OPHTHALMOLOGY©POKEMONMDTRANSES

ANATOMYOFTHEEYES
FEUNRMFBATCH2019-20233RDYR1ST SEM|ADASTRAPERASPERA

THE EYEBALL GOBLET CELLS • Secretes mucin

The adult globe is… • Most numerous
• Spherical in shape in the fornices
• Has an AP diameter of 20-24 mm GLANDS OF • Mucinous
• Has a total volume of 30 cc WOLFRING secretions
AND MANZ
KRAUSE • Similar to
2 lacrimal gland
2

TENON’S CAPSULE
2
• A fibrous membrane that envelopes the
globe from the limbus to the optic nerve
• Continuous with the EOMs
• Thickens to form check ligaments

i CORNEA
• Transparent tissue which accounts for most of the refractive power of the eye
• Thicker at the limbus, and thinner at the center
(approx. 40 diopters)

• Devoid of blood vessels

• Gets nutrition from vessels of the limbus, aqueous and tears
3
• Transparency of the cornea is due to its:
❖ Uniform structure
❖ Avascularity
❖ Deturgescence.
LAYERS OF THE EYE
OUTER MIDDLE INNER
5 LAYERS OF THE
• Cornea • Iris • RPE CORNEA
• Sclera • Choroid • Sensory Retina ❖ Epithelium
• Corneo-Scleral • Ciliary Body ❖ Bowman’s layer
Junction (Limbus) ❖ Corneal stroma
❖ Descemet’s layer
COMPARTMENTS OF THE EYE ❖ Endothelium

CHAMBER BOUNDED BY
ANTERIOR: Cornea
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR: Iris
CHAMBER
PERIPHERY: Anterior chamber angles THE ENDOTHELIUM
ANTERIOR: Iris • Single layer of cells that regulates fluid exchange between cornea and
POSTERIOR
POSTERIOR: Anterior lens capsule aqueous
CHAMBER
PERIPHERY: Ciliary body • Maintains dehydration
VITREOUS ANTERIOR: Lens, Zonules and Ciliary body • Damage cause edema
CAVITY POSTERIOR: Retina • Acts like a pump to keep the water out of the cornea
*THE VITREOUS CAVITY IDS THE BIGGEST COMPARTMENT OD THE EYE* • CLOUDY CORNEA – damage to the endothelium layer causing water to
accumulate in the cornea causing it to lose its clarity
CONJUNCTIVA
• It is the thin transparent mucous membrane SCLERA
• Composed of two to five layers of stratified columnar epithelial cells • Ito yung puting surface ng mata
• Contains glands with help in ocular lubrication • Fibrous outer protective covering of the eye that is strong, opaque and
inelastic
3 PARTS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA • Serves to maintain the form of the eye
PALPEBRAL Covers the posterior surface • 1 mm thick
CONJUNC of the eyelid • LAMINA CRIBROSA – posterior part of the eye pierced by the optic nerve
BULBAR Covers the anterior surface of
CONJUNC the sclera *The sclera per se has scanty vascular supply, but the episcleral tissue
Junction between the bulbar contains numerous vessels*
FORNICES
and palpebral conjunctiva
LAYERS OF SCLERA
GLANDS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA ❖ Episclera
• Maintains precorneal tear film ❖ Sclera proper
• DRY-EYE SYNDROME – happens once there is ❖ Lamina fusca
obstruction in the glands or disruption in the Hydrated,
secretions.

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 BRAVEWELLASTRAS!!!
OPHTHALMOLOGY©POKEMONMDTRANSES
UVEA
• Middle vascular coat of the eye
3 PARTS
1. Iris 2. Choroid 3. Ciliary body

IRIS
• Flat anterior extension of the ciliary body
• PUPIL - central round aperture
Depends on melanin content

Functions
❖ Regulate amount of light entering the eye
❖ Separates anterior and posterior chamber
❖ Cut off marginal rays of light that interfere with the sharpness of
retinal image

MUSCLES OF THE IRIS LENS

Sphincter pupillae Innervated by the Edinger-Westphal – CN III • Biconvex, avascular, colorless and transparent structure
muscle • Second most powerful refractive tissue
Dilator pupillae Innervated by the sympathetic nerves *The first most powerful is the cornea*
muscle • Held in place by suspensory ligaments known as zonules
BLOOD SUPPLY
Accommodation: As the ciliary body contracts, the zonules relax, the lens
Major circle of the iris
increases its anterior-posterior diameter, and refractive power

RETINA
CHOROID • Thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue
• Sandwiched between the sclera and the retina • Lines the inner aspect of the posterior two thirds of the globe
• Vascular portion of the uveal tract • Terminates anteriorly as the ora serrata
Nutrient organ for the retina, vitreous and lens

3 layers of blood vessels Blood supply of the retina

Outer layer of Haller Large veins CHORIOCAPILLARIES Outer third of the retina
Middle layer of Sattler Medium veins CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY Inner two thirds of the retina
Choriocapillaris Smaller veins and the OUTER 1/3 of the retina
Functions Layers of the retina
❖ Chiefly as nutrient organ for the retina, vitreous, and lens 1. Internal limiting
❖ Single layer of cells that regulates fluid exchange between cornea membrane
and aqueous chambers 2. Nerve fiber layer
❖ Maintains dehydration 3. Ganglion cell layer
*Damage to the choroid causes edema* 4. Inner plexiform
layer
5. Inner nuclear later
CILIARY BODY 6. Outer plexiform
• Extends from the choroid to the iris layer
• It is triangular in shape with a narrow base directed forward giving origin to 7. Outer nuclear layer
the iris 8. External limiting
• Contains the ciliary muscle, which is composed of 3 groups of smooth muscle membrane
fibers and is divided into 2 parts 9. Photoreceptor
layers (Rods and
MUSCLES OF THE CILIARY BODY Cones)
Circular 10. Retinal pigment
All of these muscles are necessary for the eye’s epithelium
Longitudinal
accommodation (Constrict, converge, inc
AP diameter of lens)
Radial
PARTS OF THE CILIARY BODY *PLS MEMORIZE*
Pars plana Flat part of the ciliary body located inferiorly
Pars plicata Rugged surface at the side that contains ciliary processes
which secretes aqueous
3 Nuclear layers 3 Nerve layers
BLOOD SUPPLY
OUTER rods and cones OUTER synapse between
Major arterial circle of the iris
LAYER PLEXIFORM rods and cones to
INNERVATION
bipolar cells
Ciliary nerve
INNER bipolar, horizontal, INNER synapse between
LAYER amacrine, and mueller PLEXIFORM bipolar cells to
• The lens is attached to the ciliary body via the zonules
cell nucleus ganglion cells
• Blood supply is from the major arterial circle of the iris, formed by the 2 long
GANGLION NERVE axons of ganglion
ciliary arteries and the 7 anterior ciliary arteries
CELL FIBER cells
• Nerve supply is the ciliary nerve, arising from the ciliary ganglion, from the
LAYER LAYER
Edinger-Westphal nucleus of CN III

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 LAYERS OF THE RETINA
1.  Internal limiting membrane
2.  Nerve fiber layer
3.  Ganglion cell layer
4.  Inner plexiform layer
5.  Inner nuclear layer
6.  Outer plexiform layer
7.  Outer nuclear layer
8.  External limiting membrane
9.  Photoreceptor layer (rods
and cones)
10.  Retinal pigment epithelium
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OPHTHALMOLOGY©POKEMONMDTRANSES
MACULA • Blood supply – muscle arteries, from the ophthalmic artery, which is the first
• Center of the posterior retina intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery.
• Responsible for the fine
central vision EOM TRICK
• XANTOPHYLL - Yellow pigment PRIMARY ACTION: (ACTION IS RELATED TO THEIR LOCATION)
of the macula ❖ MR- ADDUCT
• Histologically empty space
❖ LR- ABDUCT
tends to the accumulation of
❖ SR- ELEVATE
extracellular material that cause
thickening ❖ IR- DEPRESS
❖ SO- INCYCLO
❖ IO- EXYCLO
AQUEOUS/VITREOUS CHAMBER
• Clear, avascular, gelatinous body SECONDARY ACTION:
• Compromises 2/3 of the volume of the eye ❖ NO SEC ACTION SA MR AND LR
• Composed of 99% water and 1% hyaluronic acid and collagen ❖ SR AND IR- PRIMARY ACTION NG SO AND IO RESPECTIVELY
• Firmly attached to the pars plana, ora serrata, and the margins of the optic
❖ SO AND IO- KABALIGTARAN LANG NG PRIMARY ACTION NG SR
disc
AND IR
OPTIC NERVE
• Trunk of the optic nerve consist of about 1.2 million axons from the ganglion TERTIARY ACTION:
cells of the retina ❖ NO TERTIARY ACTION SA MR AND LR
4 parts of the optic nerve ❖ SR AND IR- ADDUCT
INTRAOCULAR 1 mm Can be seen on fundoscopy ❖ SO AND IO- ABDUCT
INTRAORBITAL 25- 30 mm S-shaped, longest, allows free movement of globe
INTRACANALICULAR 4-9 mm Passes through bony canal, most vulnerable to trauma
TY SEASLUG FOR THIS!!! ☺
INTRACRANIAL 10 mm Can see manifestation of brain lesions through
fundoscopy, ex. Papilledema

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
• composed of 4 recti and 2 oblique muscles Sup. Rectus - elevation, oculomotor nerve
SOURCES: RECORDING AND DOC CAPUCHINO LECTURE
Inf. Rectus - depression
Origin of the EOM’s Med. Rectus - adduction. 3rd nerve
4 RECTI Annulus of Zinn at the apex
SUP OBLIQUE periosteum of the sphenoid bone above and medial
Intorsion, depression to the optic foramen, functional origin trochlea
INF OBLIQUE maxillary bone, orbital floor near the lacrimal fossa
Extorsion, elevation Lat. Rectus - abduction

INSERTION OF THE 4 RECTUS VS 2 OBLIQUES

SUP. RECTUS 7.7 mm from the Spiral of Tillaux

LAT. RECTUS 6.9 mm from the Spiral of Tillaux
MED. RECTUS 5.5 mm from the Spiral of Tillaux
INF. RECTUS 6.5 mm from the Spiral of Tillaux
SUP. OBLIQUE globe under the superior rectus, posterior to the equator in
the upper outer quadrant
INF. OBLIQUE globe, posterior to the equator, inferior outer quadrant