Tom-1:

If S=EV,16,.., v3 is a basis for the vector

space V, then the representation of any element

in V in terms of basis elements is unique.

Proof: If I is a basis fore, then

(i) S is linearly independent

iii) a L(S)=V
spans V.i.e,

#senough preve:
The representation of elements in LCS) is
unique.

Take S =
GV, Vg,...,Un3. Then

((s)=x,V, +dgVg+--.+OnVnque in 3.
 let ve ((s), then

v =
4,5, +4ust...+ 4nUn -4

Assume that
+BqVg+...+PnVn -O
v =
BiVi

where
B/,Bg,..., Bn+F
0- = 0 =
(a, -B1) 4 + (48 -Balvgtr.. + (On-Pn) Vn

Since I is
linearly independent, we get

4- B=
0, 9g -

Bg =
0, . . .

, Mn -Bn =
0

=>
x, =
B1, 9g =
Bg,
. .

. (n =
Bn

·The representation
of LCS) is unique.

Since the representation of elements in LCS) is

unique,
we have the
representation of elements in V in

terms of baris elements is

unique.
Theorema linearly independent subset

of V and JCs, then T is linearly

independent

In other
words, Every subset of a
lineately
independent set in V is
linearly independent.

Perof:
Let S=5V,,5g, .... Un} be a
linearly
independent subset of V.

Let T =
5V1,Vg,... /k3 where I 1k <U

Then T CS.

10 prove: T is linearly independent.

Assume that is
linearly dependent.
= F scolares X,, eg, .... OK (not all zeros)

in F such that

4, V, +
9V+..· +4qVp
= 0

= 4V1 +
4Uz+-.. + 4yVk
t0VktIt0Vkts
+. + 8
0Un
.
. =

where some of the X's are non-zero

which is a contradiction to s is
linearly
independent.

: Our
assumption is
wrong.
:.T is
linearly independent.
torers of a subset of a rector space is either

linearly independent on one of the restores can be

expressed as a linear combination of

preceeding vectors.

Roof: Let s=5V, vg,...,n3 be a subset of V.

If visa, ... In are
linearly independent then

there
is
nothing to prove.

Suppose that V, Vg, .... In are

linearly dependent.

Then there
exist scalans Xis! <izn (not all zeros)
such that

a, v, + 4Ug+---+ 4nUn =
0. -
O

Since all a are not

zero, there exists a
largest
positive integere 1 such that
&FO.
Then
XH+1 =
0, . . .

, In = 0.

so 0 = 0, vi +
4gU+... +
4K-1Vk-1+414) =
O
 CxVk
=> = -

XV, -'rg--.
-

9K-1VK-1

fan+(alr+...+ (8)h
=> vi=

where

welt F, 1921.

Hence is linear combination of

v a
vi, 1272k1.
Def: (Maximal linearly independent Set

Let I be vectore over F. Let S.V.

a
space

Then I is said to be maximal

linearly independent
a

set if

(i) is
linearly independent
(ii) SUV3 is
linearly dependent for any
VEVLS.
Theorem -1:
In a vector space V,
a maximal linearly independent

set forms a basis.

#roof:
Let S=2v., vg, ..., v.} be a maximal
linearly dependent
set fore V.

to prove: S forms a basis for V.

It is enough to prove that s

spans V

Take VE V.

Suppose G,vl+Gest... + 4nUn +av=0 -

#

↳til: When x = 0

④ I&,v, O
+
4q/st...+ 4nUn =

4 d xn ). Since I is
=
= = . . .

= = 0
linearly
independent)
=>
SU9vz is
linearly independent, a contradiction
to the
maximality of 3.
:. The only possibility is <0.

④=xv = -

6,41 + 54g(g++. + 7 4n) Un

v
7G4 E)+...+ on
=> =
+

-
-
GF -F & If

v is
=>
a linean combination
of elements forms
= S
spans V.

:S forms a basis for V.

Def:
=
"Animal Sing Set:
Let I be vectore over F. Let S.V.
a
space

Then I is said to be minimal set if

a
spanning

(i) is a
spanning set

iii) S19V3 do not

span for any ves.

Lena:
If 3 and I are subsets of a vector
space V,
then
SCT=((S) [LCT).

↳roof. Let I be an
arbitrary element of LCs).

Then veLLs) + v =
0v +4grgt...K4nUns
where
Xi+F and VitS, 1sN.

Since Set, we have

lift, in

Therefore, a is also the linean combination

of
finite elements
of T.

dELCTI.
=>
Thus, (IS) [LCT).
·em-5:
In minimal
a
rectorspace , a
spanning set

of vectors forms a basis.

Proof:
Let S:Grin,ive] be minimal V.
a
spanning set for

Then S spans V. z.e, ((S)=V.

In orders to
prove that I is a basis for V,
it is
enough to show that I is
linearly independent.
Assume that I is linearly dependent.
Then there
exists
v; (for some j, 1ajan) is a linear

combination of its
preceeding ones. [by Theorem 37

ze, v
44
= +delt...+4j-1Vj-1
where
2, g, ...

145-1EF.
Clearly ([Visvae..., v5-1/v5+11... Un3

:by Umma*7
2.
((5Ve (12 ic n 3)
=
(CS)
 On the others
hand, take z-LCS).

Then x =
BV, +BaVgt---+PnUn, for some Pit F,
11IID

=>
c B,v1 +
MqUgt.-.+Bj, Vj-1+ Bjv; +
=

Bitis+1t

fBnVn
---

=
B,V, + BqUg+.-. + Bj-1Vj-
+ B; (4,v, +6e4t...+4;-,Vj-1)

+Bit1Vj4+-..f PnVn

(B, Bjx,) v,
=

+
+
(Bz +B;9g)Ve+--
+
(Bj_tBj4;-)Vjm,+BitWj+t--tRnVn
e
((qvicg, ...,;-(VjH11--., un3)

Therefore, 19V, . .

.,
vj-s55tcs.... Un3 =
((S)=V.

= Evicug, ..., "j-1<Ujt)....Un} Spans W

= S 353 spare V, a
contradiction to the minimal

spanning set.
·Once assumption is
wrong

:.
Only possibility is 5 is
linearly independent.
S forms basis
a
for V
tem-6:
If the restore V has a basis B with elements.

Then

(i) Any set with (n+1) restore is

linearly dependent.

(ii) Any set with

(n-1) Vectores do not V.
span

Perof: (i) follows from Theorem 4.

(ii) follows
from Theorem 5.
Theorem -7:
-

Prove that an
outhogonal set of non-zero

vectors is
linearly independent.

#oof: Let A= 5V,,,...} be an

orthogonal
set of non-zero rectors

To prove A is linearly independent.

Let x, v, +42/gt...+ 4nUn =8'.
Then 10", vk) =
0, f
Ux - A.

=
[ar. tag+...+ 4nVnsVk7 = 0

= (qcVk) + (CaVgcVk)+<-- + (<iVxsVs>

<<nVbs)
+... +
= 0

=
dSiN> +
Ge [Vg,vi)
L
+...
Xu [Vk,V)
&
g g i
+... On (UncVk) = 0
n

->
Since A is orthogonal,
<Vie vs)
Grellf S
its

=GxIIVIE 0,
.

7K= 1,9, . . .

either
11Vk1=0,
=>
Xx = 0 on 5K=
1,9,.
Sincehis are non-auto
restore, lupl-O is
impossible.
:. The
only possibility is
&
k 0,
= K =
1,,, . . .

,
4

x
=
=
x, On
=
0
. . .

= =

A
=>
is
linearly independent.
them-8:
prove that an outhonormal set of non-zero

vectors is
linearly independent.
#roof: Let A= 5V,,,...} be an outhonormal

set of non-zero rectors

To prove A is linearly independent.

Let x, v, +42/gt...+ 4nUn =8'.

Then 10", vk) =

0, f
Ux - A.

=
[dri tag+...+ 4nVnsVk7 = 0

= (qc Vk) + (CaVgcVk)+<-- + (<iVxsVs>

<<nVbs)
+... +
= 0

=
dLiVi) de[Vg,VK)
+
AuEiis
+...
L

InVio
g
+... +
 Since A is
outhonormal,
<viers) -

90of if
:

= KK =0

Ok 0,
=>
7K =
1,9, M
=
. . .

x
=
=
x, On
=
0
. . .

= =

A
=>
is
linearly independent.