Three-phase system

v a (t) v a (t) va

v b (t) v b (t) n
n vb

v c (t) v c (t) vc

1
 Three-phase system
van vbn vcn

120ο 240ο

Time

2
3
4
5
Phase voltage vcn

van Reference
a n
b vbn
c

vcn vbn van

Van = Va = V∠0°V
n
Vbn = Vb = V∠ − 120°V
Vcn = Vc = V∠120°V
6
 Line-to-line
vca
voltage vcn
a vbc van Reference
n
vab
b vbn
vca vbc vab
c 300
n
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V∠0°) − (V∠ − 120°) = 3 V ∠30°
Vbc = Vbn − Vcn = (V∠ − 120°) − (V∠120°) = 3 V ∠ − 90°
Vca = Vcn − Van = (V∠120°) − (V∠0°) = 3 V ∠150°
7
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V∠0°) − (V∠ − 120°) = 3 V ∠30°

vcn vab
vca -vbn
300 Reference
n van
vbn

vbc

8
 Keep in mind
• Unless stated in the problems, the
following assumptions are to be used:
– All voltages are line-to-line quantities
– All powers are for the three phases

9
 Example
Let
o
Va = 240 ∠25
Calculate the line-to-line voltage Vab vab
-vbn
0
van
30
250 Reference

o
Vab = 3 Va ∠30
( o
)
Vab = 3 240 ∠25 ∠30 = 415.7 ∠55 o o
10
 Main Conclusions
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V∠0°) − (V∠ − 120°) = 3 V ∠30°

• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
11
 Phase current

Y-Connection Line current

Va Ia

For balanced system

Z a = Zb = Zc
Va V∠0°
Ia = = = I ∠ −θ o
Z a Z a ∠θ °
Van = Va = V∠0°
Vb V∠ − 120°
Ib = = = I ∠(−120 − θ o )
Vbn = Vb = V∠ − 120° Zb Z b ∠θ °
Vcn = Vc = V∠120° Vc V∠120°
Ic = = = I ∠(120 − θ o12)
Z c Z c ∠θ °
 Vcn θ
Ic
Van Reference
n
θ
Ib Ia
θ Vbn

Ia = I ∠ −θ o
Van = Va = V∠0°
I b = I ∠( − 120 − θ o )
Vbn = Vb = V∠ − 120°

Vcn = Vc = V∠120° I c = I ∠( 120 − θ o )

13
 Main Conclusions
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V∠0°) − (V∠ − 120°) = 3 V ∠30°
• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
• Line current equals phase current
14
 Single-Phase Representation
Va
θ
Ia +
+ Ia

Va Z

_
_

15
 Ex.
For the three-phase circuit shown below, find the currents and voltage
throughout the circuit.
a A Vcn
IcC
200∠0° V 100∠60° Ω
n I bB Van
60 °

N
c b IaA
B Vbn
C

V=
an 200 ∠0 °
V (V=
bn 200∠ − 120 °
V V=
cn 200∠120 °
V)
200∠0°
IaA = = 2 ∠ − 60 °
A (I bB = 2∠ − 180 °
A I cC = 2∠60 °
A)
100∠60 °

Vab 200 3∠30° V =

= Vbc 200 3∠ − 90° V = Vca 200 3∠ − 210° V
I Nn = IaA + I bB + IcC = 0 16
 Homework I

A balance three-phase system has a Y-connected load. Each phase contains

three load in parallel: -j100ohm, 100ohm,and 50+j50ohm. If V= ab 400∠0° V
find (a) Van (b) Ia (c) current flowing through the 50+j50ohm load

17
 Delta (∆) Connection: Source

v a (t) v a (t)

v c (t) v a (t)
v b (t) v b (t)

v b (t)
v c (t) v c (t)

18
 Delta (∆) Connection: Source
Ia
a
_
Iac +
Iba Ia is line current
Vca Vab Ibais phase current
_ Ib
+
b
c Vbc
_
+
Icb Ic

19
 a Ia
_
I ba = I a + I ac Iac +
Vca I
Vab _ ba Ib
+
_ V b
c bc +

Icb Ic

Vca θ
Iac
Vab Reference
n
θ
Icb Iba
θ Vbc

20
I ba = I a + I ac
Iac
I a = I ba − I ac Vab Reference
n θ I
Icb 300
ba

Ia
-
Iac

I a = I ba − I ac = 3 I ba ∠ − 30 o
o
I a = 3 I ba ∠ − ( θ + 30 )
21
 Example
Let
o
I a = 30 ∠ − 10 A
Calculate the phase current of a delta
circuit Reference

o
I a = I ba − I ac = 3 I ba ∠ − 30
Ia o
I ba = ∠30
3
o
30 ∠ − 10
I ba = ∠30 = 17.32 ∠20 o A
3 22
 Main Conclusions
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

I a = 3 I ba ∠ − ( θ + 30 o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
23
 Delta (∆ ) Connection: Load
a Ia
_ +
Ica Iab
_ Ib
+
_ b
c
Vca θ
Ica
+
Ibc Ic
Vab Reference
n
θ
Ibc Iab
θ Vbc

24
I a = I ab − I ca Ica
Vab Reference
n θ I
Ibc 300
ab

Ia
- Ica

I a = I ab − I ca = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o
o
I a = 3 I ab ∠ − ( θ + 30 )
25
 Main Conclusions
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

I a = 3 I ab ∠ − ( θ + 30 o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
26
 Y- ∆ a Ia
Transformation Z∆ Z∆
Z ab = Z ∆ // 2 Z ∆ Ib
b
2 c
Z ab = Z∆ Z∆ Ic
3 a Ia

Z ab = 2 Z Y
ZY

ZY ZY
Ib 1
b ZY = Z ∆
c 3
Ic
27
 Example
1. Calculate the phase current of the load
2. Calculate the equivalent Y load
3. Calculate the phase current of the equivalent Y load
a

Van = 120 v Ia
Z=4+j3

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 28
 a
Van Ia Z

c b Ib c b
Part 1:

Vab 3 × 120 ∠30 o o Ic

I ab = = = 41.57 ∠ − 7 A
Z o
5 ∠37
o
Z ∆ 5 ∠37
Part 2: ZY = = = 1.67 ∠37 o Ω
3 3

Part 3: The phase current in ∆ load is equal to

( )
I a = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o = 3 41.57 ∠ − 7 o ∠ − 30 o = 72 ∠ − 37 o A
29
 Example
Calculate the line current
Z2 = 12 - j 9
Ia Z1 = 4 + j 3
a

Van = 120 v

b c b
b c
c

Ic 30
 Change delta to Y
Z1 = 4 + j 3 Z2y = 4 - j 3
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b b
c c c

Ic 31
 Zeq = 25/8
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b
c c

Ic
o
120 ∠0
Ia = = 38.4 A
25 / 8
32
 Power of 3-phase circuits
Vphase
For Single phase
θ
Iphase P = V phase I phase cos (θ )

IMPORTANT For 3-phase

θ is the angle between P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ )

phase voltage and
phase current
33
 Power in Delta Circuit
Ia
V phase = Vab _
a
Ica + Iab
I phase = I ab _ Ib
+
_ b
Vline = Vab c +
Ic
Ibc
I line = I a = 3 I ab
P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ ) = 3 Vab I ab cos (θ )

P = 3 Vab I a cos (θ ) = 3 Vline I line cos (θ )

34
 Power in Y Circuit
a Ia
V phase = Va
I phase = I a Va

Vc Vb
Vline = Vab = 3 Va Ib
b
c
I line = I a Ic

P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ ) = 3 Va I a cos (θ )

P = 3 Vab I a cos (θ ) = 3 Vline I line cos (θ )

35
 Example
Calculate the load power

Van = 120 v Ia
Z=4-j3

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 36
 a
Van Ia Z

c b Ib c b
From previous example:

I ab = 41.57 ∠ − 7 o A Ic

I a = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o = 72 ∠ − 37 o A

Vab = 3 Va ∠30 o
( )
Vab = 3 120 ∠0 o ∠30 o = 208 ∠30 o V

37
 Method #1
 −1 − 3 
P = 3 Vab I ab cos θ = 3 × 208 × 41.57 × cos tan  = 20.736 kW
 4 

Method #2
 −1 − 3 
P = 3 Vab I a cos θ = 3 × 208 ×72 × cos tan  = 20.736 kW
 4 

Keep in mind

• The pf angle is the angle of the load impedance.

• It is the same as the angle between the phase voltage and the
phase current
38
 Homework II
Given A 208V three-phase power system shown below, find:
1. the line current
2. the line and phase voltages of the load
3. the real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
4. the power factor of the load

a 0.06 + j0.12Ω

12 + j9Ω

c b

39
 Solution: Homework I

400
 V= ab 3Van ∠30
°
V ⇒ V
= an ∠ − 30 °
V
3
1 1 1 1 1
= + + =
Z t − j100 100 50 + j50 50
Z=t 50Ω
400
∠ − 30°
Ia
= 3 = 4.62∠ − 30° A
50
400 400
∠ − 30° ∠ − 30°
I50+ j50
= =3 =3 3.27 ∠ − 75°
A
50 + j50 50 2∠45 °

40
 Solution

a 0.06 + j0.12Ω

12 + j9Ω

c b

41