Chapter 5

Decision Making and Branching Statement

This Chapter Includes:
 Introduction
 Sequential statements
 Unformatted I/O functions
 Formatted input using scanf() function
 Formatted output using printf()
 Branching statements
 The if-else statement
 The nested if-statement
 The switch statement
 Additional programs

Statement:
 A statement (also called an instruction) is the smallest element of a programming language. A statement or
instruction is used to inform the computer to perform an action when a program is executed.
 A statement can set a value of a variable, can alter the value of a variable, it can accept the input, it can
manipulate the data and display the data.
 The expressions such as i++ or sum = 0 or scanf ("%d", &n) become statements when the are terminated
by a semicolon as shown below :
i++; /* statement 1 */
sum = 0; /* statement 2 */
scanf(“%d”,& n); /* statement 3 */
a=10; /* statement 4 */
Note: Each statement in C must be terminated by a semicolon (denoted by ;)

Compound Statement:
 The set of statements enclosed within a pair of curly braces such as ‘{’ and ‘}’ is considered as a
compound statement.
For example, the following compound statement computes and displays the addition of 2 numbers.
{
a = 10; ‘ /* statement 1 */
b = 5 ; /* statement 2 */
c=a+b; /* statement 3 */
printf (“%d\n”, c); /* statement 4 */
}

Control Statements:
 The order in which the statements are executed is called control flow. The statements that are used to
control the flow of execution of the program are called control statements.
 Based on the order in which the statements are executed, the various Control statements are classified as
shown below:

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 Control Statements

Sequential Statements Branching Statements Looping Statements

Conditional Branching Unconditional Branching

Statements Statements for while do-while

simple if
goto
if else
break
Nested if
continue
else-if ladder

switch

Sequential Statements:
 The programmer writes a sequence of statements to do a specific activity. All these statements in a
program are executed in the order in which they appear in the program.
 These programming statements that are executed sequentially, that is one after the other, are called
sequential control statements. Here, no separate statements are required to make these statements executed
in sequence.
printf(“Hello”); //Statement 1
ch=’A’; //Statement 2
printf(“%c”,ch); //Statement 3
a=10; //Statement 4
Here, statement-1 is executed first ,followed by statement-2 followed by statement-3 and
so on. In short, we say that execution of a program is normally sequential (one after the
other).

Unformatted I/O functions:

 It is very easy to use unformatted input output function, but in unformatted we can only read and display
characters not integer or floating values.
 unformatted input function are getch(),getchar(),getche(),gets() and unformatted output function is
putch(),putchar(),puts().

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 Unformatted I/O functions

Unformatted Input Unformatted Output

Functions Functions

getchar() putchar()

getch() putch()

getche() puts()

gets()

a. getchar():
 getchar() is a Unformatted input function which is used to input a character from keyboard at run time and
only 1 character can be entered at a time.
 In getchar() we can not use any format specifiers.
 getchar() is only used for taking characters.

Syntax:
Variable=getchar();

Example:
char ch;
ch=getchar();

b. putchar():
 putchar() is a Unformatted output function which is used to display a character on output screen.

Syntax:
putchar(variable/value);

Example 1:
char ch=’A’;
putchar(ch);

Example 2:
char ch;
ch=getchar();
putchar(ch);

Example 3:
putchar(‘a’);
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Program for getchar() and putchar():

c. getch(),getche():
 The functions getch() and getche() are used to read a character from the keyboard similar to getchar().
 While using getchar() a return key pressed terminates the reading of a character. In case of getch() and
getche() it is not required. Just a character entered itself terminates reading.
 When getch() is used the character entered is not displayed or echoed on the screen
 whereas when getche() is used the character entered is echoed or displayed on the screen.
The syntax of both the functions is as follows :

ch = getch(); /* typed character will not be displayed on screen */

ch = getche(); /* typed character will be displayed on the screen */

 These functions read a character from the keyboard and copy it into memory area which is identified by
the variable ch.
 No arguments are required for these functions. These functions do not wait for the user to press “Enter or
Return” key.

Note: The typed character will not be displayed on the screen if we use getch() function. The typed character
will be echoed (displayed) on the screen if we use getche() function.

d. putch():
 putch() is a Unformatted output function
 This function displays a character stored in the memory using a variable on the monitor. The variable
should be passed as parameter to the function.
Syntax:
putch(character/variable);

Example 1:
char ch=’A’;
putch(ch);

Example 2:
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 char ch;
ch=getche();
putchar(ch);

Example 3:
putch(‘d’);

Program for getche() and putch().

Program for getch() and putch().

e. gets() :
gets() is used to read a set of characters(string) from the keyboard .
Example:
char str[10];
gets(str); /* reads a set of characters into memory area str */
f. puts():
puts() function is used to display string on output screen

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 Example 1:
char s1[10]=”sahyog”;
puts(s1);

Example 2:
char s1[10];
gets(s1);
puts(s1);

Example 3:
puts(“good morning”);

Program for gets() and puts().

Formatted Input/ Output Functions:

 It is very easy to use unformatted input output function, but in unformatted we can only read and display
characters not integer or floating values.
 But, using formatted I/O functions, we can read integers, floating point numbers and characters.
 Formatted input function is scanf() and formatted output function is printf().

Formatted I/O Functions

Formatted Input Formatted Output

Function Function

scanf () printf()

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scanf():
 scanf() is formatted input function which is defined in stdio.h header file.
 This function scanf( ) is used to read the data of any type such as int, char, float, double and even series of
characters (called string) from the keyboard.
 The function returns an integer value. This integer value is the number of items that have been read
successfully using the keyboard. But, we rarely use this return value in our programs.
Syntax for scanf():
scanf(“format specifiers”, &variable_name);
Where,
 Format specifiers can be %d,%c,%f etc.
 &variable_name represent the variables. Here, the symbol ‘& ’ refers to the address of a variable. In the
memory locations identified by these addresses, the respective values are stored.
Example:
int a;
float b;
scanf(“%d”,&a);
scanf(“%f”,&b);

The following table shows the way the user has to enter the values from the keyboard:
Input statement What has to entered How to enter
scanf ("%d%d%d",& a,& b,& c); 3 integer values 1 2 3 123
Here, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3

scanf ("%d,%d,%d",& a,& b,& 3 integer values 1 2 3 1,2,3

c); values Here, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3

scanf ("'%f",& a); 1 floating point value 35.14

Here, a = 35.14
scanf ("%c",& a); 1 character value n
Here, a = n
scanf ("%d/%d/%d",& a,& b,& 3 integer values separated 8/8/2008
c); by / symbol Here, a = 8, b = 8, c = 2008
scanf ("%d-%d-%d",& a,& b,& 3 integer values separated 8-8-2008
c); by - symbol Here, a = 8, b = 8, c = 2008

NOTE : Do not use any back slash characters such as \t,\n etc., in scanf().

For example : consider the statement :

scanf("%d\t", & a);
In the above statement, remove '\t'. Otherwise, you will get wrong output.

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Some more ways of reading data/input using scanf() function:
12 3
Here a=1, b=2 ,c=3
222 333 444
Here a=222, b=333 ,c=444
123456789
Here,a=123,b=456,c=789

scanf(%3d%3d%3d”,&a,&b,&c) 3 integer value 1234567892415

Here,a=123,b=456,c=789
Remaining 4 digits 2415 will be ignored.

2468 54321
Here a=246, b=8,c=543
And remaining degits 2 1 will be ignored.
(Space Matters)
scanf(“%4s”,&str); 1 string Sahyog
Here, str=sahy
og will be ignored.

Note: To read string with spaces use gets() function

Program to get the total no. of inputs taken using scanf().
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b;
printf("%d",scanf("%d%d",&a,&b));
return 0;
}
Output:
2
OR
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n1,n2;
int a=scanf("%d %d",&n1,&n2);
printf("a=%d",a);
return 0;
}

printf():
 The data stored in the memory area can be displayed on monitor or output device using the printf()
function.
 The user can display integer values,floating-points,characters and strings using printf() function.
 printf() returns the total no. of digits or characters displayed on output screen.

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Syntax 1:
printf(“Format specifiers”, variable_names);
Syntax 2:
printf(“message to display”);
Program to display the total no. of characters displayed using printf().
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("%d",printf("hello how are you?"));
return 0;
}
Output:
hello how are you?
18
OR
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = printf ("GOOD MORNING");
printf(" %d", a);
return 0;
}
Output:
GOOD MORNING 12

Explanation: printf() prints the good morning first and then returns the number of characters it has printed and
that no is stored in variable ‘a’ that is why its output is GOOD MORNING 12, 12 is returned by printf()
function.

The following table shows the given values, for the statement to be executed and output obtained on the
screen.
Input values Output statement to be executed Output obtained
a=1,b=2,c=3 printf(“a=%d,b=%d,c=%d”, a, b, c); a=1,b=2,c=3
a=1,b=2,c=3 printf(“a=%d\tb=%d\tc=%d”,a,b,c); a=1 b=2 c=3
a=1,b=2,c=3 printf(“a=%d\nb=%d\nc=%d”,a,b,c); a=1
b=2
c=3
printf("\"Hello\""); “Hello”
printf("Hello"); Hello
Printf(“New\tDelhi”); New Delhi
Field Width Specification for Integer:
The printf() function uses the field width to know the total number of spaces used on the screen while printing
the value.
The specification is provided by means of a format string like “%wk” where,
 w indicates total number of spaces required to print the value(width specifier).
 k is the format specifier i.e. %d,%c etc.
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 Input Output statement to be executed Output Obtained
Values
n=208 printf(“%5d”,n); 2 0 8
Note: Right Justification printing because of positive
value.
n=208 printf(“%-6d”,n); 2 0 8
Note: Left Justification printing because of negative
value.
n=208 printf(“%2d”,n); 2 0 8
Note: if the space specified is less than the actual
requirement then the width specifier is ignored.

Field Width Specification for Float:

The real numbers (floating point numbers) can be displayed using printf() statement with format specification.
Syntax:
“w.xf”
Where,
 w indicates total numbers of spaces required to print the values.
 x is the numbers of digits displayed after the decimal point.
 f is the format specifier for floating points.
Input Values Statement to be executed output
n=13.243 Printf(“%7.2f”,n); 1 3 . 2 4
Note: Right justification printing
n=13.243 Printf(“%-7.2f”,n); 1 3 . 2 4
Note: Left justification printing
n=13.243 Printf(“%3.2f”,n); 1 3 . 2 4
Note: Field width ignored
n=13.243 Printf(“%1.1f”,n); 1 3 . 2
Note: Field width ignored
n=13.243 Printf(“%2.0f”,n); 1 3
Note: Field width ignored

Field Width Specification for string:

Strings can also be displayed using printf() function.
Syntax:
“%w.xs” where,
 w indicates the total spaces required to display the string.
 x indicates the total no. of characters to display.
 s is the format specifier for string.

Input Values Statement to be output

executed
n=”programming in printf(“%s”,n); p r o g r a m m i n g i n c
c” Note: Space also
takes space

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 n=”programming in printf(“%15.10s”,n) p r o g r a m m i n
c” Note: Right
Justification
n=”programming in printf(“%-15.10s”,n) p r o g r a m m i n
c” Note: Left
Justification
Mathematical Functions:
 The C language provides number of library functions that carry out operations such as square root
,sin,cosine,tan,abs etc.These functions which are part of c mathematical library are called mathematical
library functions.
 The definition for each mathematical function are available in “math.h” header file.Therefore anyone who
uses these functions should include “math.h” in the beginning of the program.
Few mathematical functions are given below:
Functions Syntax Use
 abs()  abs(integer_value/variable)  Returns absolute value of integer
number.
 fabs  fabs(float_value/variable)  Returns absolute value of floating
number.
 sqrt()  sqrt(integer_value/variable)  returns square root of a number
 pow()  pow(base,exponent)  Returns power of a given number.
 round()  round(float_value/variable)  it returns the nearest integer value of
float type.
 trunc()  trunc(float_value/variable)  it truncates the decimal value from
floating point and returns integer
value.
Programs for Mathematical Functions:
1. abs() & fabs():
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int n=-12,m=11,r1,r2;
float p=-10.432,q=12.43,p1,p2;
r1=abs(n);
printf("Absolute of %d is %d",n,r1);
r2=abs(m);
printf("\nAbsolute of %d is %d",m,r2);
p1=fabs(p);
printf("\nAbsolute of %f is %f",p,p1);
p2=fabs(q);
printf("\nAbsolute of %f is %f",q,p2);
return 0;}
Output:
Absolute of -12 is 12
Absolute of 11 is 11
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Absolute of -10.432000 is 10.432000
Absolute of 12.430000 is 12.430000

2. sqrt and pow()

int main()
{
int a=2,b=4,c=8,s,p;
s=sqrt(c);
printf("square root of %d is %d",c,s);
p=pow(a,b);//pow(2,4)
printf("\npower=%d",p);
return 0;
}
Output:
Square root of 8 is 2
power=16

3. round() and trunc()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float a=12.564,b=32.213,r1,r2,t;
r1=round(a);
printf("round of %f is %f",a,r1);
r2=round(b);
printf("\nround of %f is %f",b,r2);
t=trunc(a);
printf("\n%f after trunc is %f",a,t);
return 0;
}
Output:
round of 12.564000 is 13.000000
round of 32.213001 is 32.000000
12.564000 after trunc is 12.000000

Additional Programs:
1. WAP to add 2 numbers(take input from user)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2,add;
printf("Enter 1st number:\n");
scanf("%d",&num1);//5
printf("Enter 2nd number:\n");
scanf("%d",&num2);//10
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 add=num1+num2;
printf("----------------------\n");
printf("%d + %d = %d",num1,num2,add);
printf("\n----------------------\n");
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 1st number:
12
Enter 2nd number:
10
----------------------
12 + 10 = 22
----------------------
2. WAP to check smallest no between 2 nos. using conditional operator(take input from user)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2,small;
printf("Enter 1st number:\n");
scanf("%d",&num1);//5
printf("Enter 2nd number:\n");
scanf("%d",&num2);//10

num1<num2 ? printf("%d is the smallest no",num1) : printf("%d is the smallest no",num2);

return 0;
}
output:
Enter 1st number:
23
Enter 2nd number:
56
23 is the smallest no

3. WAP to convert rupees into paise. (take input from user).

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int rs,paise;
printf("Enter rupees:\n");
scanf("%d",&rs);//3
paise=rs*100;
printf("%d RS=%d paise",rs,paise);
return 0;
}
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 Output:
Enter rupees:
5
5 RS=500 paise

Task
 WAP to convert inch to cm. (take input from user) (1 inch=2.54 cm)
 WAP to find out sqrt of a number using sqrt() function(take input from user)
 WAP to find out square and cube of a number.(take input from user)

Branching Statements:
In sequential control all the statements are executed in the order specified in the program one after the other
however computer can skip execution of some statements. This skipping facility is provided by the
instructions called skip instructions. These skip instructions are also called branching statements. Thus, the
statements that alter the sequence of execution of the program are called branching statements.

Branching Statements

Conditional Branching Statement Unconditional Branching Statements

Simple if /if goto
If-else break
Nested-if continue
else-if ladder
switch
Conditional Statements:
All the statements are executed one after the other, however computer can skip the execution of some
statements based on some conditions. These statements that alter the sequence of execution of the program
based on some condition are called conditional branching statements or selection statements or decision
statements.
For Eg: if,if-else,else-if ladder and switch statements.

1. Simple if / if statements
The simple if or if statement is a simple decision statement.When a set of statement have to be executed or
skipped when the condition is true or false,then if statement is used.
Syntax of if:
if(condition/expression)
{
Statement-1;
Statement-2;
: Execute if condition is true
:
Statement-n;
}
Working of if statement:
The if statement evaluates the expression/condition inside the parenthesis ().
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  If the expression/condition is evaluated to true, statements inside the body of if are executed.
 If the expression/condition is evaluated to false, statements inside the body of if are not executed.

Note: If the body of an if...else statement has only one statement, you do not need to use brackets {} but if more
than 1 statement is associated with if then {} is required.
Example:
if (condition)
statement 1;
In this example, only statement 1 is associated with the if statement. so {} is not mandatory.
Program to display a message if user enters less than 10.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n; Output 1: Output 2:
printf(“Enter a number:\n”); Enter a number: Enter a number:
scanf(“%d”,&n); 4 13
if(n<10) Value is less than 10
{
printf(“value is less than 10”);
}
return 0;
}
Flowchart for above program Algorithm for above program

Start
step 1: start
step 2: Declare variable:n
Declare a variable: n step 3: display:”Enter a number”
step 4: read: n
Display: “Enter a
Display: step 5: if(n<10)
number”
display:”value is less than 10”
step 6: stop
Read: n

Yes
if (n<10)

Display:”value is Stop
less than 10”
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Program to check for positive number.
#include<stdio.h>
int main() Output 1: Output 2:
{ Enter a number: Enter a number:
int n; 20 -10
printf(“Enter a number\n”); 20 is a positive number
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if ( n>0)
{
printf(“%d is a positive number”);
}
return 0;
}

Flowchart for above program Algorithm for above program

step 1: start
Start
step 2: Declare variable:n
step 3: Display:”Enter a number”
Declare a variable: n
step 4: Read: n
step 5: if(n>0)
Display: “Enter a
Display:
number” Display:”positive number”
step 6: stop

Read: n

Yes
if (n>0)

Display:”positive
number”
Stop

2.if-else statement
 It is a two way decision statement which executes one statement (or block of statements) or another
statement (or block of statements).
 one of these two is done when condition is true and the other one when the condition is false for this
purpose if-else statement is used.
 For true part if takes care and for the false part else takes care.

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 Syntax for if-else:
if(condition)
{
Statement-1;
Statement-2;
: Execute if condition is true
:
Statement-n;
}
else
{
Statement-1;
: Execute if condition is false
Statement-n;
}

Working of if-else statement

If the expression is evaluated to true,
 statements inside the body of if are executed.
 statements inside the body of else are skipped from execution.
If the test expression is evaluated to false,
 statements inside the body of else are executed
 statements inside the body of if are skipped from execution.
Program to check smallest no between 2 numbers using if-else
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ Output 1: Output 2:
int a,b; Enter 2 numbers Enter 2 numbers
printf(“Enter 2 numbers\n”); 12 34
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); 24 87
if(a<b)
12 is the smallest number 34 is the smallest number
{
printf(“%d is the smallest number”,a);
} Enter 2 numbers
else 12
{ 24
printf(“%d is the smallest number”,b); 12 is the smallest number
}
return 0;
}

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Algorithm for above program Flowchart

step 1: start start

step 2: Declare variables:a,b
step: Display:”Enter 2 numbers”
step 4: Read: a,b Declare variables:a,b
step 5: if(a>b)
Display:”a is smallest number” Display: “Enter 2 numbers”
else
Display:”a is smallest number” Read: a,b
step 6: stop

Yes No
if(a<b))

Display: ”b is
Display: ”a is
smallest no”
smallest no”
numbers”

Stop

Program to check whether given no is even or odd.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ Output 1: Output 2:
int num;
Enter 2 numbers Enter 2 numbers
printf(“Enter number:\n”);
12 13
scanf(“%d”,&num);
Number is Even Number id odd
if(num%2==0)
{
printf(“Number is Even”);
}
else
{
printf(“Number is odd”);
}
return 0;
}

Program to check whether year is leap year or not.

What is a leap year?
Definition: A year which satisfies one of the following two cases:
 It is divisible by 4 and should not be divisibly by 100
 Divisible by 400
If one of the conditions is true, it is a leap year. But, if both conditions are false, the year is not leap year.

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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter the year");
scanf("%d",&year);
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
printf("%d is a leap year",year);
else
printf("%d is not a leap year",year);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the year
2020
2020 is a leap year

Task:
 Prepare Flowchart and Algorithm for above program.
 Write a C program to check whether a number is divisible by 5 and 11 or not using if else.
 Write a C program to check whether a character is alphabet or not.
 Write a C program to input any alphabet and check whether it is vowel or consonant.
 Write a C program to input any character and check whether it is alphabet, digit or special character.
 Write a C program to check whether a character is uppercase or lowercase alphabet.
 Write a C program to input all sides of a triangle and check whether triangle is valid or not.

Note:
 We can directly put any integer number or zero 0 at condition place.
 Integer number indicates than condition is true and zero indicates that the condition is false.

Program 1:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
if(1)
printf("hi");
else
printf("hello");
return 0;
}

Output:
hi

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Explanation for above program:
 if(1) indicates that condition is true so here the statements inside the if block will execute and else block
will get skipped.

program 2:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
if(0)
printf("hi");
else
printf("hello");
return 0;
}

Output:
hello

Explanation for above program:

 if(0) indicates that the condition is false so here the statements inside the else block will execute and if
block will get skipped.

program 3:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
if(4)
printf("hi");
else
printf("hello");
return 0;
}

Output:
hi

Explanation for above program:

 if(4) indicates that condition is true so here the statements inside the if block will execute and else block
will get skipped.

3.else-if ladder
 The if...else statement executes two different codes depending upon whether the test expression is true or
false. Sometimes, a choice has to be made from more than 2 possibilities.
 The if...else ladder allows you to check between multiple test expressions and execute different statements.
 else-if ladder helps user decide from among multiple options. The statements are executed from the top
down.

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syntax for else-if ladder
if(condition)
{
statements;
}
else if(condition)
{
statements;
}
else if(condition)
{
statement;
}
else
{
statements;
}

Program to stimulate calculator using else if ladder: OUTPUT

#include<stdio.h> Enter 1 for Addition
int main() Enter 2 for Subtraction
{ Enter 3 for Multiplication
int a,b,c,ch; Enter 4 for Division
printf("Enter 1 for addition\nEnter 2 for subtraction\n"); ===================
printf("Enter 3 for Multiplication\nEnter 4 for division");
Enter Your Choice:
printf("\n===================\n");
3
printf("Enter Your Choice:");
Enter 2 numbers
scanf("%d",&ch);
12
if(ch==1)
{ 5
printf("Enter 2 numbers\n"); 12*5=60
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
printf("%d+%d=%d",a,b,c);
}

else if(ch==2)
{
printf("Enter 2 numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a-b;
printf("%d-%d=%d",a,b,c);
}
else if(ch==3)
{
printf("Enter 2 numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

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 c=a*b;
printf("%d*%d=%d",a,b,c);
}
else if(ch==4)
{
printf("Enter 2 numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a/b;
printf("%d/%d=%d",a,b,c);
}
else
{
printf("Invalid Choice");
}
return 0;
}

Additional Programs:

Program to find out smallest no between 3 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ OUTPUT
int n1,n2,n3; Enter 3 numbers:
printf("Enter 3 numbers:\n"); 23
scanf("%d%d%d",&n1,&n2,&n3); 11
65
if(n1<n2 && n1<n3)
{ 11 is the smallest number
printf("%d is the smallest number\n",n1);
}
else if(n2<n1 && n2<n3)
{
printf("%d is the smallest number\n",n2);
}
else if(n3<n1 && n3<n2)
{
printf("%d is the smallest number\n",n3);
}
else
{
printf("All are equal");
}
return 0;
}

Program to check whether entered number is positive, negative or zero using else if ladder.
#include<stdio.h>
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 #include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter a Number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a > 0)
{
printf("%d is Positive number",a);
}
else if(a == 0)
{
printf("Entered Number is Zero");
}
else if(a < 0)
{
printf("%d is Negative number",a);
}
return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter a Number: -9
-9 is Negative number
Output 2:
Enter a Number: 11
11 is Positive number

4.Nested-if:
 Nested if statements means an if statement inside another if statement and It is possible to include
an if...else statement inside the body of another if...else statement.
 When a series of decision is required, nested if-else is used. in nested if, conditions are checked in series
that in sequence and here condition checking is depend on each other i.e. if first condition is true then only
second condition will get checked otherwise not.
syntax:
if(condition1)
{
if(condition2)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}
}
else
{
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 statements;
}

Program to check whether candidate is eligible for the interview or not using nested-if
conditions: 1. if candidate has scored more than 60 in ssc then only he/she will be eligible for second round
2. if candidate has scored more than 80 in C then he/she will be selected for the interview else not.
Note: if ssc marks is not more than 60 then second condition should not be checked, directly candidate will be
out of the interview.

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int ssc,c;
printf("Enter ssc score:\n");
scanf("%d",&ssc);
printf("Enter c score:\n");
scanf("%d",&c);
if(ssc>60)
{
if(c>80)
{
printf("Congratulations!!! you are selected");
}
else
{
printf("Sorry!!!Try to score more in C");
}
}
else
{
printf("sorry!! try to score more in ssc");
}
return 0;
}
Output 1 Output 2 Output 3

Enter ssc score: Enter ssc score: Enter ssc score:

34 90 98
Enter c score: Enter c score: Enter c score:
90 60 87
Important Points:
sorry!! try to score more in ssc Sorry!!!Try to score more in C Congratulations!!! you are selected

1.else and else..if are optional statements, a program having only “if” statement would run fine.
2. else and else..if cannot be used without the “if”.
3. There can be any number of else..if statement in an if else..if block.
4. If none of the conditions are met then the statements in else block gets executed.
5. Just like relational operators, we can also use logical operators such as AND (&&), OR(||) and NOT(!).
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5. switch():
 The switch statement allows us to execute one code block among many alternatives.
 You can do the same thing with the if...else..if ladder. However, the syntax of the switch statement is much
easier to read and write.
 Switch statement in C checks the value of a variable and compares it with multiple cases. Once the case
match is found, a block of statements associated with that particular case is executed.
 Each case in a block of a switch has a different name/number which is referred to as an identifier. The
value provided by the user is compared with all the cases inside the switch block until the match is found.
 If a case match is NOT found, then the default statement is executed, and the control goes out of the switch
block.
syntax:
switch( expression )
{
case value-1:
statements;
break;
case value-2:
statements;
break;
case value-n:
statements;
break;
default: statements;
break;
}
Note:
 The expression can be integer or a character only, floating points and strings are not allowed in switch
expression.
 Duplicate case values are not allowed.
 The case value must be an integer or character constant
How does the switch statement work?
 The expression is evaluated once and compared with the values of each case label.
 If there is a match, the corresponding statements after the matching label are executed. For example, if the
value of the expression is equal to value-2, statements after case value-2 are executed until break is
encountered.
 If there is no match, the default statements are executed.
 If we do not use break, all statements after the matching label are executed until a break is reached.
 By the way, the default clause inside the switch statement is optional.

Program to stimulate a calculator using switch:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char op;
int n1, n2;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /):\n ");
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 scanf("%c", &op);

switch(op)
{
case '+':
printf("Enter two operands:\n ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
printf("%d + %d = %d",n1, n2, n1+n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
break;

case '-':
printf("Enter two operands:\n ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
printf("%d - %d = %d",n1, n2, n1-n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
break;

case '*':
printf("Enter two operands:\n ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
printf("%d * %d = %d",n1, n2, n1*n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
break;

case '/':
printf("Enter two operands:\n ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
printf("%d / %d = %d",n1, n2, n1/n2);
printf("\n=============================\n");
break;

default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /):
-
Enter two operands:
12
3
=============================
12 - 3 = 9
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Program to execute more than 1 case at a time.
 We can also execute multiple cases based on a single value given by the user.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter value\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
printf("User entered 1,2 or 3");
break;
case 4:
case 5:
case 6:
printf("User entered 4,5 or 6");
break;
default:
printf("User entered more than 6 or some other value");
}
return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter value
3
User entered 1, 2 or 3

Output 2:
Enter value
8
User entered more than 6 or some other value

Additional Programs:
C program to read weekday number and print weekday name using switch.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int wDay;

printf("Enter weekday number (1-7):\n ");

scanf("%d",&wDay);

switch(wDay)
{
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 case 1:
printf("Sunday");
break;
case 2:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 3:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
case 4:
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Friday");
break;
case 7:
printf("Saturday");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid weekday number.");
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter weekday number (1-7):
3
Tuesday
C program to check whether a character is VOWEL or CONSONANT using switch.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&ch);
if((ch>='A' && ch<='Z') || (ch>='a' && ch<='z')) //condition to check character is alphabet or not
{
switch(ch)
{
case 'A':
case 'E':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'U':
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
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 case 'o':
case 'u':
printf("%c is a VOWEL.\n",ch);
break;
default:
printf("%c is a CONSONANT.\n",ch);
}
}
else
{
printf("%c is not an alphabet.\n",ch);
}
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter a character: U
U is a VOWEL.

C program to check whether number is EVEN or ODD using switch.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter a positive integer number: ");
scanf("%d",&number);

switch(number%2) //this will return either 0 or 1

{
case 0:
printf("%d is an EVEN number.\n",number);
break;
case 1:
printf("%d is an ODD number.\n",number);
break;
}
return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter a number:
3
3 is an ODD number.

Output 2:
Enter a number:
12
12 is an EVEN number.

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Valid and invalid switch expression.

Expression Valid Invalid Reason for Invalidity

switch(12) valid - -
switch(2.3) - Invalid Floating points can’t be used as switch
expression
- Invalid String can’t be used as switch expression
switch(“name”)
switch(a%2) valid
switch(1+2) Valid
switch(‘c’) Valid

TASK:
 C program to find number of days in a month using switch case.
 C program to read gender (M/F) and print corresponding gender using switch.

Type Casting and Conversion in C:

 In a programming language, the expression contains data values of the same datatype or different data types.
 When the expression contains similar datatype values then it is evaluated without any problem. But if the
expression contains two or more different datatype values then they must be converted to the single datatype
of destination datatype.
 Here, the destination is the location where the final result of that expression is stored. For example, the
multiplication of an integer data value with the float data value and storing the result into a float variable. In
this case, the integer value must be converted to float value so that the final result is a float datatype value.
In c programming language, the data conversion is performed in two different methods as follows.

1. Type Conversion
2. Type Casting

 The type conversion is the process of converting a data value from one data type to another data type
automatically by the compiler. Sometimes type conversion is also called implicit type conversion.
 The implicit type conversion is automatically performed by the compiler.
For example, in c programming language, when we assign an integer value to a float variable the integer
value automatically gets converted to float value by adding decimal value 0. And when a float value is
assigned to an integer variable the float value automatically gets converted to an integer value by removing
the decimal value. To understand more about type conversion observe the following.
int i=10;
float x=15.5;
char ch=’A’;

i = x ; ===> x value 15.5 is converted as 15 and assigned to variable i

x = i ; ===> Here i value 10 is converted as 10.000000 and assigned to variable x

i = ch ; ===> Here the ASCII value of A (65) is assigned to i

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Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 95 ;
float x = 90.99 ;
char ch = 'A' ;

i=x;
printf("i value is %d\n",i);
x=i;
printf("x value is %f\n",x);
i = ch ;
printf("i value is %d\n",i);
}

Output:

 In the above program, we assign i = x, i.e., float variable value is assigned to the integer variable. Here, the
compiler automatically converts the float value (90.99) into integer value (90) by removing the decimal
part of the float value (90.99) and then it is assigned to variable i. Similarly, when we assign x = i, the
integer value (90) gets converted to float value (90.000000) by adding zero as the decimal part.
3. Typecasting is also called an explicit type conversion. Compiler converts data from one data type to
another data type implicitly. When compiler converts implicitly, there may be a data loss. In such a case,
we convert the data from one data type to another data type using explicit type conversion. To perform this
we use the unary cast operator. To convert data from one type to another type we specify the target data
type in parenthesis as a prefix to the data value that has to be converted. The general syntax of typecasting
is as follows.
(TargetDataType) DataValue;

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int totalMarks = 450, maxMarks = 600 ;
float avg;
avg = totalMarks / maxMarks * 100 ;
printf("Average without cast=%f",avg);
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 avg = (float) totalMarks / maxMarks * 100 ;
printf("\nAverage with cast=%f",avg);
return 0;
}

Output:
Average without cast=0.000000
Average with cast=75.000000

***

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