WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

PRE-CALCULUS 11

2
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 8

1
 MODULE IN
PRE-CALCULUS

QUARTER 2
WEEK 8

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

and
Trigonometric Equations
Development Team

Writer: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.

Editors/Reviewers: Eldefonso B. Natividad Jr. Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio
Myla Fei Martinez
Illustrators: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.
Lay-out Artist: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

2
 What I Need to Know
This module focuses on inverse trigonometric functions and trigonometric equations.
In the topic inverse trigonometric functions, the inverse trigonometric functions are defined.
Also presented here is how the inverse trigonometric functions are used in finding exact
values of trigonometric functions and in solving situational problems.
In trigonometric equations, some methods are presented on how to solve the
equations and and how these methods are applied in solving situational problems.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners:
1. illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.
2. evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression.
3. solve trigonometric equations.
4. solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and
trigonometric equations.

Objectives:

At the end of the module, the learners should be able to:

1. define the six inverse trigonometric functions;
2. illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions;
3. evaluate inverse trigonometric functions;
4. solve trigonometric equations; and
5. solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and
trigonometric equations.

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Read the given questions carefully and answer each item correctly. Write
the letter of your choice on a separate sheet.

1. What is the necessary condition for 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 to be defined?

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 B. − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ C. 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋 D. − < 𝑦 <
2 2 2 2

2. What is the domain of arc tangent?

A. [−1,1] B. (−1,1) C. [−∞, ∞] D. ℛ

3. What is the range of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ?

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. [0, 𝜋] B. [− , ] C. (0, 𝜋) D. (− , )
2 2 2 2

3
 √2
4. What is cos −1 (− )?
2
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
A. − B. − C. D.
4 4 4 4

1
5. What is the exact value 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (sin−1 ( ))?
2
√3 √3
A. B. √3 C. − D. 1
3 3

21 56
6. What is the exact value of cos [cos −1 ( ) + cos −1 ( )]?
29 65
516 516 1836 1836
A. − B. C. D. −
1885 1885 1885 1885

For item numbers 7 and 8, refer to the situation below.

A movie screen 15 feet high is fixed on a wall so that its base is 3 feet above the eye
level of a viewer. Suppose the viewer is 𝑥 feet away from the wall, and 𝜃 is the radian
measure of the angle subtended by the screen at the viewer’s eye.

7. What is 𝜃 in terms of 𝑥?
21𝑥 21𝑥 15𝑥 15𝑥
A. tan−1 ( ) B. tan−1 ( ) C. tan−1 ( ) D. tan−1 ( )
𝑥 2 −54 𝑥 2 +54 𝑥 2 −54 𝑥 2 +54

8. What is 𝜃 if 𝑥 = 25 ?
A. 0.743451 B. 0.658182 C. 0.581101 D. 0.504594

9. Which is not a solution to sin 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0?

𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 2𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
6 6 6 2

10. Which is a solution to 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 = 0?

𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
6 6 6 2

1
11. Which is a solution to 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = ?
2
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 2𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
3 6 6 3

12. Which is a solution to (sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)2 = 1?

2𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
A. B. C. 𝑘𝜋 D. 𝑘𝜋
3 2

4
 Lesson INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
1 FUNCTIONS
What’s In
Activity 1: Blast from the past!
Tell whether each graph is a function or a mere relation. If the graph is a function, state if it is
one-to-one or not. Then, answer the questions that follow.
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

a. How did you determine if the graph is a function or not?

b. How did you determine whether the function is one-to-one or not?

What’s New
Given a function, its inverse function exists if the former is one-to-one, otherwise, the
latter won’t exist. But for periodic functions, the inverse function may exist, provided that the
domain is controlled.

What is It

Consider the sine function, whose graph appears below (see Figure 1). The function
is not one-to-one since, for every number in its range, there exists more than one value in its

5
 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
domain. For instance, we have (− , 1) and ( , 1). Also, we have (− , −1) and ( , −1).
2 2 2 2
Its inverse, therefore, does not exist.

Figure 1
𝜋 𝜋
However, if the domain is limited to the closed interval [− , ], the function 𝑓 for
2 2
which
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and − ≤𝑥≤
2 2

is one-to-one and so its inverse exists. The graph of 𝑓 is shown in Figure 2. Its domain is
𝜋 𝜋
[− , ] and its range is [-1,1]. The discussion above leads to the definition below.
2 2

Inverse Sine Function

The inverse sine function, denoted by 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 , is

defined as
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙

𝜋 𝜋
if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 and − ≤𝑦≤
2 2

Figure 2

From the definition of the Inverse Sine Function, the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 is the closed
𝜋 𝜋
interval [-1,1] and the range is the closed interval [− , ].
2 2

Remarks:
1. The term arc sine is sometimes used to mean inverse sine and the notation 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥 can
be used instead of sin−1 𝑥.
2. The use of -1 to represent the inverse sine function makes it necessary to denote the
reciprocal of sin 𝑥 as (sin 𝑥)−1 to avoid confusion. This applies when negative exponents are
used with trigonometric functions. To illustrate this point, take a look at the following:

1 1 1
= (sin 𝑥)−1 = (sin 𝑥)−2 = (sin 𝑥)−3
sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

√3 2𝜋
Example 1: Find a) cos (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− )) b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (cos )
2 3

Solution:
√3 √3 𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (− ) → sin 𝜃 = − . The value of 𝜃 satisfying this is 𝜃 = − . Thus,
2 2 3
√3 𝜋 1
cos (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− )) = cos (− ) =
2 3 2
2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 𝜋
b) cos =− . So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (cos ) = sin−1 (− ) = −
3 2 3 2 6

6
 The cosine function, like the sine function, is not one-to-one, hence its inverse also
does not exist. The graph of the cosine function is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3
However, if the domain is restricted to the closed interval [𝑜, 𝜋] the function 𝑔 for
which
𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and 0≤𝑥≤𝜋

is one-to-one and so its inverse exists. The graph of 𝑔 is shown in Figure 4. Its domain is
[0, 𝜋] and its range is [-1,1]. The discussion above leads to the definition below

Inverse Cosine Function

The inverse cosine function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 , is

defined as
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙

if and only if 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 and 0≤𝑦≤𝜋

Figure
4
From the definition of the Inverse Cosine Function, the domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 is the closed
interval [-1,1] and the range is the closed interval [0, 𝜋].

Remark:
The term arc cosine is sometimes used to mean inverse cosine and the notation
𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 𝑥 can be used instead of cos −1 𝑥.

√2
Example 2: Find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 cos −1 (− )).
2
Solution:
√2 3𝜋
cos −1 (− ) =
2 4
√2 3𝜋 3𝜋
So, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 cos −1 (− )) = cos (2 ( )) = cos =0
2 4 2

3 8
Example 3: Find the exact value of sin [sin−1 ( ) − cos −1 ( )]
5 17
Solution:
3 8
Let 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) and 𝛼 = cos −1 ( ).
5 17
We will determine the value sin(𝜃 − 𝛼). Using the definition of the sine inverse
3
function for 𝜃, we have sin 𝜃 = . Using the definition of the cosine inverse function for 𝛼, we
5
8
get cos 𝛼 = .
17

7
 Next, we determine the value of cos 𝜃
3 2 9 25−9 16 4
cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 − ( ) = √1 − =√ =√ =
5 25 25 25 5
For sin 𝛼, we have
8 2 64 289−64 225 15
sin 𝛼 = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = √1 − ( ) = √1 − =√ =√ =
17 289 289 289 17
Now, using the identity sin(𝜃 − 𝛼) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛼 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝛼
3 8
sin(𝜃 − 𝛼) = sin [sin−1 ( ) − cos −1 ( )]
5 17
3 8 4 15 24 60
= ( )( ) − ( )( ) = −
5 17 5 17 85 85
36
=
85

To obtain the inverse tangent function, we first restrict the tangent function to the
𝜋 𝜋
open interval (− , ). Let ℎ be the function defined by
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
ℎ(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 and − <𝑥<
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
The domain of ℎ is the open interval (− , ), and the range is the set of real
2 2
numbers, ℛ. Its graph is shown in Figure 5. From the horizontal line test, ℎ is one-to-one and
hence, its inverse exists. The preceding discussion leads to the definition below

Inverse Tangent Function

The inverse tangent function, denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1, is

defined as
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙

𝜋 𝜋
if and only if 𝑥 = tan 𝑦 and − ≤𝑦≤
2 2
Figure 5

From the definition of the Inverse Tangent Function, the domain of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 is the set of
𝜋 𝜋
real numbers, ℛ, and the range is the open interval (− , ).
2 2

Remark: The term arc tangent is sometimes used to mean inverse tangent and the notation
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 can be used instead of tan−1 𝑥.

Example 4: Find the exact value of csc[tan−1(−5)].

Solution:
Let 𝜃 = tan−1 (−5)
Using the definition of the tangent inverse, tan 𝜃 = −5. Since the range of the inverse
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tangent function is (− , ) and tan 𝜃 is negative then − < 𝜃 < 0.
2 2 2
Now,
sec 𝜃 = √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 + (−5)2 = √26
1
So, cos 𝜃 = . Solving for sin 𝜃, we have
√26
1 2 1 26−1 5
sin 𝜃 = −√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = −√1 − ( ) = −√1 − = −√ =−
√26 26 26 √26

8
Therefore,
√26
csc[tan−1 (−5)] = −
5

Example 5: A picture 5 feet high is placed on a wall with its base 3 feet above the observer’s
eye level. If the observer is 𝑥 feet from the wall and 𝜃 is the radian measure of the angle
subtended at the observer’s eye by the picture, a) define 𝜃 as a function of 𝑥; b) find 𝜃 when
𝑥 = 8.

Solution:
Draw a crude sketch of the problem and label (include all known and unknown
variables).

5 ft

𝜃 𝛽 3 ft
𝛼
𝑥
Figure 6

a) From the figure, 𝜃 =𝛽−𝛼

Taking the tangent of both sides, we get
tan 𝛽−tan 𝛼
tan 𝜃 = tan(𝛽 − 𝛼) =
1+tan 𝛽 tan 𝛼
From the figure,
8 3
tan 𝛽 = and tan 𝛼 =
𝑥 𝑥
8 3 5
− 5𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
So, tan 𝜃 = 8 3 = 𝑥2+24
=
1+(𝑥)(𝑥) 𝑥 2 +24
𝑥2
5𝑥
Finally, 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥 2 +24

5𝑥 5(8) 40 4
b) 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 0.348771
𝑥 2 +24 82 +24 88 11

The remaining inverse functions are presented next. It is to be noted that these
functions are rarely used. It must be clear at this point that for trigonometric functions to have
inverse functions, they should have restricted domains.

Inverse Cotangent Function

The inverse cotangent function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 , is defined as

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙

if and only if 𝑥 = cot 𝑦 and 0≤𝑦≤𝜋

From the definition of the cotangent function, the domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 is the set of real numbers,
ℛ, and the range is the open interval (0, 𝜋).

9
Inverse Secant Function

The inverse secant function, denoted by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 , is defined as

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙

𝜋 3𝜋
if and only if 𝑥 = sec 𝑦 and 0≤𝑦< or 𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤
2 2

From the definition of the secant function, the domain of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 is the set {𝑥: |𝑥 | ≥ 1}
𝜋 3𝜋
and the range is the half-open interval [0, ) ∪ [𝜋, ).
2 2

Inverse Cosecant Function

The inverse cosecant function, denoted by 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 , is defined as

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 𝒙

𝜋 3𝜋
if and only if 𝑥 = csc 𝑦 and − < 𝑦 ≤ 0 or 𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤
2 2

From the definition of the cosecant function, the domain of 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 is the set {𝑥: |𝑥 | ≥
𝜋 3𝜋
1}, and the range is the half-open interval (0, ] ∪ (𝜋 ].
2 2

The domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions are presented below.

Function Domain Range

𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 [−1,1] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [−1,1] [0, 𝜋]
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ℛ 𝜋 𝜋
(− , )
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ℛ (0, 𝜋)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} 𝜋
[0, ) ∪ [𝜋, 2 )
3𝜋
2
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} 𝜋
(0, ] ∪ (𝜋 2 ]
3𝜋
2

Now, it is your turn. Practice your skill by answering the next activity.

What’s More
Activity 2: Practice Time!

Direction: Find the exact value.

𝜋 𝜋
1. sin−1 (cos ) 2. cos −1 (sin )
3 3
3. tan(sin−1 1) 4. cos(tan−1 1)
5
5. cos [2 sin−1 (− )]
13

10
 What I Have Learned
1. The inverse sine function, denoted by 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 , is defined as
𝜋 𝜋
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 and − ≤𝑦≤
2 2
2. The inverse cosine function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 , is defined as
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 and 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
−1
3. The inverse tangent function, denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , is defined as
𝜋 𝜋
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = tan 𝑦 and − ≤𝑦≤
2 2
4. The inverse cotangent function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 , is defined as
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = cot 𝑦 and 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
−1
5. The inverse secant function, denoted by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 , is defined as
𝜋 3𝜋
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = sec 𝑦 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 < or 𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤
2 2
6. The inverse cosecant function, denoted by 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 , is defined as
𝜋 3𝜋
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 if and only if 𝑥 = csc 𝑦 and − < 𝑦 ≤ 0 or 𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤
2 2
7. The domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions are shown below.

Function Domain Range

𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 [−1,1] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [−1,1] [0, 𝜋]
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ℛ 𝜋 𝜋
(− , )
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ℛ (0, 𝜋)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} 𝜋 3𝜋
[0, ) ∪ [𝜋, 2 )
2
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} 𝜋 3𝜋
(0, ] ∪ (𝜋 2 ]
2

What I Can Do
Activity 3: Challenge!

A moviegoer’s eye level is 15 feet above the level floor. If the moviegoer is 46 feet
away from the movie screen that is 18 feet high and is 4 feet above the floor,

a) what is the angle subtended by the screen at the viewer’s eye?

b) at what distance will the subtended angle, at the viewer’s eye, become 45 0?

11
 Lesson
TRIGONOMETRIC
2 EQUATIONS

What’s In
Activity 1: Blast from the past!

Express the function 𝑓(𝑡) in the form 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄)

𝜋 𝜋
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = sin (5𝑡 + ) + sin (5𝑡 + )
3 6
2. 𝑓(𝑡) = 5sin 7𝑡 + 12 cos 7𝑡

What’s New
Trigonometric identities are equations that are satisfied by all real numbers or angles,
by which each member of the equation is defined. We now turn our attention to conditional
trigonometric equations that are satisfied by some particular values of the variable.

Methods of solving trigonometric equations are similar to those used in solving

algebraic equations. However, here we have to solve first for a particular function value.
Then we obtain a succession of equivalent equations until we arrive at a trigonometric
function whose value is apparent.

Trigonometric identities are very helpful in writing the equivalent equations.

What is It

To have a better understanding of trigonometric equations, study the following

examples.

Example 1: Solve the equation √2 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0.

Solution:
First, find all the solutions in the half-open interval [0, 2𝜋).
√2 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
√2 sin 𝑥 = −1
1
sin 𝑥 = −
√2

12
 1
A visual representation of sin 𝑥 = − are shown below. Since sin 𝑥 is negative, 𝑥 is
√2
either in the third quadrant (see Figure 7) or in the fourth quadrant (see Figure 8).

𝑥
𝑥
1
√2
1
√2

Figure 7
Figure 8

Therefore, the possible solutions in the interval [0, 2𝜋) are

5𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= or 𝑥=
4 4

Remark:
3𝜋 𝜋
It is also possible to have negative answers: 𝑥 = − or 𝑥 = −
4 4

Finally, the set of all possible answers is given by

5𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= + 2𝑘𝜋 or 𝑥 = + 2𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘 (Since the sine function has a
4 4
period of 2𝜋).

𝑥
Example 2: Solve the equation tan − 1 = 0.
2
Solution:
The period of the tangent function is 𝜋, so we first find all the solutions in the closed
interval [0, 𝜋].
𝑥
tan ( ) − 1 = 0
2
𝑥
tan ( ) = −1 (*)
2

𝑥 3𝜋
Now equation (*) is true if =
2 4
3𝜋
So, 𝑥 =
2
Therefore, the set of all possible answers is given by

3𝜋
𝑥= + 2𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘 (since the tangent function has a period of 𝜋).
2

Example 3: Solve the equation 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = sin 2𝐴.

Solution:
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = sin 2𝐴
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − sin 2𝐴 = 0
2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 2sin 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 0 (Use the identity sin 2𝐴 = 2sin 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴)
2 sin 𝐴(sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) = 0 (Factor)
2 sin 𝐴 = 0 or sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 = 0
sin 𝐴 = 0 or sin 𝐴 = cos 𝐴
tan 𝐴 = 1

13
 For sin 𝐴 = 0, there are 2 solutions in the interval [0,2𝜋), the period of the sine
function; 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐴 = 𝜋. In general, the solution set is 𝑨 = 𝒌𝝅 for all integers 𝑘.

For tan 𝐴 = 1, there is only one solution in the interval [0, 𝜋], the period of the tangent
𝜋 𝝅
function; 𝐴 = . In general, the solution set is 𝑨 = + 𝒌𝝅 for all integers 𝑘.
4 𝟒

𝝅
In summary, the solutions to the equation are of the form 𝑨 = 𝒌𝝅 or 𝑨 = + 𝒌𝝅 for
𝟒
all integers 𝑘.

Example 4: Solve the equation 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 0

Solution:
Write the equation using only one trigonometric function.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 0
2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥) + 3 cos 𝑥 = 0 (Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
2
2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 0 (Distribute 2)
2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0 (Multiply the equation by -1)
(2 cos 𝑥 + 1)(cos 𝑥 − 2) = 0 (Factor)
2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 or cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0
1
cos 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 = 2
2
1 2𝜋 4𝜋
For cos 𝑥 = − , there are two solutions in the interval [0, 2𝜋); 𝑥 = or 𝑥=
2 3 3
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
In general, 𝒙 = + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 or 𝒙 = + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 for all integers 𝑘.
𝟑 𝟑
For cos 𝑥 = 2, there is no solution since the range of cos 𝑥 are values within the
interval [−1, 1].

Example 5: Solve the equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 4 = 0.

Solution:
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 4 = 0
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 − 4)(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1) = 0 (Factor)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
tan 𝑥 = ±2 tan 𝑥 = ±1
𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑥1 = tan−1(2) + 𝑘𝜋 𝑥= + for all integers 𝑘.
4 2
𝑥2 = tan−1(−2)
+ 𝑘𝜋
Therefore the solutions to the equation are of the form 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐) + 𝒌𝝅, 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (−𝟐) +
𝝅 𝒌𝝅
𝒌𝝅, + for all integers 𝑘.
𝟒 𝟐

1
Example 6: Solve the equation sin 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥.
2
Solution:
1
sin 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0 or sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝜋
𝑥= sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
4 4

14
 𝑘𝜋 𝜋
Therefore the solutions to the equation are , + 𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘.
2 4

Example 7: A weight is suspended from a spring and vibrating vertically according to the
equation
𝑓(𝑡) = 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡 − 2),

where 𝑓(𝑡) centimeters is the directed distance of the weight from its central position at 𝑡
seconds, and the positive distance means above its central position.

(a) Find the times when the weight is at its central position.
Solution:
We solve the equation
𝑓(𝑡) = 0.
20 sin(3𝑡 − 2) = 0
sin(3𝑡 − 2) = 0
3𝑡 − 2 = 𝑘 , 𝑘 nonnegative integer
2 + 𝜋𝑘
𝑡 =
3
𝑡 ≈ 0.67 + 1.05𝑘 (use 𝜋 = 3.1416)
Therefore, the weight is at its central position at 𝑡 ≈ 0.67 + 1.05𝑘 seconds (where k
is a non-negative integer). In other words, it is at a central position when 𝑡 = 0.67 s, 𝑡 =
1.72 s, 𝑡 = 2.77 s, etc.

(b) For what values of 𝑡 does the weight reach its farthest point below its central position?
Solution:
The weight reaches its farthest point below the central position when
𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡 − 2) = −1. Solving for 𝑡, we get
𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡 − 2) = −1
3𝜋
3𝑡 − 2 = + 2𝑘𝜋, where 𝑘 is a whole number
2
3𝜋+4𝑘𝜋
+2
2
𝑡 = , where 𝑘 is a whole number
3
(3 + 4𝑘)𝜋 + 4
𝑡 = where 𝑘 is a whole number
6
𝑡 ≈ 2.24 + 2.09𝑘 where 𝑘 is a whole number (use 𝜋 = 3.1416)
Therefore, the weight reaches its farthest point below the central position at 𝑡 ≈
2.24 + 2.09𝑘 seconds (where 𝑘 is a whole number). For instance, at 𝑡 = 1.79 𝑠, 𝑡 = 3.44 𝑠,
𝑡 = 5.09 𝑠, etc.

Example 8. The finance department of a car company conducted a study of their weekly
sales in the past years, and came out with the following approximating function:

𝑠(𝑡) = 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.5𝑡 − 6) + 20, 𝑡 > 0,

where 𝑠(𝑡) represents weekly car sales in million pesos at week 𝑡 (𝑡 = 0 represents the start
of the study).

(a) Find the weekly sales at the start of the study.

Solution:
𝑠(0) = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.5(0) − 6) + 20
= 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−6) + 20
= (10)(0.96017) + 20
= 29.6

15
 The weekly sales of the car company at the start of the study is approximately 29.6
million pesos.

(b) Find the projected maximum and minimum weekly sales of the company.
Solution:
The projected maximum and minimum weekly sales of the company are attained
when the cosine values are 1 and −1, respectively. Thus,
the maximum weekly sales is 10 + 20 = 30 million pesos, and
the minimum weekly sales is −10 + 20 = 10 million pesos.

(c) If the company was able to reach its maximum sales this week, when will the next
projected maximum weekly sales and upcoming projected minimum weekly sales be?
Solution:
The next projected maximum weekly sales will be attained after one period. That is,
2𝜋
𝑃 = ≈ 12.56. Hence, if the company were able to reach its maximum sales this week,
0.5
then the next projected maximum weekly sales will be after about 12 weeks.

On the other hand, the upcoming minimum weekly sales is projected after half the
1 1 2𝜋
period. That is, 𝑃= ( ) ≈ 6.28. Hence, if the company were able to reach its maximum
2 2 0.5
sales this week, then the upcoming projected minimum weekly sales will be after about 6
weeks.

(d) After the start of the study, when did the company experience weekly sales of only 15
million for the first time?
Solution:
Here, we want to solve 𝑠(𝑡) = 15 for the least nonnegative value of 𝑡
10 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.5𝑡 − 6) + 20 = 15
We get
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.5𝑡 − 6) = −
2
2𝜋
0.5𝑡 − 6 = + 2𝑘𝜋
3
2𝜋
+2𝑘𝜋+6
3
𝑡= ≈ 16.19 + 12.57𝑘
0.5
.
Among these solutions, the least nonnegative value of 𝑡 is 𝑡 = 16.19 +
12.57(−1) ≈ 3.62. Thus, about 4 weeks after the start of the study, the company
experienced weekly sales of only 15 million for the first time.

What’s More
Activity 2: TrigonEq!
Solve the trigonometric equations.
1. 2 sin 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 2. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 = 0
3. √3 + 2 cos 3𝑥 = 0 4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑥 = 0
5. 2 cos 2𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 6. cos 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1
7. A weight is suspended from a spring and vibrating vertically according to the equation
4𝜋 5
𝑓(𝑡) = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( (𝑡 − )) ,
5 6

16
where 𝑓(𝑡) centimeters is the directed distance of the weight from its central position at
𝑡 seconds, and the positive distance means above its central position.
(a) At what time is the displacement of the weight 5 cm below its central position for the first
time?
(b) For what values of 𝑡 does the weight reach its farthest point below its central position?

What I Have Learned

In solving trigonometric equations, the following may help:

1. Write the entire equation in terms of only one trigonometric function.
2. Use identities to obtain equivalent equations.
3. Express the equation into factorable form.

What I Can Do

Activity 3: More Practice!

Direction: The solution has been done for you. Your task is to look for errors in the solution
then complete the table following the solution and answer the question that follows.

Problem: Solve the equation 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 − 7 sin 𝑥 + 2 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.

Solution:
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 7 sin 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 = 0
2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 = 0
(2 sin 𝑥 − 2)(sin 𝑥 + 2) = 0
1
sin 𝑥 = or sin 𝑥 = −4
2
𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= and 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6 6
Identified error Correction of the error Reason for the correction

Why is there no solution to sin 𝑥 = −4?

17
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Read the given questions carefully and answer each item correctly. Write
the letter of your choice on a separate sheet.

1. What is the necessary condition for 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 to be defined?

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 B. − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ C. 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋 D. − < 𝑦 <
2 2 2 2
2. What is the domain of arc cotangent?
A. [−1,1] B. (−1,1) C. [−∞, ∞] D. ℛ
−1
3. What is the range of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ?
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. [0, 𝜋] B. [− , ] C. (0, 𝜋) D. (− , )
2 2 2 2
√2
4. What is sin−1 (− )?
2
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
A. − B. − C. D.
4 4 4 4
−1 1
5. What is the exact value 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (sin ( ))?
2
√3 √3
A. B. √3 C. − D. 1
3 3
21 56
6. What is the exact value of cos [sin−1 ( ) + cos −1 ( )]?
29 65
427 427 1813 1813
A. B. − C. D. −
1885 1885 1885 1885
For items 7-8, refer to the situation below.
A movie screen 12 feet high is fixed on a wall so that its base is 4 feet above the eye
level of a viewer. Suppose the viewer is 𝑥 feet away from the wall, and 𝜃 is the radian
measure of the angle subtended by the screen at the viewer’s eye.
7. What is 𝜃 in terms of 𝑥?
12𝑥 20𝑥 12𝑥 20𝑥
A. tan−1 ( ) B. tan−1 ( ) C. tan−1 ( ) D. tan−1 ( )
𝑥 2 −64 𝑥 2 −64 𝑥 2 +64 𝑥 2 +64
8. What is 𝜃 if 𝑥 = 20 ?
A. 0.620249 B. 0.872137 C. 0.477345 D. 0.711459
9. Which is not a solution to 2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0?
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 2𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
6 6 6 2
10. Which is a solution to 3 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = 0?
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
6 6 6 2
1
11. Which is a solution to 2 cos 2𝑥 − = 0?
2
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. + 2𝑘𝜋 B. + 2𝑘𝜋 C. + 𝑘𝜋 D. + 𝑘𝜋
3 6 6 3
12. Which is a solution to (sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴)2 = 1?
2𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
A. B. C. 𝑘𝜋 D. 𝑘
3 2

18
19
What I Know (Page 3)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B
Lesson 1
Activity 1 (Page 5)
1. Relation 2. Function, Not one-to-one 3. Relation 4. Function, Not one-to-one
5. Function, One-to-one 6. Function, One –to-one 7. Function, Not one-to-one
8. Relation
a. Vertical line test b. Horizontal line test
Activity 2 (Page 10)
𝜋 𝜋 √2 119
1. 2. 3. Undefined 4. 5.
6 6 2 169
Activity 3 (Page 11)
a. 22.10 b. 21.57 feet
Lesson 2
Activity 1 (Page 12)
1+√3 𝜋
1. sin (5𝑡 + ) 2. 13 sin(7𝑡 + 1.18)
√2 4
Activity 2 (Page 16)
𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 5𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
1. + , + for all integers 𝑘 2. + for all integers 𝑘
18 3 18 3 4 2
𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 7𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 3𝜋
3. + , + for all integers 𝑘 4. + 𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘
18 3 18 3 4
1 𝜋 7𝜋
5. 2𝑘𝜋, cos −1 ( ) + 2𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘 6. 𝑘𝜋, + 2𝑘𝜋, + 2𝑘𝜋 for all integers 𝑘
4 4 4
𝟐𝟓 𝟓𝒌
7. a. 𝑡 ≈ 1.56 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 b. + , 𝑘 is a nonnegative integer
𝟏𝟐 𝟐
Assessment (Page 18)
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B
Answer Key
References
.
Coburn J.W. 2008. Trigonometry. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Domingo, E.J. 2016. Precalculus, Don Bosco Press, Inc.

Garces, I.J.L. and R. Eden, D.M. Verzosa. 2016. Pre-Calculus. Vibal Group, Inc.

Leithold ,L. 1992. College Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
Inc.

Valtoribio, D.C. 2012. Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry, and Statistics. FNB Educational,
Inc.

Pre-Calculus Learner’s Material. 2016. Department of Education. Sunshine Interlinks

Publishing House, Inc.

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