SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Sorsogon City- Campus

ENDAYA, KRISTEL D.
BSED-SCIENCES 2A

ABSTRACT

We were tasked to read and include a total of 25 journals to tackle Gregor Johann

Mendel’s life and works. I was only able to find and read 17 journals, unfortunately. His life was

discussed first and his works in the latter part of the introduction. We also did an activity. The

activity was all about the probability of what character traits will show or will be picked. In the

first activity, we used coins and labeled them with the character traits (RR-dominant trait; Rr-

recessive trait). And then we used marbles (green, and yellow) in the following activities. We

performed the activity only by tossing coins and picking among marbles. In tossing coins, the (a)

activity required us to toss the coins 20 times and we recorded 55% for RR and 45% for Rr. The

(b) activity required tossing the coins 100 times and the results were 49%- RR and 61%- Rr. In

the following activities, Probability using Marbles, we had them labeled GREEN as the dominant

trait and YELLOW as the recessive trait. In part 2 of the activity, the (a) activity had a

homozygous recessive. This means 100% recessive traits were obtained. In the (b) activity, we

had 50% - dominant and 50%- recessive dominant. In the (c) activity, we recorded 70%-

recessive and 30%- dominant. We performed five activities in total. We recorded every outcome

in a table and we came up with the general result in every activity. As we went on with the

activity, we made a Punnett square and came up with the same result as what we had on the

data table.
I. INTRODUCTION

An Austrian priest named Gregor Mendel entered the 19th century's ferment of

biological investigation. He had a keen interest in natural science. Mendel was a

genius who lived in an earlier era, and his contemporaries had no idea how

important his discovery of the laws of heredity was. Mendel proved that

characteristics from different parents can coexist in hybrid offspring and then

separate and assort randomly into reproductive entities. Mendel later gained

recognition for understanding genes and how they pass on traits, despite the fact

that he was ignorant of these concepts. This dramatization obscured some of

Mendel's true accomplishments' outstanding features. This essay offers a new

perspective on Mendel's life and achievements. (Julie Simon ‘Lakehomer,

Summer 2007)

Like most farmboys, he enjoyed helping his father with his fruit trees and bees as

he was growing up. He carried on this interest in gardening and beekeeping into

his later years. The young and talented lad had to struggle to get through high

school and junior college since his parents, although not indigent in comparison

to their neighbors, lacked access to liquid resources (Gymnasium). In his

autobiography, he stated that he finally came to the conclusion that "it had

become impossible for him to continue such strenuous exertions. It was

incumbent on him to enter a profession in which he would be spared perpetual

anxiety about a means of livelihood. His private circumstances determined his

choice of profession." As a result, he entered as a novice the wealthy and

stunning Augustinian monastery of Bruenn in 1843 and went by the monastic

He developed here between the years 1843 and 1865, becoming the renowned

investigator whose name is now familiar to every schoolboy. On a crisp, frosty

February evening in 1865, a group of men were making their way through the

streets of Bruenn toward the modern school, a sizable, brand-new structure. One

of those men, stocky and somewhat corpulent, friendly-looking, with a high brow

and piercing blue eyes, was carrying a manuscript under his arm while wearing a

tall hat, a long black coat, and trousers tucked in top boots. This was Professor

Gregor Mendel from the contemporary school, who was traveling with some

companions to a conference of the Society of Natural Sciences so that he could

present a presentation on "Experiments in Plant Hybridization."

Because they focused on the behavior of the type of the species or races as a

whole rather than being satisfied with one or two distinct features, Mendel's

forerunners' tests on heredity failed. Mendel's approach was novel in that he

studied the effects of

hybridization on specific characters rather than, as his forebears had done, just

taking a summary view of the entire generation of hybrids. Instead, he examined

each plant separately. (Dr. Hugo Iltis)

(Mendel, about fifty-two years old and very stout, enters the auditorium dressed

as an abbot in a long, black robe trimmed in white at the collar and cuffs; he

wears 19th-century spectacles with oval lenses, narrow frame, and wire-like

temples; a crucifix hangs from his neck, and he carries a small book (the volume

containing his classic paper on inheritance in peas published in Verhandlungen

des He's puffing on a cigar. He strides quickly to the podium, sets the book and

cigar down, nods, and grinned at the crowd. He has a strong German accent

when he speaks.) Green God. The father Mendel is here. I'll talk about

inheritance in hybrids of the species Pisum, or common edible peas. My father's

little farm in Heizendorf, Moravia, an Austrian province, was where I first

flowers in his yard in addition to his horses, cows, chickens, bees, peas, and

beans. I was a curious and untamed youngster who was interested in plant and

animal reproduction. I often wondered why the progeny resembled their parents

but were never precisely like them. In the Heizendorf school, which had only

been established 20 years earlier, we had a good teacher. The Heizendorf

youngsters in the past were not taught to read or write. Because they were

peasants, the people could not afford to send their children to school. I learned a

lot from my teacher, including how to raise fruit and keep bees. (Richard M.

Eakin)

The science of inheritance, which W. H. Huxley named "genetics," is credited to

Gregor Mendel (1822–1844) as its creator. 1905 saw Bateson. Mendel's

pioneering contribution to science was completely disregarded throughout his

lifetime and, in fact, until the turn of the century, which accounts for his special

place in scientific history. Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak,

working independently in several nations until 1900, published the results of

experiments comparable to Mendel's experiments, drew attention to Mendel's

publication, and gave him a priority. (VitezslavmOrel and Daniel L. Hartl, 1994)

Gregor Mendel published his research on the genetics of garden peas over 150

years ago (Mendel, 1866). Now that this important book is available in an English

translation, we may examine it (Mendel, 1965). using the lens of the twenty-first

century, and utilizing it to demonstrate the nature of the gene by demonstrating

how proteins are encoded by genes and influence phenotype. Mendel looked at

seven genes in pea varieties he collected from mosome 1. Green immature peas

are present in all pea plants. As part of the ripening process, four extensively

conserved plant enzymes as well as other enzymes unique to various plant

groups are needed to break down the chlorophyll in the immature peas

(Hortensteiner, 2006). When the chlorophyll is in Figure 3's third phase of the
process for chlorophyll degradation. Pheide an oxygenase (PAO) is an enzyme

that catalyzes this reaction (Hortensteiner, 2006). This enzyme is encoded by

the Mendels I gene, which is recessive on chromosome 1. (Arm stead et al.,

2007). The peas' chlorophyll is not broken down when this gene is defective,

which prevents the production of functional PAO and keeps the peas' green color.

This is known by botanists as the "remain green" phenomenon. Since the PAO

enzyme is preserved in a variety of plants, including monocots and dicots, it is

likely that the gene

There is a common misperception among students that each gene is located on

a distinct chromosome and that dominant genes are more prevalent among

farmers in what is now Bro in the Czech Republic. When a pea breaks down, the

color turns yellow.

The linkage map of peas depicts these genes. It is tempting to believe that the

other is because Mendel utilized seven genes and peas have seven pairs of

chromosomes. This is especially true considering that Mendel stated that the

other. (Susan Offner, September 2011)

One of the most significant ongoing issues in the history of genetics is presented

by the Gregor Mendel case. How could a succession of excellent studies that

were carried out over years and formed the groundwork for the contemporary

subject of genetics have gone unnoticed by the scientific community? A number

of historical works have attempted to explain Mendel’s "long neglect" by

highlighting factors including the problematic mathematical methodology, the

secrecy of the publishing, the researcher's low standing, the immaturity of the

issue, and the incorrect interpretation of the findings. All of these alternatives lack

sufficient merit. ( Augustine Brannigan, 1979)

One of the longest-lasting mysteries in the history of biology is why Gregor

Mendel's massive dissertation on heredity, which was published in 1865, was

work was rediscovery in 1900, a number of historical analyses have indicated a

variety of distinct circumstances that contributed to the failure to give Mendel's

work the credit it deserved. ( Iris and Laurence Slander, 1985)

However, things were radically different in 1865. Mendel's theories were

unquestionably contrary to the preeminent biological theory of the time. Of

course, we have no way of knowing how many scientists really read his paper

when it was first published, and we have very charitably pardoned our forebears

for failing to recognize its significance by presuming that only a select number of

them were ever aware of it. (Conway Zirkle, 1951)

University of McGill, Montreal Professor Jaroslav Krizenecky, the recently

appointed custodian of the Mendel Museum, is tasked with a MONUMENTAL

duty. He is inspecting sent at Mendel's exquisitely carved black desk in a Brno

window. identifying and organizing all of Gregor Johann Mendel's published

works, who founded the field of genetics. However, his new work is progressing,

and preparations are being made for a Mendel Centennial in Brno in 1965. His

dreams and ambitions for a major Mendel Institute for the study of the history and

philosophy of biology have not come to fruition. (J.W Boyes and B.C Boyes, June

1962)

In Munich, Carl Erich Correns (1864–1933) studied under botanist Carl von

Nägeli. He continued his scientific career after finishing his dissertation in 1889

by working with Wilhelm Pfeffer in Leipzig, Gottlieb Haberlandt in Graz, and

Simon Schwendener in Berlin. He received his venia legendi in Tübingen in 1892

and remained there as Privatdozent for the following ten years. In 1902, he was

named an extraordinary professor in Leipzig, and in 1909, he moved to Münster

to become a professor of botany and the head of the botanical garden. He

Biology in 1913. (Hans- Jorg Rheinberger; Isis,1995)

The majority of Darwin's work between January 1863 and May 1865 was devoted

to illuminating the origins of heredity. Since January 1860, he had been working

on The Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication (1868). His focus

steadily shifted away from the empirical part of this research during the first three

years.

from the ical world of the variants themselves to the methods used to produce

them. He then started compiling information on the laws governing inheritance.

His "Pro visional Hypothesis of Pangenesis," which he sent as a manuscript to

his friend and colleague Thomas Henry Huxley, was the result of his discontent

with previous theories as well as his own work and observation (1825-1895).

(Peter J. Vorzimmer)

If Mendel's research had been done before Darwin's, the outcome would not

have changed. Mendel's subsequent recognition was really made possible by

Darwin, and this was primarily due to the later refinement of Darwin's concepts

by Galton and others. One is forced to draw the conclusion that Mendel was

disregarded because his entire perspective on the phenomenon of inheritance

was incompatible with the scientific paradigm of his day. Mendel, like Darwin,

was a conceptual inventor with a very original way of thinking about species, and

up until 1900, his work couldn't have been included into the larger body of

biological theory.

Mendel's thought process was, in one crucial regard, more like to that of a farmer

than a biologist. (Elizabeth Gasking)

The "synthesis" between the theory of evolution by natural selection and classical

genetics, which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s, would have occurred much

earlier if Darwin had been aware of Mendel and his work, is the typical response
to the issue presented by the title. Furthermore, it almost happened: all Darwin

had to do was tear out the pages from the offprint of Mendel's book from his

library and read them! Or, suppose Mendel had visited Darwin at his home in the

suburbs or ran across him in London! (in connection with Mendel's visit to the city

in 1862). (Pablo Lorenzano, 2011)

Mendel's seminal addresses to the Brünn Natural History Society on February 8

and March 8, 1865, were based on eight years of research on the hybridization of

the edible pea (Pisum sativum) . These addresses were published in 1866 and

only represented a portion of his experiments because he also worked with 16

other plant species. This report made the outcomes of his finished experimental

groups incredibly evident. (Valerie Audroue, 1955)

If two animals or plants of different characters are permitted to reproduce, the

parental characters may have one of three effects on the progeny. In the most

common scenario, the characteristics that distinguish the parents may appear so

intricately merged in the offspring that each young animal or plant appears

intermediate in character between its parents. However, we are typically unable

to resolve its body into separate elements, some of which resemble one parent,

and some of which resemble the other, at this time. (Br W. F R Weldon,

December 01, 1901)

Parental genetic material is passed on to offspring. Before this century, it was

unknown how this process works. Gregor Mendel published the findings of his

eight years of research and contemplation in 1866. (Oram 1986)