ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION Communication

 a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). there is a
wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can be manifested; it
can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a group discussion, a meeting
or interview, a letter correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.
Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions
(nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
Elements of Communication

1. Speaker – the source of information or message

2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or
in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication

MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Communication Model

 Simplify this complex process by offering a visual overview of the different aspects of
communication experience
 3 Major Classifications of Communication Models

1. Linear
2. Interactive
3. Transactional
Models of Communication

1. Aristotle’s Model
 a speaker-centered model that includes five primary elements: speaker, speech,
occasion, audience, and effect.
 Ethos – credibility
 Pathos – emotion
 Logos – logic
 Few Criticisms around Aristotle’s Model
a) Highly Effective – in public speaking or ads
b) No Concept of Feedback – communication being one-way
c) Communication failure causes are not recognized – such as noise and
other barriers are absent

2. Shannon-Weaver Model
 known as the mother of all communication models. this model depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements:
source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination.
 model was introduced in 1949 for bell laboratories.
 Warren Weaver – scientist, mathematician, and science administrator
 Clause Elwood Shannon – mathematician, electrical engineer, cryptographer

3. Transaction Model
 a two-way communication process with feedback being included as one element.
within the operation, the sender and the receiver have the same roles: come up
with an idea, send a message, and react to it.

4. Helical Model
 Frank Dance proposed this helical model of communication, which shows that
communication is a flexible communication process. the use of helix illustrates
that “communication while moving forward is at the same time coming back
upon itself and being affected by its past behavior”
Functions of Communication

1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotions.
5. Information Dissemination – Communication functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective Communication 1. Completeness
 Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication
process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the
receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness
 Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or
straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated
from the communication that will be sent to the recipient.
3. Consideration
 To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about
his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status,
and needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the
audience.
4. Concreteness
 Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported
by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is
more connected to the message conveyed.
5. Courtesy
 The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values,
and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive
impact on the audience.
6. Clearness
 Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single
objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
7. Correctness
 Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and
increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Barriers to Communication 1. Physical Barrier
 Environmental factors
2. Emotional Barrier
 Distrust, fear, or anxiety
 Also affects the communication process
3. Linguistic Barrier
 Hindrances to communication that emerge due to language choice and use

Denotation – Dictionary
Connotation – Meaning associated with emotion

Five Strategies

1. Use simple language

2. Reduce / eliminate noise levels
3. Listen actively
4. Control emotions
5. Give constructive feedback

Verbal Communication

 refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. for effective and
successful verbal communication, use words to express ideas which can be easily
understood by the person you are talking to. consider appropriateness, brevity, clarity,
ethics, and vividness when engaging in this type of communication. Nonverbal
Communication

 refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. all
kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal
communication. examples of nonverbal communication are stares, smiles, tone of
voice, movements, manners of walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of
attire, attitude towards time and space, personality, gestures, and others.
 TYPES OF SPEECH Speech Context

 Context when referring to speech communication is the surroundings,

circumstances, environment, background or setting that determine, specify, or
clarify the meaning of an event.
 Context refers to the setting which the communication takes place, context helps
to establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said
Types of Speech Context 1) Intrapersonal
 This refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts
both as the sender and the receiver of message. “The message is made up of
your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you
are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to
yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others.”
2) Interpersonal
 This refers to communication between and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and among them. Solomon and Theiss (2013)
state that “the inter part of the word highlights how interpersonal
communication connects people... when you engage in interpersonal
communication, you and another person become linked together... The personal
part means that your unique qualities as a person matter during interpersonal
communication...”
Types of Interpersonal Context A. Dyad Communication
 communication that occurs between two people
B. Small Group
 refers to communication that involves at least three but not more
than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal. In this type of communication, all participants can freely
share ideas in a loose and open discussion.
3) Public
 This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes. “In public communication, unlike in
interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is
louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The
speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point
presentation.”
 4) Mass Communication
 This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES Speech

 It is human nature to express thoughts and emotions. Thus, many speeches or

forms of communication in spoken language made by a speaker before an
audience have been created. Speeches are more formal than talking or usual
conversations. They are primarily delivered to leave a remarkable message.
Types of Speeches According to Purpose 1) Informative / Expository Speech
 It is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on
new or relevant piece of information on a particular topic.
2) Persuasive Speech
 It is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree
with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic.
3) Entertainment Speech
 It aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty
and humorous lines.
According to Delivery 1) Manuscript Speech
 It is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids.
2) Memorized Speech
 It is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
committed to memory.
3) Extemporaneous Speech
 It is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
4) Impromptu Speech
 It is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation
and is for people knowledgeable about the subject.
Type of Speech Styles
1. Intimate
 This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or
individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
 2. Casual
 This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular
language are used.
3. Consultative
 This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a
must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers
and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer,
or President and his/her constituents.
4. Formal
 This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of
the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
5. Frozen
 This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s
Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT Speech Act

 an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.

 are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting, request, complaint,
invitation, compliment, or refusal.
 an act of communication
Types of Speech Act 1. Locutionary Act
 Is the actual act of uttering or saying something. This act happens with the
utterances of a sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.
 It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to take place.
 It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener.
 Utterances give rise to shared meaning when it is adjusted by the speaker for the
listener.
2. Illocutionary Act
 Is the social function of what is said. In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just
saying something itself but with the act of saying something with the intention of. 
Stating an opinion, comforting, or denying something
 Making a prediction, a promise, a request
 Issuing an order or a decision
 Giving advice or permission
 3. Perlocutionary Act
 It refers to the consequent effect of what was said. This is based on the particular
context in which the speech act was mentioned.
 Inspiring or insulting
 Persuading / convincing
 Deterring / scaring

Types of Illocutionary Acts 1. Assertive

 a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of
a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward,
swearing, boasting, and concluding.
2. Directive
 a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee
perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
3. Commissive
 a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the
future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and
betting.
4. Expressive
 a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking,
apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
5. Declaration
 a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply
put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they
refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.