Algebra of Matrices

(Elementary Row Operations and Rank of Matrix)

S M Mahmudul Hasan

Institute of Information Technology (IIT)

Jahangirnagar University

July 12, 2020

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 1 / 15

Outline

Elementary Row Operations

Echelon Matrix and Row Canonical Form
Finding Inverse of a Matrix using Elementary Row Operations
Rank of a Matrix

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 2 / 15

Elementary row operations or transformations

The following three operations are called elements row operations:

1 The interchange of the ith row and j th row; and it is denoted by

Ri ↔ Rj .
2 The multiplication of every element of the ith row and j th row by a
nonzero scalar k; and it is denoted by Ri → kRi .
3 The addition of the elements of the ith row and j th row by k times the
j th row; and it is denoted by Ri → kRj + Ri .

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 3 / 15

Echelon matrix & Row Canonical form

Echelon Matrix
A matrix A is called an echelon matrix, or is said to be in echelon form, if
the following two conditions hold:
1 All zero rows, if any, are at the bottom of the matrix.
2 Each leading non-zero entry in a row is to the right of the leading
non-zero entry in the preceding row.

Row Canonical form

A matrix A is said to be in row canonical form if it is an echelon matrix, that
is it satisfies the above properties 1 and 2 , and if it satisfies the following
additional two properties:
3 Each pivot (leading nonzero entry) is equal to 1.
4 Each pivot is the only nonzero entry in its column.

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 4 / 15

 Example of Echelon matrix & Row Canonical form
   
1 2 −1 2 1 3 6 0 0 4
A = 2 4 1 −2 3 ∼ 0 0 3 −6 1 R1 → 3R1 + R2
   

3 6 2 −6 5 0 0 0 −6 1
   
1 2 −1 2 1 3 6 0 0 4
 R2 → R2 − 2R1
∼ 0 0 3 −6 1 ∼ 0 0 3 0 0 R2 → R2 − R3
  
R3 → R3 − 3R1
0 0 5 −12 2 0 0 0 −6 1
   
1 2 −1 2 1 1 2 0 0 4
3 R1 → R31
∼ 0 0 3 −6 1 R3 → 3R3 − 5R2 ∼ 0 0 1 0 0  R2 → R32
   
R3
0 0 0 −6 1 0 0 0 1 − 61 R3 → −6
The above matrix is in echelon form. The above matrix is in row canonical
form
Example of Operations
R2 : 2 4 1 −2 3 R3 : 3 6 2 −6 5
2R1 : 2 4 −2 4 2 3R1 : 3 6 −3 6 3
R2 − 2R1 : 0 0 3 −6 1 R3 − 3R1 : 0 0 5 −12 2

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 5 / 15

Application of elementary row operations in finding the

inverse of an n × n matrix
The input is a square matrix A.
The output is the inverse of A or that the inverse does not
exist.
Step 1 Form the n × 2n matrix M = [A | I] (Augmented Matrix) where
A is the left half of M and the identity matrix I is the right half
of M .
Step 2 Row reduce to echelon form. If the process generates a zero row
in the A half of M then stop.
A has no inverse. (Otherwise, A is in triangular form.)
Step 3 Further row reduce M to its row canonical form M ∼ [I | B]
where the identity matrix I has been replaced instead of A in the
left half of M .
Step 4 Set A−1 = B, the matrix that in row in the right half of M .

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 6 / 15

Inverse of Matrix (Example 1)
 
1 3 1 3
2 8 5 10
Find the inverse of the matrix A =  .
 
1 7 7 11
 3 11 7 15
1 3 1 3 1 0 0 0
 2 8 5 10 0 1 0 0 
M = [A|I] = 
 

 1 7 7 11 0 0 1 0 
 3 11 7 15 0 0 0 1 
1 3 1 3 1 0 0 0
 0 2 3 4 −2 1 0 0  R2 → R2 − 2R1
∼  R3 → R3 − R1
 
 0 4 6 8 −1 0 1 0 
R4 → R4 − 3R1
0 2 4 6 −3 0 0 1
 
1 3 1 3 1 0 0 0
 0 2 3 4 −2 1 0 0   R3 → R3 − 2R2
∼

3 −2 1 0  R4 → R4 − R2

 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 2 −1 −1 0 1
Since third row of A is zero row, the given matrix A has no inverse.
S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 7 / 15

Inverse of Matrix (Example 2)

 
1 2 3 1
1 3 3 2
Find the inverse of the matrix A= .
 
2 4 3 3
1 1 1 1
 
1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0
 1 3 3 2 0 1 0 0 
M = [A|I] = 
 

 2 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
 
1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0
 0 1 0 1 −1 1  R2 → R2 − R1
0 0
∼  R3 → R3 − 2R1
 
 0 0 −3 1 −2 0 1 0
R4 → R4 − R1
0 −1 −2 0 −1 0 0 1
 
1 0 3 −1 3 −2 0 0
 0 1 0 1 −1  R1 → R1 − 2R2
1 0 0 
∼

−3 −2 0 1 0  R4 → R4 + R2

 0 0 1
0 0 −2 1 −2 1 0 1
S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 8 / 15
Inverse of Matrix (Example 2) Cont....
 
1 0 3 −1 −2 0 0
3
 0 1 0 1 −1
1 0 0   R1 → R1 − 2R2
M = [A|I] ∼ 

−3 −2
0 1 0  R4 → R4 + R2

 0 0 1
0 0 −2 1 −2
1 0 1
 
1 0 0 0 1 −2 1 0
R1 → R1 + R3
 0 1 0 1 −1 1 0 0 
∼  R3 → R3 − 2R4
 
 0 0 1 −1 2 −2 1 −2 
R4 → 3R4 − 2R3
0 0 0 1 −2 3 −2 3
 
1 0 0 0 1 −2 1 0
 0 1 0 0 1 −2 2 −3  R2 → R2 − R4
∼

1 −1 1  R3 → R3 + R2

 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 −2 3 −2 3
 
1 −2 1 0
−1
 1 −2 2 −3 
∴A =
 
−1

 0 1 1 
−2 3 −2 3
S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 9 / 15

Rank of a matrix

The rank of a matrix A is the maximum number of linearly inde-

pendent rows or columns in the matrix.

Let A = (aij )m×n be any non-singular matrix then rank(A) = n.

rank(A) = rank(AT ).
The rank of every non-singular matrix of order n is n.
The rank of a zero matrix is defined to be zero.

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 10 / 15

Finding rank of a matrix
 
1 4 5 3
 
2 3 5 1
Find the rank of the matrix A =  3 2 5 −1 .

 
4 1 5 −3
   
1 4 5 3 1 4 5 3
 R → R2 − 2R1
2 3 5 1  0 −5 −5 −5  2
  
3 2 5 −1 ∼ 0 −10 −10 −10 R3 → R3 − 3R1
Given, A =    
R4 → R4 − 4R1
   
4 1 5 −3 0 −15 −15 −15
 
1 4 5 3
 
0 −5 −5 −5 R3 → R3 − 2R2
∼ 
 R4 → R4 − 3R2
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
The echelon matrix has two non-zero rows. Thus, rank(A) = 2.

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 11 / 15

Homework

Q.1. Define the following with examples: (i) Matrix (ii) Square matrix (iii)
Null matrix (iv) Row matrix (v) Column matrix (vi) Diagonal matrix
(vii) Scalar matrix (viii) Identity matrix (ix)Symmetric matrix (x) Trace
of a matrix.
Q.2. (a) Find the
! matrix X of order !2Ö3 if 2A = 3B–2X where A =
2 3 4 0 −5 4
and B = .
0 6 7 6 2 1
! !
9 1 1 5
(b)If A = ,B = and 3A + 5B + 4X = 0, then find
4 3 7 12
the matrix X.
 
! 3 2
6 2 4
Q.3. Determine the product of A = and B = 2 4.
 
1 2 2
4 5

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 12 / 15

 Homework (cont....)
   
1 2 3 3 2 5
Q.4. For the matrices A = 4 −3 2  and B =  1 1 −2 find
   

6 1 −1 −2 3 1
AB and BA. Is AB=BA?
Q.5. Define transpose of a matrix. Form the transpose of each off the
following matrices:
! !
3 1   2 1 −3
(a) A = (b) B = 1 5 6 (c) C =
4 3 3 −2 4
. ! !
2 3 0 3
Q.6. Show that (AB)0 = B 0 A0 , where A = and B = .
4 7 1 2

S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 13 / 15

Homework (cont....)
Q.7. Define singular matrix. Check whether the following matrices are sin-
gular or not:
   
3 5 21 1 3 1
(a) A = 3 6 9  (b) B = 1 1 3 .
   

6 15 63 1 3 1
 
3 5 −4
Q.8. Calculate A−1 if A =  2 −3 1 .
 

−1 4 6
!
−1 2
Q.9. Find the matrix A where (I + 2AT )−1 = .
4 5
 
1 3 4 7
 
2 4 5 8
Q.10. Determine the rank of the matrix A = 
3
.
 1 2 3

1 0 0 9
S M Mahmudul Hasan Algebra of Matrices (Class Lecture 2) July 12, 2020 14 / 15
 That’s All for Today!!!

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