Chapter 6 Chapter 6 outline

Wireless and 6.1 Introduction Mobility

Mobile Networks Wireless 6.5 Principles: addressing and
routing to mobile users
A note on the use of these ppt slides: 6.2 Wireless links,
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). characteristics 6.6 Mobile IP
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify,
and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs.
Computer  CDMA 6.7 Handling mobility in
They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only
ask the following:
 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source Networking: A Top 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless cellular networks
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted
Down Approach LANs (“Wi-Fi”) 6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this 6th edition protocols
material.
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross 6.4 Cellular Internet Access
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR Addison-Wesley  architecture
March 2012
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved  standards (e.g., GSM) 6.9 Summary
The course notes are adapted for Bucknell’s CSCI 363
Xiannong Meng
Spring 2016 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-1 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-2

What is mobility? Mobility: vocabulary

home network: permanent home agent: entity that will
 spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective: “home” of mobile perform mobility functions on
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
behalf of mobile, when mobile is
remote
no mobility high mobility

wide area
network
mobile wireless user, mobile user, mobile user, passing
permanent address:
using same access connecting/ through multiple
point address in home
disconnecting from access point while
network, can always be
network using maintaining ongoing
used to reach mobile
DHCP. connections (like cell e.g., 128.119.40.186
phone)

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-3 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-4

Mobility: more vocabulary How do you contact a mobile friend:

permanent address: remains visited network: network in
constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186) which mobile currently Consider friend frequently changing I wonder where
resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24)
addresses, how do you find her? Alice moved to?
care-of-address: address
in visited network.  search all phone books?
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
 call her parents?
 expect her to let you
wide area
network know where he/she is?
foreign agent: entity in
visited network that
performs mobility
correspondent: wants functions on behalf of
to communicate with mobile.
mobile
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-5 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-6

1
Mobility: how to handle it? Mobility: approaches
 let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of  let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of
mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. mobile-nodes-in-residence not via usual routing table exchange.
scalable
 routing tables indicate where each mobile located  routing tables indicate where each mobile located
to millions of
 no changes to end-systems  no changes to end-systems
mobiles
 let end-systems handle it:  let end-systems handle it:
 indirect routing: communication from correspondent to  indirect routing: communication from correspondent to
mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to
remote remote
 direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of  direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of
mobile, sends directly to mobile mobile, sends directly to mobile

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-7 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-8

Mobility: registration Mobility via indirect routing

visited network foreign agent
home network receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
1 foreign agent network
2
wide area home
network
network
3
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on wide area
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited network
2
resident in my network” network 1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
end result: using home address of
mobile replies
directly to
 foreign agent knows about mobile mobile
correspondent
 home agent knows location of mobile
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-9 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-10

Indirect Routing: comments Indirect routing: moving between networks

 mobile uses two addresses:  suppose mobile user moves to another network
 permanent address: used by correspondent (hence  registers with new foreign agent
mobile location is transparent to correspondent)
 new foreign agent registers with home agent
 care-of-address: used by home agent to forward
datagrams to mobile  home agent update care-of-address for mobile
 foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself  packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but
 triangle routing: correspondent-home-network-
with new care-of-address)
mobile  mobility, changing foreign networks transparent: on
 inefficient when going connections can be maintained!
correspondent, mobile
are in same network or close
to each other.
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-11 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-12

2
Mobility via direct routing Mobility via direct routing: comments
foreign agent  overcome triangle routing problem
receives packets,
correspondent forwards
to foreign agent
forwards to mobile  non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent
visited
network must get care-of-address from home agent
home  what if mobile changes visited network?
network
3
1 2
4
3
mobile replies
correspondent 1 2
directly to 4
requests, receives
correspondent
foreign address of
mobile

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-13 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-14

Accommodating mobility with direct routing Chapter 6 outline

 anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited network
 data always routed first to anchor FA 6.1 Introduction Mobility
 when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have Wireless 6.5 Principles: addressing and
data forwarded from old FA (chaining) routing to mobile users
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics 6.6 Mobile IP
foreign net visited
at session start  CDMA 6.7 Handling mobility in
anchor
foreign 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless cellular networks
wide area agent
2 LANs (“Wi-Fi”) 6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
network
1 4 6.4 Cellular Internet Access protocols
3  architecture
5
correspondent
new
foreign
 standards (e.g., GSM) 6.9 Summary
new foreign
agent network
correspondent agent

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-15 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-16

Mobile IP Mobile IP: indirect routing

 Specified in RFC 3344 (2002) foreign-agent-to-mobile packet
packet sent by home agent to foreign dest: 128.119.40.186
 has many features we’ve seen: agent: a packet within a packet
 home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent registration, dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186
care-of-addresses, encapsulation (packet-within-a-
packet)
 three components to standard: Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
 indirect routing of datagrams
 agent discovery Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
 registration with home agent
packet sent by
correspondent

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-17 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-18

3
 ICMP: Internet Control Message
IP and ICMP
Protocol review
Mobile IP uses ICMP for router management (advertising home/mobile agents)

A combination of “type of message” and “code” specifies the meaning

of this ICMP packet. Among others
List of IP protocols: -- Type 9 is for “route advertising”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers -- See a complete list from Wikipedia at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol#Header
When “Protocol” equals 0x01, the IP packet carries an ICMP as -- Run IP packet analysis lab solution (no-pcap) using “icmp-etherreal-trace-1”
Its payload (data) as data to see Type 8 and Type 0 ICMP messages (Echo request and
Echo reply)
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-19 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-20

ICMP Type 9 message (route Mobile IP: agent discovery

discovery)
 agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise
 Specification at RFC service by broadcasting ICMP messages (typefield = 9)
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1256.txt
0 8 16 24

type = 9 code = 0 checksum

=9 =9
H,F bits: home and/or standard
foreign agent router address ICMP fields

R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGrT
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension

http://flylib.com/books/3/223/1/html/2/files/09fig07.gif
addresses
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-21 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-22

Other ICMP Messages Used by

Flags in ICMP mobile extension
Mobile IP
 H: home agent bit  Type 10 : agent solicitation, mobile agent is
 F: foreign agent bit looking for COA without advertisement
 R: registration required bit  Type 35 : mobile registration request

 M,G: encapsulation bits (minimal or GRE  Type 36 : mobile registration reply

encapsulation)
 B: busy
 r: reserved
 T: reverse tunneling

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-23 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-24

4
 Mobile IP: registration example Components of cellular network architecture
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent foreign agent
HA: 128.119.40.7 COA: 79.129.13.2
mobile agent
MA: 128.119.40.186 recall:
ICMP agent adv. correspondent
COA: wired public
79.129.13.2
telephone
….
registration req. network
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
MSC MSC
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999 MSC
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714 MSC
identification: 714 …. MSC
encapsulation format
….

registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186 HA: 128.119.40.7
Lifetime: 4999 MA: 128.119.40.186
Identification: 714 Lifetime: 4999
encapsulation format Identification: 714
different cellular networks,
…. …. operated by different providers
time
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-25 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-26

Handling mobility in cellular networks GSM: indirect routing to mobile

home
 home network: network of cellular provider you HLR
2
network correspondent

subscribe to (e.g., Sprint PCS, Verizon) home

Mobile
 home location register (HLR): database in home network home MSC consults HLR,
gets roaming number of
Switching
Center
containing permanent cell phone #, profile information mobile in visited network
(services, preferences, billing), information about 1 call routed
current location (could be in another network) 3
to home network
Public
 visited network: network in which mobile currently VLR
Mobile
switched
telephone
resides Switching
Center
network

 visitor location register (VLR): database with entry for 4

home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
each user currently in network to MSC in visited network
 could be home network mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-27 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-28

GSM: handoff with common MSC GSM: handoff with common MSC
1. old BS informs MSC of impending
 handoff goal: route call via handoff, provides list of 1+ new BSs
new base station (without 2. MSC sets up path (allocates resources)
interruption) to new BS
VLR VLR 3. new BS allocates radio channel for use
reasons for handoff:
Mobile Mobile
Switching  Switching
by mobile
Center  stronger signal to/from new BS Center 2
4 4. new BS signals MSC, old BS: ready
(continuing connectivity, less 1
7
old new battery drain) 8 5. old BS tells mobile: perform handoff to
routing routing 3
 load balance: free up channel in 5 new BS
old BS old BS 6
new BS current BS new BS
6. mobile, new BS signal to activate new
 GSM doesn’t mandate why to channel
perform handoff (policy), only
how (mechanism)
7. mobile signals via new BS to MSC:
handoff complete. MSC reroutes call
 handoff initiated by old BS 8 MSC-old-BS resources released

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-29 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-30

5
GSM: handoff between MSCs GSM: handoff between MSCs
 anchor MSC: first MSC  anchor MSC: first MSC
visited during call visited during call
home network home network

Home
correspondent  call remains routed Home
correspondent  call remains routed
MSC through anchor MSC MSC through anchor MSC
anchor MSC
 new MSCs add on to end of anchor MSC
 new MSCs add on to end of
PSTN PSTN
MSC MSC chain as mobile moves MSC MSC chain as mobile moves
MSC MSC to new MSC MSC MSC to new MSC
 optional path minimization  optional path minimization
step to shorten multi-MSC step to shorten multi-MSC
chain chain
(a) before handoff (b) after handoff

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-31 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-32

Mobility: GSM versus Mobile IP Wireless, mobility: impact on higher layer protocols
GSM element Comment on GSM element Mobile IP element
Home system Network to which mobile user’s permanent Home  logically, impact should be minimal …
phone number belongs network
 best effort service model remains unchanged
Gateway Mobile Home MSC: point of contact to obtain routable Home agent
Switching Center, or address of mobile user. HLR: database in  TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile
“home MSC”. Home home system containing permanent phone
Location Register number, profile information, current location of  … but performance-wise:
(HLR) mobile user, subscription information
Visited System Network other than home system where Visited  packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded packets,
mobile user is currently residing network delays for link-layer retransmissions), and handoff
Visited Mobile Visited MSC: responsible for setting up calls Foreign agent
services Switching to/from mobile nodes in cells associated with
 TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease congestion
Center. MSC. VLR: temporary database entry in window un-necessarily
Visitor Location visited system, containing subscription
Record (VLR) information for each visiting mobile user  delay impairments for real-time traffic
Mobile Station Routable address for telephone call segment Care-of-  limited bandwidth of wireless links
Roaming Number between home MSC and visited MSC, visible address
(MSRN), or “roaming to neither the mobile nor the correspondent.
number”
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-33 Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-34

Chapter 6 summary
Wireless Mobility
 wireless links:  principles: addressing,
 capacity, distance routing to mobile users
 channel impairments  home, visited networks
 CDMA  direct, indirect routing
 IEEE 802.11 (“Wi-Fi”)  care-of-addresses
 CSMA/CA reflects wireless  case studies
channel characteristics  mobile IP
 cellular access  mobility in GSM
 architecture  impact on higher-layer
 standards (e.g., GSM, 3G, protocols
4G LTE)

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-35