FORUM SHOPPING – act of filling the same suit in different courts. It is
an act of malpractice that is proscribed and condemned as trifling with
the courts and abusing their processes. It is improper conduct that
tends to degrade the administration of justice.
FOULING – the accumulation of a deposit within the bore of firearm
caused by solid by-products remaining after a cartridge is fired.
FOUNTAIN PEN – is a modern nib which contains a reservoir of ink in a
specially designed chamber.

FRANCIS GALTON – published several works in fingerprints and took

great interest in establishing their uniqueness. He attempted to
calculate the improbability of two persons having the same fingerprints
and defined the basic patterns used in the present-day methods of
fingerprint since been referred to as Galton Details or ridge
characteristics. He was responsible for developing the first statistical
study proving the uniqueness of fingerprints
FRANCIS WALSINGHAM - under Queen Elizabeth, organized the first
National Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the staff of the
Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and able to obtain
information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment,
forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless
assassins.
FRANÇOIS DEMELLE – the first to publish the treatise on systematic
document examination 1609 in France.
FRANÇOIS-MARIE AROUET - also known by his pen name VOLTAIRE -
a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for
his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic
Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
and separation of church and state. He was the most versatile of all
philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of shame was a
deterrent to crime. He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.
FRANKPLEDGE – a system of mutual protection. Under this system, a
community was divided into tithings or groups of 10 men, each member
of which was responsible for the conduct of the other members of his
group and for the assurance that a member charged with a breach of
the law would be produced at court.
FRAUDULENT – that which is done with intent to swindle or usurp.
FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE – a forged signature. It involves the writing
of a name as a signature by someone other than the person himself,
without his permission, often with some degree of imitation.

FREAK CRIME ACCIDENT – are situations when all the elements of the
crime are present and merged at the same time and the same place;
however, the victim is not the intended one due to error in persona
(mistaken identity). This is called a freak crime accident.
FREDERICK TAYLOR – was the proponent of the scientific management
theory or the concept of Taylorism which proposed principles
underlying factors for successful production and quality management.
Taylorism is a theory of management that analyses and synthesizes
workflows to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity.
FREE WILL – a doctrine of the classical school of criminology, which states
that people possesses reason, thus can therefore calculate the course
of action that is really in their self-interest.
FREEHAND SIGNATURE – a fraudulent signature that was executed
purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine
signature.
FRENCH RULE – a legal rule standard which states that crimes are not
triable in courts of that country, unless their commission affects the
peace and security of the territory or the safety of the state is
endangered.
FRICTION RIDGES – are strips of skin on the inside of the end joints of
our fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are made. They are also
called papillary ridges or epidermal ridges.
FRICTIONAL HEAT – a heat resulting from mechanical energy such as
when two solids are rubbed together.
FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE – also known as Frederick the Great, also
known as Frederick II, King of Prussia during 1700s. His most
significant accomplishments during his reign included his military
victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the
arts and Enlightenment and his final success against great odds in
the Seven Years' War. He was known as the “Father of Organized
Military Espionage”.

FRIEDRICH ENGELS – he co-founded the Marxist theory together

with Karl Marx. He published ‘The Condition of the Working Class’ in
England in 1845, based on personal observations and research
in Manchester. Additionally, he organized Marx's notes on the Theories
of Surplus Value.
FRIGIDITY – incapacity of sexual intercourse.
FRIVOLOUS – lacking in legal insufficiency.
FRONT SIGHT – an attachment above the barrel. It may be fixed or
adjustable.
FRUCTUS LEGIS – fruit of the law, ex. execution.
FRUSTRATED FELONY – happens when the offender performs all the acts
of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but
which nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent
of the will of the perpetrator.
FRUSTRATION – refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the
blocking of motive satisfaction.
FRYE TEST – a standard governing the admissibility of scientific evidence
in which the theories or procedures are "generally accepted" by the
general scientific community.
FUEL GASES – flammable gases customarily used for burning with air to
produce heat.
FUEL LOAD – refers to the total quantity of combustible contents of the
building, spaces, or fire area, including interior finish and trim,
expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.
FULL AUTOMATIC PISTOL – a firearm which continues to fire as long as
the trigger is depressed and cartridges remain in the magazine or feed
belt.
FULMINATE – a kind of stable explosive compound, which explodes by
percussion.
FUMIGANT – a gas, fume, or vapor used for the destruction or control of
insect, fungi, vermin, germs, rodents, or other pets.

FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINES – doctrines that provide guidance for

specialized activities of the police in the broad field of interest such as
personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, and planning.
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION – type of organization organized on a
functional basis under functional responsibility as manager.
FUNCTIONAL PLANS – include the framework for the operation of the
major functional units in the organization, such as patrol and
investigations. It also includes the design of the structure, how different
functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how
resources are to be allocated.
FUNCTUS OFICIO – legally defunct; something which once has had life
and power, but which has become of no virtue whatsoever.
FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINES – are the basic principles in planning,
organization and management in support of the overall pursuits of the
organization’s vision, mission and strategic action plan.
FURANDI ANIMO – with intent to steal.
FURROWS – are depressions or canals between the ridges which maybe
compared with the low area in a tire tread.
FUSE – a tube, cord or like jilted or saturated with combustible matter, for
igniting an explosive or a protective device of fusible metal set in a
circuit so as to be directly heated and destroyed by the passage of an
excess current through it.
G
GALLEYS – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails,
usually rowed by criminals, a type of ship used for transportation of
criminals in the 16th century.

GALVANOMETER – this is the longest and the third pen of the polygraph
instrument. The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring
finger of the left hand, or to the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left
hand.
GAMACTA – assault.
GAMALIS – legitimate child.
GANTT CHART – refers to the chart for which Henry Gantt is remembered,
is a visual display chart used for scheduling which is based on time,
rather than quantity, volume or weight.
GAS – the state of matter which has no definite volume and no definite
shape unless it is confine in a container.
GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPH – is a portable device that separates a
sample gas into measurable components; used to detect residues of
accelerants at fire scenes.
GENEALOGY – family history.
GENERAL DETERRENCE – a goal in criminal sentencing which seeks to
prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a
particular offender is being sentenced.
GENERAL PARESIS – also called “dementia paralytica”, a syphilitic
infection of the brain and involving impairment of the Central Nervous
System.
GENERALITY – a characteristic of criminal law which states that criminal
law is binding on all persons who live or sojourn in Philippine territory.
GENERALIZABILITY – the extent to which research findings can be
applied beyond the sample being studied; for example, to other groups
or to different locations.
GENERIC – a kind of aggravating circumstances, those that can generally
apply to all crimes.
GENGHIS KHAN – was the founder Mongol Empire, who made advances
in military disciplines, such as mobility, psychological warfare,
intelligence, military autonomy, and tactics. He used military

intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed his

Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of
information, as they collect information on weaknesses and rivalries
of Europe. The leaders usually disguised themselves as merchants.
GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING OR GEOPROFILING – is an investigative
strategy in which the locations of a series of crimes (or, sometimes, the
scenes of a single crime) are used to determine the most probable area
of the offender's residence.
GEORGE WASHINGTON - was the grand master in the intelligence field.
He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of the
American War of Independence.
GERONTOPHILIA – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
GESTATION – period of pregnancy.
GIFT – refers to a thing or a right disposed of gratuitously, or any act of
liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a
simulated sale or ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not
include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in
anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor from a public official or
employee.
GLASS – is a super cooled liquid that possess high viscosity and rigidity.
It is a non-crystalline inorganic substance.
GLOBALIZATION – is a package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas, and authority.
GOOD CAUSE – substantial reason.
GOOD CONDUCT TIME ALLOWANCE – is a privilege granted to a prisoner
that shall entitle him to a deduction of his term of imprisonment.
GOOD FAITH – honesty of intention and absence of information causing
doubt of validity.
GOVERNANCE – this is often used as a general term to denote governing
strategies originating from inside and outside the State, though in this
volume is used more straightforwardly to refer to the constitutional and

institutional arrangements for framing and monitoring the policies of

the police.
GOVERNMENT – includes the national government, the local
governments, the government-owned and government-controlled
corporations, all other instrumentalities or agencies of the Republic of
the Philippines and their branches.
GOVERNMENT SECURITY UNIT - a security unit maintained and
operated by any government entity other than military and/a police,
which is established and maintained for the purpose of securing the
office or compound and/or extension such government entity.
GRANDIOSITY – exaggerated belief in one's importance, power, wealth, or
fame. In extreme form, one type of delusion.
GRAPHOANALYSIS – the study of handwriting based on the two
fundamental strokes, the curve and the straight strokes.
GRAPHOLOGY – the art of determining character disposition and
amplitude of a person from the study of handwriting. It also means the
scientific study and analysis of handwriting, especially with reference
to forgeries and questioned documents.
GRAPHOMETRY – analysis by comparison and measurement.
GRAVE ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE – under Art 310 of RPC, on qualified
theft, refers to a breach of the high degree of confidence reposed by the
offended party upon the offender by reason of dependence,
guardianship, or vigilance.
GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION – error of judgment; mistakes actually
committed in adjudication.
GRAVE FELONIES – are those to which the law attaches the capital
punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are afflictive.
GRAVE THREATS – any person who shall threaten another with the
infliction upon the person, honor, or property of the latter or of his
family of any wrong amounting to a crime.

GRAVEMEN – in civil law and as used and understood in ordinary legal

parlance, is a lien and or encumbrance.
GRAVURE – a process in which the ink in recessed or sunken letters is
drawn out or sucked out under pressure. The printing process is done
from large copper plates or copper covered cylinders on presses of two
kinds; sheet-fed gravure presses and web-fed rotogravure presses for
longer runs. The copper plates or cylinders are produced by making
film positives of the art work to be reproduced.
GREEK CODE OF DRACO – a harsh code that provides the same
punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive
concepts. The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to
prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.
GREEN CRIMINOLOGY – a field of criminology that deals with the
analysis of crimes involving a variety of environmental concerns with
link to criminal activities. In other words, the application of
criminological thoughts to environmental issues.
GRESHAM SYKES – advocated the Neutralization Theory, which
maintains that an individual will obey or disobey societal rules
depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected
from hurt or destruction. People become law abiding if they feel they
are benefited by it and they violate it if these laws are not favorable to
them.
GROOVES – the spiral cuts in a bore which cause the bullet to spin as it
travels down the barrel.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT – the total value of all goods and services
produced within a country during a specified period (most commonly
per year).
GUARD CARTRIDGE – one loaded with buckshot or a reduced charge.
GUARD CONTROL STATIONS - this is normally provided at main
perimeter entrances to secure areas located out-of-doors, and manned

by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station should be near a perimeter

for surveillance at the entrance.
GUARDIAN – an adult, legally charged with the power to make personal
and financial decisions for someone deemed incapable of doing so for
themselves.
GUARDIAN AD LITEM – an adult charged with the legal right and duty to
make decisions in the best legal interest of a child (or an incompetent
adult) who is involved in a legal proceeding.
GUARDIANSHIP – the legal right given to a person to be responsible for
the care of another person legally deemed incapable of providing care
independently for themselves (an incompetent adult or a minor child).
GUIDE – are dividers in filing equipment. They serve as guides to the eye
of filing and locating stored items.
GUIDED SIGNATURE – a signature that is executed while the writer’s
hand or arm is steadied in any way. Under the law of most jurisdictions
such a signature authenticates a legal document provided it is shown
that the writer requested the assistance.
GUIDELINES – are rules of action for the rank and file to show them how
they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
GUILT – culpability; the fact of having committed some offense or felony.
GUN – any tubular designed to be fired with one hand, such as pistols and
revolvers.
GUN POWDER - the propellant which when ignited by the primer flash is
converted it gas under high pressure and propels the bullet.
GUT FEELS – refers to human hunches or intuitions that are often
important messages or warnings, which are based upon information or
experiences recorded in your subconscious mind. Although they may
not seem logical, your hunches will often prove to be correct. They
should be acted upon-with discretion-in appropriate circumstances.

H
HABEAS CORPUS – literally means “you have the body”; an order to bring
the body in court; a name given to various units having their object to
bring a party before a court; a writ requiring that prisoner be brought
before a court at a stated time and place to decide the legality of his
detention or imprisonment.
HABITUAL CRIMINALS – are those who continue to commit crime
because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self – control.
HABITUAL DELINQUENCY – in law, within 10 years from last release or
last conviction of the crime of falsification, robbery, estafa, theft,
serious or less serious physical injuries, the offender is found guilty of
any of said crimes a third time or oftener.
HACKING OR CRACKING – is the process of gaining unauthorized entry
into a computer system.
HAIR – is a specialized epithelial outgrowth of the skin which occur
everywhere on the human body except on the palm of the hands and
the sole of the feet. Hair is not completely round but maybe oval
flattened. Its width is not always the same along its length. It starts out
pointed and narrow and then strays more or less the same.
HALF-LIFE – is the duration of action of a drug. This is the period of time
required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be
reduced by one-half.
HALLUCINOGEN – a drug or chemical that changes perception, affecting
all senses and sometimes causing hallucinations. A hallucination is a
false perception through one of the senses that makes a person see,
hear or feel something that is not there.
HALLUCINOSIS – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false
perception that arises in full wakefulness state. This includes
hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.

HAMMER – a part of the action, in some guns, actuated by the trigger, the
hammer drives the firing pin against the primer, this igniting the primer
and further burns the propellant powder.
HAMMER BLOCK – the safety device that prevents hammer blow to
primer.
HANDWRITING STROKE - is a series of lines or curves written in a single
letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or series of lines or curves within
a single letter; the path traced by the pen on the paper.
HANDWRITING – is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being
used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and
muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some
defined handwriting as “visible speech.”
HANGFIRE – occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on a time or delayed
in firing.
HANNIBAL BARCA - was a general of the Phoenician-Canaanite state
of Ancient Carthage, and is widely considered as one of the greatest
military commanders in history. He was a brilliant military strategist
who developed an effective intelligence system in Rome. He usually
roams around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather
firsthand information.
HANS GROSS - was an Austrian criminal jurist and criminologist, the
"Founding Father" of criminal profiling. A criminal jurist. He published
Criminal Investigation, the first comprehensive description of uses of
physical evidence in solving crime. He was credited to have coined the
word “criminalistics”
HASHISH – a type of cannabis that comes from the resin of the plant. The
resin is dried and pressed into a solid lump. Hash is added to tobacco
and smoked, or baked and eaten in foods.
HASHISH OIL – an extremely potent hallucinogen, derived by distilling
THC from marijuana, that produces a high from a single drop; smoked
in a cigarette or glass-bowled pipe or ingested in food or wine.

HAZARDOUS FIRE AREA – any land covered with dry grass, cogon, reeds,
and other highly combustible growth that fires are likely to occur
therein and hard to suppress.
HAZARDOUS OPERATION PROCESS – any act of manufacturing,
fabrication, conversion, etc. that uses or produces materials which are
likely to cause fires or explosions.
HAZARDOUS WASTES – are group of solid, liquid, sludge, and
manufacturing by-product wastes that are ignitable, corrosive, reactive,
and/or toxic; may pose serious threat to human health and the
environment if improperly managed.
HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES – refers to procedures that involve
coordinated action on activity of several offices, however, shall be
established separately as in the case of using telephone for local or
long-distance calls, the radio teletype, and other similar devices.
HEARSAY – statements of events not directly experienced by the person
describing them.
HEARSAY EVIDENCE – an oral testimony or documentary evidence which
does not derive its value solely from the credit to be attached to the
witness himself.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION – is the amount released when a substance is
dissolved in a liquid.
HEAT OF DECOMPOSITION – the heat released by the decomposition of
compound requiring the additional of heat for their formation.
HEAT OF FISSION – the split of the nucleus of atoms.
HEAT OF FUSION – the amount of heat necessary to convert solid to liquid
HEAT OF SOLUTION – the heat released when a substance is dissolved
in a liquid.
HEDONISM – the idea held by the classical school, that people only act
according to what they find pleasurable and in their self-interest.
HEDONISTIC CALCULUS – also called utilitarianism – the belief proposed
by Bentham that behavior holds value to any individual undertaking

according to the amount of pleasure or pain that can be expected to

produce for that person.
HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY – the prevailing idealized cultural
conception of dominant (hegemonic) masculinity involving the
dominance of women, heterosexuality, the pursuit of sexual
gratification and independence. This is a cultural resource enacted to
maintain domination over ‘subordinate masculinities.
HEGEMONY – the dominance of one particular ideology, resulting in the
empowerment of particular values, beliefs and practices over others
and frequently resulting in the naturalization of those values, beliefs
and practices throughout the social body.
HELIXOMETER – used in measuring pitch of riffling distance traveled by
the bullet in one complete rotation.
HEMIDENT – a reagent used in preliminary or presumptive field tests for
the presence of blood.
HENRI FAYOL - a French modern management theoretician. His scientific
management theory forms the base for business administration and
business management. In the academic world, this is also known
as Fayolism. He provided one of the most influential modern
management concepts 14 Principles of management and the five
functions of management
HENRI-LOUIS BAYARD - was one of the earliest practitioners of legal
medicine who published the first procedures for the microscopic
detection of sperm.
HENRY FAULDS – believed to be the first person to identify fingerprints
on a crime scene. He wrote an article in the journal ‘Nature’ in 1880
entitled “On the skin furrows of the hand”, which established the
concept that fingerprints would be primarily useful as a technique for
investigation of evidence left at scenes of crime.
HENRY FIELDING - was the creator of the Bow Street Runners in
England. While he was the magistrate, he formed a group of police

officers attached to the Bow Street Court, performing criminal

investigative functions.
HENRY GODDARD - one of Scotland Yard’s original bow street runners,
first used bullet comparison to catch a murderer
HENRY SYSTEM – devised by Edward Henry, the fingerprint classification
system that facilitated the use of fingerprints in criminal identification;
adopted in England in 1900 and today used in almost every country
HEROIN – one of the group of drugs called opiates, which are derived from
the opium poppy, a depressant that affects the brain by slowing down
the activity of the central nervous system and messages going to and
from the brain.
HIATUS OR PEN JUMP – a gap occurring between a continuous stroke
without lifting the pen. Such as occurrence usually occurs due to
speed; may be regarded also as a special form of pen lift distinguish in
a ball gaps in that of perceptible gaps and appear in the writing.
HIERARCHY – represent the formal relationship among superiors and
subordinates in any given organization. It can be visualized as a ladder,
with each rung (or rank) representing a higher or lower level of authority
HIGH EXPLOSIVES – explode under the influence of the shock of the
explosion of primary explosive. They do not function by burning, in fact
not all of them can be ignited by a flame and in small amount generally
burn tranquilly and can be extinguished easily. If heated to a high
temperature by external heat or by their own combustion, they
sometimes explode. Examples are Ammonium nitrate, TNT, dynamite,
nitroglycerine, picric acid, plastic explosives.
HIGH RISE BUILDING – are buildings, structures or facilities fifteen
meters or more height
HIGHWAY ROBBERY – the seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or
other unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of another
by means of violence against or intimidation of person or force upon

thing or other unlawful means, committed by any person on any

Philippine Highway.
HIGHWAY – a general term denoting a public way for purposes of
vehicular and pedestrian travel.
HIJACKING – a term which immediately conjures the images of a group
of heavily armed and determined men and women holding up an
airplane, ship, bus, van, or other vehicle in order to achieve their
nefarious objectives.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-dramatization.
HOLLOW POINT BULLET – a bullet with a cavity in the nose designed to
increase the expansion when it hits.
HOLOGRAPH – an instrument, usually a deed or will, written entirely by
person without the benefit of an attorney or any kind of legal advice, it
is written in his own hand and is accepted by courts throughout the
land of his last testament.
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document completely written and
signed by one person; also known as a holograph.
HOLOGRAPHIC WILL – is a will entirely written in the handwriting of the
testator.
HOMICIDE – any person who shall kill another without the attendance of
any of the circumstances enumerated in the crime of murder; or simply
means the killing of a human by another human; may be criminal or
innocent.
HOMOPHOBIA - Strong negative feelings about homosexuality thought to
be related to unresolved issues on the same subject in a person
HOMOSEXUALITY – an erotic attraction to or sexual preference for a
member of the same sex.
HORIZONTAL CHANNEL – any uninterrupted space between horizontal
layers of stored commodities. Such channel may be formed by pallets,
shelving, racks or other storage arrangement.

HORIZONTAL EXIST – the passageway from a building to another or

through or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
HOSE BOX – a box or a cabinet where fore hose, valves and other
equipment are stored and arranged for fore fighting.
HOSE REEL – a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire
hose wound and connected.
HOSTILE WITNESS - A witness who is subject to cross-examination by
the same party who called him/her as a direct witness due to
antagonism demonstrated during direct examination.
HOT PURSUIT ARREST - when an offense has just been committed and
he has probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of facts
or circumstances that the person arrested has committed it.
HOT SPOT – a location where various crimes are committed on a regular
basis, usually by different offenders.
HOTEL SECURITY – a type of security applied to hotels where its
properties are protected from pilferage, loss, damage and the function
in the hotel restaurants are not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or
the guest themselves.
HOWARD BECKER - advocated the Labeling Theory also known as Social
Reaction Theory, which is based on the idea that a social deviant is not
an inherently deviant individual, rather they become deviant because
they are labeled as such.
HULKS – are decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners
in the 18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted
into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were
also called “floating hells”.
HUMAN BARRIERS – refers to people being used in providing a guarding
system or by the nature of their employment and location, fulfill
security functions. Examples are guards, office personnel, shop
workers, etc.

HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY – is the study of the interrelationship of

people and their environment, a way of looking at the interactions of
humans with their environments and considering this relationship as
a system. It maintains that crime is a function of social change that
occurs along with environmental change. It also maintains that the
isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract, interaction
and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal
behavior and crimes.
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE (HUMINT) – is the collection of information from
human sources. The collection may be done openly or it may be done
through clandestine or covert means.
HUMAN MADE HAZARDS – are hazards which are the result of a state of
mind, attitude, weaknesses or character traits of one or more persons.
They can be acts of commission or omission, both overt and covert,
which can disrupt operation of a plant or installation.
HUMAN SKILL – the ability to work well with other people. It emerges as
a spirit of trust, enthusiasm and genuine involvement in interpersonal
relationships. The skill essential in networking activities.
HYDRANT OR FIRE PLUG – an upright pipe with a nozzle in the street for
drawing from a water main especially for fighting fire.
HYDROCARBON – any substance containing primarily carbon and
hydrogen.
HYMEN – refers thin membranous tissue covering the opening to the
vagina. It may be of various normal configurations other than the most
commonly known shape of a ring of tissue narrowing the vaginal
opening.
HYPERGOLIC FUEL – a rocket or liquid propellant, which consists of
combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on
contact with each other.
HYPERSEXUALITY – a disturbance of sexuality in which there is greatly
or morbidly increased sexual activity and preoccupation.

HYPNOSIS – a state of complete physical relaxation and intense mental

concentration in which the subject’s suggestibility is maximized; a state
of heightened awareness in which subconscious memories may
surface.
HYPOTHESIS – a proposition, principle or theory that is assumed to be
true with regard to a situation or condition to which it is referred
HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION – a question that may contain proven or
assumed facts which is asked of an expert witness to elicit an opinion
I
ICE – is the street name for crystalline methamphetamine. It is a powerful,
synthetic stimulant drug that is more potent than other forms of
amphetamines. It is purer than the powder form of methamphetamine.
ID – it refers to that part of the personality structure that contains a
human's basic, instinctual drives. It is the source of our bodily needs,
wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive
drives. It acts according to the “pleasure principle” – that psychic force
that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any
impulse.
IDENTITY THEFT – the assumption of another person's identity for use
in fraudulent transactions that result in a loss to the victim;
accomplished by acquiring personal information about the victim such
as date of birth, address, and credit card numbers.
IDIOPATHIC - of unknown cause.
IGNITION TEMPERATURE –the minimum temperature to which the
substance in the air initiated.
IGNOMINY – moral suffering.

IGNORANTIA FACTI EXCUSAT, IGNORANTIA JURIS NON EXCUSAT -

ignorance of fact excuses, ignorance of law does not excuse.
ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT – is any act of canvassing, enlisting,
contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring of workers
which includes referring, contract services, promising or advertising for
employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a
non-license or non-holder of authority contemplated under this
provision.
ILLICIT CONSIDERATION – one which is contrary to law and morals. IN
ARTICULO MORTIS – at the point of death.
IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE (IMINT) – is sometimes also referred to as
photo intelligence (PHOTINT). Done thru imagery satellites, spy planes,
other modern technology.
IMBECILITY – is a mental disorder of the imbeciles. It exists when a
person of advanced age has the mental development comparable to that
of a child between two and seven years of age. Imbeciles are people with
moderate to severe mental retardation, as well as a type of criminal. It
included people with an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 26–50, between
"morons" (IQ of 51–70) and "idiot" (IQ of 0–25).
IMITATED SIGNATURE – synonymous with freehand forgery.
IMMATERIAL EVIDENCE – is that which is not directed to prove a fact in
issue as determined by the rules of substantive law and of pleadings
IMMUNITY – an exemption from prosecution, generally from information
of testimony of value to the state.
IMPEACHMENT – in a trial, the process of discrediting or contradicting
the testimony of a witness to show that he or she is unworthy of belief.
IMPERIUM IN IMPERIO – a sovereignty within a sovereignty.
IMPOSED POLICY – this type of policy comes from the government in the
forms of laws, administrative orders, and rules and procedures or
contract specifications.

IMPOTENCY – is the physical incapacity of either sex to allow or grant to

the other legitimate sexual gratification.
IMPOTENTIA EXCUSAT LEGEM – impossibility is an excuse in the law.
IMPRISONMENT – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of
protecting the public against criminal activities and at the same time
rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional
treatment programs.
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE – a homemade device consisting of
explosives/incendiary and firing components necessary to initiate
explosion.
IMPUNITAS SEMPER AD DETERIORA INVITAT – impunity always leads
to greater crimes.
IMPUTABILITY – is the quality by which an act nay be ascribed to a person
as its author or owner. It implies that the act committed has been freely
and consciously done and may therefore, be out down to the doer as
his very own.
IN DELICTO – at fault.
IN DEPTH INVESTIGATION – a phase of the criminal investigation that
follows up initial loads developed during the preliminary investigation
and opens up new areas of inquiry.
IN ESSE – in existence.
IN FLAGRANTE DELICTO – in the very act of committing a crime.
IN OMNIBUS – in every respect.
IN PARI DELICTO – in equal fault; a legal term used to indicate that two
persons or entities are equally at fault, whether the malfeasance in
question is a crime or tort.
IN PERSONAM – against the person.
IN TERROREM – as a warning or deterrent.
INADEQUATE FAMILY – a pathogenic type of family structure
characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of

family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for

meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
INADMISSABLE EVIDENCE – is that which is irrelevant to the issue or
which is excluded by the rules of evidence.
INCAPACITATION – a strategy of punishment associated with positivist
approaches to criminology. Sick offenders are removed from society
(institutionalized or imprisoned) if they cannot be cured and
rehabilitated, in order to protect society from harm.
INCENDIARY BULLETS – contain a mixture such as phosphorous or other
material that can be set on fire by impact. They are used against targets
that will rapidly burn such as aircrafts or gasoline depot.
INCENDIARY MECHANISM – a fire-starting mechanism that consists of
an ignition device, possibly a timing device, one or more plants to
accelerate the flame, and, often, trailers to spread the fire; can be
mechanical or chemical.
INCEST – a sexual relation between people who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
INCIDENTAL INFORMANT – a person who casually imparts information
to an officer with no intention of providing subsequent information
INCISED WOUNDS – wounds inflicted with a sharp-edged instrument
such as a knife or razor; typically narrow at the ends and gaping at the
center, with considerable bleeding. Also called cutting wounds.
INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS – an act
against any public officer or employee, and that of prision mayor upon
any private individual, who, by unlawful or unauthorized acts provokes
or gives occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippine
Islands or exposes Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or
property.
INCOMPETENCY – is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance of police duties. This has reference to any physical

intellectual quality the lack of, which substantially incapacitates one to perform
the duties of peace officer.
INCOMPETENT EVIDENCE – one who excluded by law either on grounds
of its immateriality, irrelevancy, and want of credibility or for any other
reason.
INCORRIGIBLE – incapable of being corrected.
INCUMBENT – one presently holding office.
INDEMNITY – contact by which one person promises to make good any
loss or damage another has incurred while acting at his request
INDETERMINATE SENTENCE – a sentence with a minimum established
at sentencing but a maximum left up to the parole board- usually based
on the defendant's behavior during incarceration.
INDEX CRIMES – are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient
frequency and regularity such that they can serve as an index to the
crime situation. It includes Crimes against Person such as murder,
homicide, physical injury, rape; and crimes against properties such as
robbery and theft including carnapping.
INDEXING – another method of classifying, pertaining to documents or
records.
INDICTMENT – a document by a grand jury formally accusing a person of
a crime. This step allows the prosecution to seek further criminal
prosecution steps.
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – the characteristics of physical
evidence that can be identified as coming from a particular person or
source.
INDUCTIVE REASONING – a thinking process in which conclusion is
reached only after all particular facts are gathered.
INDUSTRIAL BAKING AND DRYING – the industrial process of subjecting
materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from
the same, and/ or to fuse certain chemical salts to from a uniform
glazing on the surface of materials being treated.

INDUSTRIAL GASES – include a large number of gases used for industrial

process as those used in welding and cutting.
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY – a type of security applied to business groups
engaged in industries like manufacturing, assembling, research and
development, processing, warehousing and even agriculture. It may
also mean the business of providing security.
INFANTICIDE – the killing of any child less than three days of age, whether
the killer is the parent or grandparent, any other relative of the child,
or a stranger.
INFILTRATION – is the insertion of action agent inside the target
organization.
INFORMAL LEADERSHIP – is the process of exercising influence through
special skills or resources that meet the needs of other persons
INFORMANT – refers to a person who regularly provides information to a
particular investigator in return for money, a reduced charge or lenient
sentence, or some personal motive such as rivalry or self-
aggrandizement.
INFORMANT NET – is a controlled group of people who worked through
the direction of the agent handler. The informants, principal or cutouts
supply the agent handler directly or indirectly with Intel information
INFORMATION – in criminal procedure, it is an accusation in writing,
charging a person with an offense, subscribed by the prosecutor, and
filed with the court.
INFORMATION – in police operation, it refers to all evaluated materials of
every description including those derived from observation, reports,
rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in
produced. Information is a communicated knowledge by others
obtaining by personal study, investigation, research, analysis,
observation.
INFORMER – a person who gives information to the police for price or
reward.

INFRARED EXAMINATION – the examination of documents employs

invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum
(rainbow) which is usually recorded on a specially sensitized
photographic emulsion.
INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER – is a device that identifies samples
by recording the amount of infrared light that passes through them;
used to detect residues of flammable-liquid accelerants at fire scenes.
INFRINGEMENT – an invasion of one of the exclusive rights of intellectual
property. Infringement of a utility patent involves the making, using,
selling, offering to sell, or importing of a patented product or process
without permission.
INGRESS – a way of entering or travelling into a location. Is used when
describing which vehicle movements may be permitted at an
intersection (such as ingress-only barriers). Is also used when
describing the location of driveways and walkways which provide
access into a property.
INHABITED HOUSE – any shelter, ship or vessel constituting the dwelling
of one or more persons even though the inhabitants thereof are
temporarily.
INHERENT – on aggravating circumstances, are those that must of
necessity accompany the commission of the crime.
INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD – refers to the apprehension or
taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law, by law
enforcement officers or private citizens. INITIATIVE – is the right of the
people to propose bills and laws to be enacted by the legislature on
which the people may vote
INJUNCTION – a court order to act or abstain from a specific act; an order
prohibiting a person or a group from carrying out a given action.
INJURIA NON EXCUSAT INJURIAM – a wrong does not excuse a wrong.
INQUISITORIAL COURT SYSTEM – where the accused is guilty until
proven innocent or mitigated.

INSANE CRIMINAL – those who commit crime due to abnormalities or

psychological disorders. This criminal type includes the alcoholic,
kleptomaniac, nymphomaniac, child molester and the hysterical.
INSANITY – a mental disorder. It exists when there is complete deprivation
of intelligence. An insane person is not exempt if it can be shown that
he acted during a lucid interval, compared to an imbecile who is exempt
in all cases from criminal liability.
INSERTION - the term “insertion” and "interlineations” include the
addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or
the addition of whole page to a document.
INSTANT CRIMES - are those that are committed the shortest possible
time.
INSTIGATION – an act whereby a public officer or private detective
induces an innocent person to commit a crime and would arrest him
upon or after the commission of the crime by him.
INSTITUTIONALIZED RACISM – is the collective failure of an organization
to provide an appropriate service to people because of their color,
culture, or ethnic origin.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP – a type of leadership which typically
assumes that the critical focus for attention by leaders is the behavior
of officers as they engage in activities directly affecting their duties and
functions. It typically assumes that leaders, usually chiefs, have both
the expert knowledge and the formal authority to exert influence on line
officers.
INSTRUMENT VELOCITY - The velocity of the projectile measured by
scientific instrument called chronograph.
INSTRUMENTALITY – refers to the means or instrument used in the
commission of crime such as: firearm; fan knife; poison (or any
obnoxious substance); Hammer; motor vehicle; a document, etc.
INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONERS – those sentenced to suffer a term
of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment. Those sentenced

to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgment

and unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty.
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY – a term used to refer to imbeciles, morons,
and idiots or feeble-minded. The term encompasses all degrees of
mental deficiency.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – is the creation of the human mind that has
commercial value and is given the legal aspects of a property right.
Intellectual property is an all-encompassing term now widely used to
designate as a group all of the following fields of law: patent, trademark
secret, moral rights, and the right of publicity.
INTELLIGENCE – in policing or military, it refers to the secret or
clandestine collection and evaluation of information about crimes and
criminals not normally available to investigators through ordinary or
normal over sources. It is the product of the network or the system for
the collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation, processing, and
dissemination of information.
INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE – the process of gathering,
organizing, and analyzing data requested by a police unit and preparing
a report of the findings for that unit.
INTENT – a state of mind wherein the person knows and desires the
consequences of his acts which, for his purposes of criminal liability.
INTENTIONAL ABORTION – any person who shall intentionally cause
abortion upon a pregnant woman, or if done without violence but acted
with the consent of the woman.
INTER ALIA – amongst other things.
INTERCHANGE – a system of interconnecting roadways in conjunction
with one or more grade separations, providing for the interchange of
traffic between two or more roadways on different levels.
INTERIM – means temporary, provisional, of passing and temporary
duration, as opposed to permanent and regular.

INTERIM ORDER – a temporary order, made until another or final order

takes its place or a specific event occurs.
INTERIOR BALLISTICS – the study of the motion of projectiles while still
inside the firearm. This extends form the breech to nuzzle of the gun or
from the release of the firing pin to the moment the sound of the shot
can be heard as it leaves the nuzzled occupies only about 0.01 sec. in
a modern rifle.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM – is the use or threatened use of violence
against persons or property by a group (or an individual) whose
operations transcend national boundaries and are done to further
political or social objectives.
INTERPRETATION OF INFORMATION – it is establishing the meaning
and significance of the information after its evaluation processes.
INTERROGATION – the process by which suspects are vigorously
questioned by police; the systematic asking of questions to elicit
information in the minimum of time.
INTERROGATOR - person who does the questioning.
INTERROGEE – any person who is subjected to the interrogation process
in any of its forms and phases.
INTERSECTION – the area embraced by the prolongation of lateral curb
lines or, if none, of the rights-of-way of two or more highways that join
one another at an angle, whether or not one highway crosses the other.
INTERVENTION – refers to a series of activities designed to address issues
that cause the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an
individualized treatment program, which may include counseling, skills
training, education, and other activities that will enhance his/her
psychological, emotional and psycho-social well-being.
INTERVIEW – process of asking questions; a debriefing although it is less
formal and the subject willing to share information.

INTOXICATION – a condition that follows the administration of a

sufficient amount of a psychoactive substance and which results in
behavioral and/or physical changes.
INTRAVENOUS – means within a vein.
INVALID – being without foundation or force in fact, truth or law.
INVESTIGATION – an inquiry or close examination, study of a case or
situation in order to discover the facts about it. It primarily involves the
exploration, observation, collection, analysis, and evaluation of all data
or raw facts in order to develop or produce an information that will
serve as a set of conclusions on the case or thing being studied.
INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY – a criminal-profiling approach based on
interpersonal coherence, significance of time and place, criminal
characteristics, and the offender's criminal career and forensic
awareness.
INVESTIGATOR/OFFICER – refer to any law enforcement personnel
belonging to the duly mandated law enforcement agencies tasked to
enforce laws and in charge of investigating criminal cases.
INVESTIGATORY POWER – the power given to governmental agencies and
other entities to investigate violations of laws and to gather information
regarding laws that are proposed to be enacted
INVOLUNTARY – unwillingly; being forced; opposed; in criminal law can
act as a defense to a charge of committing a crime.
IODINE – a dye used in developing latent prints on porous (particularly
paper) and nonporous surfaces; one of the oldest and most proven
means of locating prints.
IODINE FUMING – a technique in which crystals of iodine are exposed to
heat source for the purpose of revealing latent fingerprints.
IPSO FACTO – by the fact or act itself.
IRRATIONAL CRIMES – are committed without intent; offender does not
know the nature of his act.

IRRELEVANT EVIDENCE – is that which has no tendency in reason to

establish the probability or improbability of a fact issue.
IRRESISTIBLE IMPULSE TEST – it provides that an accused cannot be
guilty by reason of insanity because his mind was in a diseased and
unsound state, and that the disease existed to a high degree which
overwhelmed the reason, conscience, and judgment of the person who
acted from an irresistible and uncontrollable impulse.
ISOROKU YAMAMOTO - was a Japanese Marshal Admiral of
the Navy and the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during
the early years of the Pacific War. He oversaw major engagements
including the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Midway. He
was killed when American code breakers identified his flight plans
and shot down his plane.
J
JACKETED BULLET – a bullet that have a gilding metal, soft, steel,
cupronickel, or other tough metal envelope surrounding the lead core.
Those with a core of lead covered by a jacket of harder material such
as gilding metal, a copper-alloy of approximately 90%.
JAIL – is a place for locking-up of persons who are convicted of minor
offenses or felonies who are to serve a short sentence imposed upon
them by a competent court, or for confinement of persons who are
awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.
JAMES MARSH - first to use toxicology (arsenic detection) in a jury trial
JEAN SERVAIS STAS – was a Belgian analytical chemist who co-
discovered the weight of carbon and the first to successfully identify
vegetable poisons in body tissue.

JEREMY BENTHAM – an English philosopher and lawyer best known for

the theory of Utilitarianism. Thus, given the fame as “Father of
Utilitarianism”.
JOB DESCRIPTION – an abstract of information derived from the job
analysis report, describing the duties performed, the skills, the
training, and experience required the responsibilities involved, the
condition under which the job is done, and relation of the job to the
other job in the organization.
JOB INVOLVEMENT – refers to systems that give workers a degree of
autonomy over immediate day-to-day working conditions. Quality
circles and total quality management are examples of job-involvement
approaches, provided that employees have direct implementation
authority.
JOB SATISFACTION – is the degree to which individuals feel positively or
negatively about their jobs. It is an emotional response to one’s tasks
as well as the physical and social conditions of the workplace.
JOHN DOE WARRANT – is one issued to person whom the witnesses
cannot identify
JOHN EVANGELIST PURKINJI – was a professor of Physiology, who wrote
in 1823 a thesis in which he described and named nine standard types
of fingerprint patterns and vaguely outlined a system of classification.
JOHN FIELDING – the younger brother of Henry Fielding who took over
the control of Bow Street Court in 1753. His investigators were then
called Bow Street Runners and became quite effective because of his
personal guidance despite the fact that he was blind. He introduced the
practice of developing paid informants, printing wanted notices,
employing criminal raids, and bearing firearms and handcuffs.
JOHN HOWARD – was sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life
and fortune to prison reform, and became known as ‘Father of Prison
Reformation’.

JOHN LARSON - developed the polygraph test in 1921. He was a Police

Officer for Berkeley, California, United States, and famous for his
invention of modern polygraph used in forensic investigations. He was
the first American police officer having an academic doctorate and to
use polygraph in criminal investigations.
JONATHAN WILD – was a buckle maker then a brothel operator, a master
criminal who became London’s most effective criminal investigator. He
was the most famous thief catcher in 1720s. His methods or techniques
made popular the logic of employing a thief to catch a thief. He
conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen
property to its rightful owners.
JOSEPH FOUCHÉ - was a French statesman and Minister of Police under
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. He rose to become the most feared and
respected intelligence director in French history. He created a network
of agent. His assistance founded the modern system of spying on spies,
which later was known as counter espionage, thus he gained the fame
as “father of counter espionage”.
JOSEPH NICÉPHORE NIÉPCE – was a French inventor, credited as the
inventor of photography. He also developed heliography, a technique
he used to create the world's oldest surviving product of a photographic
process: a print made from a photoengraved printing plate in 1825.
JOSEPH PETROSINO – was member of the New York Police Department
during the 1900s. He was the head of the Italian Squad. Through
extensive intelligence network, he was credited to smash and
neutralization of the Black Society.
JOYRIDING – theft and use of a motor vehicle solely to drive it, after which
it is abandoned; usually committed by teenagers.
JUAN VUCETICH – was an Argentinian police officer who established his
own system of fingerprint classification and in 1891 founded in La
Plata, Argentina, the world’s first fingerprint bureau.

JUDICAL ADMISSION – statements made by a party involving the

exercising of judgment.
JUDICIAL – any act done under direction of a court: involving the exercise
of judgment.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION – a confession made by a party, such a
confession being admissible in evidence against the party.
JUDICIAL NOTICE – an evidentiary shortcut whereby the necessity of
formally proving the truth of a particular matter is eliminated when
that truth is not in dispute; it means no more than that the court will
bring to its aid and consider, without proof of the facts its knowledge of
those matters of public concern which are known by all well informed
persons.
JUDICIAL POWER – the power granted to a court or judicial tribunal.
JUDICIARY – that branch of government which interprets and applies the
laws; may also pertains to the functions of a judge.
JUKE FAMILY – a well-known criminal family studied by Richard
Dugdale.
JULIUS CAESAR - During his time, the staff of each Roman Legion
includes ten “speculators” who served as an information-collecting
agency. The “speculators” were the first intelligence personnel to
appear definitely in a military organization. Military success of the
Romans was aided by communication system. Made use of carrier
pigeons, which made possible the amazing speed with which
intelligence of Imperial Rome was transmitted. He also employed
ciphers to ensure secrecy of communications.
JUMPER – a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to pass a safety
device in an electrical system.
JURAT – a certificate stating the time and place of an affidavit and the
person before whom it was sworn
JURIDICAL NOTICE – the power of the court to accept as proved certain
notorious facts.

JURISDICTION – the authority to hear and determine a cause; as used in

the Constitution and statues means jurisdiction over the subject matter
only, unless an exception arises by reasons of its employment in a
broader sense.
JURISPRUDENCE – science or philosophy of law or system of laws; a part
or division of a law; the particular science of giving a wise interpretation
to the laws and making a just application of them to all cases as they
arise.
JURIST – expert in law; scholar or writer in the field of law.
JUS SANGUINIS – the principle that the nationality is the same as his
parents.
JUS SOLI – the principle that nationality is determined by the place of
birth.
JUST CAUSE – legitimate cause.
JUST COMPENSATION – compensation paid to one whose property has
been taken in condemnation proceedings.
JUST DESERTS – notion that a criminal offender deserves the
punishment he receives at the hands of the law which is commensurate
to the crime committed.
JUST UTENDI – the right to use a thing.
JUSTIFICATION – valid defense for the performance or non-performance
of an act.
JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES – are those where the act of a person is
said to be in accordance with law, so that such person is deemed not
to have transgressed the law and is free from both criminal and civil
liability.
JUSTINIAN CODE – 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code
of law. This was an effort to match a desirable amount of punishment
to all possible crimes.
JUSTITIA NEMINI NEGANDA EST – justice is to be denied to no one

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY – refers to an anti-social act or behavior, which

deviates from the norms of the society. It also refers to an act that
violates simple rules and regulations, committed by minors, punishable
by a short period of imprisonment or a small fine.
JUXTA POSITION – being placed in nearness; side by side.
K
KALLIKAK FAMILY – a well-known criminal family studied by Henry
Goddard.
KANGAROO COURT – mock court held in prison whereby prisoners judge
another inmate.
KARL LANDSTEINER - was an Austrian biologist, physician,
and immunologist who distinguished the main blood groups in 1900,
having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups.
He is also known as ‘father of transfusion medicine’
KARL MARX - a German philosopher, economist, socialist and historian.
He advocated the Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory, and
claimed that the ruling class in a capitalist society is responsible for
the creation of criminal law and their ideological basis in the
interpretation and enforcement of the laws.
KARL SCHULMEISTER – was Napoleon’s eye and military secret. He
began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able
to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff.
KATE WARNE - was the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton
Detective Agency and the United States
KETAMINE – a hallucinogenic dissociative anesthetic that is used in
surgery and veterinary medicine. It causes amnesia (memory loss) and
analgesia (pain-relief).

KEY-HOLE SHOT – the tumbling of a bullet in its flight and hitting the
target sideways as a result of not spinning on its axis. This results in
firing a bullet through a badly worn out barrel.
KINESICS – the relationship between body language (limb movements,
facial expressions, etc.) and the communication of feelings and
attitudes.
KLEPTOMANIAC – compulsive thief; one who continues to involve in
thefts of items because of an irresistible, persistent, and abnormal
impulse or tendency to steal.
KYMOGRAPH – is the chart recording unit of the polygraph instrument.
It has a synchronized motor that drives the charts at the rate of six
inches per minute and its speed constant is vital because the vertical
lines, which are spaced either at one-half or one-inch interval,
represents five- or ten-seconds interval on the chart. This provides the
polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rater and question
spacing.
L
LA COSA NOSTRA - an American organized crime group with roots in the
Sicilian Mafia.
LABELING THEORY – a theory which states that once young people have
been labeled as criminal, they are more likely to offend. The idea is that
once labelled as deviant a young person may accept that role, and be
more likely to associate with others who have been similarly labelled.
LACERATIONS – wounds inflicted by blunt objects such as clubs, pipes,
and pistols; typically, open and irregularly shaped, bruised around the
edges, and bleeding freely.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP - Laissez-faire is a French term meaning

“let do” or “hands off”. This style of leadership is essentially non
leadership, the spirit being one of “do your own thing and hope for the
best”. The most common application of this approach is the “country
club” type of organization typical of many professional groups and
business associations, where work standards are left to the members
and there is little or no supervision.
LAMP BLACK – the burning of low-grade heavy oils.
LAND TRANSPORTATION DISASTER – is a land transportation sector
accident, e.g. rail road and motor vehicle accidents causing serious loss
of lives, injuries and damage to properties.
LANDS AND GROOVES – raised and indented portions of a firearm barrel
that serve to impart a spinning motion to the bullet. The cutting tools
used in the rifling process often produce characteristic marks that may
assist in firearm identification.
LARCENY – theft as compared to burglary (robbery); the crime of taking
and carrying away personal property of another, with the intent to
permanently deprive the owner of its use.
LASCIVIOUS – means wanton or lustful.
LASCIVIOUS CONDUCT – intentional touching, either directly or through
clothing, of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh or buttocks
or the introduction of any object into the genitalia, anus or mouth, of
any person, whether of the same or opposite sex, with an intent to
abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire
of any person.
LASCIVIOUSNESS – in Art 336, RPC comprises all acts of lasciviousness
performed upon a person of either sex, short of lying with a woman and
anything leading up to it, independently of the intention of the
wrongdoer.
LASER ILLUMINATION – a method of developing latent prints in which
lasers are used to illuminate a crime scene, causing otherwise-

undetectable fingerprints to fluoresce when viewed through a special

lens.
LAST CLEAR CHANCE – a doctrine that a person who has the last clear
chance to void the impending harm and fails to do so is chargeable with
the consequences, without reference to the prior negligence of the other
party.
LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT – an instrument, whereby one makes a
disposition of his property to take effect after his death.
LATE MODERNITY – a period in the historical development of capitalism
characterized by individualization, globalization, personal insecurity,
hyper consumption and the decline of large-scale collective initiatives
such as the welfare state.
LATENT – means hidden or concealed.
LATENT DEFECT – defect not apparent but which becomes evident in use.
LATENT HEAT – is the quantity of heat absorbed by a heat from solid to
liquid and from to gas.
LATENT PRINTS – fingerprint impression caused by a perspiration on the
edges of the fingers being transferred to the surface; these are
fingerprints impressions that are invisible or semi visible.
LAW ENFORCEMENT – which refers to the manner in which authorities
enforce the local and national laws of the land. It is more related to
matters involving police management and administration or policing in
general.
LAWSUIT – a request, appeal, action or proceeding in a civil court. The
process of bringing a problem or claim, etc. before the court of law for
settlement.
LAYER-CHECKING TECHNIQUE – in arson investigation, the process of
examining the strata of debris, working through to the floor; may
indicate the sequence of burning.
LAYOFF – refers to the termination of work by an employer.

LEAD BULLETS – are bullets which are made of lead or alloys of the metal
(lead, tin and antimony) which is slightly harder than pure lead.
LEADING – a management function of directing and coordinating the work
efforts of other people to help them accomplish important task.
LEADING QUESTION – is a question where the answer is already supplied
by the examiner into the mouth of the witness.
LEARNING THEORY – the general notion that crime is an acquired form
of behavior.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE – a period, which an officer is excused from active
duty by any valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.
LEFT-WING TERRORISTS – are terrorists who, usually, profess a
revolutionary socialist doctrine and view themselves as protecting the
people against capitalism and imperialism.
LEGAL CAUSE – substantial fact that caused harm.
LEGAL OBLIGATION – an obligation to do and perform what the law
requires.
LEGAL PROCEDURES – refers to court trials – wherein for example, the
ballistics report of the firearm examiner the ballistic exhibits fired
bullets, firearms and allied exhibits are presented during the trial of the
case in the court of justice. It includes the presentation of the ballistics
expert, to give testimony regarding his findings or conclusions.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY – a sub-discipline of psychology specifically
concerned with the application of psychological knowledge and
research to the process of law.
LEGITIMATION – is a remedy or process by which a child born out of
lawful wedlock and are therefore considered illegitimate are by fiction
of law considered by subsequent valid marriage of the parents.
LENGTH OF SERVICE – the period of time that has elapsed since the oath
of office was administered. Previous active services may be included or
added.

LENS – optical instrument magnified used for laboratory examination for

microscopical specimens.
LEONARDE KEELER – was the co-inventor of the polygraph instrument.
He was a Berkeley high school student who was captivated by John
Larson’s machine - his so-called 'cardio-pneumo psychogram,' capable
of detecting deception, and worked on it to produce the modern
polygraph. He developed his own polygraph instrument known as the
‘Keeler Polygraph’.
LESS GRAVE FELONIES – are those which the law punishes with
penalties which in their maximum period are correctional.
LETTER PRESS PRINTING – is a form of printing books, magazine,
letterheads and the usual printing in common uses.
LEWD – means obscene or vulgar; unlawful indulgence of lust; indecent,
and lecherous. It signifies the form of immorality which has relation to
moral impurity; or that which is carried on a wanton manner.
LEX PROSPICIT NOT RESPICIT – the law looks forward, not backward.
LEX PUNIT MENDACIAM – the law punishes falsehood.
LEX TALIONIS – the law of retaliation or revenge.
LIABILITY – the condition of one who is under obligation to pay; an
obligation to pay money.
LIAISON PROGRAM – the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies in order to obtain information of police intelligence
value.
LIBEL – to defame another person’s reputation; or a defamation committed
by means of writing, printing, lithography, radio, phonograph, painting
or theatrical or cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means.
LICENSE – a permission to use an intellectual property right, under
defined conditions as to time, context, market line, or territory; a
trademark of service.
LIFE-COURSE – a term that has replaced the term life stages to reflect
holistic understanding of the ageing process. The blurring of the life-

course problematizes negative ‘ageist’ stereotypes and practices and in

turn produces more accurate and positive images that imply that later
life is a time for vitality, creativity, empowerment and resourcefulness—
all attainable in old age.
LIGATURE STRANGULATION – the pressure on the neck applied by a
constricting band that is tightened by a force other than body weight;
causes death by occluding the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the
brain.
LIGHT FELONIES – are infractions of law for the commission of which the
penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos.
LIMITED AREA CONTROL – a limited area is a restricted area in which a
lesser degree of control is required than in an exclusion area but which
the security interest would be compromised by uncontrolled movement.
LINE AND STAFF – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into
a workable pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct
accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible for
support, advisory or facilitative capacity.
LINE INTELLIGENCE – the kind of intelligence required by the
commander to provide for planning and conduct tactical and
administrative operation in counter insurgency. This pertains to
knowledge of people, weather, enemy and terrain used in planning and
conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter
insurgency.
LINE OF DEMARCATION – the line between the charred and portion of a
burned material.
LINE ORGANIZATION – a simple straight-line organization often called
the individual, military or departmental type of organization and
perhaps the oldest type where authority and responsibility extend in a
direct line from top to bottom within the structures.
LINE-UP – an assembly of person’s including the suspect, viewed for
identification purposes by a crime victim or witness; also called line up

identification – the method of having the victims or witnesses identify

suspects from a group of at least 5 “suspected” individuals presented
before them; used when the suspect is in custody.
LIQUEFIED PETROLUEM GAS – any flammable gas liquefied through
pressure. The liquid vaporized under normal atmospheric pressure.
LITIGATION – a lawsuit or the process of bringing a suit against another
person in accordance with the procedures of law
LIVIDITY – also known as post mortem lividity; dark blue or purple
discoloration of human body where blood has drained to the lowest
level.
LIVOR MORTIS – soon after death; a purplish color that appears under
the skin on the portions of the body that are closest to the ground;
caused by settling of the blood.
LLOYD OHLIN - advocated the Differential Opportunity Theory. He
claimed that there is differential opportunity, or access, to success
goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means depending on the
specific location of the individual within the social structure. Thus,
lower class groups are provided with greater opportunities for the
acquisition of deviant acts.
LOAN SHAKING – loaning or lending of money at exorbitant interest rates.
LOCAL AGENCY CHECK – a type of investigation consists of the first type
plus written inquiries sent to appropriate local government agencies,
former employees, references and schools listed by the person under
investigation.
LOCK DOWN – a temporary confinement of inmates in a correctional
facility to their cells on a 24hour basis with no outside contact and little
if any ordinary privileges or recreation.
LOCK UP JAILS – is a security facility, common to police stations, used
for temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation.

LOGIC BOMB – a computer program that uses illegitimate instructions or

misuses legitimate instructions to damage data structures; operates at
a specific time, periodically, or according to other instructions.
LOGICAL APPROACH – an interrogation technique in which the
interrogator bases his or her appeals to the suspect on common sense
and sound reasoning; works better on men with criminal records,
educated persons, and mature adults.
LOGOMACY — a statement that we would have no crime if we have no
criminal law and that we can eliminate crimes by merely abolishing
criminal law.
LOOK OUTS – accomplices of a robber who watch for police and may
provide armed backup for the offender.
LOOSE SURVEILLANCE – type of surveillance applied frequently or
infrequently where the period of observation varied on each occasion;
the subject is not kept under constant observation; this method is used
when the information sought can be obtained from a particular facet of
the subject's activities, to spot check a subject, or as a long-term
method of compiling information on a subject.
LOST – in surveillance, the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of
his subject or the subject has eluded the surveillance.
LOUIS-JACQUES-MANDÉ DAGUERRE – also known as Louis Daguerre,
was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of
the daguerreotype process of photography. He became known as one of
the fathers of photography. Though he is most famous for his
contributions to photography, he was also an accomplished painter and
a developer of the diorama theatre.
LOW PROFILE THEORY – a patrol theory which states that low police
visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals, the
objective is to attract as little attention as possible while on the process
of patrolling.

LUDWIG TEICHMANN - developed the first microscopic crystal test for

hemoglobin using hemin crystals.
LUMP-SUM PAYMENT – is a single amount of money; a sum paid all at
once rather than in part or in installments.
LUTHER GULICK – an American political scientist who became prominent
in the field of public administration. He co-established the
"Administration-Management Theory" which promoted the great
POSDCRB principles.
LYNDALL URWICK - a British management consultant who integrated the
ideas of earlier theorists like Henri Fayol into a comprehensive theory
of management administration. Together with Luther Gulick, they
advocated the "Administration-Management Theory".
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) – is a hallucinogenic drug, which
is synthesized from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and various other
grains.
M
M’NAUGHTEN RULE – an insanity standard which requires that either an
offender did not know what he or she was doing, or that, if he or she
did, that he or she did not know it was wrong.
MACHIAVELLIANISM – sneaky, cunning, lack of moral code; a philosophy
where people manipulate others purely for personal gain.
MACHINE REST – a machine used for testing the accuracy of a firearm.
MACRO-ETCHING – the examination of the serial number of engine and
chassis of a motor vehicle by a crime laboratory technician by means
of applying chemicals solution on the said serial numbers to determine

whether there is tampering and for possible restoration of the tampered

serial numbers.
MADE – in surveillance, the subject under surveillance becomes aware
that he is under observation and identifies the observer.
MAFIA – a term often used to describe an organized crime group consisting
of particular ethnic members, for example, Sicilian Mafia, Russian
Mafia. It has also been used in reference to individuals and groups who
deal specifically in illegal protection.
MAGAZINE – a device or reservoir to hold extra cartridge.
MAGIC MUSHROOMS – fungi that contain psychedelic substances, such
as the hallucinogen psilocybin.
MAGNUM – firearm designed for extra power.
MAIN SPRING – spring of a firearm that provides energy to the hammer to
activate firing mechanism.
MALA FIDE – in bad faith.
MALA IN SE – bad in themselves; wrongful from their nature, those that
are serious in their effects on society.
MALA PROHIBITA – a wrong act arising out of doing an act prohibited by
special laws; wrong merely because prohibited by statute, are violations
of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly
regulation of the affairs of society.
MALFEASANCE – is misconduct; any wrongful, improper or unlawful
conduct motivated by premeditated, obstinate or intentional purpose.
It usually refers to transgression of some established, obstinate or
intentional purpose.
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF – is the willful damaging of another's property for
the sake of causing damage due to hate, revenge or other evil motive.
MALO ANIMO – with evil intent.
MAMERTINE PRISON – an ancient Roman place of confinement, which is
built under the main sewer of Rome in 640 B.C

MANAGEMENT PLANS – are plans of management that prepares in

advance all operations involved in the organization management of
personnel and material and in the procurement and disbursement of
money.
MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP – it assumes that the focus of leaders ought
to be on functions, tasks and behaviors and that if these functions are
carried out competently the work of others in the organization will be
facilitated.
MANDAMUS – we command.
MANDATORY – means imperative; peremptory; obligatory
MAN-MADE DISASTER – is also called human induced disaster; a disaster
caused by human activities.
MANNING LEVEL – a system of organizing the police force based on
number of officers and the population they serve.
MANUEL MONTESIMOS – was the Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain
in 1835 who divided the number of prisoners into companies and
appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed
good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI - an anatomist who described the function of the
skin and mentioned pattern formed by the ridges. A layer of the skin is
named after him.
MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS – also known as Quintilian, was
a Roman educator and rhetorician, an attorney in the Roman courts
who showed that bloody palm prints were meant to frame a blind man
of his mother’s murder.
MARGIN – the amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.
MARIJUANA – refers to the dried greenish-brown leaves or flowers of the
plant known as cannabis sativa.
MARTIAL LAW – law dealing when the military affairs; state existing when
military authorities carry on government or exercise control over
civilians in domestic territory.

MASOCHISM — a condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives

pleasure from being dominated or cruelly treated.
MATCH LOCK – an early form of firearm, in which the priming charge was
ignited by a chord or match of a slow burning material.
MATERIAL EVIDENCE - evidence is material when it is directed to prove
a fact in issue as determined by the rules of substantive law and
pleadings.
MATHIEU ORFILA - regarded as the ‘Father of Modern Toxicology’. He
was the first great 19th-century exponent of forensic medicine, who
worked to make chemical analysis a routine part of forensic medicine,
and made studies of asphyxiation, the decomposition of bodies, and
exhumation. He helped to develop tests for the presence of blood in a
forensic context and is credited as one of the first people to use a
microscope to assess blood and semen stains.
MATRIX – a variable message sign display, made up of a series of dots
(pixels) in a matrix format. Parameters or symbols are formed by
illuminating different patterns of pixels.
MAX FREI-SULZER - founder of the first Swiss criminalistics laboratory,
developed the tape lift method of collecting trace evidence.
MAX WEBER - a German sociologist, philosopher and scientific
management theorist. He became famous with his scientific
management approach on Bureaucracy and his Bureaucratic Theory,
which emphasize division of labor and hierarchy are important and
efficient way to set up an organization, administration and
organizations. He coined the word bureaucracy.
MAXIMUM RANGE – the farthest distance that a projectile can be
propelled from a firearm. While the range at which the ordinary pistol
and revolver are supposed to be effective in only 50 to 75 yards, all of
them will send their bullets much further that and are capable of
inflicting fatal wounds at distances up to one mile, depending on the
caliber and the gunpowder content.

MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS – a group of prisoners whose escape

could be dangerous to the public or to the security of the state. It
consists of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super
maximum-security prisoners. Their movements are restricted and they
are not allowed to work outside the institution but rather assigned to
industrial shops within the prison compound.
MEANS OF EGRESS – a continuous and unobstructed route of exit from
any point in a building, structure or facility to a public way.
MEASUREMENT AND SIGNATURES INTELLIGENCE (MASINT) - it
concerns about weapon capabilities and industrial activities which
includes advanced processing and use of data gathered from overhead
and airborne IMINT and SIGINT. It uses Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT)
-data relayed by weapons during tests and electronic intelligence
(ELINT) - electronic emissions picked up from modern weapons and
tracking systems.
MECHANICAL EXPLOSIONS – explosions in which the high-pressure gas
is produced by purely physical reactions; commonly caused by steam
such as bursting of a steam boiler.
MEDIUM SECURITY PRISONERS – a group of prisoners who cannot be
trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum-
security prisoners in case they escape. It consists of groups of prisoners
who maybe allowed working outside the fence or walls of the penal
institution under guards or with escorts.
MENS REA – means guilty state of mind.
MENTAL DISORDER – a clinically diagnosable cognitive, emotional or
behavioral disorder that interferes with the way a person thinks, feels
and behaves. Examples of mental disorders include depression,
anxiety, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.
MEPERIDINE – a synthetic narcotic that in illicit use is usually injected
but can be taken orally; the first synthetic opiate.

MERGING – the convergence of separate streams of traffic into a single

stream.
MESCALINE – a natural hallucinogen, derived from the peyote cactus that
produces hallucinations for up to 12 hours; ground into a powder and
taken orally.
MESOMORPHS – a type of body built that refers to the athletic types, those
with a predominance of muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally
heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They are the people who are
routinely active and aggressive.
METAL CASED BULLET – a type of bullet colloquially used to indicate
either a metal-patched full-patched bullet.
METAL POINT – a bullet having lead bearing and metal tip.
METALLOGRAPHY – is a branch of metallurgy that involves the study of
the microstructures of metals and alloys.
METALLURGY – is the art of extracting and working on metals by the
application of chemical and physical knowledge.
METHADONE – is a synthetic opiate often used to treat heroin
dependence. When given in an adequate dose to opioid dependent
individuals, methadone tends to reduce desire to use heroin and other
opiates, eliminates opioid withdrawal, and blocks the euphoric effects
of the other opioid drugs.
METHAMPHETAMINE – a stimulant drug, also called speed or
amphetamine. Most commonly it is found as a colorless crystalline
solid, sold under a variety of names, such as crystal meth, crystal or
"ice".
METHOD TRIANGULATION – the practice of using more than one
research method when conducting empirical research.
METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE (MDA) – is an amphetamine similar
to ecstasy. It is more hallucinogenic than MDMA and its effects last
almost twice as long.

METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA) – also known as

"ecstasy", is a synthetic stimulant and has hallucinogenic properties.
METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT OF 1829 – the act of Parliament that
created the London Metropolitan Police, the first centralized,
professional police force in Britain, which soon became the
international model of professional policing.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION – any examination or study which is made
with the microscope in order to discover minute physical details.
MILITARY SECURITY – it encompasses the measures taken by a
command to protect itself against espionage, enemy operation,
sabotage, subversion or surprise.
MINIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS – a group of prisoners who can be
reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open conditions”. This
group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work
assignments without the presence of guards.
MINUTIAE – small or precise detail of something; in fingerprinting, it is
the characteristics of friction ridges on palms, fingers, toes, and soles
of the feet.
MIRANDA DOCTRINE – a principle on the rights of a suspect from forced
self-incrimination during police interrogation.
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA – the 1966 case in which the Supreme Court
established that law officers must advise a person of his or her
constitutional rights before beginning an in-custody interrogation.
MISCONDUCT – is malfeasance; the performance of some act, which ought not to
be done. It is the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that
which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where he act without any
authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses his powers.
MISFEASANCE – is the irregularities in the performance of duty; improper
performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
MISLEADING QUESTION – a question which cannot be answered without
making an unintended admission.

MISPRISION OF TREASON – every person owing allegiance to the

government of the Philippine Islands, without being a foreigner, and
having knowledge of any conspiracy against them, conceals or does not
disclose and make known the same, as soon as possible to the governor
or fiscal of the province, or the mayor or the fiscal of the city in which
he resides.
MISSFIRE – a condition where a cartridge do not fire when firing pin
strikes the primer.
MISTAKE OF FACT – is a misapprehension of fact on the part of the
person who caused injury to another.
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES – the which, if present in the commission
of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal liability but
only serve to reduce the penalty.
MITIGATION – reduction of damages or punishment by reason of
extenuating facts
MOB – representative of an organization with some common motive for
criminal action, such as revenge for a crime committed on the scene
where the crowd assembled, an aggravated fight, or a confrontation
with the police.
MOBILE PATROL – refers to patrol methods through automobile type of
patrol.
MODEL SIGNATURE – a genuine signature that has been used to prepare
an imitated or traced forgery.
MOISTURE CONTAIN – the behavior of combustible solid of the same size
and shape.
MONEY LAUNDERING – the process of making illegally obtained money
seem legitimate by filtering it through a business and falsifying
business accounts and invoices.
MONEY MARKET – a bank transaction wherein a particular bank will
issue a promissory note in favor of another bank.

MONOPOLY – the exclusive control of a particular business or trade,

manufacture of particular article, sale of the whole supply
MONOZYOTIC – twins, as opposed to dizygotic twins, develop from the
same egg, and carry virtually the same genetic material.
MOONLIGHTING – the act of engaging in any business, which but not
limited to all activities, jobs, work and similar functions, performed,
engaged in or undertaking by him, in or off duty hours, with or without
compensation, which are inconsistent or incompatible with the police
duties, functions.
MOOT CASE – a case is considered as presenting a moot question when a
judgment thereon cannot have any practical legal effect or, in the
nature of things, cannot be enforced.
MOOT COURT – a mock court at which law students argue imaginary
cases for practice.
MORAL CERTAINTY – a certainty that convinces and satisfies the reasons
and conscience of those who are to act upon a given matter.
MORAL ENTREPRENEUR – a powerful person or group seeking to impose
a moral agenda by creating a new category of crime and crime control.
MORAL PANIC – as generated by the mass media and public authorities,
the public’s belief that a particular crime or criminal is symptomatic of
larger moral failures and social harms.
MORAL RIGHTS – are group of rights are of creators of copyrighted works
generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in
some common law jurisdictions. They include the right of attribution,
the right to have a work published anonymously or pseudonymously,
and the right to the integrity of the work.
MORALS – it refers to what is judged as good conduct. The term moral is also used
to describe someone who has the capacity to make value judgments and discern
right from wrong.

MORGUE – a laboratory that determines cause of death; when the cause

is questionable or is other than a known disease, conducts analyses
that produce investigative information.
MORTGAGOR – borrower in a mortgage; a homeowner. The word
“mortgagor”, as used in the charter of the Philippine National Bank in
connection with the right of redemption, includes both the estate of a
deceased mortgagor and his heirs.
MOTION - an application to the court for some rule or order or order
granting some type of relief; motions are various kinds and may be
classified as litigated, expert, special, or a motion of course.
MOTIVATION – is the process of arousing or strengthening a specific
desire or drive among various competing drives, so as to make the
aroused drive the most urgent and compelling to be satisfied.
MOTIVE – that which induces one to indulge in a criminal act, admissible
as evidence in order to arrive at the truth of the matter; the moving
power which impels one to action for a definite result. In criminal
psychology, it refers to the reason or cause why a person or group of
persons will perpetrate a crime or the purpose or aim of doing
something.
MOTOR VEHICLE – any vehicle propelled by means other than muscular
power using the public highways, but excepting rollers, trolley cars,
street sweepers, sprinklers, lawnmowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts,
amphibian trucks and cranes if not used on public highways; also,
vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and
traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to
be propelled by attachments to any motor vehicles shall be classified as
separate motor vehicles with no power rating.
MOTU PROPIO – on its own motion or initiative.
MOVEMENT – it is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all
the factors which are related to the motion of the writing instrument

skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremors and the

like. The manner in which the writing instrument is move that is by
finger, hand, forearm or whole arm.
MOVING SURVEILLANCE – surveillance follow the subject from the place
to place to maintain continuous watch of his activities
MUHAMMAD AKBAR – popularly known as Akbar I, also as Akbar the
Great, the sagacious master of the Hindustan who employed more than
4,000 agents for intelligence gathering.
MULTIPLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – a situation in which a
choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has both
positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because
the features of each portion are often difficult to compare.
MULTIPLE PERSONALITY – also called “dual personalities.” The reason
manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically
different from each other.
MUNICIPAL PRISONERS – are those confined in Municipal jails to serve
an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months. Those detained therein
whose trials of their cases are pending with the MTC.
MURDER – any person who shall kill another person with evident
premeditation, treachery, superior strength, aid of armed men,
consideration of prize and reward of promise and by means of fire,
poison, explosion and other means involving great waste and ruin.
MUSHROOM BULLET – a kind of bullet designed to expand on impact.
MUSKET – a long smooth bored firearm that is designed to project a single
shot.
MUTILATION – the lopping or the clipping off of some part of the body.
MUTINY – is the unlawful resistance to a superior officer, or the raising of
commotions and disturbances on board a ship against the authority of
its commander.
MUZZLE – the forward of the barrel.

MUZZLE BLAST – the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun by the
reason of the sudden escape of the expanding gas when it comes to
instant contact with the air in the surrounding atmosphere at muzzle
point. The noise created at muzzle point of the gun by reason of the
sudden escape of the expanding gas.
MUZZLE ENERGY – energy generated at muzzle point. The bullets
capacity for hitting measured in foot-pounds at the muzzle.
MUZZLE LOADER – gun loaded through the front and muzzle end of the
bore, using loose powder and ball or shell or paper cartridges.
MUZZLE VELOCITY – the speed of the bullet at muzzle point.
N
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – was a French statesman and military leader
who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several
successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He
organized the French Intelligence Bureaus - Bureau of Intelligence,
which consolidate incoming information regarding the enemy and
Topographic Bureau, which maintains a large map which covers the
latest information regarding both enemy and friendly forces. He
maintained Military Intelligence and Secret Political Police Service all
over Europe.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
an exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-occupation with
receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands special
treatment from others and disregarding the rights and feeling of others.

NARCOTIC DRUG – a chemical agent that can induce stupor, coma, or

insensibility to pain. The term usually refers to opiates or opioids,
which are sometimes referred to as narcotic analgesics.
NATIONAL AGENCY CHECK – is an investigation of an individual made
upon the basis of written information supplied by him in response to
official inquiry, and by reference to appropriate national agencies. It is
simply a check of the files and record of national agencies.
NATIONAL INTEREST – used to refer to the general concept of national
security and well-being.
NATIONAL STRATEGY - the art and science of developing and using the
political, economic, and psychological powers of a nation, together with
its armed forces, during peace and war, to secure national objectives.
It is the long -range plan through which a nation applies its strength
toward the attainment of its objectives.
NATURAL BARRIERS – barriers which include bodies of waters,
mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain that are difficult
to traverse.
NATURAL DISASTER – a disaster caused by natural forces rather than by
human action such as floods, storms, typhoons or tornados, drought,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the like.
NATURAL HAZARD – are hazards which arise from natural phenomena.
The following are types of natural hazards or disasters:
NECROPHILIA – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
NEED-TO-KNOW - is the principle whereby access to classified security
matter may only be only given to those persons to whom it is necessary
for the fulfillment of their duties.
NEGATIVE EVIDENCE – evidence is negative when the witness states that
he did not see or know the occurrence of a fact.
NEGLECT – failure to provide, for reasons other than poverty, adequate
food, clothing, shelter, basic education or medical care so as to

seriously endanger the physical, mental, social and emotional growth

and development of the child.
NEGLECT OF DUTY – also called nonfeasance; the omission of some act,
which ought to be performed. Is the omission or refusal, without sufficient
excuse, to perform an act duty, which was the Peace Officer's legal
obligation to perform, it implies a duty as well as its breach and the fact can
never be found in the absence of a duty.
NEGLECTED CHILD – is one whose basic needs have been deliberately
unattended or inadequately attended.
NEHWMIAH GREW – an anatomist who was responsible for the earliest
written references on fingerprints with his work ‘Philosophical
Transaction’, a report on the patterning of the fingerprints.
NEIGHBORHOOD INVESTIGATION – an investigation focused at the
neighborhood where a crime happened. In kidnapping cases for
example, one of the most crucial part is neighborhood investigation, the
objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area
where the victim was kidnapped and or last known sighting area.
NEMO PUNITUR PRO ALIENO DELICTO – no one is punished for the
crime of another.
NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT – is a continuity of the classical
tradition brought about by philosophers who thought of certain
modification of the classical thinking. Under this, there are situations
or circumstances that made it impossible to exercise freewill which are
reasons to exempt the accused from conviction.
NET CALL SIGN – refers to the collective call sign that represents all the
radio stations operating together on a particular radio net.
NET CONTROL STATION – a radio station appointed by higher authority
to direct and control the operation and flow of all traffic handled on the
radio net.

NEUROTIC NUCLEUS – the faulty evaluation of reality and the tendency

to avoid rather that to cope with stress. It is characterized by anxiety,
avoidance instead of coping, and blocked personal growth.
NEUROTIC PARADOX – the tendency to maintain the life style despite its
maladaptive nature. It is characterized by unhappiness and
dissatisfactions.
NEUTRALITY – the state of not supporting or helping either side in a
conflict or disagreement; the power of not taking part in a contest of
arms going on between others.
NEXUS – connection or series of connections linking two or more groups.
NICOTINE – is the main psychoactive substance in tobacco. People who
use tobacco can develop tolerance for and become physically dependent
on nicotine.
NIGHT TIME – refers to the hours of darkness, taken as the time period
from one-half hour before sunset to one-half hour after sunrise.
NIGHT-TIME ECONOMY – used to describe bars, pubs, nightclubs and
fast-food outlets, often clustered in town and city centers.
NOMINAL PARTY – one who is joined as plaintiff or defendant, not
because he has any real interest in the subject matter or because any
relief is demanded as against him, but merely because the technical
rules of pleading require his presence on the record.
NON-INDEX CRIMES – are violations of special laws and others crimes
such as crimes against morals and order (prostitution vagrancy alarm
and scandal assault resistance to authority. Corruption of public
officials, gambling, slander and libel, threat and coercion, and
trespassing), crimes against chastity (abduction, seduction, lascivious
acts), other crimes against property (estafa and falsification, malicious
mischief, damage to property).
NON-JACKETED BULLETS – are usually made of an alloy comprised of
lead, tin and antimony which is slightly harder than pure lead.

NOTARIAL WILL – signed by the testator acknowledge before a notary

public with 3 witnesses.
NOTORIOUS – applied to things universally known and recognized;
flagrant
NULL – void or invalid; no legal binding
NURTURANT STRATEGY – a crime control strategy which attempts to
forestall development of criminality by improving early life experiences
and channeling child and adolescent development into desirable
directions.
NYMPHOMANIA – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive
sexual urge.
O
OATH – a formal attestation in which a witness swears to tell the truth on
the basis of his or her belief in a supreme being and acknowledges a
realization of the penalties for perjury; a means of establishing a
witness's competence.
OBITER DICTUM – a statement made in passing; a rule issued on a point
not necessarily involved in the case.
OBJECT OR REAL EVIDENCE - those addressed to the senses of the
court (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste).
OBLIGATION – a judicial necessity to give, to do or not to do.
OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION – an examination with the illumination
so controlled that it grazes or strikes the surface of the document from
one side at a very low angle. Decipherment of faded handwriting,
determination of outlines in traced forgery, embossed impressions, etc.
are subjected to this type of examination.

OBLITERATION – the blotting out or shearing over a writing to make the

original invisible to as an addition.
OBSERVATION – a complete and accurate observation by an individual of
his surroundings an encompasses the use of all the major sense to
register and recognized its operational or Intel significance
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER – an anxiety disorder
characterized by unwanted recurring thoughts, urges or images
(obsessions) or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that interfere with
daily life.
OCCULAR INSPECTION – an auxiliary remedy which the law affords the
parties or the court to reach an enlightened determination of the case,
either to clear a doubt, to reach a conclusion, or to find the truth, by
viewing the object related to the fact in issue.
OCCUPANCY – the purpose of which a building or portion thereof is used
or intend to be used.
OCCUPANT – any person actually occupying and using a building or
portion thereof by virtue of a lease contact with the owner or
administration or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
OCCUPANT LOAD – the maximum number of people that may be allowed
to occupy a particular building, structure or facility or portions thereof.
OFF DUTY – the nature of which the police officer is free from specific
routine duty.
OFFENDED PARTY – is the person appearing to have been defamed,
discredited, damaged and prejudiced by the imputation made; or one
who is entitled to civil indemnity in the civil action arising out of the
criminal act for which the accused is charged.
OFFENSE – an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as
Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum
Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – a document issued by the government or its
agents or its officers having the authority to do so and the offices, which

in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue and be

issued in the performance of their duties.
OFFSET PRINTING – a printing technique in which the inked image is
transferred or "offset" from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the
printing surface.
OGIVE - The curved portion of the bullet which is symmetrical and forms
the head of the projectile of gavial shape.
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT – an oil burner of any type together with its
tank, piping, writing controls, blower and related devices, and shall
include all oil-fired units, heating and cooking appliances.
OMERTA – the informal, unwritten code of organized crime which
demands silence and loyalty, among other things, of family members.
OMISSION – also known as inaction; the failure to perform a positive duty
which one is bound to do.
ON DUTY – the period when an officer is actively engaged in the
performance of his duty.
ONOSCOPE – small instrument sometimes used in examining the internal
surface of the gun barrel.
ONUS PROBANDI – the obligation imposed upon a party who alleges the
existence of a fact or thing necessary in the prosecution of defense of
an action, to establish its proof.
OPEN SIGHT – any sight in which there is no tube or aperture through
which aim is taken.
OPEN TECHNIQUE – an interrogation technique whereby the interrogator
is open and direct in his approach and makes no attempts to conceal
the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed when the interrogee
is cooperative. It is frequently used at the tactical level where time is a
major interrogator.
OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT) – refers to a broad array of
information and sources that are generally available, including
information obtained from the media (newspapers, radio, television,

etc.), professional and academic records (papers, conferences,

professional associations, etc.), and public data (government reports,
demographics, hearings, speeches, etc.).
OPERATIONAL DOCTRINES – principles and rules governing the
planning, organization and direction and employment of the police
forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational mission in
the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression,
internal security and public safety operation.
OPERATIONAL PLANNING – is the use of a rational design or pattern for
all departmental undertakings rather than relying on chance in an
operational environment. It is the preparation and development of
procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary
tasks and functions of an organization.
OPERATIONAL PLANS – are plans for the operations of special divisions
like the patrol, detective, traffic, fire and juvenile control divisions.
OPIATE – refers to a group of alkaloids derived from the opium poppy
(Papaver Somniferum) with the ability to induce analgesia, euphoria,
and, in higher doses, stupor, coma, and respiratory depression. The
term opiate excludes synthetic opioids such as heroin and methadone.
OPINION – is the opinion of the court or that portion of the judgment
containing the findings of facts and the conclusions of law.
OPIUM – is the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum).
Contains a number of alkaloids, such as morphine, codeine, and
papaverine.
OPPORTUNITY – refers to the chance or twist of fate; consist of the acts
by a person that enables another person or group of persons to
perpetrate the crime. Opportunity is synonyms with carelessness, acts
of indiscretion, and lack of crime prevention or lack of consciousness
on the part of the victim.
OPPOSITE PERSONALITY TECHNIQUE – an interrogation technique
usually known as “Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and Rescue”, “Bud Guy –

God Guy’, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil and Angel”.
This technique employs two interrogators playing opposite roles.
OPPRESSION – an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, domination, or
excessive use of authority. The exercise of the unlawful powers or other means, in
depriving an individual of his liberty or property against his will, is
generally an act of oppression.
OPTIMUS INTERPRES RERUM EST USUS – the best interpreter of things
is usage.
ORDEAL – a severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of
experience, A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was
subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects
or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a
divine judgment of guilt or innocence.
ORDER – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate
ORDINARY CRIMINAL – the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career.
He does not stick to crime as a profession but rather being pushed to
commit crimes due to a great opportunity.
ORDINARY INFORMANTS – informants that are under the compulsion to
report info to the police
ORDINARY JAILS – is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted
criminal offender to serve sentence less than three years.
ORDINARY WITNESS – those who may state facts and may not express
opinions or conclusions. They may testify to impressions of common
experiments such as the speed of a vehicle, whether a voice was that of
a man, woman or child.
ORGANIC AFFECTIVE SYNDROME – the extreme or severe manic or
depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function.
ORGANIC COATING – a liquid mixture of binders of such as alkyd,
nitrocellulose, acrylic, or oil, and flammable and combustible solvents
such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone, or alcohol, which when spread on
a surface becomes a durable protective and decorative finish.

ORGANIC DELUSIONAL SYNDROME – the false belief arises in a setting

of known or suspected brain damage.
ORGANIC PEROXIDE – a strong oxidizing organic compound which
releases oxygen readily. It causes fire when it contacts with combustible
materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
ORGANIC PERSONALITY SYNDROME – the general personality changes
following brain damage.
ORGANIZATION – a form of human association for the attainment of a
goal or objective. It is the process of identifying and grouping the work
to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority
establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people work
effectively.
ORGANIZATIONAL COVER – is an account consisting of biographical
which when adopted by an individual will assume the personality, he
wants to adopt
ORGANIZED CRIME – a combination of two or more persons who are
engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis
for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their
purpose.
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP – a structured group of three or more
persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim
of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses.
ORGANIZED CRIMINAL - is one who associates himself with other
criminals to earn a high degree of organization to enable them to
commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities.
ORGANIZING – establishment of the formal structure of authority through
which work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and coordinated for the
define objective. For managers, it is the function of dividing the work to
be done and coordinating results to achieve a desired purpose.

ORIGINATED POLICY – a policy that comes from top management level

and is intended to set up guidelines in the operation of the police
organization.
OUTCRY – to shout subversive or proactive words tending to stir up the
people to obtain by means of force or violence.
OUT-OF-TOWN CHECK – a check being presented for encashment before
any bank not within the territory where the issuing bank is located.
OVERDOSE – is when the amount of a drug taken exceeds the body's
ability to cope with the drug; results in acute adverse physical or
psychological effects, including stupor, coma, respiratory depression or
death.
OVERLAP – used in traffic signaling, is right-of-way indication that is
derived from the service of two or more traffic phases.
OVERLOADING – use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which
draw or consume electrical current beyond the design capacity of the
existing electrical system.
OVERT ACTS – an act of some physical activity or deed, indicating the
intention to commit a particular crime, more than a mere planning or
preparation, which if carried to its complete termination following its
natural course, without being frustrated by external obstacles nor by
the voluntary desistance of the perpetrator, will logically and
necessarily ripen into a concrete offense.
OVERT INTELLIGENCE – is the gathering of information or documents
procured openly without regard as to whether the subject or target
become knowledgeable of the purpose
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUG – are drug that can be sold or administered
without a prescription.
OWNER – a person who holds the legal rights of possession or title to a
building or real property.
OXIDATION – the act of uniting or of causing a substance to unit with
oxygen.

OXIDIZING AGENT – the substance that acquires electrons during an

oxidation- reduction reaction. In the course of the reaction, the
oxidizing agent is reduced.
OXIDIZING MATERIALS – a material that readily yields oxygen in
quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.
P
PACKING ROOMS – rooms where baled, bundled or piled materials are
segregated into desires sizes or groups.
PANIC DISORDER – is a disorder characterized by unpredictable but
recurring attacks of intense fear or discomfort.
PANIC HARDWARE – a mechanical devices consisting of linkages and a
horizontal bar across a door, which when pushed from the inside will
cause the door to open and facilitate exit from a building, structure or
facility.
PANOPTICON – the type of prison designed by Bentham which is to be a
circular building.
PAPER – are sheets of interlaced fibers - usually cellulose fibers from
plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that
is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to form a
solid surface.
PAPYRUS – an early writing material.
PAPYRUS SHEETS – a kind of early paper made from reeds, bearing
written hieroglyphs, another pictographic-ideographic form of
writing.
PARADOX – smooth bore gun in which the final few inches of the barrel
are rifled to increase the efficiency of round ball or slug.

PARA-LANGUAGE – characteristics of speech, such as volume, pitch,

tone, and tempo that communicate, often unconsciously, meanings
and attitudes of the speaker that may not be evident in the words
themselves.
PARAMETHOXYAMPHETAMINE (PMA OR PMMA) – is a particularly
toxic substance from the amphetamine family, often sold as ecstasy.
PARANOIA – it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized delusional
system. A delusion is a firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in
spite of strong evidence to the contrary. It is also a psychosis
characterized by delusion of apprehension following a failure or
frustration.
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance,
with being argumentative and tendency to blame others of one’s own
mistakes.
PARCHMENT – a writing material made from skin of animals primarily of
sheep, calves or goats.
PARDON – an act of grace extended to prisoners as a matter of right,
vested to the Chief Executive as a matter of power.
PARENS PATRIAE – parent as father of his country; the prerogative
inherent in the supreme, power of every State, to be exercised in the
interest of humanity, and for his prevention of injury to those who
cannot protect themselves.
PARENTING – the rearing of a child or children, especially the care, love,
and guidance given by a parent.
PARI PASSU – on an equal footing.
PAROLE – a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her
sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her
to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer.
PAROLE EVIDENCE – a rule in law regarding contracts, and governs what
kinds of evidence parties to a contract dispute can introduce to identify

the specific terms of a contract. For it to be admissible, the following

requisites must be present - the mistake should be of fact; the mistake
should be mutual or common to both parties to the instrument; and
the mistake should be alleged and proved by clear and convincing
evidence.
PARRICIDE – the killing of own father, mother or child whether legitimate
or illegitimate or any of ascendants or descendants or spouse.
PART OF THE RES GESTAE – are statements made by a person while a
startling occurrence is taking place or immediately prior to or
subsequent thereto with respect to the circumstances thereof.
PARTIAL BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION – the investigation of the
background of an individual but limited only to some of the
circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to the
investigation. Normally, the request for the investigation will indicate
the specific personal circumstances to be covered.
PARTICIPATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT – a system where the citizenry
and the police work together to reduce crime, prevent juvenile
delinquency and criminal behavior, maintain the peace and reduce
local problems which are the mutual responsibility of the police and the
people.
PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS - are those who commit crimes
because they are pushed to it by reward or promise.
PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder of
"pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to
demands for adequate performance in social and occupational situations”.
PASSPORT – a document issued by the Philippine government to its
citizens and requesting other governments to allow its citizens to pass
safely and freely, and in case of need to give him/her all lawful aid and
protection.

PATENT – a document by which a state or government grants public lands

to an individual; or the exclusive right granted to an inventor to make
use and sell his invention.
PATERNITY – is the civil of the father with respect to the child begotten
him.
PATRIARCHY – refers to a system of social structure and practices in
which men dominate.
PATRICK COLQUHOUN - was a Scottish merchant, statistician,
magistrate, and founder of the first regular preventive police force in
England, the Thames River Police.
PATROL – refer to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to
protect it or to maintain order. It could also mean a person or a group
such as a police or military unit sent to carry out a tour of duty in a
certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance
purposes or simply to provide protection.
PATROL HAZARDS – a term used frequently to describe a specific
condition or place that requires a patrol officer’s special attention.
PAUL JESRICH – was a German chemist who was known to use a
microscope for ballistic comparison. He was one of the first scientists
to match a gun and bullet using micro-photography.
PAUL KIRK - published Crime Investigation, one of the first
comprehensive criminalistics and crime investigation texts that
encompassed theory in addition to practice.
PAVEMENT MARKING – a colored marking applied to the pavement to
provide drivers with roadway alignment information.
PAVEMENT – that part of the roadway having a constructed hard surface
for the facilitation of vehicular movement.
PEDESTRIAN – any person who is not in or upon a vehicle, motorized or
otherwise propelled, or riding upon an animal.
PEDOPHILIA – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive
desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.

PEN EMPHASIS – the act of intermittently forcing the pen against the
paper surfaces. When the pen-point has flexibility, this emphasis
produces shading, but with more rigid writing points heavy point
emphasis can occur in writing w/out any evidence of shading; the act
intermittently forcing the pen against the paper with increase pressure.
PEN HOLD – the place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and
the angle at which he holds it.
PEN PRESSURE – the average force with which the pen contacts
the paper.
PENAL MANAGEMENT – the manner or practice of managing or
controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons.
PENAL STATUE – statute which forbids an act and imposes a penalty for
it.
PENALTY – generally a punishment for a crime; the suffering inflicted by
the state against an offending member for the transgression of law.
PENDING – on going, during; before the conclusion.
PENETRATION – the recruitment of action agent inside the target
organization
PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM – the prison system called “solitary
system” where prisoners are confined in single cells day and night
where they lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious
instructions.
PENOLOGY – the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders.
It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offenders. It is a term derived from the Latin
word “poena” which, means pain or suffering. It is also known as Penal
Science.
PERCUSSION CAP – a small metallic cup containing fulminating material
that explodes when struck by a gun’s hammer.
PERSON – in law, it includes natural and juridical persons, unless the
context indicates otherwise.

PERSON IN AUTHORITY – persons who by direct provision of law or by

appointment of competent authority are charged with the maintenance
of public order and the protection and security of life and property, as
well as all persons who come to the aid of agents of authority.
PERSONA GRATA – an acceptable person
PERSONA NON GRATA – a person not acceptable
PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT – equipment and clothing
designed to protect individuals at high-risk crime scenes from injury
and infection.
PERSONALITY – the overall profile or combination of traits that
characterize the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and
interacts with others. It combines a set of physical and mental
characteristics that reflects how a person looks, think, act, and feels.
PERSONNEL PROGRAMS – are activities programmed to implement the
organization philosophy or creed and the personnel philosophy of
managers in relation to people so as to accomplish organizational
objectives. It serves as a fundamental guide for personnel practices and
personnel policies used in an organization for maintaining harmony
between management and employees.
PERSONNEL SECURITY - includes all the security measures designed to
prevent unsuitable individuals or persons of doubtful loyalty to the
government, from gaining access to classified matter or to any security
facility, and to prevent appointment, or retention as employees of such
individuals.
PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION – an inquiry into the
character, reputation, discretion and loyalty of individual in order to
determine a person’s suitability to be given security clearance.
PETITION – in equity, an application for a court order giving the
circumstances.
PETROGRAPHY – branch of geology that deals with the systematic
classification and identification of rocks, rock forming minerals and

soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe insulation, ceramics and
other such materials, both natural and artificial.
PHARMACOTHERAPY – the therapy to treat drug dependence by
prescribing a substitute drug, such as methadone or buprenorphine
that is similar to the drug of dependence.
PHENCYCLIDINE – a hallucinogen in powder (angel dust), tablet, liquid,
leafy mixture, and rock-crystal forms that produces unpleasant effects
and can cause extreme violence and strength; as street drug, often
adulterated and misrepresented, yet usage increasing notably.
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) – is a drug that has both hallucinogenic and
dissociative properties. The dissociative effects of PCP leaves users
feeling removed from their body and their environment. This effect
produces a trance-like state. It also has strong anesthetic effects, which
produces amnesia (memory loss) and analgesia (pain-relief). Also
known as "angel dust".
PHENOMENOLOGY – a method of philosophical investigation that seeks
to describe and understand experienced phenomena. Although
phenomenological methodologies are deliberately complex and opaque,
one could say that the ‘goal’ of phenomenology is to challenge and
question the foundational knowledge claims.
PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY – it refers to any road, street, passage, highway
and bridges or other parts thereof, or railway or railroad within the
Philippines used by persons, or vehicles, or locomotives or trains for
the movement or circulation of persons or transportation of goods,
articles, or property or both.
PHRENOLOGY – the study of the structure of the skull to determine a
person’s character and mental capacity. It is associated with the work
of the Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall - one of the first to consider
the brain as the home of all mental activities.
PHYSICAL ABUSE – it refers to the intentional behavior towards a child
by parents or caretaker to cause pain, injury or death. A deliberate non-

accidental physical assault or action by an adult or significantly older

nor more powerful child that includes the use of unreasonable force to
discipline a child or not to prevent a child from harming him or herself
or others.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE – all articles and materials which are found in
connection with an investigation and which aid in establishing the
identity of the perpetrator of the circumstances under which the crime
was committed or which in general assist in the prosecution of the
criminal. It encompasses objects that can establish that crime has been
committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victims or a
crime and its perpetrator.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION – actual examination through the use of the
naked eyes.
PHYSICAL INJURY – harm done to a child’s psychological or intellectual
functioning which may be exhibited by severe anxiety, depression,
withdrawal or outward aggressive behavior, or a combination of said
behaviors which may be demonstrated by a change in behavior,
emotional response or cognition.
PHYSICAL NEGLECT – When the child is malnourished ill-clad and
without proper care.
PHYSICAL SECURITY – this concern with the physical measures adopted
to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and
document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage,
loss and theft.
PHYSIOGNOMY – is the interpretation of outward appearance, especially
the features of the face, to discover a person’s predominant temper and
character.
PILFERERS – persons who steal merchandise for the purpose of their own
private use.

PINKERTONS – private detectives in the National Detective Agency,

formed in 1850 by Allan Pinkerton and Edward Rucker; the only
consistently competent detectives in the United States for over 50 years.
PIRACY – a term used in reference to intellectual-property violations; in
electronic media, the act of stealing or copying data or software and
then selling or distributing unauthorized copies.
PIRACY AND MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS – an act of any person who,
on the high seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member
of its complement nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or part of the
cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its
complement or passengers.
PISTOL – a handgun that is magazine feed.
PITCH OF RIFLING – the number in inches traveled by the bullet to make
one complete turn.
PLAIN ARCH – is a fingerprint pattern in which the ridges enter on one
side of the pattern and flow towards the other side with a rise at the
center with not more than one of the four essential requisites for loop
pattern and with no recurving ridge, no angular formation and no
upward thrust. Symbolized by letter “A” in the fingerprint classification.
PLAIN WHORL – is a fingerprint pattern which there are two deltas and in
which at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit, an
imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must touch or cross at
least one of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern area.
Symbolized by letter “W” in the fingerprint classification.
PLAINTIFF – a person who brings a legal action against another in court.
PLAN – is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities
intended to attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishments of
mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in
order to attain objectives.
PLANNING – refers to the process of setting performance objectives and
identifying the actions needed to accomplish them. It is working out in

broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing
them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise. It is also the
process of preparing for change and coping with uncertainty
formulating future causes of action.
PLANOGRAPHIC – in planographic printing, the image characters are in
the same general plane as the non-printing areas. The ink is applied
to a dead level plate which has been chemically treated such as
lithograph and offset.
PLANT – in arson investigation, plant is a material placed around the
ignition device to feed the flame.
PLASMA – is the yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood
corpuscles are suspended. A straw-yellow liquid formed when blood to
which oxalate has been added to prevent clotting is allowed to strand.
PLATED BULLET – a bullet covered with a tin coating of a copper alloy to
prevent leading on the side of the barrel.
PLENUM – an air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts
are connected and which form part of an air distribution system.
PNEUMOGRAPH – a component of the polygraph instrument which
occupies the two/upper pens of the instrument which records the
thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration.
PODOSCOPY – the science of foot print identification.
POINT OF ORIGIN – the exact physical location where a heat source and
fuel come in contact with each other and a fire begins.
POINT TO POINT – a method searching victims by first attending or saving
the first person then proceeding to save the next victims.
POLICE APPRAISAL OR PERFORMANCE RATING - performance rating
is the evaluation of the traits, behavior and effectiveness of a police
officer on the job as determined by work standards.
POLICE ASSIGNMENT – is the designation of a police officer at a
particular function, duty or responsibility.

POLICE BEATS – consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by

identifiable boundaries within the area of responsibility where an officer
can effectively patrol during his tour of duty; it is an area that can be
effectively patrolled on foot and police officers can respond to calls for
police assistance within a matter of minutes.
POLICE BLOTTER – a record or official log where all types of operational
and undercover dispatches and criminal incidents are recorded.
POLICE CHECKPOINT – a location where the search is conducted which
is duly authorized by the police department or office to deter or prevent
the commission of crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate
purposes.
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS – known as the “backbone of police tactics”.
POLICE COMPENSATION – refers to the financial compensation in the
form of wages of salaries constitutes the largest single expenditure for
most organizations.
POLICE DISCRETION – policeman’s use of wise judgment. In policing,
this means that officers are given some leeway on which they can rely
as they make choices that impact the people they are policing.
POLICE EFFECTIVENESS – refers to the quality of being able to bring
about an effect or the power to be effective. It measures how well
resources are being utilized
POLICE EFFICIENCY – refers to the skillfulness in avoiding wasted time
and effort; Optimum utilization of available resources. It measures
whether or not important task goals are being attained.
POLICE ETHICS – the practical science treats the principle of human morality and
duty as applied to law enforcement.
POLICE INSPECTION – is a police function conducted to ascertain the
standard policies and procedures, review and analyze the performance,
activities and facilities affecting operations and to look into the morale,
needs and general efficiency of the police organization in maintaining
law and order.

POLICE OMNIPRESENCE – it is a crime repression activity of the police

which is accomplished by making their presence known in such a way
that even if they are longer present in a certain location, would be
criminals would still have the impression that they are still around and
would therefore refrain from committing an offense.
POLICE ORGANIZATION- a group of trained personnel in the field of
public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and
objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the
prevention of crimes.
POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT – an area of police management
concerned with human relations in the police organization. It involves
planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities involved in
procuring, developing and motivating them and in coordinating their
activities to achieve the aims of the police organization.
POLICE PERSONNEL PLANNING – is a study of the labor supply of jobs,
which are composed with the demands for employees in an organization
to determine future personnel requirements, which either increase or
decrease. If there is an expected shortage of personnel the organization
may decide to train and develop present employees and or recruit from
outside sources.
POLICE PLACEMENT – is the process of making police officers adjusted
and knowledgeable in a new job and or working environment.
POLICE RECRUITMENT – is the process of encouraging police applicant
from outside an organization to seek employment in an organization.
The process of recruitment consists of developing a recruitment plan,
recruitment strategy formulation job applicants search, screening of
qualified applicants, and maintaining a waiting list of qualified
applicants.

POLICE SCREENING – is part of the selection process, determining the

most qualified police applicant for a given position in the police
organization.
POLICE SURVEILLANCE – is the process of keeping under observation a
person; a place or an object to obtain information material to the
solution of a case. It is also use to detect some forms of criminal
behaviors.
POLICE TRADITIONS – refers to the long-standing police practices that
formed a body of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from
generation to generation with the effect of an unwritten law.
POLICE TRAINING – refers to any method used for development and
improve the attitude, knowledge, and skill or behavior pattern of an
employee for adequate performance of a given job.
POLICY – a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human
affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a program of
actions adopted by an individual, group, organization, or government,
or the set of principles on which they are based. Policies serve as a
guide in the operation of the organization. It makes up the basic
framework of management decisions that set the course what the
organization should follow.
POLYDRUG USE – mixing drugs or taking one drug when under the
influence of another drug.
POLYGRAPH – a mechanical device that records physiological changes
that occur in a person while he or she is being questioned, with
deviations from normal readings indicating deception; can be used only
with subject's voluntary consent. Also called lie detector.
POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT – refers to the instrument that records the
changes in respiration, blood pressure or pulse heat supplemented with
a unit for recording galvanic skin reflexes during the polygraph process.
PORNOGRAPHY – is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the
exclusive purpose of sexual arousal. Pornography may be presented in

a variety of media, including books, magazines, postcards,

photographs, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound
recording, writing, film, video, and video games.
PORT FRONTIER AND TRAVEL SECURITY – refers to the application of
military and civil security measures for control at point of entry and
departure, international borders or boundaries.
PORTRAIT PARLE – using descriptive terms in relation to the personal
features of an individual and it can be briefly described as a world
description or a spoken picture.
POSITIVE EVIDENCE – evidence which affirms a fact in issue
POSITIVISM – the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime
and criminals; the analysis is based on the collection of observable
scientific facts.
POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT – a social movement that existed
during the mid-1800s and early 1900s where part of it that was
"positive" forward-looking attitude toward social and personal
betterment of society and human nature.
POST – a fixed location where an officer is assigned for guard duty, such
as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from
traffic duty; a spot location for patrol duty.
POST BLAST INVESTIGATION – a comprehensive forensic inquiry
specifically on a bombing incident through conduct of various
investigative techniques which involves recovery of physical evidence
mainly for reconstruction of explosive fragments recovered to determine
the device components, the modus operandi and subsequently to
identify the perpetrators; conducted by a team criminal investigators
assisted by the bomb technicians or EOD and SOCO personnel.
POST MORTEM – after death.
POST MORTEM LIVIDITY – or livor mortis; dark blue or purple
discoloration of the body where blood has drained to the lowest part of
the body after death.

POST SIGHT – a front sight resembling a post or one of generally

rectangular of quadrilateral design
POWER OF ATTORNEY – a legal or formal instrument by which an agent
is appointed.
PRAETER INTENTIONEM – the injurious result is greater than that
intended.
PRECIPITIN TEST – is the standard test used to determine whether the
stain/blood is of human or animal origin
PREGNANCY – is a state of a woman who has within her body the going
product of conception.
PREJUDICIAL QUESTION – is a question, which arises in a case the
resolution of which is a logical antecedent of the issue or issues involved
in said cases, and the cognizance of which pertains to another tribunal.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - an inquiry or proceeding to determine
whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief
that a crime has been committed and the respondent is probably guilty
thereof, and should be held for trial.
PREMEDITATION – a degree of planning or preparation which shows that
there is evil intent to commit a criminal act. Intentional, deliberate.
PREMISES- premises signifies distinct and definite locality. It may mean
a room, shop, building or definite area, but in either case, locality is
fixed.
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE – greater weight of or more credible
evidence; the burden of proof in civil cases; requires only that the
evidence presented by one side be seen by the jury as more believable
than the evidence presented by the opposing side.
PREROGATIVE – an exclusive privilege.
PRESSURE – the gas pressure generated in a cartridge on its being fired,
usually expressed in pounds per square inch.
PRESSURIZED OR FORCED DRAFT BURNING EQUIPMENT – a type of
burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into

the combustion chamber and or which includes fans or other

provisions for the introduction of air at above normal atmospheric
pressure into the same combustion chamber.
PRESUMPTION – an inference as to the existence of a fact not actually
known, arising from its usual connection with another which is known
or a conjecture based on past experience as to what course human
affairs ordinarily take.
PRE-SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE – a conference held among the team
members, the police intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.
PREVENTION – an act, the objective of which is aimed towards ways and
means to reduce the desire of the human being to commit crime.
PRIMA FACIE – on the face of it; from the first disclosure or at first sight;
a fact presumed true unless proven otherwise.
PRIMA FACIE CASE – a case supported by sufficient evidence to justify a
favorable verdict unless contradicted by other evidence.
PRIMA-FACIE EVIDENCE – evidence which, standing alone unexplained
or contradicted is sufficient to maintain the proposition affirmed. It is
such as, in the judgment of law, is sufficient to establish the facts, and
if not rebutted, it remains sufficient for that purpose.
PRIMARY EVIDENCE - that which the law regards as affording the
greatest certainty.
PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE OR INITIATORS – explode or donate when they
are heated or subjected to shock. The materials themselves explode and
the explosion results whether they are confined or not. Examples are
Mercury fulminate, lead azide.
PRIMER – the metal cap containing the highly sensitive priming mixture
of chemical compound which when hit or struck by firing pin would
ignite. Such action is percussion.
PRIMER POCKET – a hole on the base of the cartridge case that holds the
primer securely. Performs triple functions holding primer securely in
central position providing a means to prevent the escape of gas to the

rear of the cartridge; and providing a solid support of primer anvils,

without which the later could not be fired.
PRIMING – a metallic cup charge with a priming composition. A blow from
the hammer or plunger striking the primer ignites the powder charge.
PRINCIPAL – the one who actually commits a crime.
PRINCIPLE OF ABSOLUTENESS OF RESPONSIBILITY – explains that
the responsibility of the subordinates to their superior for performance
is absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility for the
organization on activities performed by their subordinates.
PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE – states that the application of principles must
be balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting
organization’s objectives.
PRINCIPLE OF DELEGATION BY RESULTS – states that authority
delegated should be adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish
expected results.
PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY – means that the more flexible the
organization, the more it can fulfill its purpose.
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY – a principle in dactyloscopy which states
that there are no two fingerprints that are exactly alike unless taken
from the same finger.
PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY – a principle in dactyloscopy which states
that fingerprint is a reliable means of personal identification and all
courts accept and adopt fingerprint as a means of personal
identification.
PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY – organization structure
is effective if it is structured in such a way to aid the accomplishment
of the organization’s objectives with a minimum cost.
PRINCIPLE OF PARITY AND RESPONSIBILITY – explains that
responsibility for action cannot be greater than that implied by the
authority delegated nor should it be less.

PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY - a principle in dactyloscopy which states

that the configuration and details of individual ridges remain constant
and unchanging till after the final decomposition of the body.
PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF OBJECTIVES - an organization is effective if it
enables the individuals to contribute to the organization’s objectives.
PRINTSCRIPT – the creative combination of printing and cursive writing.
PRISON – is a penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment or
incarceration of persons convicted of major or serious crimes. A
building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose
of taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.
PRISON DISCIPLINE – is the state of good order and behavior. It includes
maintenance of good standards of works, sanitation, safety, education,
health and recreation. It aims at self-reliance, self-control, self-respect
and self-discipline.
PRISONER – is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A
person, who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issued
by a court, may be deprived of his liberty or freedom.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT – document executed by a private person without
the intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized,
by which documents, some disposition or agreement is proved,
evidenced or set forth.
PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY – any person, association, partnership,
firm or private corporation, who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes
or post any security guard, to do its functions or solicit individual s,
business firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled
corporations to engage his/its service or those of his/its security
guards, for hire commission or compensation.
PRO HAC VICE – for this occasion.
PRO RATA – in proportion.
PRO TANTO – so far, to that extent.
PRO TEMPORE – for the time being.

PROACTIVE PATROL – is an economical alternative patrol system, which

has an objective approach against criminality as much as practicable.
It addresses crime at its very root before it is able to develop into a
felonious act.
PROACTIVE PLANS – plans that are developed in anticipation of
problems. Although not all police problems are predictable, many are,
and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in
advance.
PROBABILITY – the chance or likelihood that a loss will take place.
Indicated by a mathematical statement concerning the possibility of an
event occurring
PROBABLE CAUSE – a condition in which an officer has suspicion about
an individual and knowledge of facts and circumstances that would
lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been, is being, or
is about to be committed.
PROBATION – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an
offense, the penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment,
is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court and
under the supervision of a probation officer.
PROBATIVE VALUE – the tendency of the evidence to establish the
proposition that it is offered to prove.
PROCEDURES – are series of steps for the orderly arrangement or records
which include: alphabet, geographic, numeric, subject of chronologic.
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL – a person who is engaged in criminal
activities with a high degree of skill. He is usually one who practices
crime as a profession to maintain a living.
PROJECTILE – that which is projected through the barrel and out of the
gun by the powder gases.

PROOF – the combination of all the evidence in determining the guilt or

innocence of a person accused of a crime; accumulated evidence
sufficient to persuade the trial court.
PROPELLANT – explosives or combustible materials containing within
themselves all oxygen needed for their combustion that burn but do not
explode and function by producing gas that produces explosion.
Examples are black powder, smokeless powder, firecrackers, and
pyrotechnics.
PROPERTY BOND – an undertaking constituted as a lien on the real
property given as security for the amount of the bail.
PROPOSAL – partnership, when the person who has decided to commit a
felony proposes its execution to some other person or persons.
PROSECUTE – to act or take legal proceedings against a person or a group
of persons for a crime that is being or has been investigated. To carry
on or conduct the legal procedures of bringing an offender to justice.
PROSECUTION – the party who is prosecuting the criminal case; or it may
refer to the process of taking or conducting legal proceeding for the
purpose of determining the guilt or innocence of a person charged for
committing a crime.
PROSPECTIVE – as a characteristic of criminal law, states that a penal
law cannot make an act punishable in a manner in which it was not
punishable when committed.
PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM – is a system designed to detect intrusion
– unauthorized entry – into a building or other area. Security alarms are
used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for
protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as
personal protection against intruders.
PROTECTIVE LIGHTING – the idea that lighting can provide improve
protection for people and facilities is as old as civilization. Protective
lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it
creates a psychological deterrent to the intruders.

PROTECTIVE ORDER – a court order prohibiting the defendant from

communicating with the victim and from entering the victim's
residence, workplace, school, or property and any place the victim
frequents.
PROTECTIVE SECURITY - those measures taken by an installation or
unit to protect itself against sabotage, espionage or subversion and at
the same time provide freedom of action in order to provide the
installation of the unit with the necessary flexibility to accomplish its
mission.
PROVINCIAL PRISONERS – are persons sentenced to suffer a term of
imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or a fine not more
than 1,000 pesos, or both; or those detained therein waiting for
preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by the RTC.
PROVOCATEUR – an individual from enemy forces who is deliberately
introduce in our custody with a specific mission of causing some
unfavorable action or reaction on our part.
PROWORD – a pronounceable word or phrase that has been assigned a
meaning to speed up message handling on radio nets that use radio
and telephone.
PROXIMATE CAUSE – the proximate cause of an injury is the one which
produces the injury either directly or thru other causes which it sets in
motion and thru which it acts in a natural line of causation. It is the
cause that directly produces the effects without the intervention of any
other cause.
PROXIMITY – the amount of space between the participants, who should
be close enough to touch-neither too close, which causes discomfort,
nor too far apart, which causes a loss of connectivity.
PROXY – a person who is charged with representing another.
PSEUDO-CRIMINAL – one of the Lombroso’s type of criminal which he
describes as one who kill in self-defense.

PSYCHIATRIC CRIMINOLOGY – the science that deals with the study of

crime through forensic psychiatry, the study of criminal behavior in
terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the individual.
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE – is a drug that affect a person's central
nervous system. Psychoactive substances alter brain activity, and can
change the way a person thinks, feels or behaves.
PSYCHOANALYSIS – is used to refer to many aspects of Freud’s work and
research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he
used to develop his theories. Freud relied heavily upon his observations
and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of
personality development.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY – the field of study that deals with the
behavior and mental processes of the criminal. It is focused on the
individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained,
and modified.
PSYCHOMETRICS – the measurement (typically via questionnaires or
inventories) of psychological characteristics such as intelligence,
personality and creativity.
PSYCHOPATH – a mentally ill or unstable person who is often feel
inadequate. Psychopaths are immature, lacking in social responsibility,
and often seeking immediate personal gratification in criminal acts.
PSYCHOSIS – is any significant mental disorder distinguished by a loss of
contact with reality. Prominent hallucinations and delusions may be
associated with psychosis.
PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIORS – are groups of disorders involving gross
structural defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind
thus it involves loss of contact with reality.
PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BUILDING – any building or structure where fifty or
more people congregate, together, or assemble for any purpose.

PUBLIC BUILDING – every building owned by the government or belonging

to a private person but used or rented by the government, although
temporarily unoccupied by the same.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT – documents notarized by a notary public or
competent public official with solemnities required by law.
PUBLIC OFFICER – elective and appointive officials and employees,
permanent or temporary, whether in the classified or unclassified or
exemption service receiving compensation, event nominal, from the
government.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION – refers to transportation by bus, rail, or
other conveyance, either publicly or privately owned, which provides to
the public general or special service on a regular and continuing basis.
PUBLIC WAY – any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from
the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriate for public use.
PUBLICI JURIS - of public right.
PULL OF GRAVITY – The downward reaction of the bullet towards earth
center due to its weight.
PUNCTURE WOUNDS – wounds inflicted with piercing instruments such
as leather punches, screwdrivers, and ice picks; typically, small, with
little or no bleeding.
PUNISHMENT – is the redress that the state takes against an offending
member of society that usually involves pain and suffering. It is also
the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
PYKNIC – a type of body built that is medium height, rounded figure,
massive neck, and with broad face
PYRAMID, PONZI, SALES SCHEMES – a fraudulent marketing programs
in which people buy the right to sell others the right to sell a specified
product; based on misrepresentation of investors' ability to recoup their
initial investments. Also called chain-referral schemes.
PYRAMIDAL SIGHT – a front sight of generally pyramidal design.

PYROLYSIS – the chemical decomposition of matter through the action of

heat.
PYROMANIA – morbid or gruesome desire to burn real property.
PYROMANIAC – a person who sets properties on fire due to compulsive
mental illness such as to satisfy sexual or other impulses; they usually
do not seek any indemnity or material gain.
PYROPHORIC – any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed
air.
Q
QUALIFY – to exercise a right, office or franchise; to limit, modify or
restrict.
QUALIFYING – a kind of aggravating circumstance; those that change the
nature of the crime.
QUALITATIVE METHODS – a research techniques which produce results
which are difficult to quantify as compared to quantitative methods
which produce measurable results.
QUANTUM - how much, an amount.
QUANTUM MERIT – in fixing the reasonable compensation of lawyers for
services rendered on quantum merit, the elements to be considered
generally are - the importance of the subject matter of the controversy;
the extent of the services rendered; and the professional standing of the
lawyer.
QUANTUM OF EVIDENCE – the totality of evidence presented for
consideration.
QUANTUM OF PROOF – refers to the degree of proof required in order to
arrive at a conclusion.

QUASH - to annul, overthrow, or vacate by judicial decision.

QUASI - as it were, so to speak or about nearly, almost like.
QUASI DELICTI – a tort in which there is an absence of malice.
QUASI RECIDIVISM – a person who commits a felony after having been
convicted by final judgment, before beginning to serve such, or while
serving the same, shall be punished by maximum period of penalty
prescribed by law for new felony.
QUESTION BARRAGE TECHNIQUE – also known as rapid fire
questioning. An interrogation technique intended to confuse the
interrogee and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee become
frustrated and confused, he will likely reveal more than he intended,
thus creating opening for further questioning.
QUESTION OF FACT – there is a question of fact when the doubt of
difference arises as to the truth or falsehood of alleged facts, or when it
involves an examination of the probative value of the evidence
presented by the litigants or any of them.
QUESTION OF LAW – there is a question of law in a given case when the
doubt or difference arises as to what the law is on a certain state of
facts.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT - One in which the facts appearing therein
may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect
to its authenticity, identity, or origin. It may be a deed, contract, will,
election ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form,
check writer, certificates, etc.
QUI FACIT PER ALIUM, FACIT PER SE – he who acts through another
acts himself.
QUI NON HABET, ILLE NON-DAT – he who has not, does not give.
QUI NON IMPROBAT, APPROBAT – he who does not disapprove,
approves.

QUINTUS SERTORIUS - was a Roman statesman and a brilliant general.

As a general he was extraordinary for he repeatedly defeated forces
many times his own size.
QUORUM – the number of members of anybody who must necessarily be
present in order for the body to transact business; required to render
legitimate to any actions voted on or taken by any limited membership
body.
R
RACISM – typically the belief that certain groups are innately, biologically,
socially, morally superior to other groups, based upon an assumption
held about them.
RADIAL FRACTURES – lines that move away from the point of impact in
a glass window.
RADIAL LOOP – is fingerprint pattern derived its name from the radius
bone of the forearm; it is one type of fingerprint patterns in which the
ridges run its direction to the radius bone or to the thumb, symbolized
by “R” in the fingerprint classification.
RADIATION – is heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy; when an
energy travels through space or materials.
RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING (RADAR) – is a method of
determining the location and speed of an object. Radar works by
transmitting signals and measuring the time it takes for them to bounce
off the targeted object and return.
RADIO DISPATCHER - is the personnel in a police communication center
or coordinating center tasked to receive and transmit radio messages.

RAFFAELE GAROFALO – Influenced by the Lombroso’s theory of atavistic

stigmata, he traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical
features but to their psychological equivalents, which he called “moral
anomalies”.
RAMP – an interconnecting roadway of a traffic interchange, or any
connection between highways at different levels or between parallel
highways, on which the vehicles may enter or leave a designated
roadway.
RANGE – the straight distance between muzzle and target.
RANKING OFFICER – the officer who has the more senior rank/higher
rank in a team or group.
RAPPORT – in interviews and interrogations, the harmonious relationship
with the witness or suspect that must be established by the investigator
to foster trust and meaningful communication.
RATIFICATION – to sanction or affirm.
RATIO EST LEGIS ANIMA – reason is the soul of the law
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY – a theory which holds that criminality is
the result of conscious choice, and which predicts that individuals
choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of
disobeying the law.
RATIONAL CRIMES – are those committed with intent; the offender is in
full possession of his mental faculties or capabilities.
RE – in the matter of.
REACTIVE PATROL – is the old system of police patrol activity which
consists of continuously driving around the area of patrol waiting for
something to happen and to react accordingly in case something does
happen.
REACTIVE PLANS – are developed as a result of crisis. A particular
problem may occur for which the department has no plan and must
quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.

REAL EVIDENCE – an object relevant to facts in issue at a trial, and

produced for inspection at trial rather than described by a witness.
REAL IMPRESSIONS – impressions of the finger bulbs with the use of the
printing ink on the surface of the paper. Any other coloring materials
may be used but less visible and indelible.
REASONABLE BELIEF – similar to the probable cause standard in that it
is a subjective standard used to validate a warrantless arrest, search
or seizure, and that considers whether an officer acted on personal
knowledge of facts and circumstances which are reasonably
trustworthy
REASONABLE DOUBT - refers to the degree of certainty required for a
judge to legally find a criminal defendant guilty
REBOUND SLIDE – returns trigger, actuates hammer block and locks
hammer.
REBUTTAL – generally, the time either party is given to refute or oppose
a claim or claims made by the opposing party that would not otherwise
belong in that party’s case in chief. In a trial, the optional process in
which the prosecution, after the defense has closed its case, presents
new evidence or calls or recalls a witness; occurs at the discretion of
the prosecution.
REBUTTAL EVIDENCE – any evidence that repels, counteracts, or
disproves evidence given by a witness.
RECEIPT – a communication sent by the receiving operator indicating that
the message or other transmission has been satisfactorily received.
RECEIVER SIGHT – any type of sight fastened to the receiver bridge.
RECEIVING ANY GIFT – includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly
a gift from a person other than a member of the public officer’s
immediate family, in behalf of himself or of any member of his family or
relative within the fourth civil degree, either by consanguinity or
affinity, even on the occasion of a family celebration or national festivity

like Christmas, if the value of the gift is under the circumstances

manifestly excessive.
RECEPTOR – a cell in the brain that is sensitive to a particular substance
or drug. For example, the effects of heroin are experienced when the
drug attaches itself to the opioid receptor in the brain.
RECESS – a temporary adjournment of a trial or hearing which may be
very short for lunch, overnight or for a few days.
RECIDIVIST – a person who continues to commit criminal acts – a
habitual criminal – repeater; one who, at the time of his trial for one
crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of
another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code.
RECLASSIFY OR REGRADING – is the act of changing the assigned
classification of matter.
RECLUSION PERPETUA – the penalty of life imprisonment. However, the
offender is eligible for pardon after serving the penalty for thirty years.
RECOIL – the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward
movement of the bullet after explosion.
RECORD FILE TECHNIQUE – an interrogation technique whereby the
interrogator prepares a file on the source listing all known information
about the subject. It is a method of “we know all” used in conjunction
with the record file.
RECORDING – is the reduction of information into writing or some other
form of graphical representation and the arranging or this info into
writing or some form of graphical representation and the arranging of
this into groups of related items.
RECOVERY OR SEIZURE – refers to any seized, abandoned, or purchased
explosives or military ordnance materials taken into custody by the
police or other law enforcement agencies.
RE-CROSS EXAMINATION – second questioning by the adverse party on
matters stated on the re-direct and also on such matters as may be
allowed by court.

RECRUITED INFORMANT – a person who is selected cultivated and

developed into a continuous source of information.
RECURVING RIDGE – is a ridge that curves back in the direction in which
it started.
RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION – second questioning by the proponent to
explain or supplement answers given in the cross examination.
REFERENCE COLLECTION – material compiled and organized by the
document examiner to assist him in answering special questions. It is
the collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens,
pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.
REFINING – a process where impurities and or deleterious materials are
removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element or
compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
REHABILITATION MODEL – security and housekeeping activities are
viewed primarily as a framework for rehabilitative efforts. Professional
treatment specialist enjoys a higher status than other employees, in
accordance with the idea that all aspect of prison management should
be directed towards rehabilitation with the rethinking of the goal of
rehabilitation.
REINTEGRATION MODEL – a model for prison management linked to the
structures and goals of community corrections but has direct impact
on prison operations. Although on offender is confined in prison, that
experience is pointed toward reintegration into society.
REITARACION – also called habituality; accused is on trial for an offense
and he has previously serves sentence for another offense to which the
law attaches an equal or greater penalty, or for two or more crimes to
which it attaches lighter penalty than that for the new offense and that
he is convicted of the new offense.
REJOINDER – the second pleading on the part of the defendant in answer
to the plaintiff’s replication.

REKINDLE – a return to flaming combustion after incomplete

extinguishment, such as fire reigning at some time after being put out.
RELEVANT EVIDENCE – evidence having any value in reason as tending
to prove any matter provable in an action.
REPARATION – in case of inability to return the property stolen, the
culprit must pay the value of the property stolen.
REPEAL – recall or revoke; annulment of a law by a subsequent statute
REPORTING – is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible
informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself
and his subordinates informed through records research and
inspection.
REPRESSION - is the act of preventing the actual commission of crimes.
Repression is leveled on the prevention of the very act itself, which
constitutes crimes.
REPRIEVE – a temporary stay of the execution of sentence especially the
execution of the death sentence. It is extended to prisoners sentenced
to death.
REPRIEVE – temporary suspension of a death sentence
RES GESTAE – statement accompanying and explaining the facts in issue.
Statements, otherwise inadmissible in evidence because they are
hearsay, which are sufficiently contemporaneous with the act they
accompany and explain, admissible in evidences as part of the “res
gestae”.
RES GESTAE – things done.
RES GESTAE STATEMENTS – spontaneous statements made at the time
when the crime was committed; statements that are considered more
truthful than planned response
RES IPSA LOQUITUR – the thing speaks for itself.
RESETTLEMENT – refers to a long tradition of work which aims to
reintegrate imprisoned offenders back into the community.

RESISTANT HEATING – is when the rate of heat generated proportional

to the resistance and square of the current.
RESPONDENT – a person who is charged for the commission of an offense
or a felony, however the criminal case is not yet brought to the court or
that his case has not formally started its trial; a person whose case is
still under examination by the prosecutor.
RESPONSE TIME – refers to the time between the occurrence of an event
to the sensing of that event and providing an action to it.
RESPONSIBILITY – is the obligation of suffering the consequences of
crime. It is the obligation of taking the penal and civil consequences of
the crime.
RESPONSIBILITY MODEL – a model for prison management that stresses
prisoners’ responsibility for their own action, not administrative control
to assure prescribed behavior. Proper classification of inmates,
according to this model, permits placing prisoners in the least
restrictive prison consistent with security, safety, and humane
confinement. Prisoners should be given a significant degree of freedom
and the held to account for their actions.
RESTITUTION – the term applied to the offender who makes amends to
his victim in the criminal offenses by paying a sum of money or by
service.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE – refers to a principle which requires a process
of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim, the
offenders, and the community. It seeks to obtain reparation for the
victim; reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the community;
and reassurance to the offender that he/she can be reintegrated into
society.
RESTRICTED MATTERS – these are information and material, which
requires special protection other than that determined to be top secret,
secret, or confidential.

RETALIATION – the earliest remedy for a wrong act to anyone (in the
primitive society). The concept of personal revenge by the victim’s family
or tribe against the family or tribe of the offender, hence “blood feuds”
was accepted in the early primitive societies.
RETRIBUTION – the punishment should be provided by the state whose
sanction is violated, to afford the society or the individual the
opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as
might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve
it.
REVOLVER – a handgun with a corresponding cylinder that revolves
before the barrel which consist of different chambers.
RHYTHM – the element of the writing movement which is marked by
regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth,
intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing succession of motion
which are recorded in a written record. Periodicity, alternation of
movement.
RICHARD LEACH MADDOX – was an English photographer and
physician who invented lightweight gelatin negative plates for
photography in 1871.
RICHARD WALTER – an American forensic psychologist developed
psychological classifications for violent crime after interviewing more
than 20,000 convicted felons. He also co-founded the Vidocq Society,
an organization for forensic professionals dedicated to solving cold
cases in America.
RICOCHET – the “bouncing off” or deflection of a bullet from its original
trajectory.
RIFLE – a portable long-barreled firearm designed for long-range precision
shooting, to be held with both hands and braced against the shoulder
for stability.
RIFLING – spiral cuts into the bore of a rifled gun barrel to impart a spin
on the bullet, assuring point in flight for better accuracy.

RIGHT OF PUBLICITY – the inherent right of every human being to

control the commercial use of his or her identity.
RIGHT OF WAY – refers to the allocation of right of movement to a road
user, in preference over other road users.
RIGHT WING TERRORISTS – group of terrorists who, usually, espouse
racial supremacy and antigovernment, antiregulatory beliefs; often hold
antiabortion and survivalist views and call for paramilitary training in
“militias."
RIGOR MORTIS – the increasing rigidity of the body's muscles and joints
that begins soon after death; reaches completion in 10 to 15 hours and
starts to subside 24 to 36 hours later. Also called postmortem
rigidity or rigor.
RIM – serve the purpose of limiting the forward movement of cartridge into
their chambers and this also limit the clearance, if any, between the
heads and the supporting surface of the bolt or breech block.
RIOT – is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once a mob started to become
violent, it becomes a riot.
RISK – the potential damage or loss of an asset. The level of risk is a
combination of the value placed on that asset by its owner and the
consequence, impact adverse effect of the loss or damage to that asset
and the likelihood that a specific vulnerability will be exploited by a
particular threat.
RISK ANALYSIS – the analysis of risk includes examinations of the
vulnerability, probability and criticality of potential threats and include
natural and man-made risk.
RISK AVOIDANCE – eliminating or removing the risk totally from the
business, government, or industrial environment for which the risk
manager has responsibility.
RISK MANAGEMENT – is the process of selecting and implementing
security countermeasures to achieve an acceptable level of risk at an
acceptable cost.

RISK REDUCTION – decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of

the potential loss. The reduction of criminal opportunity is often
accomplished by situational crime prevention strategies to discourage,
deter, or deny criminal incidents.
RISK SPREADING – spreading the risk through compartmentation or
decentralization to limit the impact (criticality) of the potential loss.
RISK TRANSFER – moving the financial impact of the potential loss-over
to an insurance company.
ROBBERY – is the taking of personal property belonging to another, with
intent to gain, by means of violence against, or intimidation of any
person, or using force upon things.
ROBERT AGNEW - advocated the General Strain Theory, a revised version
of the strain theory by Robert Merton. The General Strain Theory is
based on the idea that "when people are treated badly, they may get
upset and engage in crime".
ROBERT EZRA PARK – an American sociologist known for his Human
Ecology Theory, the study of the interrelationship of people and their
environment, a way of looking at the interactions of humans with their
environments and considering this relationship as a system.
ROBERT FRANK BORKENSTEIN - was an American police officer and
scientist, and inventor of the Breathalyzer, a device for estimating blood
alcohol content.
ROBERT KING MERTON – an American Sociologist, considered the
premier sociologist of the modern days who advocated the Strain
Theory.
ROBERT PEEL – Famous being known as “father of modern policing
system’. The founder and chief organizer of the London Metropolitan
Police through the enactment of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829,
which created the Scotland Yard. This act had a tremendous impact on
the history of criminal justice in general, and on the development of
criminal investigation specifically. He introduced the techniques of

detecting crimes such as: detectives concealing themselves, and

secretly photographing and recording conversations.
ROGUES GALLERY – mug shots gathered in police files and displayed in
groups instituted by the New York City Police Department in 1857.
ROHYPNOL – is a powerful benzodiazepine that induces sleep.
ROUGH SKETCH – a drawing made at the crime scene; not drawn to scale,
but indicates accurate dimensions and distances.
ROUGH TAILING – moving surveillance where it does not matter if the
surveillant will be detected by the subject.
ROUND – refers to one single complete cartridge.
ROUTE – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called
line beat.
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW - first to study hair
RULE OF LAW – the idea is that individuals and the State should regulate
their conduct according to the law.
S
SADIST – a person who receives sexual gratification from causing pain to
others, often through mutilation.
SAFE – a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or
small items in an office or installation; locked receptacles for protecting
valuables. Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary
resistance depending upon the use and need.
SAFE HOUSE – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,
where police undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting purposes.

SALAMI SLICE – a computerized-theft technique in which dollar amounts

are automatically rounded down and the difference is diverted to the
perpetrator's special account.
SALUS POPULI EST SUPREMA LEX – the voice of the people is the
supreme law.
SALVAGE SWITCH – a method of disguising a stolen vehicle whereby the
title and VIN plate of a salvage vehicle are transferred to an identical
stolen vehicle, which can then be sold in the legitimate market.
SATYRIASIS – an excessive sexual urge or desire of men to have sexual
intercourse.
SCALAR PRINCIPLE – shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization
which defines an unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing
explicitly the flow of authority.
SCALD BURNS – burns on the skin caused by contact with hot liquids,
either through spills or immersion; most common type of burn injury
to children.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by the
inability to form social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The
person seems to express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are
the so-called “loners”.
SCHIZOPHRENIA – is a mental illness characterized by psychotic
symptoms or by gross distortions of realty, withdrawal of social
interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thoughts
and emotion. It also refers to terms such as “mental deterioration”,
“dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER – a disorder characterized by
being reclusive, over sensitivity, avoidance of communication and
superstitious thinking is common.
SCHOOL SECURITY – a type of security that is concern with the
protection of students, faculty members, and school properties. It is
also known as Campus Security where security personnel are trained

to protect the school property from theft, vandals, handling campus

riots and detecting the use of intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the
students.
SCIENTER – a legal term for intent or knowledge of wrongdoing. An
offending party then has knowledge of the "wrongness" of an act or
event prior to committing it.
SCOPTOPHILIA – the intentional act of watching people undress or during
sexual intimacies.
SCOTLAND YARD – the original headquarters of the London Metropolitan
Police, so-called because the building formerly housed Scottish royalty.
Since 1890, the headquarters have been located elsewhere and known
as New Scotland Yard.
SCREENING – initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent
of his knowledge of persons, places, things or events in which we are
interested.
SEAR – the lever in the gunlock which holds the firing pin back until
released by the trigger.
SEARCH WARRANT – an order in writing issued in the name of the People
of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for a personal property described there in
and bring it before the court.
SEASONAL CRIMES – are those that are committed only at certain periods
of the year.
SECONDARY EVIDENCE – that which indicates the existence of a more
original source of information.
SECRECY DISCIPLINE – the discipline needed for special safeguarding of
classified information and security of troop movement including
handling tactical measures in combat area.
SECRET MATTERS – information and material, the unauthorized
disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause serious

injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or of any governmental

activity or would be of great advantage to a foreign nation.
SECTION – functional unit within a division that is necessary for
specialization.
SECTOR – an area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
SECULAR LAWS – are laws advocated by Christian philosophers who
recognizes the need for justice, such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas
Aquinas.
SECURING SANCTUARY – a practice during the 13th century where by a
criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church.
SECURITY – a state or condition of being secured; there is freedom from
fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or damages. Basically, it was the
action of man against man that led to many unsecured and unsafe
conditions. Reasons could be economic, revenge, or just plain greed
and avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man needs adequate
protection.
SECURITY CLEARANCE – the certification by a responsible authority that
the person described is cleared for access to classified matter the
appropriate level. It is the administrative determination that an
individual is eligible for access to classified matter.
SECURITY HAZARDS – any act or condition which may result in the
compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of property
or disruption of the objective of the installation.
SECURITY INSPECTION – it is a check of how well existing security
measures and regulations are being carried out within a command. A
security inspection may also include an investigation of alleged or
suspected security violations.
SECURITY MANAGEMENT – the totality of utilizing available resources to
secure and keep safe the organization.
SECURITY MATTER – includes everything, regardless of its physical
character, or in which information is recorded or embodied.

Documents, equipment, projects, books, reports, articles, notes, letters,

drawings, drawings, sketches, plans, photographs, recordings,
machinery, models, apparatus, devices, and all other products or
substances fall within the general term “matter”. Information, which is
transmitted orally, is considered “matter” for purposes of security.
SECURITY SURVEY – it is an estimate of the security standards of a unit,
and is conducted to enable the responsible officer to recognize and
evaluate security hazards and determine protective measures
necessary to the prevention of sabotage, espionage, subversive
activities and other criminal acts inimical towards the interest or
mission of the unit or command.
SEDATIVE – a depressant drug that acts on the central nervous system
to lessen anxiety and induce calmness and sleep. See also Hypnotic.
SEDITION – in its general sense, is the raising of commotions or
disturbances in the State.
SEDUCTION – enticing a person, usually a woman, to unlawful sexual
intercourse by promise of marriage or other means of persuasion
without use of force.
SEIZE – it means to place in the control of someone a thing or to give him
the possession thereof.
SELF CLOSING DOORS – automatic closing doors that are designed to
confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.
SELF JUSTIFICATION – rationalization of one’s act or deeds.
SELF MONITORING – a trait of special importance than the stated above
because it reflects a person’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to
external, situational factors. High self-monitoring people are very
sensitive to environmental clues and tend to behave differently in
different situations.
SEMAPHORE SYSTEMS – refers to some form of visual codes of flags
or flashing lights employed to send messages over relatively short

but difficult-to-cross distances, such as from hilltop to hilltop or

between ships at sea.
SEMEN – a grayish-white fluid produced in the male reproductive organs
and ejaculated during orgasm; has a chlorine like odor and dries to a
starch like consistency.
SENSOR – a device that measures or detects a real-world condition, such
as motion, heat or light and converts the condition into an analogue or
digital representation.
SENTENCED PRISONERS – offenders who are committed to the jail or
prison in order to serve their sentence after final conviction by a
competent court. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal
institutions.
SEPARATION OF POWERS – the basic concept under the Constitution,
embodying the principle of a tripartite division of government authority
where three independent departments of government are provided for,
the legislative vested with the lawmaking function, the executive with
the enforcement of what has been thus enacted, and the judiciary with
the administration of justice, deciding cases according to law.
SERIAL MURDER – usually, a series of sexual attacks and resulting
deaths of at least three or four persons committed by a killer who tends
to follow a distinct physical or psychological pattern.
SERIES – a crime characteristic in which crimes of the same type are
committed over a short period of time, usually by the same offender.
SEROTONIN – a neurotransmitter that has a prominent role in sleep
regulation and mood. It is affected by a number of psychoactive
substances. Its synaptic concentration is increased by stimulants, for
example, ecstasy (MDMA) and its release is inhibited by opioid
receptors.
SEROTONIN SYNDROME – a life threatening condition that usually starts
within 24 hours of taking the drug. It occurs when the brain is
overloaded with a neurotransmitter called serotonin.

SERVICE CRIMES - refers to crimes committed through rendition of a

service to satisfy the desire of another.
SERVICE OF SUMMONS – a notice to the defendant informing him that
an action has been commenced against him which he must answer
within a specified time, or else judgment with is taken against him.
SETTLEMENT – arrangement by which property is to be held by several
persons in succession.
SEXUAL ABUSE – any sexual activity that involves physical contact or
sexual arousal between non-married members of the family which
include the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement or
coercion of a child to engage in, or assist another person to engage in,
sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct or the molestation,
prostitution, or incest with children.
SHADOWGRAPH – a pictorial image formed by casting a shadow, usually
of the hands, upon a rightful surface or screen.
SHAKEN-BABY SYNDROME – severe intracranial trauma caused by the
deliberate application of violent force (shaking) to a child.
SHARED LEADERSHIP – a concept that encompasses a spectrum of
democratic workplace management practices. A number of
classification schemes have been developed based on the degree and
type of employee inclusion in decision making.
SHOPLIFTING – taking items from retail stores without paying for them.
SHOPPING CART FRAUD – a computer crime in which the offender
selects purchases at an online store, saves a copy of the purchase page
and lowers the prices, and then submits the altered page and continues
the checkout process.
SHOT BALLISTICS – the study of shots from smooth bore firearms like
shotgun and muskets.
SHOT WADS – at a distance of 5 to 8 yards or more from the place of firing
in the approximate direction of fire, one can sometimes find wads.

SHOTGUN – a smoother weapon designed to fire a number of load bullet

in one charge.
SHOULDER – that portion of a highway between the outer edge of the
roadway and the curb, or point of intersection of the slope lines at the
outer edge of the roadway and the fill, ditch, or median slope, for
the accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for
lateral support.
SICK LEAVE – a period which an officer is excused from active duty by
reason of illness or injury.
SIDEWALK – that portion of a road, adjacent to the travelled roadway,
which has been improved for the use of pedestrians.
SIGMUND FREUD - an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded
the Psychoanalytic School of Psychology. In criminology, he is best
known for his Psychoanalytic Theory, a method of studying
crime and criminal behavior, examines the personality and
the psyche of a person for motive in crime.
SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE (SIGINT) – refers to electronic transmissions
that can be collected by ships, planes, ground sites, or satellites.
Communications Intelligence (COMINT) is a type of SIGINT and refers
to the interception of communications between two parties.
SIGNATURE – the name of a person written by him/her in a document as
a sign of acknowledgement. It is a name or a mark that a person puts
at the end of a document to attest that he is its author or that he ratifies
its contents.
SILENT TECHNIQUE – an interrogation technique employed against
nervous or the confident type of interrogee. Look out the interrogee
squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye contact
first). He may ask questions but the interrogator must not answer.
Patience is needed until the interrogator is ready to break silence.
SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY – executed purely
by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature

can be referred as freehand imitation or simulated forgery. Or it refers

to the free-hand drawing in imitation of model signature.
SINGLE ACTION REVOLVERS – are those in which the hammer must be
manually cocked.
SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE – was once the Director of the English
Prison who opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders. The
Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform institution for
young offenders today.
SITUATIONAL CRIMES – are those that are committed only when given a
situation conducive to its commission.
SLANDER – is oral defamation; it is libel committed by oral or spoken
means, instead of in writing. The term oral defamation or slander as
now understood, has been defined as the speaking of base and
defamatory words which tend to prejudice another in his reputation,
office, trade, business or means of livelihood.
SLEEPER CELLS – in terrorist organizations, small groups of recruits who
are in place in target and other countries, living ordinary lives until
activated for the cause; may also perform services for their immediate
group (e.g., courier and reconnaissance tasks).
SLOPE OR SLANT – the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters
relative to the baseline. There are three classes: Slant to the left; Slant
to the right; and Vertical Slant.
SMELTING – melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to
separate impurities from pure materials.
SMOKE DEVELOPED RATING – a rating of combustible materials based
on the density and volume of smoke developed within a certain period
of time when its surface is ignited.
SMOKELESS POWDER – a type of gun powder which gives off almost no
smoke when burned.
SMOOTH BORE – refers to a barrel with no rifling.

SMOOTH SKETCH – a finished sketch of the crime scene, often drawn to

scale using information contained in the rough sketch.
SOCIAL DEGRADATION – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY - Maintains that social indicators
present in a society such as large number of single parents, high
percentage of out of school youth, unemployment, breakdown of social
values and other reasons are influential to the occurrence of juvenile
delinquency and crime.
SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY – study of social epidemics and diseases of the
social order.
SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS – are criminals who are normal in behavior
but defective in their socialization process or development.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY – the study of crime focused on the
group of people and society as a whole. It is primarily based on the
examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables to
crime such as socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships, age,
race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the
environmental factors that are most conducive to criminal action, such
as time, place, and circumstances surrounding the crime.
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW – pertains to the study of law and its application.
SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH – state of the body in which there is
complete, persistent and continues cessation of the vital functions of
the brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and health.
SOURCE – a person who for any reason submits information of intelligence
interest usually on a voluntary basis
SPALLING – chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.
SPAN OF CONTROL – is the maximum number of subordinates at a given
position that superior can supervise effectively. The control of a
supervisor over personnel or units shall not mean more than what he
can effectively direct and coordinate.

SPECIAL DUTY – the police service, its nature, which requires that the
officer be excused from the performance of his active regular duty.
SPECIAL EMPLOYEE –are those informants who are of a specific
operational nature
SPECIAL INFORMANT – those who gives information concerning
specialized cases only and it is regarded a special treatment by the
operatives (ex. teachers, businessmen)
SPECIAL OPERATION PROCEDURES – certain special operations also
necessitate the preparation of procedures as guides. Included are the
operation of the special unit charged with the searching and
preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes and accidents,
the control of licenses, dissemination of information about wanted
persons, inspection of police headquarters, and the like.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS – refers to activities involving counter subversion,
counter sabotage and counter espionage.
SPECIALIZATION - is the assignment of particular workers to particular
tasks. Thus, it can be thought of in terms of either jobs or people.
SPECIFIC – a kind of aggravating circumstance; those that apply only to
particular crime.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid substance
to the weight of an equal volume of water
SPECTOGRAPGH – laboratory instrument that burn minute samples of
various substances to determine the elements present.
SPECULATIVE QUESTION – a question which assumes a disputed fact
not stated by the witness as true.
SPEED BALLING – the simultaneous ingestion of heroin (a depressant)
and cocaine (a stimulant); produces a euphoric rush followed by a
drowsy or depressing effect and can cause convulsions and death.
SPERM – tadpole like organisms that are contained in and travel through
semen to fertilize the female egg.

SPIRAL METHOD OF SEARCH – the searcher follows each other in the

path of ‘spiral’ beginning on the outside and then spiraling in toward
the center.
SPIRIT OF THE LAW – the intent and purpose of the lawmaker.
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION – the ignition of combustible substance
without the application of flame or spark due to continuing oxidation
until enough heat accumulate in a confined space and ignition
temperature is released.
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION – catching a fire from a material subjected to
spontaneous heating; usually requires several hours to several months
of oxidation or fermentation.
SPONTANEOUS OR AUTOMATIC INFORMANT – informants who by the
nature of their work or position in society have a certain legal, moral or
ethical responsibility to report info to the police.
SPRAYING AREA – any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable
vapor or combustible residues, dust or deposits are present due to the
operation of spraying devices.
SPREE – a crime characteristic in which crimes of the same type are
committed at almost the same time by the same offender.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM – an integrated network of hydraulically designed
piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged
in a systematic pattern which automatically discharged water when
activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.
STAFFING – a personnel function of bringing in and out training the staff
and maintaining the staff the favorable conditions of work. Filling the
organization with the right people and right position.
STAGED CRIME – a crime that the offender has contrived or altered to
mislead investigative efforts.
STAKEOUT OR PLANT – is the observation of places or areas from a fixed
point.

STALKING – harassing or threatening behavior toward a specific victim

that the perpetrator engages in repeatedly such as following a person
or harassing people by phone calls.
STANDARD – a rule, principle, pattern or measure, which practice or
theory has shown to be appropriate for a given set of conditions, and
applicable, as the case may be, to planning, design, and control devices,
operations or maintenance.
STANDARD DOCUMENT – are condensed and compact set of authentic
specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross
section of the material from a known source.
STANDING PLANS – provide the basic framework for responding to
organizational problems. The organizational vision and values, strategic
statement, policies, procedures, and rules and regulations are
examples of standing plans. Standing plans also include guidelines for
responding to different types of incidents; for example, a civil
disturbance, hostage situation, crime in progress, and felony car stops.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM – a system vertical pipes in a building to which fire
hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water
is made available to the outlets as needed.
STARE DECISIS – to stand by decisions (precedents).
STATEMENT ANALYSIS – an examination of a suspect's statement that
focuses on how the person expressed things (the words and tenses
used, e.g.); aids in understanding the suspect and detecting deception.
STATIC CRIMES - are those that are committed only in one place.
STATIC ELECTRICITY – electrical discharged that accumulates on the
surface of two material that have been brought together and then
separate.
STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE – this is observation of place usually a
book stall, a gambling, joint, a residence where illegal activities are
going on fixed position.

STATUS OFFENSE – behavior that is unlawful for children, even though

the same behavior is legal for adults. What transforms the conduct into
a public offense is the age of the actor. The most common status
offenses are truancy, running away from home, incorrigibility or
disobeying parents, truancy, curfew violations, and alcohol possession
by minors.
STENCIL – is a process where the letters or image are holes cut in a sheet,
or a sheet is made more porous in the area of the letters and ink is
applied to paper through the holes or porous areas such as
mimeograph.
STERILITY – is the loss of power procreation and is absolutely
independent of whether or not impotency is present.
STET – do not delete, let it stand.
STIMULANT – a drug that acts to stimulate certain chemicals in the brain.
Stimulants increase alertness, heart rate, blood pressure, and
breathing rate. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines
and nicotine.
STIMULANT DRUGS – are groups of drugs that increases the activity in
the central nervous system.
STING OPERATION – in combating fences, a tactic in which undercover
officers pose as fences in a "front" business to gain information; effective
means of identifying criminals, penetrating criminal organizations, and
recovering property.
STRAIN THEORY – a theory which maintains that the failure of man to
achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit crimes in order
for that status/goal to be attained. Robert Merton, in this theory,
argued that crime is a means to achieve goals and the social structure
is the root of the crime problem.
STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE –pertains to intelligence data that are not of
an immediate value rather gathered and analyzed over time and usually
confirms new or recently discovered patterns of criminal activity.

STRATEGIC PLANNING – a series of preliminary decisions on a

framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that generate
the nature and direction of an organization.
STRATEGIC PLANS - are plans designed to meet the long-range, overall
goals of the organization. Such plans allow the department to adapt to
anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or model of policing.
STRATEGY – is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal
or objectives.
STRESS – refers to the process of adjusting to or dealing with
circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a person’s physical
or psychological functioning.
STRIAE – a tiny furrows made by the action of a tool on an object's surface
(e.g., marks left on a door's hinge from an attempt to force the door
open with a pry bar).
STRUCTURAL BARRIERS – these are features constructed by man
regardless of their original intent that tends to delay the intruder.
Examples are walls, doors, windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or
containers etc.
SUB CULTURAL THEORY – related to strain theory is sub cultural theory.
The inability of youths to achieve socially valued status and goals
results in groups of young people forming deviant or delinquent
subcultures, which have their own values and norms.
SUB NOMINE – under the name of.
SUB SILENTIO – in silence.
SUBJECT MATTER – cases of the general class where the proceedings in
question belong as determined by the nature of the offense and the
penalty imposed by law.
SUBLATA CAUSA, TOLLITUR EFFECTUS – the cause being removed, the
effect ceases.
SUBLATO FUNDAMENTO, CADIT OPUS – the foundation being removed,
the structure falls.

SUBPOENA – a written order commanding a particular person to appear

in court at a specified date and time to testify as a witness; the
subpoena (subpoena duces tecum) may also require the party to bring
with them all documents, records, evidences, which may be in their
possession.
SUBSEQUENT CIRCUMTANCES – facts existing after the commission of
the crime such as flight, extrajudicial admission to third party, attempt
to conceal effects of the crime, or possession of stolen property.
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS – a group of cognitive, behavioral and
physiological symptoms that indicate continued use of a drug despite
significant problems.
SUBSTANTIVE LAW – codified law, the particular part of law that creates
and defines and regulates rights, as opposed to remedial law, which
prescribes a particular method of obtaining redress for their violation
SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION – as a mitigating circumstance, provocation
that is adequate to excite the person to commit the wrong and
proportionate to its gravity, and which must also immediately precede
the act.
SUI GENERIS – unique.
SUICIDE – taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally.
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION – an intelligence report rendered regarding
any illegal activity or violation of laws being observed by intelligence
operatives within a given area of responsibility. This is the usual basis
of case operations hence information received should be cared,
validated, counter-checked, analyzed and evaluated.
SUMMARY PROCEEDING – a form of lawsuit in which ordinary legal
procedures are disregarded so that the issue at hand may be resolve in
a timely fashion
SUMMON – official order to appear in court; a writ directed to a public
servant, usually a sheriff, to notify the person named that an action
had been taken against him in court, and requires him to appear in the

date and time named in the writ, in order to answer the complaint and
action in question
SUN TZU - a Chinese general, military strategist, writer and philosopher
who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. He is
traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential
work of military strategy, philosophy and military thinking.
SUPER EGO – reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly taught
by parents applying their guidance and influence. It forms the
organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely
unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals,
and the psychic agency commonly called "conscience", that criticizes
and prohibits their drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.
SUPER MAXIMUM-SECURITY PRISONERS – a special group of prisoners
composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly dangerous persons
who are the source of constant disturbances even in a maximum-
security prison.
SUPERGLUE FUMING – the process of heating cyanoacrylate in a high-
humidity chamber so that the condensing of the resultant fumes
develops any latent prints.
SUPERIOR OFFICER – one having supervisory responsibilities, either
temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.
SUPERMARKET OR MALL SECURITY – a type of security which is
concern with the protection of the stores, warehouses, storage, its
immediate premises and properties as well as the supermarket
personnel and customers.
SUPERVENING EVENT – a doctrine in criminal procedure which holds
that where a new fact such as a deformity, for which the defendant is
responsible has supervened and this new fact charges the character of
the crime first imputed to him, so that, together with the facts
previously existing, it constitutes a new and distinct offense, no double
jeopardy exists.

SUPPLY REDUCTION – a strategy, policy or program, usually involving

law enforcement agencies, designed to reduce the manufacture and/or
distribution of illicit drugs.
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS – any paper or document which is required
to be submitted with the passport application supporting claims to
Filipino citizenship to complete the application for a passport without
which such application would be deemed incomplete or otherwise
become subject to denial by the issuing authority.
SUR REBUTTAL – in a trial, the process in which the defense, after a
rebuttal by the prosecution, presents new evidence or calls or recalls a
witness; permitted only if the prosecution conducts a rebuttal.
SURETY – a person who undertakes to pay money, or to perform other
acts in the event that his principal fails to do so.
SURREPTITIOUS ENTRIES – secret entry; burglaries in which no
apparent force is used and thus a point of entry or exit cannot be
established; may indicate loiding, picking, an unlocked door, a
perpetrator with authorized access, or an occupant-staged crime.
SURROGATE – a judicial officer of limited jurisdiction, who administers
matters regarding descendants and incompetents’ estates and, in some
cases, adoptions.
SURVEILLANCE – is a form of clandestine investigation, which consists of
keeping persons, place or other targets under physical observation in
order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to an investigation.
SURVEILLANCE PLAN – a plan established the as required according to
type of personnel, and the general and specific instructions for
surveillance.
SURVEILLANT – a person who conducts surveillance with includes only
observations.
SUSPECT – any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity
and is presumed to be guilty of a crime under investigation.

SUSPENSION – a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an

officer from the privilege of performing his duties as result of violating
directives or other department regulations.
SWORN OFFICERS – all personnel of the police department who have oath
and who possess the power to arrest.
SWORN STATEMENT – a written statement, usually of a suspect that is
made under oath or affirmation before the prosecutor or another person
authorized to administer path on affirmation.
SYMPHATIZE – to share with another person’s emotions; to feel or express
compassion.
SYNDICATE – a group of individuals or companies who have formed a joint
venture to undertake a project which an individual would be unable or
unwilling to pursue alone
SYSTEM – is composed of elements or subsystems that are related and
dependent upon one another. When these subsystems are in
interaction with one another, they form a unitary whole.
SYSTEMATIC PILFERER – is one who steals with preconceived plans and
takes away any or all types of items or supplies for economic gain.
Pilferers of this kind can be employees or outsiders of the
establishment.
T
TACIT – implied or indicated, but not actually expressed; arising without
express contract or agreement.
TACTICAL INTELIGENCE – information that serves current investigation;
implies immediate action and can lead to arrests or the collection of
additional information; may be derived from surveillance, informants,
and intelligence analysis.

TACTICAL INTERROGATION REPORT – a report rendered by an

interrogator which contains personal and family background,
educational background, professional background, criminal activities,
associates, armaments, and plans.
TACTICAL PLANS – are the procedures for coping with specific situations
at known locations. Included in this category are plans for dealing with
an attack against buildings with alarm systems and an attack against
the police or military headquarters by lawless elements.
TACTICS – are specific design, method or course of action to attain a
particular objective in consonance with strategy.
TAILING OR SHADOWING – it is the observation of a person’s movement.
TAMPERING – the act of bringing about an improper situation or condition
by clandestine means, such as illegally wiring an electrical matter or
steal electricity.
TANK VEHICLE – any vehicle carrying or towing a cargo tank used to
transporting flammable fluids or hazardous chemical.
TARGET – an object at which the firearm is aimed and discharged.
TAUTOLOGY – in theoretical terms, it is something that relies upon
circular reasoning.
TAX – rate of sum or money assessed on person or property for the support
of the government.
TAX EVATION – the fraudulent and willful underpayment or non-
payment of taxes.
TECHNICAL SKILL – the ability to perform specialized tasks. This skill
involves being highly proficient at using selected methods, processes
and procedures to accomplish tasks.
TECHNICAL SURVEILLANCE – this is a surveillance by the use of
communications and electronic hardware’s, gadgets, system and
equipment
TECHNOLOGY – branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts and
sciences; the science of technical processes.

TELEGRAPHY – refers to the first electronic medium of

communication through the telegraph, which sent and received
electrical signals over long-distance wires.
TELEPHONE RECORD ANALYSIS – an intelligence technique in which
telephone records are compiled and analyzed to obtain information on
the relationships between the subscriber and the numbers called.
TELESCOPE SIGHT – an optical employing the principle of the telescope
to enlarge the image of the target.
TEMPERATURE – the measure of the degree or thermal agitation of
molecules expressed in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankin, or Kelvin.
TENTED ARCHES – a variety of arch family of fingerprint patterns, but
their ridge formations are not simple as those of the plain arch, also
considered transitional pattern between a plain arch and a loop.
Symbolized by letter “T” in the fingerprint classification.
TERMINAL ACCURACY – size of the bullet grouping on the target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS – the study dealing with the effect of the impact
of the bullet on the target. Effect of impact of the projectile on the target.
TERMINAL ENERGY – energy of the projectile when it strikes the target.
TERMINAL PENETRATION – depth of entry of the bullet in the target.
TERMINAL VELOCITY – speed of the bullet upon striking the target.
TERRITORIAL – a characteristic of criminal law which states that criminal
law undertakes to punish crimes committee within Philippine territory.
TERRITORY – the geographical limits of the territory over which the court
presides and where the offense was committed.
TERRORISM – generally refers to any act of sowing and creating a
condition of widespread extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful
demand.
TESTAMENT – strictly, a testimonial or statement of a person’s wishes
concerning the disposition of his or her personal property.

TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE – oral averments given in open court by the

witness.
TESTIMONY – a statement made by a witness, under oath, usually related
to a legal proceeding or legislative hearing.
THEFT – is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without
violence against or intimidation of neither persons nor force upon
things, shall take personal property of another without the latter’s
consent.
THEORY OF COMPARISON – the act of setting two or more signature in
an inverted position to weigh their identifying significance.
THEORY OF POLICE OMNIPRESENCE – explains that high police
visibility discourages criminals. It explains that criminals think twice
before executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police
officers. Thus, patrol activity should be carried in a manner that
attracts maximum attention to the police officer or police vehicles. This
theory applies the principle of high police visibility.
THEORY OF UTILITARIANISM – is a philosophy advocated by Jeremy
Bentham, which states that a moral act is one which produces the
greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
THEORY X – a theory which assumes that people have little ambition,
dislike work, and must be coerced in order to perform satisfactorily.
THEORY Y – a theory which assumes that people do not inherently dislike
work and if properly rewarded, especially satisfying esteem and self-
actualization needs, will perform well on the job.
THERMAL BALANCE – refers to the normal pattern or movement of fire,
smoke, and fire gases within a building created by the fire.
THOMAS BEWICK – was a wood engraver and painter who decorated some
of his work with fingerprints. A caption added to one of his carvings –
‘Thomas BEWICK – his mark’, and was one of the first to recognize
the individuality of a fingerprint.

THOMAS BYRNES - was an Irish-born American police officer, who once

served as head of the New York City Police Department detective
department. He popularized the term rogues gallery and introduced
modus operandi file.
THREAT – an expression of the intent to do harm or act out violently
against someone or something; can be spoken, written, or symbolic.
THREAT ASSESSMENT – the process of determining the risk level posed
by a threat and whether the law enforcement office should be called in
and a criminal prosecution pursued.
TIGHT TAILING – moving surveillance where the subject is kept
constantly in view; also called as s close tail
TIME SERIES DATA – refers to data collected from a particular
geographical unit—town, region or country—at fixed intervals—daily,
weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually.
TIME-EVENT CHART ANALYSIS – a crime analysis tool that displays the
major events relating to a crime or an offender in chronological order.
TIME-SPECIFIC PLANS – are plans that concerned with a specific purpose
and conclude when an objective is accomplished or a problem is solved.
Specific police programs or projects such as drug crackdown, crime
prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up campaign are good
examples of time-specific plans.
TOBACCO – any preparation of the dried leaves of Nicotiana
tabacum or Nicotiana rustica. The main psychoactive ingredient is
nicotine.
TOLERANCE – a condition where a person's body becomes used to a drug
being present and more of the drug is needed to cause the same effect
felt previously with smaller amounts.
TOOL MARK – any impression, cut, gouge, or abrasion made when a tool
comes into contact with another object.
TOP GUARD – additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical
perimeter fences upward and outward with a 45-degree angle with 3 to

4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This increases the

protective height and prevents easy access.
TOP SECRET MATTERS – are information and material (matter), the
unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally grave
damage to the nation, politically, economically or from a security
aspect. This category is reserve for the nation’s closest secrets and is to
be used with great reserve.
TORT – a wrongful act; an injury or damage (not involving a breach of
contract) for which a civil action can be brought; a private or civil wrong
or injury resulting from a breach of a legal duty that exists by virtue of
society’s expectations.
TOTAL INSTITUTION – a model for prison management characterized by
complete encapsulation of the lives of the people who work and live
there.
TOWER GUARD – a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The
higher the tower, the more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological
unswerving effect to violators.
TOXICOLOGY – the study of poisons; a science used in case of food
poisoning.
TRACE EVIDENCE – evidence that is extremely small or microscopic in
size or is present only in limited amounts.
TRACER BULLETS – contain a compound at the base usually barium
nitrates, which is set on fire when the bullet is projected. The flash of
smoke from this burning projectile permits the flight of the bullet to be
seen.
TRADE NAME – a symbol used to identify and distinguish companies,
partnerships, and businesses, as opposed to marks used to identify
and distinguish goods or services.
TRADE SECRETS – consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation
of information which is used in one’s business and which gives him an
opportunity to gain an advantage over competitors. It may be a formula

for a chemical compound a process of manufacturing, treating or

preserving materials, a pattern for machine or device, or a list of
customers.
TRADEMARK – a word, slogan, design, picture, or any other symbol used
to identify and distinguish goods. Any identifying symbol, including a
word, design, or shape of a product or container, that qualifies for legal
status as a trademark, service mark, collective mark, certification
mark, trade name, or trade dress.
TRAFFIC – commerce; trade; sale or exchange of merchandise
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE – any sign, signal, marking, or device placed
upon, over or adjacent to a roadway by a public authority or official
having jurisdiction, for the purpose of regulating, warning, guiding or
informing road users.
TRAFFIC SIGN – a traffic control device mounted on a fixed or portable
support which conveys a specific message by means of symbols or
words, and is officially erected for the purpose of regulating, warning,
or guiding traffic.
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS – refers to the recruitment, transport,
transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons with or without consent or
knowledge, within or across national borders, by means of threat or use
of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse
of power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the
person, or, the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of the person having control over another person for the
purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of others or others forms of
sexual exploitation, forced labor, or services, slavery, servitude or the
removal or sale of organs.
TRAILER – in arson investigation, this refers to any substance used to
spread the fire from the plant to other parts of a room or building.
TRAJECTORY – the actual curve path of the bullet during its flight from
the gun muzzle to the target.

TRANQUILLIZER – a prescription-only medicine used in the treatment of

anxiety such as valium, mogadon, temazepam and xanax.
TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP – this is a leadership style whereby the
leader exerts influence during daily leader-subordinate exchanges
without much emotion. The effective transactional leader is described
as a leader who can identify the expectations of his or her followers and
can respond to them fully so as to satisfy them by establishing a close
link between effort and reward.
TRANSCEIVER – a transmitter and receiver combined in one device.
TRANSMISSION – a communication or formal message sent by one police
unit and intended for reception by another police unit.
TRANSMISSION SECURITY - is that component of communication
security which results from all measures designed to protect
transmission from interception, traffic analysis and imitative deception.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION – for questioned document
examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination
behind it and the light passing through the paper. Documents
are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET – a device where light comes from
beneath or behind glass on document is placed.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME – a relatively recent term that is
applied to activities carried out by crime groups across jurisdictions,
either by the same group or in collaboration with others. It is intended
to reflect the globalizing tendency of organized crime.
TRAVEL DOCUMENT – a certification or identifying document containing
the description and other personal circumstances of its bearer, issued
for direct travel to and from the Philippines valid for short periods or a
particular trip.
TRAVIS HIRSCHI – published ‘Causes of Delinquency’ 1969 which
explained the Social Bond Theory.

TREACHERY – when the offender commits any of the crime against the
person, employing means, methods or forms in the execution thereof
which tend directly and specially to ensure its execution, without risk
to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might
make.
TREASON – the crime of adhering to the enemy by rendering them aid or
comfort. It is a breach of allegiance to a government committed by a
person who owes allegiance to it.
TREND – a general tendency in the occurrence of crime across a large
geographic area over an extended period of time.
TRIAL – act or process of trying, or putting proof. A formal and legal
examination of the facts by a court of law to decide the validity of a
claim.
TRIGGER – activates the parts necessary to fire the weapon.
TRIGGER GUARD – bent strip of metal that protects the trigger from
accidental discharge. Guards the trigger from unnecessary action to
avoid accidental firing.
TRIGGER LEVEL – contacts rebound slide to return trigger forward.
Mechanism in a revolver that prevents excessive rearward movement
after hammer release.
TROJAN HORSE – any computer program that is altered or designed to
perform an unwanted or malicious function while appearing to perform
a routine or benign function.
TRUE SCENE – a crime scene where no evidence has been introduced or
removed, thus an “uncontaminated scene”.
TUMBLING – the illegal altering of a cellular phone's microchip so that its
access codes change after each call, making it difficult to trace the
fraudulent user; done through a personal computer.
TUMULTUOUS – the disturbance or interruption shall be deemed
tumultuous if caused by more than three persons who are armed or
provided with means of violence.

TWELVE TABLES – early roman laws which regulated family, religious

and economic life. It represented the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public
and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a
collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on
the forum.
TWIST OF RIFLING – the direction of twist whether to the right or left.
TYPEWRITER – a writing machine with a keyboard for
reproducing letters, figures, symbols and other resembling printed
ones; a machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or
that can produce printed letters and figures on paper; a machine
designed to print or impress type characters on paper, as a speedier
and more legible substitute for handwriting.
U
ULNAR LOOP – is one type of fingerprint pattern in which the ridges flow
toward the ulnar bone or little finger. Ulnar loop therefore derived its
name from the ulna bone of the forearm, or little finger. Its symbol is
letter “U” in classification purposes.
ULTIMATE FACTS – facts said to “lie in the area between evidence and a
conclusion of law; they are the essential and determining facts on which
the final conclusion of law is predicted
ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT – the invisible energy at the violet end of the
color/electromagnetic spectrum that causes substances emit visible
light, commonly called fluorescence; light used to detect secret inks,
invisible laundry marks seminal stains, marked money, or extortion
packages.

ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION – ultraviolet radiation is invisible and

occurs in the wave lengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the
spectrum (rainbow). These visible rays react on some substances so
that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as fluorescence.
UNCONSCIOUS MIND – the part of the mind that is inaccessible to the
conscious mind but which still affects behavior and emotions.
UNDER WORLD CRIMES – are committed by members of the lower or
under privilege class of society.
UNDERCOVER – using an assumed/fictional identity to obtain
information and/or evidence.
UNDERCOVER MAN – a person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and later reports the
observation and information’s that proper operational action can be
made
UNI-CASUAL – having one cause.
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS – statistics on crime, including numbers of
offenses.
UNIT – is the functional group within a section; or the smallest functional
group within an organization.
UNITY OF COMMAND – explains that subordinates should only be under
the control of one superior. Traditional theories of organization insisted
that each employee should have only one supervisor of “boss”, and
considered this principle of “unity of command” the backbone of any
organizational structure.
UNJUST VEXATION – unjust vexation includes any human conduct
which, although not productive of some physical or material harm
would, however, unjustly annoy or vex an innocent person.
UNSCRUPULOUS – unprincipled, or not scrupulous. So, a person who is
without scruple would be one who is lacking in moral integrity, or in
principles; not adhering to ethical standards; careless; imprudent.

UPGRADING – is the act of assigning to a matter of higher classification

to a classified document.
UPPER WORLD CRIMES – are those committed by individuals belonging
to the upper class of society.
URINALYSIS – testing of urine for the presence of drugs or drug
metabolites.
V
VAGRANCY – a general term for a class of minor offenses such as idleness
without employment, having no visible means of support.
VALIDITY – the extent to which the conclusions reached are credible and
plausible.
VAPOR DENSITY – the weight of volume of pure gas composed to the
weight of a volume of dry air on the same temperature and pressure.
VAPOR PRESSURE – when a liquid is heated in a container, the molecules
in a liquid state escape to form gaseous molecules. The gas molecules
on the surface strike one another as well as the walls of the container
and may return to the liquid state. It is also the forced exerted by the
molecules on the surface of the liquid at equilibrium.
VAULT - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually
a part of the building structure used to keep and protect cash,
documents and negotiable instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but
smaller than a file room.
VELLUM – are writing materials from fine skins from young calves used
for all kind of parchment manuscripts, it became the most important

writing material for bookmaking, while parchment continued for special

manuscripts.
VELOCITY – the rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time.
VENTS OR FLASH HOLES – is the hole in the web or bottom of the primer
pocket through which the primer “flash’ imparts ignition to the powder
charge.
VENUE – specific place in which a case is tried – “the court has jurisdiction
of the case”. The locality in which the cause of action occurs or where
the crime is committed and the locality in which a jury is drawn and
the case is tried. It is that part of a declaration in an action that
designate the country in which the trial is to occur.
VERBATIM – word by word, exactly.
VERSTEHEN – a subjective understanding that can be achieved by
criminologists who immerse themselves into the everyday world of the
criminals they study.
VERTICAL STAFF – an enclosed vertical space of passage that extends
from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the building.
VESTIBULE – a passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and
the interior parts of a house or building.
VICE STRESS EVALUATOR – a device that monitors the vocal quality of
an individual, producing a graph like reading indicating a possible lie.
VICE VERSA – the other way around.
VICTIM – the aggrieved party; offended party
VICTIM COMMUNICATOR – the person to whom any demand has been
or is likely to be made by the kidnapper and who is expected by the
offender to respond.
VICTIM COMPENSATION – financial assistance given to victims,
especially those victimized by crimes against persons.
VICTIM PROFILING – a detailed account of the victim’s lifestyle and
personality assists in determining the nature of the disappearance, the
risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed

the crime. Complete information regarding the victim’s physical

description, normal behavioral patterns, the family dynamics, and
known friends and acquaintances should be obtained as soon as
possible.
VICTIMLESS CRIMES – offences connected with gambling, drinking,
prostitution, abortion, drug addiction, attempted suicide, crimes
between consenting adult such adultery and Concubinage.
VICTIMOGENESIS – the contributory background of a victim as a result
of which he or she becomes prone to victimization.
VICTIMOLOGY – the study of victims of crimes and their contributory role,
if any, in crime causation. It is the scientific process of gaining
substantial amounts of knowledge on offender characteristics by
studying the nature of victims.
VIOLATION OF DOMICILE – an act against any public officer or employee
who, not being authorized by judicial order, enter any dwelling against
the will of the owner, or search papers or other effects found therein
without the previous consent of such owner, or having surreptitiously
entered said dwelling, and being required to leave the premises and
refuse to do so.
VIOLATION OF LAW – presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offence
penalized under Revised Penal Code or any Special law or Ordinances.
VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY – an act against anyone who, on the
occasion of a war in which the Government is not involved, violates any
regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing
neutrality.
VIP SECURITY – a type of security applied for the protection of top-
ranking officials of the government or private entity, visiting persons of
illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
VIRUS – a malicious program that is secretly inserted into normal software
or a computer's active memory and runs when the host runs; causes

effects ranging from annoying messages and deletion of data to

interference with the computer's operation.
VISA – an endorsement made on a travel document by consular officer at
a Philippine Embassy or Consulate abroad denoting that the visa
application has been properly examined and that the bearer is
permitted to proceed to the Philippines and request permission from
the Philippine Immigration authorities at the ports of entries to enter
the country. The visa thus issued is not a guarantee that the holder will
be automatically admitted into the country, because the admission of
foreign nationals into the Philippines is a function of the immigration
authorities at the port of entry.
VISIONARY PLANS – are essential statements that identify the role of the
police in the community and a future condition or state to which the
department can aspire. A vision may also include a statement of values
to be used to guide the decision-making process in the department.
VOICE PRINT – graphic record of an individual’s voice characteristics
made by a sound spectrograph that records energy patterns emitted by
speech.
VOLUNTARY INFORMANT – a type of informant who give information
freely and willfully as a witness to a certain act
VOLUNTARY SURRENDER – a surrender to be voluntary, as mitigating
circumstances in criminal law, must be spontaneous, showing the
intent of the accused to submit him unconditionally to the authorities.
VOYEURISM – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”, an
achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as
peeping to the dressing room, couples’ room, toilets, etc. and frequently
the person masturbate during the peeping activity.

W
WAD – a disc of paper, felt, plastic or other material used in shells.
WAIVER – the doctrine of waiver, from its nature, applies ordinarily to all
rights of privileges to which a person is legally entitled, provided such
rights or privileges belong to the individual and are intended solely for
his benefit.
WALK-THROUGH – the investigator's initial overview of the crime scene,
performed by walking through the area, to locate and view the body,
identify evidence, and determine procedures for examination and
documentation of the scene and body.
WALTER CROFTON – was the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who
introduced the Irish system that was modified based from the
Maconochie’s mark system.
WALTER RECKLESS – an American Sociologist and Criminologists
popularly known for his Containment Theory of Delinquency, a broad
analysis of the relationship between personal and social controls.
WARNING SIGN – a sign which indicates conditions on or adjacent to a
highway or street that are actually or potentially hazardous to traffic
operations.
WARRANT OF ARREST - a written order issued in the name of the
Philippines, directed to a peace officer, commanding him to take a
person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer an
offense.
WATERBORNE DISASTER – a disaster occurring in water areas as a
result of both natural and man-made causes, e.g. ship collision; ships
sank by typhoon, overloading resulting in mass drowning, dam
collapse, flash floods and marine pollution.
WATERMARKS – is a term for a figure or design incorporated into paper
during its manufacture and appearing lighter than the rest of the sheet
when viewed in transmitted light.

WEST CASE – a 1903 incident in which two criminals with the same name,
identical appearances, and nearly identical measurements were
distinguished only by fingerprints, thus significantly advancing the use
of fingerprints for identification in the United States.
WHITE COLLAR CRIMES – are crimes committed by a person of
responsibility and of upper socioeconomic class in the course of their
occupational activities. Business related or occupation crime like
embezzlement, computer crimes, bribery, and pilferage.
WILHELM STIEBER – he incorporated intelligence in the General Staff
Support System. He introduced and device military censorship and
organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and
developed informal gathering of data.
WILLIAM DONOVAN – was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence
officer and diplomat. He was known as the founder of the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Central Intelligence
Agency. He is regarded as the founding father of the CIA.
WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT – an English scientist, inventor and
photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype
processes, precursors to photographic processes.
WILLIAM HERSCHEL – was a British administrative official who had deep
interest in fingerprints as a means of identifying one individual from
another. He established the ‘Principle of Persistency’ of papillary friction
ridges.
WILLIAM NICHOL - invented the polarizing light microscope
WILLIAM PENN – an advocate of prison reform who fought for religious
freedom and individual rights, and the abolition of death penalty and
torture as a form of punishment.
WILLIAM SHELDON - an American psychologist best known for his theory
associating physique, personality, and crime or delinquency known as
Somatotyping Theory.

WIRE TAPPING – intercepting and recording telephone conversations, by

using an electronic device without the consent of either party involved
in the conversation.
WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS – also called “cold turkey” or “withdrawal
syndrome”. People who are drug dependent, or addicted, may also
experience withdrawal effects when they stop using. Withdrawal effects
can last for several days to many weeks, depending on the type of drug
and how dependent they are on the drug.
WITNESS – a person who has firsthand knowledge regarding a crime or
who has expert information regarding some aspect of the crime.
WORKHOUSE – a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are
serving short sentences or those who are undergoing constructive work
programs. It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services
and constructive leisure time activities.
WORM – a malicious program that attacks a computer system directly,
rather than infecting a host program; spreads rapidly through the
Internet
WOUND BALLISTICS – the study of the effects of a projectile on a target
and the conditions that affects them.
WRIT OF EXECUTION – an order issued to confiscate property to satisfy
a civil judgment.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS – an order issued by a court of competent
jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him
to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place, and
to show sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual so
detained.
WRIT OF MANDAMUS – a writ which in essence is a command order. It is
an order issued by a court ordering some official to execute the specific
act described in the writ.

WRITING CONDITION – a circumstance under which the writing was

prepared and the factors influencing the writer’s ability to write at the
time of execution.
WRITING MATERIALS – any material used primarily for writing or
recording.
WRONG-HANDED WRITING – any writing executed with the opposite
hand that normally used; also called “writing with the awkward hand.”
WULNUT STREET JAIL – was originally constructed as a detention jail in
Philadelphia was converted into a state prison and became the first
American Penitentiary.
XYZ
XY THEORY – a human behavior theory developed by Douglas MacGregor
used in the field of management, motivation and leadership.
YAW – is the unstable rotating motion of the projectiles.
YOKE – connecting pivot between the frame and cylinder.
YOUR HONOR - is the proper way to address a judge in court. The word
honorable is prefixed while saluting statutory authorities when they are
called by their designation denoting their importance like Honorable
king of… etc. Therefore, judge of a court is saluted as honorable judge.
Hence in oral representation a judge is addressed as "Your honor"
giving due respect to his or her statutory authority.
ZEALOUS WITNESS - is a witness who gives testimony clearly biased
toward the party that called him or her to testify. Such witnesses are
extremely anxious that the party calling him shall prevail. They
demonstrate disproportionate enthusiasm while testifying.

ZEBULON BROCKWAY – was the Director of the Elmira Reformatory in

New York in 1876 who introduced innovative programs adopted in the
Elmira Reformatory, hence this was considered forerunner of modern
penology because it had all the elements of a modern system.
ZERO TOLERANCE – a term commonly associated with strict policing
measures, based on the belief that activities associated with illegal
drugs should not be tolerated at any level. This approach emphasizes
the law as the main method of dealing with drugs and drug issues.
ZONE – the direction used to indicate the place of a crime.
ZOOPHILIA - is the sexual attraction of a human to non-human animals.
It may be sexual interaction between a human and an animal, or a
preference or fixation on such practice. It is also known as zoo
sexuality.
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Philippine Copyright 2020

May You Be Blessed with the Courage

RKM Criminology Solutions, Last Update 04 June 2020 - Page 1

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ABORTION – is the willful killing of the fetus in the uterus, or violent

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describing the location of driveways and walkways which provide an

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be a combination of a loop and a whorl, a loop and a central pocket loop

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ACT OF LASCIVIOUSNESS – acts of lewdness committed upon a person

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ADMINISTRATIVE LOG – a written record of the actions taken by the

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AETIOLOGICAL CRISIS – refers to the majority of post-war criminology

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AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES - are those which, if attendant in the

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barrel. The projectile is commonly either round metal balls, special

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ALCOHOL ABUSE THEORY - the theory that disinhibition of impulse

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ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES – circumstances in law which can me

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anabolic steroids are used to treat medical conditions and are

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ANTHRAX – an acute infectious disease with three forms (cutaneous,

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APPEALED POLICY - a type of policy that arises when problems at the

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AREA – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of

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ARTHUR MACARTHUR JR – father of Gen. Douglas Macarthur. He was a

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ATAVISM – Lombroso’s concept which suggests that criminals are

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the United States in the early 20th century. He is considered as the

AUTOEROTIC DEATH – the death from accidental asphyxiation as a

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AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS) – a

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specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been

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possible circumstance, affords the greatest certainty of the fact in

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levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or other

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BOGUS - fake; not genuine; not original

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BOTTLE NECK CARTRIDGE - a type of cartridge designed to

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BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE – a popular workhouse was in London which

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BUS LANE – a street or highway lane intended exclusively or primarily for