FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR

MODUL
Noun is a word that names something; such as a person, animal, place, thing, or idea.
Noun function :
a. As subject
Subject tells “who” or “what” about the verb.
b. As direct object
Answers “whom” or “what” after an action verb.
c. Indirect object
Tells “to whom” or “for whom” the action is done.
d. Complement of verb be, become
e. As object of preposition
The last word of phrase or clause.
f. As possessive case
Usually add apostrophe and s, but if noun is plural it doesn’t end s. Just : My Cats’

Characteristics : a noun is cannot be combined with the word “no”, like : no bedroom.
Types of nouns
 Common noun : noun that denotes a general or common person/thing. These nouns are names
which can be used for any number of persons, places or things of the same kind. For
example : Woman, boy, basket, bed, lawyer, egg, cake, O.
 Proper noun : belonging particularly to somebody or something. Proper noun means the
personal names of place, person or thing. These names always used a capital letter in begin.
Foe example : London (city), Monday (day), Bobby (boy), Halloween (event)
 Singular noun : Talking about one person, animal, place, or things. Usually use ‘a’, ‘an’, or
‘the’ before noun. For example : a book, a house, an apple, the woman.
 Plural noun :talking about two or more. For example : birds, babies, foxes.
 Abstract noun : ideas, concepts, and feeling. For example : sadness, love, power.
 Concrete noun : refer to physically exist that can see, touch, hear, smell or taste. For
example : apple, moon, song.
 Countable noun : have a singular and a plural form and can be used with a number or a/an
before it. For example : a cup of coffee, three books.
 Uncountable noun : cannot be counted. They often refer to substances, liquids, and abstract
ideas. For example : milk, air, snow, rice.
 Collective noun : refer to groups of people, animals, or things. They are often followed by of
+ plural noun. For example : bunch of flowers.
 Compound noun : two or more words that create a noun. They can be written as one word,
joined by a hyphen or written as separate words. For example : rainfall, son-in-law, credit
card.
Latihan soal
Pronoun : pronoun are words that take the place of nouns or other pronoun. The replaced noun is
named “antecedent”.
Example of antecedent :
Types of pronoun
 Personal pronoun
Are words that are used ti replace a person or thing. Distinguished by subject and object :
o Subject : I, You, he, she, it, they, we
o Object : me, you, him, her, it, them, us

 Possessive pronoun
Are words that are used to express possessions that can stand alone. They are not followed by
noun.
o Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

 Possessive adjective pronoun

Express possession that cant stand alone.
o My, your, his, her, its, our, their

 Reflexive pronoun
Are words that are used to express something that has a reciprocal relation.
o Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (singular)
o Ourselves, yourselves, themselves (plural)

 Demonstrative pronoun
Are words that are used to point out something, represent a thing or things
o Near in distance or time : this (singular), these (plural)
o Far in distance or time : that (singular), those (plural)

 Interrogative pronoun
are words used to ask question
o What (apa/ apa yang../ berapa)
o Which (yang mana)
o Who (siapa/ siapa yang…) – can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject
o Whom (siapa) – used only as the object
o Whose (milik siapa)

Basic rules for use pronoun :

- Pronoun must agree with antecedent in number (singular, plural) and gender of noun
- When using a pronoun in a pair, always put the pronoun in second. Ex. Seth and I read some
comic books – (not I and Seth).
Latihan soal :
Adjective is a word that describes a noun. It is used to add something to the meaning of a noun.
An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears
after the noun, later in the sentence.
An adjective answers the following questions
- What kind? Green, old, round, strong
- How much? All, little, enough, any
- How many? Few, 300, two-birds, some
- Which? This, that, those, these, such
Types of adjective
♣ Proper Adj
Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person or thing comes from; or belong to.
Ex. Indonesian are very friendly
♣ Descriptive Adj
Describe qualities of noun or pronoun : (character & quality, size, age & temperature, shape,
color, nationality)
♣ Quantitative Adj
Describe a noun or pronoun with quantity : (a litte, a few, a lot of, little few, lots of, several,
some, any, many, much, plenty of, a great many, all)
♣ Numeral Adj
That used to detonate the numbers of nouns
o Definite numeral
o Indefinite numeral
♣ Demonstrative Adj
Used in order to describe or specify an object : (this, that, these, those)
♣ Distributive Adj
That refers to members of a group individually : (each, every, either, neither)
Comparison of Adjective
≈ Positive degree
Used to express the object or person is in the same state as others.
Formula : Subject + to be + as + adj + as object
Ex. My brother is stubborn such as my father
≈ Comparative degree
Used to state of an object or person is superior to others.
Formula :
o Subject + to be + adj + -er +than + object
o Subject + to be + more + adj + than + object
Ex. Your heart is colder than ice
≈ Superlative degree
More superior than comparative.
Formula : The + adj + est
Ex. George is the richest man in that town
 Location of adjectives
◦ The most common in front of noun. (the big dog, the new toy)
◦ After linking verb or verb of condition. These are called predicate adjectives. (the
game was interesting)
◦ Occurs after a noun when it is set off by commas. (the book, well-written and
suspenseful, kept my interest.

Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. It tells you about an action,
or the way something is done.
Adverb answer the question how, when, where, or to what extend. A lot of adverbs end in -ly.
- How? Suddenly, carefully, sadly
- When? Now, better, soon
- Where? There, up, ahead
- To what extend? Completely, totally, fully
Types of adverb
 Adverb of manner : expresses some behavior, action, and a manner ‘how’.
Gently, quickly, softly, loudly, O.
 Adverb of place
Express more about the place of the verb in the sentence. These adverbs used after the main verb or
at the end of the sentence with an object.
Everywhere, nowhere, there, below, inside, O.
The monkey hides behind the tree
 Adverb of time : gives more details about the verb in a sentence. It usually comes in a
sentence either in the beginning or at the end by the importance used to express about the
moment.
After, during, just, last, later, next, now, soon, while, hourly, weekly, O.
 Adverb of frequency : explain how frequently something can occur without any
specificication of time. It is used before the main verb in a sentence.
Always, every, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually, O.
 Adverb of degree : described the degree or the strength of an adjective, or another adverb
present in a sentence.
Too, very, rather, almost, O.
Comparison of adverbs
o Comparative adv
- If has one syllable, add an -er. Soon = sooner
- If has two of more syllable, add ‘more’ in the beginning.
o Superlative adv
- If has one syllable, add an -est. slow = slowest
 - If has two or more syllable, add ‘most’ in the beginning.
Calmly = most calmly

- Do not use -est dan most together in one sentence

- Form of comparative and superlative different :
- Good – better – best
- Bad – worse – worst
- Well – better – best
- Little – less – least
- Much – more – most

Verbs is a word used to describe an action, state or occurrence.

Kinds of verbs
a. Action verb : used to represent the action done by the subject in the sentence. (eat, run, read,
walk)
b. Stative verb : used to describe of a state being (I am) or situation (I have). It’s how something
is feels, or appear. (love, hate, like, own)

a. Regular : the past forms end -ed.

b. Irregular : the past forms have lots of different endings.

a. Transitive : verb that requires an object to receive the action.

Ex. Joe plays the guitar
b. Intransitive : verb does not take an object.
Ex. Naya is sleeping.

a. Auxiliary : also called the ‘helping verbs’. (be = am, is, are, was, were - do = does, do, did -
have = has, have, had)
b. Modal : used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advice, capability, or
requests (can – could, may – might, shall – should, will – would, must – semi modals = need,
dare, used to, ought to)

Tenses
Subject-verb Agreement
Means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both need
to be plural. Artinya antara subjek dan kata kerja harus sama dalam jumlahnya, jika kata kerja (verb)
singular, maka subjeknya juga harus singular, begitu juga untuk plural.
Ex :
- He eats chicken fried
- We are best friends
Terdapat beberapa aturan di dalam subject-Verb Agreement :
1. Pasangan singular-singular dan plural-plural
Singular subject : I, He, She, It
Singular verb : ditambah akhiran s/es

Plural subject : You, They, We

Plural verb : without s/es

2. Jika di dalam sebuah frasa terdapat kata “of”, maka untuk menentukan subjek tersebut adalah
kata sebelum “of” tersebut. Mereka bisa berupa singular maupun plural.
Ex. The secrets of Nina need to be revealed immediately. (plural)

3.
a. Singular subject yang dihubungkan dengan or, either/or, dan neither/nor menggunakan
verb yang juga singular.
Ex. Nanda or Ali is the one who did this.
Di antara Nanda atau Ali, berarti salah satunya yakni singular. Dan is adalah kata kerja
pembantu untuk kalimat singular berupa He.
b. Jika di dalam dua kalimat terdapat dua sifat yang berbeda (singular dan plural), maka
verb-nya mengikuti subjek terdekat.
Ex. Neither the children nor the keeper enters the zoo. Children adalah plural,
sedangkan keeper adalah singular. Tetapi karena posisi keeper lebih dekat dengan verb,
maka aturan maka kata kerja menjadi singular.

4. Dua subjek yang dihubungkan dengan “and” adalah plural, terkecuali jika subjeknya adalah
compound noun.
Ex. My girlfriend and I are going to party.
My girlfriend adalah contoh untuk compound, sedangkan and I berarti subjek tersebut
bermakana ganda atau plural.

5. Jika ada frasa tambahan (along with.., as well as…, besides…, not.., etc) di dalam sebuah
kalimat, maka abaikan saja frasa tersebut.
Ex. Mr. Mark, along with his children goes to the beach now.

6. Di dalam kalimat yang mengguanakan there atau here, subject biasanya ada di belakang
verb, dan bentuk verb tetap harus mengikuti subjek-nya.
Ex. Here is a candy for you, or, There are seven kids who plays drama.

7. Kalimat yang menggunakan determiner, bisa menjadi singular maupun plural.

Ex. A lot of student is/are coming.

8. Jika menggunakan collective noun, maka bisa menjadi singular ataupun plural.
Ex. A third of population in the world is/are male.

9. Verb to be “were” bisa digunakan dalam kalimat apapun yang menunjukkan kondisi
kontras/pengandain, tidak peduli subject-nya singular atau plural.
 Ex. I wish you were here with me, Dad

Prepotition
Is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time,
place, location, spatial, relationship, or to introduce an object.
Types of Preposition
 Preposition of Time : Used at for a precise time: in for month, years, centuries and long
period; on for days and dates.
 Preposition of Place : Used to refer to a place where someone located.
 Preposition of Direction : used to give direction of place and location.

 Preposition of Time
At :
For a precise time (at 3 o’clock, at dinnertime, at the moment)
Ex. I usually wake up at 6 o’clock

In :
For months, years, centuries or long periods (In may, in the summer, in 1990)
Ex. Snow falls oftem in December

On :
For days and dates (on Sunday,, on 25 Dec, 2010, on my birthday)
Ex. Her birthday is on 20 November.

 Preposition of Place
At :
Is used to discuss a certain point.
Ex. Lulu is waiting for you at the bus stop.

In :
Used to discuss an enclosed space.
Ex. Iwon has a meeting in New York.

On :
Used to discuss a surface.
Ex. I live on the 7th floor.

 Preposition of Direction
Above Di atas Between Di antara
Across Di seberang Up Di atas/ke atas
Around Di sekitar Down Dibawa/terbawa
At di- Inside/in Di dalam
Behind Di belakang Near Dekat
 Beside Di samping Under Di bawah
Ex.
- My Ferari parked behind the mall
- There is a cat inside the box
Another Types of Preposition
◦ Free Preposition
Preposition with an independent meaning. (in, on, at, to, by, for, during, of, behind, beside,
between, etc)
◦ Bound Preposition
Bound preposition usually don’t have any independent meaning and they depend on other
words in sentence.

Bound Preposition
i.Verb + preposition
- belong to (termasuk)
- be
- believe in (percaya pada)
ii.Noun + preposition
- Cause of (sebab)
- Approach to (pendekatan)
iii.Adjective + preposition
- Angry with/at (marah pada)
- - based on (berdasarkan)

Free Preposition
About Before Despite Off Round
Above Behind Down On In
Across Below During Onto Until
After Beneath For Opposite Up
Against Beside From Outside Upon
Along Besides In Over Via
Around Between Inside Past With
As Beyond Into Since Within
At But Near Than Without
Among Buy Of Through

Bound Preposition

Conjunction adalah kata hubung yang menghubungkan kalimat, baik klausa atau frasa.
Klausa / clause : kalimat yang memiliki subject dan verb
- Mr. Abah studies online at home (clause)
- Mr. Abah studies online at home but Dinda studies in the class
 Clause 1 Conjunction Clause 2
Frasa / phrase : kalimat yang tidak memiliki subject dan verb
- Beautiful girl
- Although beautiful girl, she doesn’t have boyfriend
Conjunction Phrase Clause
Jenis-jenis kata hubung :
1. Coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS, f=for, a=and, b=but, o=or, y=yet, s=so)
2. Subordinating conjunction
3. Corelative conjunction (both…and, not only… but also, either…or, neither…not)

1. Example of corelative conjunction :

- Mr. Tabah eats both serabi and rempeyek
- Dinda brings not only laptop but also handphone
- Either Robihah or Umi rides a motorcycle to go to campus
- Neither siomay nor batagor are from Bandung

2. Subordinating Conjunction :
 Expression contrast (artinya meskipun)
TEA PAIT
- (T=though, E=eventhough, A=although, bisa diganti ganti)
- (I=in spite of, D=despite, untuk phrase dan clause)
- Although : I came late, I understood the topic.
- In spite of : Heavy rain, I go to campus without raincoat.
 Expressing Cause and Effect
 Expressing Additional Information
 Expression Condition
 Expression Time Expressing Place
Passive voice
What different of active and passive voice?
o Active voice : the subject of the verbs is the person or thing that does the action.
o Passive voice : the action is done to the subject.

The form of active and passive voice

 Simple present tense
S + V1+ O = Luna makes a cake (A)
S + is/am/are + V3 + by + O = a cake is made by Luna/her (P)
 Present continuous
S + is/am/are + Ving + O = Luna is making a cake
S + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + O = a cake is being made by Luna
 Present perfect
S + have/has + V3 + O = Luna has made a cake
 S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O = a cake has been made by Luna
 Present perfect continuous
S + have/has + been + Ving + O = Luna has been making a cake
S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O = a cake has been being made by Luna
 Simple past
S + V2 + O = Luna made a cake
S + was/were + V3 + by + O + a cake was made by Luna
 Past continuous
S + was/were + Ving + O = Luna was making a cake
S + was/were + being + V3 + by + O = a cake was being made by Luna
 Past perfect
S + had + V3 + O = Luna had made a cake
S + had + been + V3 + by + O = a cake had been made by Luna
 Modal
S + will/can/may/must + V1 + O = Luna will makes a cake
S + will/can/may/must + be + V3 + by + O = a cake will be made by Luna
Latihan soal :

Conditional sentence (If)

Divided into three types :
When learning about If conditional, there are some facts. That because conditionals mean not real
ones. But there are only used for the second and third types.
1. That might happen (type I) – future
Simple present . simple future
If + S + V1 + s/es + . S + will + V1
Ex.
- If I join lato-lato competition, I will win
- I will win If I join lato-lato competition

2. Which did not happen or recur, and can happen but under different conditions – present
Simple past . Simple past future
If + S + V2 . S + would + V1
Ex.
- (+) If you swim in the river I would spy on you
- (-) the fact – You don’t swim in the river so I wont spy on you

3. Which is impossible and makes no sense – past

Past perfect . past future perfect
If + S + had + V3 . S + would have + V3
Ex.
- (+) If I had much money, I would have married to many girls
- (-) the fact – I didn’t have much money so I wouldn’t marry to many girls
Latihan soal :