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Stats and Probab Reviewer

The document provides an introduction to statistics and probability. It discusses key concepts such as random variables, sample spaces, outcomes, experiments, discrete and continuous random variables, and probability distributions. Random variables assign numerical values to the possible outcomes of an experiment. A probability distribution specifies the probabilities of all possible outcomes of a random variable. It must assign probabilities between 0 and 1 and the total probability must be 1.

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Aliana Femi
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60 views4 pages

Stats and Probab Reviewer

The document provides an introduction to statistics and probability. It discusses key concepts such as random variables, sample spaces, outcomes, experiments, discrete and continuous random variables, and probability distributions. Random variables assign numerical values to the possible outcomes of an experiment. A probability distribution specifies the probabilities of all possible outcomes of a random variable. It must assign probabilities between 0 and 1 and the total probability must be 1.

Uploaded by

Aliana Femi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Statistics and Probability

➢ Statistics is a discipline that combines mathematics, economics, research, and


the practicalities of life. It is needed for gathering reliable data to come up with
a reasonable decision.
- Poll and survey are the two ways to conduct and collect data.
➢ When we think of chances, we think of the probabilities of an event.
Competitions, games (in an arcade, there are several games/chance games),
and opportunities have random outcomes because the outcome is uncertain.
o In probability, when we do an activity that can be repeatedly done
under similar conditions, we are doing an experiment.
➢ Chance events are the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious
intention or cause. The outcomes of chance events are uncertain.
➢ The result of a trial in an experiment is called an outcome.
➢ Note that the result of all the possible outcomes in an experiment is called a
sample space. Sample space is often used in getting the probability of an
event.
➢ Example:
o Tossing a coin. We toss the coin to see the outcome.
o Since tossing a coin resulted in the head, the head is the outcome.
o The all-possible outcomes of tossing a coin are head and tail. In this
case, the sample space is either a head or tail.
o Tossing a coin, rolling a die are chance events because the outcome is
uncertain.

RANDOM VARIABLES
➢ A numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an experiment.
➢ It is a variable that assumes numerical values associated with the events of
the experiment.
➢ A random variable is a result of a chance event that you measure or count.
➢ A random variable is denoted by an uppercase letter and its possible
values are denoted by a lowercase letter.
➢ It is a capacity that connects a real number with every component in the
sample space.
➢ t is a variable whose qualities are controlled by chance.
TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES:
➢ Discrete Random Variable
o It is one that can assume only a countable number of values.
o It is a random variable whose possible values form a finite or
countable set of numbers.
Examples:
1. number of pencils in the box
2. number of soldiers in a troop
3. number of defective flashlights

➢ Continuous Random Variable


o Can assume infinite numbers in one or more intervals.
o Can take any values within a range including fractions and decimal.
o Take an interminably uncountable number of potential values,
regularly, measurable amounts.
o It is generated from an experiment in which things are counted but
not measured.
➢ Two definitions of the continuous random variable that differs upon the
given statement:
o Counted but not measured
▪ If the given statement can compare two or more things.
▪ Example: A roll of wire bought in two different stores.
▪ Explanation: We can say that the number of rolls is not
specified but from the construction of the statement, we can
count that there is 1 roll of wire. Though we can’t say the exact
measurement of wires and we can’t assure that the
measurement of the wires is the same.
o Measured but not counted
▪ Things that are measurable like weight, height, distance, time,
etc. that can’t be counted.
▪ Example:
▪ The height of a mango tree in a farm.
▪ Explanation: Height is being asked in the given statement and
it is not countable and is only obtained by measuring.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
➢ A Probability Distribution of a discrete random variable is a correspondence
that assigns probabilities to the values of a random variable.
➢ This is also known as Probability Mass Function.

Example 1: Suppose three coins are tossed and we are interested to determine
the number of tails that will come out. Let us use T to represent the number of
tails that will come out.
a. Determine the values of the random variable T &
b. Construct the probability distribution
➢ STEP 1 AND STEP 2: Know all the possible outcomes and the values of
Random Variable T.

Possible Outcomes Number of Tails (Values of T)


TTT 3
THT 2
TTH 2
HTT 2
THH 1
HTH 1
HHT 1
HHH 0
➢ The values of the Random Variable T (number of tails) are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

➢ STEP 3: Construct the frequency distribution of the values of random


variable T.

Number of Tails (Value of T) Number of Occurrence (Frequency)


3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Total 8
➢ STEP 4: Construct the probability distribution of random variable T by getting
the probability occurrence of each value of the random variable.

Number of Tails (Values Number of Occurrence Probability


of T) (Frequency) P(T)
3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8
1 3 3/8
0 1 1/8
Total 8 1/8 + 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 =
8/8

➢ The probability distribution of random variable T can be written as follows.


T 3 2 1 0
P(T) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

➢ Ways to determine if the given is probability distribution or not:


o The probabilities for each value of X can be greater than or equal to
0 and less than or equal to 1.
o The sum of probabilities must be exactly 1.

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