COURSE : TEL 531

ANALOGUE IC DESIGNS AND APPLICATIOS

Dr. O. S. Ayoola B.Sc (Hons.) M.Sc (Manch.) Ph.D (Manch) MIET

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

2020/2021 Session
Email: [email protected]
 Lecture 02
• Introduction to Analogue Integrated Circuits
• Analysis and Design of Signal Generators
• Analysis and Design of Active Filters
• Analysis and Design of Analogue Multipliers and
their applications
• Analysis and Design of Integrated Circuit timers
• Analysis and Design of Integrated Voltage
regulators
• Phase Locked Loop.
2
 INTRODUCTION
Analysis and Design of Signal Generators

A Function Generator or sometimes called a Waveform Generator or an Oscillator is an electronic

circuit used to generate a continuous output signal. Generally this output signal is in the form of a
sinusoid at some predetermined frequency or wavelength set by the resonant components of the
circuit. There are many different types of oscillator circuits available but generally they all consist
of an amplifier and either an Inductor-Capacitor, ( LC ) or Resistor-Capacitor, ( RC ) tank circuit used
to produce a sine wave type output signal.

There are many “off-the-shelf” waveform generator IC’s available and all can be incorporated into a
circuit to produce the different periodic waveforms required.
One such device is the 8038 a precision waveform generator IC capable of producing sine, square
and triangular output waveforms, with a minimum number of external components or adjustments.
Its operating frequency range can be selected over eight decades of frequency, from 0.001Hz to
300kHz, by the correct choice of the external R-C components.
3
Analogue IC Designs and Applications. Dr O. S Ayoola
 INTRODUCTION
The use of Analogue Integrated Circuits for signal generation results in a frequency of oscillation
which is highly stable over a wide range of temperature and supply voltage changes, and
frequencies as high as 1MHz is possible. Each of the three basic waveform outputs, sinusoidal,
triangular and square are simultaneously available from independent output terminals. The
frequency range of the 8038 is voltage controllable but not a linear function. The triangle symmetry
and hence the sine wave distortion are adjustable.

We produce many different types, frequencies and shapes of Signal Waveforms such as Square
Waves, Rectangular Waves, Triangular Waves, Sawtoothed Waveforms and a variety of pulses and
spikes for a number of purposes such as for timing signals, clock signals or as trigger pulses.

4
Analogue IC Designs and Applications. Dr O. S Ayoola
 Relevant Resource
• Chapter 16, Electronic Devices, 9th Edition by Thomas
Floyd.
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I1d97R_xAG3kM6HdKHAAy
dtashqhUJHc/view?usp=sharing

Sampled Data & Digital Control Systems. Dr

5
O. S Ayoola
Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 16
 Summary

Feedback Oscillators

Oscillators are electronic circuits that produce a periodic

waveform with only the dc supply voltage as an input. In a
feedback oscillator, a fraction of the output is returned with
no net phase shift. In
Outphase
of phase

IfIfthe
thefeedback
feedbackcircuit
circuit
Vf
returns
returnsthethesignal
signalout
in phase,
of A
Avv VVout
out

phase,
a noninverting
an inverting
amplifier
amplifier
Noninverting
Inverting
produces
producespositive
positivefeedback.
feedback. amplifier
amplifier

Feedback
Feedback
circuit
circuit
 Summary

Feedback Oscillators

Feedback oscillators require a small disturbance such as that

generated by thermal noise to start oscillations. This initial
voltage starts the feedback process and oscillations.

Computer simulations, such

as Multisim, use digital
signals, which do not have
thermal noise. This often t0

creates a problem for

computer simulations of
Acl > 1 Acl = 1
oscillators.
 Summary

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

RC feedback is used in various lower frequency sine-wave

oscillators. The text covers three: the Wien-bridge oscillator,
the phase-shift oscillator, and the twin-T oscillator.
The feedback circuit in a Wien-bridge uses a lead-lag circuit. When
the R’s and C’s have equal values, the output will be ⅓ of the input at
only one frequency and the phase shift at this frequency will be 0o.
C2
R1
Vout
Vin Vout
1
V
3 in

C1 R2

f
fr
 Summary

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

The basic Wien-bridge uses the lead-lag network to select a

specific frequency that is amplified. The voltage-divider
sets the gain to make up for the attenuation of the feedback
network.
The noninverting amplifier R1
Voltage-
must have a gain of exactly –
divider
3.0 as set by R1 and R2 to R2 Vout
+
make up for the attenuation. If
it is too little, oscillations will
not occur; if it is too much the C1 R4
R3 C2
sine wave will be clipped. Lead-lag
network
 Summary

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

To produce the precise gain required, the Wien bridge needs

some form of automatic gain control (AGC). One popular
method is shown here and uses a JFET transistor.
The key elements of the AGC
C1 Rf
circuit are highlighted in
–
yellow. The diode charges C3 R1
Vout
to the negative peak of the +
D1
signal. This develops the gate Q1

bias voltage for the JFET that R2 C2

is related to the output level. R3 R4 C3
 Summary

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

The JFET is operated in the ohmic region and can change its
resistance rapidly if conditions change.
Recall from Chapter 8 that a JFET acts 7
as a variable resistor in the ohmic Ohmic
6 VG = 0 V
region
region. If the output increases, the bias
5
tends to be larger, and the drain-source VG = - 0.5 V
ID 4
resistance increases (and vice-versa). (mA)
VG = -1.0 V
In the Wien-bridge, the JFET drain- 3

source resistance controls the gain of 2 VG = -1.5 V

the op-amp and will compensate for 1

any change to the output. 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
VDS (V)
 Summary

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

When the R’s and C’s in the feedback circuit are equal, the
frequency of the bridge is given by f  1
r
2πRC

What is fr for the Wien bridge? C1 Rf

4.7 nF 10 kW
–
R1
Vout
680 W
+
1
fr 
D1
Q1
2πRC
R2 C2
1
 = 48.9 kHz
680 W 4.7 nF
2π  680 W  4.7 nF 
R3 R4 C3
1.0 kW 10 kW 1.0 mF
 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

The phase-shift oscillator uses three RC circuits in the

feedback path that have a total phase shift of 180o at one
frequency – for this reason an inverting amplifier is
required for this circuit.
Even with identical R’s Rf
and C’s, the phase shift in
each RC circuit is slightly
– C1 C2 C3
different because of 0V
Vout
loading effects. When all +
R’s and C’s are equal, the R1 R2 R3

feedback attenuates the

signal by a factor of 29.
 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

Conditions for oscillation with the phase-shift oscillator is

that if all R’s and C’s are equal, the amplifier must have a
gain of at least 29 to make up for the attenuation of the
feedback circuit. This means that Rf /R3 ≥ 29.
Under these conditions,
Rf
the frequency of
oscillation is given by
1 – C1 C2 C3
fr  0V
Vout
2π 6 RC
+
R1 R2 R3
 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

Multisim can simulate the phase-shift oscillator, but has

difficulty starting. In the Multisim file for Example 16-3, a
switch is provided to provide a voltage spike to start
oscillations. This is not needed in the actual circuit.
 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

Design a phase-shift oscillator for a frequency of 800 Hz.

The capacitors are to be 10 nF.

Start by solving for the resistors needed in the feedback circuit:

1 1
R   8.12 kW (Use 8.2 kW.)
2π 6 f r C 2π 6  800 Hz 10 nF 
Rf
Calculate the feedback
resistor needed: 238 kW
– C1 C2 C3
Rf = 29R = 238 kW. Vout
+ 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF
R1 R2 R3
The following slide shows 8.2 kW 8.2 kW 8.2 kW

the Multisim check.

 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

Because the Rf is not precise, you will see

the output “grow” in Multisim. In actual
circuits, you can use a potentiometer to
adjust a precise gain, but the circuit will
be sensitive to temperature change.
 Summary

The Phase-Shift Oscillator

You can also use back-to back zener diodes to limit the output. The
output is limited to about 7 Vpp with 1N4372A (3.0 V) zeners.
 Summary

The Twin-T Oscillator

The basic twin-T oscillator combines a low-pass and high-

pass filter to form a notch filter at the oscillation frequency.
An excellent notch filter
can be formed by using R Low-pass R
R’s and C’s related by a
factor of 2 as shown here. 2C
–
With this relationship, the C C
Vout
High-pass
+
oscillation frequency is R1

approximately
R/2 R2
1
fr  Twin-T filter
2πRC
 Summary

The Twin-T Oscillator

Two improvements to the basic circuit are shown here – adding the
parallel diodes and R6 significantly reduces distortion by attenuating
harmonics. The potentiometer adds output amplitude adjustment.

The frequency is a R6
little higher than the R3 R4 330 kW D1 and D2
predicted value of – 1N914A
82 kW C1 82 kW
1.94 kHz. With ±15 V 741C
R1A
Vout
2.0 nF +
power supplies, the 10 kW
R1B
measured values are: C2 C3 10 kW Output
Amplitude
f = 2.28 kHz @2.0 Vpp
R5 1.0 nF R2
Amplitude = 0 to 27 Vpp 1.0 nF
220 W
41 kW
 Summary

The Colpitts Oscillator

LC feedback oscillators use resonant circuits in the feedback

path. A popular LC oscillator is
V
the Colpitts oscillator. It uses A
f
v V out

two series capacitors in the

resonant circuit. The feedback L
voltage is developed across C1.
The effect is that the tank circuit is Out I In
“tapped”. Usually C1 is the larger C1 C2

capacitor because it develops the

smaller voltage. Vf Vout
 Summary

The Colpitts Oscillator

1
The resonant frequency is found by fr 
2π LCT
If Q > 10, this formula gives good results.
Recall that the total capacitance of two
series capacitors is the product-over-sum Zin Vout
of the individual capacitors. Therefore,
1
fr 
 CC 
2π L  1 2  L

 C1  C2 
For Q < 10, a correction for Q is C1 C2

1 Q2
fr 
2π LCT Q2  1
 Summary

The Hartley Oscillator

The Hartley oscillator is similar to the Colpitts oscillator,

except the resonant circuit consists of two series inductors (or
a single tapped inductor) and a parallel capacitor. The
frequency for Q > 10 is
1 1
fr   Vf
2π LT C 2π  L1  L2  C Av Vout

C
One advantage of a Hartley
oscillator is that it can be tuned by
Out L1 L2 In
using a variable capacitor in the
resonant circuit.
 Summary

The Crystal Oscillator

Crystal oscillators are highly stable oscillators for demanding circuits such
a radio transmitters. Crystals have very high Q. +V CC

Manufacturers prepare natural crystals

(usually quartz) by mounting a very thin slab R1 L
C4
between metal electrodes. When a small ac Vout

voltage is applied, the crystal oscillates at its

own resonant frequency.
R2 R4 C3
The crystal acts as the resonant circuit for the
modified Colpitts oscillator and stabilizes the
oscillations. The capacitors still tap off a XTAL
C1 C2
feedback signal to the CE amplifier.
 Summary

Relaxation Oscillators

Relaxation oscillators are characterized by an RC timing

circuit and a device that periodically changes state.
The triangular wave oscillator is an example. For this circuit, the device
that changes states is a comparator with hysteresis (Schmitt trigger). The
RC timing device is an integrator. The comparator output can be used as a
square wave output. A square wave
The trigger points set the can be taken as C
an output here.
triangle’s peak-to-peak –
R1
voltage: R  –
VUTP  Vmax  3  + Vout
 R2  R2
Comparator +
R 
VLTP  -Vmin  3  R3 Integrator
 R2 
 Summary

Relaxation Oscillators

For the triangular wave generator, the frequency is found from:

1  R2 
fr   
4 R 1 C  R3 

What is the frequency of the circuit shown here?

C
1  R2 
fr    –
4 R 1 C  R3  R1 10 nF
–
1  22 kW  82 kW
   + Vout
4  82 kW 10 nF   10 kW  Comparator R2 +
22 kW
R3 Integrator
= 671 Hz
10 kW
 Summary

Relaxation Oscillators

Normally, the triangle wave generator uses fast comparators to avoid slew
rate problems. For non-critical applications, a 741 will work nicely for low
frequencies (<2 kHz). The circuit here is one you can construct easily in
lab. (The circuit is the same as Example 16-4 but with a larger C.)
The waveforms are:
Vout2
Square wave C

– R1 0.1 mF
741 –
+
10 kW 741 Vout1
R2
+ Triangle
33 kW
R3 wave
Both channels: 5 V/div
250 ms/div 10 kW
 Summary

Relaxation Oscillators

A sawtooth VCO also uses an integrator to create the ramp

portion of the waveform. In this case, when VC > VG + 0.7 V,
the PUT fires and the capacitor discharges rapidly.
In this circuit, the device that changes VG
PUT
state is a PUT and the RC timing circuit
+ Vp
is an integrator. off
discharge
C
–

The frequency is found by: Ri

– charge
V  1  0V Vout
f  IN   –
4 R i C  V p - VF  VIN
+
+
 Summary

Relaxation Oscillators

Another relaxation oscillator that uses a Schmitt trigger is the

basic square-wave oscillator. The trigger points are set by R2
and R3. The capacitor charges and discharges between these
levels:  R3  R
VUTP  Vmax  
1

 R2  R3 
VC
 R3  –
VLTP  -Vmax  
 R2  R3 
Vout
C
Vf +
The period of the waveform is given by: R2

 2R 
T  2 R1C ln 1  3  R3
 R2 
 Summary

The 555 Timer

The 555 block diagram is shown.
Addition of a few external VCC
+V CC

parts forms a versatile (8)

astable multivibrator. R
RAA Upper 555
5 kW
comparator
(6)
Threshold (6) +
The frequency and duty Flip-flop
Control (5)
(5)
–
cycle are given by: voltage
RB
RR
(3)
(3)
R1 R Lower Q
Q Output
V
5 BkW out
1.44 comparator
fr 
Charging

SS Output
 R1  2R2  Cext
++
buffer
2 1 2 1
(2) 2 1 2 1
Trigger (2) –
 R R  on off on
Duty cycle   1 2 100% Discharge

 R1  2 R2 
(7) path transistor
Discharge (7) Q
Qd d
R
Discharging
C
R2 RC
5 kW
2V
2 2 2
3 CC
+
VC C (1) (4)
(4)
– ext (1)
1
V
3 CC
1 1 Gnd Reset
+VCC
 Selected Key Terms

Feedback An electronic circuit that operates with positive

oscillator feedback and produces a time-varying output
signal without an external input signal.
Relaxation An electronic circuit that uses an RC timing
oscillator circuit to generate a nonsinusoidal waveform
without an external input signal.
Positive The return of a portion of the output signal such
feedback that it reinforces and sustains the input signal.
 Assignment
• Chapter 16, Electronic Devices, 9th Edition by Thomas Floyd.
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I1d97R_xAG3kM6HdKHAAydta
shqhUJHc/view?usp=sharing
• Solve Questions 3, 4,5 and 6 on page 847
• Solve Questions 16, 17 and 18 on page 849

• Deadline for submission: 09/April/2021 11:59

pm, hand written solutions scanned and
submitted

33