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With shear strains, the single subscript notation is not practical, because such strains involves
displacements and length which are not in same direction. The symbol and subscript ϵxy used for the
shear strain referred to the x and y planes. The order of the subscript is unimportant. ϵxy and ϵyx refer
to the same physical quantity. However, the sign convention is important.The shear strain ϵxy is
considered to be positive if it represents a decrease the angle between the sides of an element of
material lying parallel the positive x and y axes. Alternatively we can think of positive shear strains
produced by the positive shear stresses and viceversa.

Plane strain :

An element of material subjected only to the strains as shown in Fig. 1, 2, and 3 respectively is termed
as the plane strain state.

It should be noted that the plane stress is not the stress system associated with plane strain. The plane
strain condition is associated with three dimensional stress system and plane stress is associated with
three dimensional strain system.

STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS

Stress – Strain Relations: The Hook's law, states that within the elastic limits the stress is
proportional to the strain since for most materials it is impossible to describe the entire stress – strain
curve with simple mathematical expression, in any given problem the behavior of the materials is
represented by an idealized stress – strain curve, which emphasizes those aspects of the behaviors
which are most important is that particular problem.

(i) Linear elastic material:

A linear elastic material is one in which the strain is proportional to stress as shown below:

There are also other types of idealized models of material behavior.

(ii) Rigid Materials:

It is the one which donot experience any strain regardless of the applied stress.

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A plane stress may be defined as a stress condition in which all components associated with a given
direction ( i.e the z direction in this example ) are zero

Plane strain: If we focus our attention on a body whose particles all lie in the same plane and which
deforms only in this plane. This deforms only in this plane. This type of deformation is called as the
plane strain, so for such a situation.

ELASTIC CONSTANTS

In considering the elastic behavior of an isotropic materials under, normal, shear and hydrostatic
loading, we introduce a total of four elastic constants namely E, G, K, and µ .

It turns out that not all of these are independent to the others. In fact, given any two of them, the other
two can be foundout . Let us define these elastic constants

(i) E = Young's Modulus of Rigidity

= Stress / strain

(ii) G = Shear Modulus or Modulus of rigidity

= Shear stress / Shear strain

(iii) µ = Possion's ratio

= lateral strain / longitudinal strain

(iv) K = Bulk Modulus of elasticity

= Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain

Where

Volumetric strain = sum of linear stress in x, y and z direction.

Volumetric stress = stress which cause the change in volume.

Let us find the relations between them

RELATION AMONG ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Relation between E, G and µ :

Let us establish a relation among the elastic constants E,G and . Consider a cube of material of side
‘a' subjected to the action of the shear and complementary shear stresses as shown in the figure and
producing the strained shape as shown in the figure below.

Assuming that the strains are small and the angle A C B may be taken as 450.

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The same results are obtained if the bar is turned upside down and loaded as a column as shown in the
figure below:

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IIIustrative Problem 1: Calculate the overall change in length of the tapered rod as shown in figure
below. It carries a tensile load of 10kN at the free end and at the step change in section a compressive
load of 2 MN/m evenly distributed around a circle of 30 mm diameter take the value of E = 208 GN /
m2.

This problem may be solved using the procedure as discussed earlier in this section

IIIustrative Problem 2: A round bar, of length L, tapers uniformly from radius r 1 at one end to radius

r2at the other. Show that the extension produced by a tensile axial load P is

If r2 = 2r1 , compare this extension with that of a uniform cylindrical bar having a radius equal to the
mean radius of the tapered bar.

Solution:

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

1. Determine the strain energy of a prismatic cantilever beam as shown in the figure by taking
into account only the effect of the normal stresses.

Solution : The bending moment at a distance x from end

Substituting the above value of M in the expression of strain energy we may write

Problem 2 :
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a. Determine the expression for strain energy of the prismatic beam AB for the loading as shown
in figure below. Take into account only the effect of normal stresses due to bending.
b. Evaluate the strain energy for the following values of the beam

P = 208 KN ; L = 3.6 m = 3600 mm

A = 0.9 m = 90mm ; b = 2.7m = 2700 mm

E = 200 GPa ; I = 104 x 108 mm4

Solution:

a.

Bending Moment : Using the free – body diagram of the entire beam, we may determine the values of
reactions as follows:

RA = Pb/ L RB = Pa / L

For Portion AD of the beam, the bending moment is

For Portion DB, the bending moment at a distance v from end B is

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