10 XII December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48179
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Theoretical Analysis and Design Optimization for

Multi-GNSS Direct Radio Frequency Sampling
Receiver
Ahmed Eltayeb Ahmed Elbushra1, Prof. Dr. Alaa EL-ROUBY2
MSc student1, professor2, Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University.

Abstract: Recently, a considerable amount of research has been conducted on multiple GNSS receivers using the Direct RF
sampling concept. This approach greatly reduces the hardware requirements of the traditional receiver by placing the analog-to-
digital converter as close as possible to the antenna, eliminating the mixer stages. Furthermore, directly sampling the RF signal
using the ADC allows for a more efficient design. In this paper, a Multi-GNSS Direct Radio Frequency Sampling Method is
designed, optimized, and its performance is presented for several GNSS signals, including GPS L1, GPS L2, and GPS L5. The
implemented method is used to find the ranges of valid sampling frequencies in single and multiple band RF signal cases. The
algorithm presented results in an easier way to find valid sampling frequencies and a straightforward implementation without
the need for complicated mathematical calculations. We consider aliasing issues and computational problems, providing a full
theoretical and practical analysis compared to previously presented algorithms in the literature. This paper also examines the
relationship between the sampling frequency, noise folding, and its effect on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), thus allowing for
the selection of the optimal sampling frequency.
Keywords: GNSS, GPS, SNR, ADC, and direct radio frequency.

I. INTRODUCTION
Over the last decades, the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is considered an important part of our life. Started by
the initial launch of the Global Positioning System (GPS) by the United States of America (USA) in 1978, followed by the
increasing popularity of this navigation system, several governments started to develop and launch their own Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS). Russia’s system (GOLNASS), the European Union (Galileo), the Chinese (Bei Dou) , and two regional
systems – Japanese (QZSS) and Indian (IRNSS or NavIC) are the main GNSS operating nowadays [1]. The navigation signals are
transmitted by those systems with different specifications in terms of frequency, bandwidth, and modulation. As a result, designing
a multi-GNSS receiver has become a major research topic and many studies have been conducted looking for a more robust,
affordable, higher precision, and greater integrity multi-GNSS receiver design. GNSS receivers consist of two main sections:
hardware (RF front end) and software (DSP). The Hardware section has different possible RF architectures. For example, the
superheterodyne, Heterodyne and Homodyne architecture are shown in Fig. 1, are frequently used[2], hence, referred to as the
traditional RF front end. Other architectures such as software defined radio (SDR) had also been used. Those RF hardware
architectures are capable of handling single frequency band and in case of needing to handle multiple frequency bands (to enhance
reliability or accuracy for example) they need to be duplicated for each band and that increases cost, power consumption, and
complexity of the RF front-end.
With the ongoing development in analog to digital converters, Direct RF sampling (DFRS) architecture became a candidate for
Multi-GNSS RF receiver design. DRFS architecture provides the opportunity to overcome the limitations of its precedent for
simultaneous Multi-GNSS processing. In the DRFS, the RF signal is sampled as early in the receiver RF Chain in case of single and
multiple bands as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 .
The down-conversion of the high frequency GNSS signals occurs during the sampling process itself using signal aliasing in a
regulated manner. Thus, removing the intermediate frequency (IF) stages of traditional receivers. DRFS simplifies the RF front-end
as it does not need analog mixers which reduces the analog components, power consumption, cost, and size[3]. Furthermore, DRFS
flexibility is regarded as very high because it samples the signal directly from radio frequencies (RF) as well as it handles multiple
frequency bands with the same hardware simultaneously.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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Nevertheless, DRFS receiver has its fair share of challenges, such as high power consumption due to the need of high amplification
stages to reach full scale range of the ADC, high quality sampling process due to the high frequencies of the signals directly
sampled[4]. Additionally, down-converting the RF signal will generate noise folding caused by aliasing, hence decreasing the SNR.
These challenges are considered major research motive for the future improvement to increase the performance of DRFS
receiver[5].

Fig. 1 The traditional superheterodyne receiver

Fig. 2 single-band direct RF sampling receiver.

Fig. 3 multiple-band direct RF sampling receiver

.
DRFS receiver has been discussed throughout literature by many authors such as [5]–[10]. In 1996 Akos and Tsui [6] designed a
DRFS prototype that was able to receive the GPS L1 C/A (null-null BW of 2 MHz) with a sampling frequency of 5 MHz and an
acquisition code to process the data. In [8] Thor and Akos described a DRFS prototype that captured both GPS L1 C/A signal and
GPS L3 at 1381.05MHz then sampled both with a sampling frequency of approximately 74 MHz, an FPGA is used to process the
data then transmit it to a PC for post-processing.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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In [9] Psiaki proposed a DRFS prototype that receives the GPS C/A code and precision code (P(Y)) on the L1 and L2 frequencies
then sampled with a sampling frequency of 55.5MHz ,the sampled data is transmitted to CPLD logic gates then saved and stored to
computer to process it offline using MATLAB. In [5] Psiaki and Akos designed DRFS prototype to capture GPS L1 C/A has design
to determine the effects of sample clock jitter with a sampling frequency 5.71429 MHz the sampled data is sent through a generic
data acquisition system(DAQ), where it is stored on disk for offline processing. The most recent and advanced work on DRFS
GNSS prototype is in [10] where Lamontagne proposed a flexible real time Direct RF sampling based GNSS receiver that can
capture the GPS L1 C/A signal with a sampling frequency of 300 MHz, and it is used to validate the jitter effects and sampling jitter
limits theoretical formulations so it does not affect the GNSS signal. Then the FPGA is used for data processing.
In this paper, we aim to present a complete theoretical framework for DRFS frontend receiver with focus on Multi-GNSS
applications and use that framework for design optimization. That goal led us to consider two main issues: first, introducing an
efficient and simplified frequency planning algorithm to determine all proper sampling frequencies for DRFS single and multiple
RF signals. Second, studying the noise folding effects and theoretically analyzing their relation to the sampling frequency and their
impact on the DRFS system performance, SNR.
The paper is organized such that section II focuses on developing the mathematical constraints used to calculate the proper sampling
frequencies in case of single and multiple RF signals, III presents the frequency planning and the MATLAB-coded single and
multiple band algorithm to calculate proper sampling frequencies. IV studies the effects of noise folding on DRFS. The single and
multi-band DRFS algorithms are implemented on MATLAB for L1, L2, and L5 and their results are presented in V. The design
optimization is presented in VI. VII concludes the paper.

II. DIRECT RADIO FREQUENCY SAMPLING

Fig. 4 (a) the original, (b) the sampled signal by sampling frequency (N=Odd) and (c) the sampled signal by sampling frequency
(N=Even).
DRFS theory states that when a continuous bandpass signal of interest is sampled with a sampling frequency that is more than
twice the signal’s bandwidth ( ≥ 2 ) that allows the reconstruction of the sampled signal at a much lower frequency than its
original carrier frequency since the sampling requirements are based on the information bandwidth of the signal rather than the
carrier frequency[7].
The sampling process based on the Direct sampling front end is depicted in Fig. 2. In the case of a single band and in the case of
multiple bands. As shown in figures, the signal enters through the antenna, then it is processed by the low noise amplifier (LNA)
that amplifies all the signals within its operational band. The amplified signals then pass through a bandpass filter that attenuates all
signals outside the selected bands of interest, then it passes through the analog to digital convertor (ADC) where the selected bands
of interest are sampled to a lower intermediate frequency (IF) with a sampling frequency that is selected based on the algorithm
explained is sections III and III.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

A. Direct Radio Frequency Sampling Of A Single RF Signa

In the sampling theory when a signal is multiplied by a sampling signal its information bandwidth is replicated in frequency domain
at an integer multiple of the sampling frequency , thereby creating an infinite number of replicas of the signal. The proper choice
of the sampling frequency will create a replica that falls within the range from 0 to half the sampling frequency which is called the
baseband Nyquist zone.
When it comes to calculating the proper sampling frequencies there are some constraints that need to be considered[11]:
1) The sampling frequency should be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal ≥ 2 .
2) Choosing an that avoid any overlap between aliased bands from the negative and positive frequency spectrum and the
baseband Nyquist zone lower end at 0 or upper end at .
3) should be properly selected to minimize the noise folding. That aspect is discussed in section IV.
Starting by considering a spectrum of a continuous bandpass signal with bandwidth , located between the positive lower
frequency Hz and higher frequency Hz with a center frequency . The negative frequency spectrum can be expressed as the
interval (− , − ) with a center frequency of − . The positive and negative spectrum of the bandpass signal are both shown in
Fig. 4(a). In order to express the above mentioned constrains mathematically, we introduce an arbitrary positive integer that
equals to the integer part of . can be either even or odd. If , we denote the sampling frequency as . In this case, the
sampled positive frequency spectrum exists in +ve baseband Nyquist zone as shown in Fig. 4(b), whereas if , we denote
the sampling frequency as . In this case, the sampled negative frequency spectrum in +ve baseband Nyquist zone thus shown
inverted in Fig. 4 (c). The spectrum of the sampled signal as shown in Fig. 4(b)(c) for both types can be obtained by replicating
the spectrum of the original signal at around . Accordingly, the spectrum of the original signal must not straddle for any
integer , otherwise the sampled signal would be aliased[12].
The mathematical expression for constrain 2 in the case of a single band sampling differs based on the value of (even or odd),
where each case has its own expression that can be found from Error! Reference source not found.
In the case of odd as shown in Fig. 4(b)., the expression is formed by considering that the lower frequency and higher
frequency does not overlap with other replicas nor any of the two baseband Nyquist zone borders. The minimum and maximum
sampling frequencies, using and respectively, can be expressed as:
− + ( + 1) > 0 1
> 1a

+ ( + 1) < 2
2
< 2a
As for the second case of when N is even, the minimum and maximum sampling frequencies using and can be expressed as:
− >0 3

− < 3a
2
> 4
2
< 4a
2 +1
Using DRFS shows that the RF signal centered at will be down-converted to an intermediate frequency . In other words, the -
centered bandpass signal will be replicated around − at each (where is a non-zero positive integer) then we will obtain
an that falls in the range of 0 … . The mathematical relationship between, , and can be expressed as:
⎧ ( , )
⎪ ⁄2
5
⎨ − ( , )
⎪ ⁄2
⎩
here ( , ) denotes the remainder of divided by [12].

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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B. Direct Radio Frequency Sampling of Multiple RF Signal

When multiple bandpass signals are to be sampled by the ADC, a straightforward solution is to increase the sampling frequency to
accommodate the wider range of bandwidths that contain all the signals spectrums. Unfortunately, this approach can be
computationally expensive and demanding as shown by brown [13] where they utilized an 800MHz sampling frequency for L1 and
L2 bands. Following the approach proposed in this paper, through considering DRFS theorem with a number of bandpass signals
result in a significantly reduced sampling frequency that need to be greater than twice the sum of the signals bandwidths and
fulfilling the DRFS associated constrains that are listed in A, hence a consequently reduced computational resources requirement.
Regarding the case of multiple bands, a searching algorithm is developed to find the proper sampling frequencies through
introducing several filtering conditions that calculate the proper sampling frequencies of multiple RF signal. For example, GPS L1,
L2 and L5 sampling frequencies were calculated individually from the Single RF algorithm, then multiband overlapping conditions
were implemented producing proper sampling frequencies for these multiple bands. These conditions are explained thoroughly in
section B.

III. FREQUENCY PLANNING

The sampled RF signal with all its replicas is represented in Fig. 4 and it is utilized to extract the mathematical constraints used in
the single and multiple RF signal algorithm to calculate the proper sampling frequencies, which is implemented in MATLAB.

A. Single-Band Algorithm
In the case where the input to the ADC is a single RF signal, our first proposed algorithm implements the derived expressions (1)-
(5) on MATLAB to find its proper sampling frequencies . The algorithm flow is shown in Fig. 5:
 Step 1: Insert the single-band RF signal center frequency and bandwidth .
 Step 2: Calculate the lower ( ) and higher ( ) end frequencies of the bandpass signal bandwidth from the following equations:
= − 6
2
= + 7
2
 Step 3: Start a loop with as a positive integer that starts at 0 up to . Within the loop, the lower and higher ranges of valid
sampling frequencies ( , , , ) are calculated in two cases: in the case is odd the derived expressions (1), (2) are used.
And in second case when is even expression (3), (4) are used.
 Step 4: The aliased lower/higher intermediate frequencies ( , , , ) are calculated from expression (5) for both cases.
 Step 5: Finally, the output of the code is saved as an array, where each columns represents a specific value, the first column
represents the values used then the next columns show the proper sampling frequencies ranges from , to , and its
intermediate frequencies from , to , .

Fig. 5 Single-band Direct RF sampling algorithm flow.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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B. MULTI-BAND Algorithm
One of our main contributions is the simplified frequency planning algorithm in the case of multiple bands. The multi-band
algorithm we developed and dramatically decreases the computational requirements compared to [9], [14], [15]. It is considered to
be a flexible, more robust way to find the proper sampling frequency ranges without the need to derive complicated mathematical
expressions to define the multi-band second constraint unlike[12], [14], [15] and their complex solutions. The approach we took
for our multi-band algorithm involves using a searching algorithm that finds the overlapping proper ranges and its corresponding
through a few filtering conditions. These conditions filter the values calculated by the single-band algorithm for the individual
bands. Fig. 6 shows a clarification diagram for the algorithm and its steps.

Fig. 6 Multi-band Direct RF sampling algorithm flow

 Step 1: Insert the characteristics of the three RF signals, their center frequencies , and bandwidth where indicates
the index of the RF single.
 Step 2: The three bands proper values were calculated independently using the single band algorithm in section 0. The first
filtering condition applied is following the Nyquist theorem where each obtained value that fall under twice the total
bandwidth = + + ⋯ are removed.
 Step 3: A loop is generated to filter all obtained values through comparing each ( , , , ) of each band with the other
bands to remove values that are not overlapping between the bands. The first condition can be set where , should be
higher than or equal to , and , , then it should also be lower or equal to , and , . Using several
conditions for each band as previously explained will allow us to find overlapping , and , between all the three
bands.
 Step 4: The second filtering conditions within the loop indicates that the spacing between , , , 0 and . The
intermediate frequencies of each band compared to the other should be bigger than half the total bandwidth of themselves, each
lower end frequency ( − /2) should be bigger than 0, and higher end frequency ( + /2) should be smaller
than . These conditions are to make sure there is no aliasing occurring and remove the obtained sampling frequencies
( , , , ) that allow aliasing.
 Step 6: The sampled data is saved into an array that contains the odd and even integers , , , and sampling frequencies
, to , .
The experimental results of both algorithms are demonstrated in the Results V.

IV. NOISE FOLDING EFFECTS ON DIRECT RF SAMPLING

Noise folding is defined as the accumulation of noise from aliased frequencies on top of the desired band of interest at because of
the sampling process where the spectrum shifting occurs as shown in Fig. 7[16]. The total noise that gets folded is mainly generated
by the hardware components of the receiver in the out of band and aliased to in band and this noise is known to be an Additive
White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) [16].

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Noise folding is an important factor in DRFS receiver design as using a low sampling frequency will increase the amount of noise
folding and that decreases the SNR while increasing the sampling frequency will enhance the SNR but will require more
computational resources for DSP. This tradeoff (Of ) between the computational resources requirements and the SNR is
inevitable, the best solution is to find a middle ground for proper sampling frequency with an acceptable SNR[7].

Fig. 7 Noise folding illustration

The aliased noise gets added to one another creating a noise of times the noise floor in the Nyquist band in both negative and
positive frequencies as shown in Fig. 8. is the integer mentioned in sections II.

Fig. 8 Noise folding of both negative and positive frequencies

To calculate the resultant noise folding we can consider the as in-band noise, as out of band noise and as a sampling
integer. Mathematically, we quantify that the total noise to be considered is:
+ = + 2( − 1) 8
Knowing that the sampled signal is going to suffer from noise aliasing, it is very essential to have a bandpass filter prior to theADC.
The typical SAW filter can reduce the out of band noise by 40-60 dB depending on the bandwidth. For example, if = 300MHz
used to sample a GPS L1 signal, the spectrum is folded 5 times, so N=5, which is an increase of almost 6dB in noise.

V. RESULTS
To demonstrate and prove the proposed method of DRFS, we conducted two experiments one for the single-band algorithm and the
second for multi-band algorithm on MATLAB based on the DRFS receiver theory with GPS bands signals , ,and [17], the
proper frequency ranges obtained are then plotted to verify that there is no aliasing or overlapping caused by the them.

A. SINGLE-BAND Algorithm Results

For single band algorithm in sections 0, we used one of the GPS- band signal that has carrier frequency = 1575.42 ,
bandwidth = 15 [18]. The signal is bounded between 1567.92 and 1582.92 , the proper sampling frequencies
are extracted by the algorithm and shown in TABLE I.

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TABLE I
GPS L1 band proper sampling frequencies obtained from single-band algorithm.
N , ,
52 30.1508 MHz 30.1523 MHz
51 30.440 MHz 30.445 MHz
50 31.03MHz 31.047MHz
49 31.6584 MHz 31.675e MHz
48 32.637 MHz 32.665 MHz
47 32.9775 MHz 33.0088 MHz
.
.
.
5 287.803MHz 313.584MHz
4 316.584MHz 348.426MHz
3 452.262 MHz 522.64 MHz
2 527.64MHz 627.168 MHz
1 1.05528GHz 1.56792 GHz

Fig. 9 plot of a sampled bandpass signal using one of the values in TABLE I.

The outcome of the algorithm is used to plot the resultant spectrum of the sampled signals and the constraints of the A is checked to
be fulfilled. The validity of this check is depicted in Fig. 9, where the range from , = 31.03 , = 31.047 is
used on the GPS L1.

B. Multi-Band Algorithm Results

For multiple-band algorithm, we considered 3 GNSS signals in GNSS bands ( , , ) with their carrier frequencies =
1575.42 , = 1227.6 , = 1176.45 and bandwidth = 15 , = 11 = 12.5 [18].
The algorithm in section B is used to extract the proper sampling frequencies for these three bands individually, we can find several
proper sampling ranges in , indicating that the ( , , , ) values showed be ≥ 76 .

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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Table II. The of GPS bands ( , , ) equals to 38 , indicating that the ( , , , ) values showed be ≥ 76 .

Table II
Some GPS L1, L2 and L5 bands proper sampling frequencies obtained from Mutli-band algorithm
, ,
10 8 7 151.7542MHz 151.7625 MHz
9 7 7 158.292 MHz 158.95 MHz
7 5 5 221.036 MHz 222.2 MHz
6 5 5 226.131 MHz 231.040 MHz
.
.
.
3 2 2 493.24MHz 522.64 MHz
2 2 2 527.64MHz 585.10 MHz
2 2 1 591.35 MHz 611.05 MHz
2 1 1 633.168MHz 780.13MHz
1 1 1 1.05528 GHz 1.1702 GHz

Fig. 10 plot of three bands sampled bandpass signals using one of the values extracted in

Table II.

The outcome of the Multi-band algorithem in B is used to plot the resultant spectrum of the sampled signals (GPS L1,L2, and L5)
which prove the validity of the algorithem as depeicated in Fig. 10 where ranges from 151.7542MHz to 151.7625 MHz is used
from

Table II.

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VI. DESGIN OPTIMIZATION

Following the framework of designing a DRFS receiver, an optimized sampling frequency selection process and its effect on signal
to noise ratio (SNR) through minimizing the complexity and computational requirement of design was proven. A mathematical
derivation conducted on direct RF sampling technique; we were able to calculate the optimal Fs values in the single band and
multiple-bands case. Some values were tested on the DRFS architecture on Fig. 3. Starting by selecting the sampling frequency of
300MHz in both single band and multiple-band cases.
Finally, following the noise folding equation (8) we were able to minimize this effect by adding a bandpass filter prior to the ADC’s
sampling process. Sampling the GPS L1 band single for example, using a 300MHz sampling frequency will fold the signal to N=5
folds as provided in A producing a noise of 6 dB which is considered a low noise effect.

VII. CONCULSION
A complete theoretical framework for a DRFS front-end receiver has been presented. A straightforward algorithm for frequency
planning in case of receiving three bandpass signals simultaneously has been proposed. The frequency planning algorithm had been
applied to the case of a multi-GNSS receiver that is considering L1, L2, and L5 bands and results is shown and confirmed. The
proposed algorithm is implemented using MATLAB and dramatically decreases the computational complexity and simplifies the
implementation compared to previous algorithms [7], [11], [12], [12], [19]. Furthermore, the amount of noise folding ( ) is
theoretically derived and mathematically expressed which is an essential step needed for the optimal selection of and
compromising between the needed computational resources (in the DSP stage after the RF front-end) and the receiver Signal-To-
Noise Ratio (SNR). In conclusion following the framework presented in this paper for design optimization would be a new step into
designing a fully operational DRFS front-end receiver.

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to extend their sincere gratitude to EHSIM (Elektronik Harp Sistemleri Mühendislik Ticaret Anonim Şirketi) for
supporting this project and research work.

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[17] J. Subirana, J. Zornoza, and M. Hernández-Pajares, Gnss Data Processing, vol. II. 2013.
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