Chapter- 2

IDE and Introduction to C

IDE:
● IDE Stands for “Integrated Development Environment”.
● IDE provides a window where all the c programs are written, compiled and linked to execute the program.
● As all these 3 processes are provided by a single environment i.e. IDE.
● Turbo C, Dev C++, Code Blocks etc. are the IDE’s and all these IDE’s are easily available on internet.
● We can download any of them for writing the c program.
Options available in IDE and its use:
1. New Option:
● When we click on new option then a new window appears where we write the program.
2. Save & Save as:
● After writing the program we need to save them with proper extension.
3. Compile Option:
● In compile option compiler converts program into machine code (object code).
● If there is any mistake in the program then also compiler throws the error.
4. Run Option:
● Run option is used to execute the program. If there is no error in the program the after clicking on run
option we will get the output.
5. Debug option:
● When a program does not run correctly, IDEs provide debugging tools that allow programmers to
examine different variables and inspect their code in a deliberate way.
● Value of a variable can be seen using debug option while the program is under execution.
Introduction to C language:
● C is a procedural programming language that is extremely popular, simple and flexible. It was initially
developed by “Dennis Ritchie” in the year 1972 at AT&T Bell Laboratories.
● It was mainly developed as a system programming language to write an operating system “UNIX”.
● C is a base for the programming. If you know 'C,' you can easily grasp the knowledge of the any other
programming Language.
● Some examples of the use of C:
a) Operating Systems
b) Language Compilers
c) Assemblers
d) Text Editors and Data Bases

History of C Language/Standards of C Language:

● The base or father of programming languages is 'ALGOL' (Algorithmic Language). It was first introduced
in 1960.
● In 1967, a new computer programming language was announced called as 'BCPL' which stands for Basic
Combined Programming Language. BCPL was designed and developed by Martin Richards.
● In 1970 a new programming language called 'B' was introduced by Ken Thompson that contained multiple
features of 'BCPL'.

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 ● In 1972, a great computer scientist Dennis Ritchie created a new programming language called 'C' at the
Bell Laboratories. It was created from 'ALGOL', 'BCPL' and 'B' programming languages. 'C' programming
language contains all the features of these languages and many more additional concepts that make it unique
from other languages.
● American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defined a commercial standard for 'C' language in 1989.
Later, it was approved by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1990. 'C' programming language
is also called as 'ANSI C'.

C Library Functions/built-in /pre-defined:

● C Standard library functions or simply C Library functions are inbuilt functions in C programming.
● The prototype i.e. function declaration of these functions are present in their respective header files. To use
these functions we need to include the header file in our program.
● Function definitions of these functions are present in library file.
● Extension of header file is .h and library file is .lib
● Various built in function are printf( ), scanf(),getch(),getche(),getchar(),puts(),gets(),sqrt(),pow(),abs(),
strcat(),strlwr(),strupr(),strrev(),strlen(),sleep(),system(),malloc(),exit(0) etc.
● And all the above built in functions are defined in some header files and in order to use any function we
need to include the respective header file in our program.
Header File Functions
stdio.h printf() , scanf(),puts(),gets() etc.
string.h strcat(),strlwr(),strupr(),strrev(),strlen() etc.

math.h sqrt(),pow(),abs(),round() etc.

ctype.h isdigit(),islower(),isupper() etc.

How to Use Library Functions:

● #include is a way of including files in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C
● The #include is a preprocessor directive and it is used to paste code of given file into current file.
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 ● The C Preprocessor is not a part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the compilation process. In
simple terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool and it instructs the compiler to do required
pre-processing before the actual compilation.
● All preprocessor commands begin with a hash symbol (#).
Syntax to use header file:
#include <file_name.h>
Example:
#include <stdio.h>

Structure of c program:
#include<header file>
int main() //main function
{
Statements-1;
Statements-2;
return 0;
}

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#include<header file>
● As we know that before using any variable we declare it first in our program and then only we use that
variable.
● Similarly, before using any predefined function, we will have to declare that function first in our program
and as we know declaration i.e. prototype of the functions are defined in the header file only.so when we
write the line #include<header file> then all the function which is declared in respective header file are
copied into our program and then we use those functions.
● For eg. stdio.h contains declaration of printf(),scanf() etc. so when we write #include<stdio.h> then
declaration of printf(),scanf() etc. are copied into the program at the beginning. Then we use these function
efficiently.

int main()
● main() function is mandatory function to write in any program.
● Execution of any program start from the main function only.
● It is the entry point for a program. Compiler starts the execution from main function only.
● int is the return type of main function that means main function will return an integer value at the end of
the program.

{ }
● { } curly brackets defines scope of a block.
● All the program should be written inside the curly brackets “{ }” only.

return 0;
● return 0; statement causes the termination of main function.
● 0 value indicates successful execution of the program.
● statement written after return 0; never get executed.

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Program to display a message on output screen using c language:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“ Good Morning”);
return 0;
}

Output:
Good Morning

Flow of Execution of a program

1. C program (source code) is sent to preprocessor first. The preprocessor is responsible to convert
preprocessor directives into their respective values. The preprocessor generates an expanded source code.
2. Expanded source code is sent to compiler which compiles the code and converts it into object code i.e.
machine code.

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3. The object code is sent to linker which links it to the library such as header files. Then it is converted into
executable code. A simple.exe file is generated. For Eg. if we have use printf() function,then definition of
printf() is present in library file, so linker will link the calling function with its definition.
4. The executable code is sent to loader which loads it into memory and then it is executed. After execution,
output is sent to console.

Steps to learn English language Steps to learn C Language

Alphabets Character set

Eg: Letters from A to Z, a to z
Digits from 0 to 9
Symbols such as +, –, *, <, >, etc.
Words Tokens
Keywords: do, while, for, if, int, float,
etc. Variables: sum, area, first, marks,
name, etc. Constants: 10, 10.5, –5.9,
‘a’, “MCU”, etc.
Sentences Statements /Instructions
si = p * t * r / 100;
Total=A + B + C
Set of Sentence/Paragraph Program
#include<stdio.h>
int main
{
int si, p = 1000, t = 2, r = 5;
si = p*t*r/100;
printf(“simple interest = %d”,si);
return 0;
}

Tokens:
● Tokens in C is the most important element to be used in creating a program in C.
● We can define the token as the smallest individual element in C. For `example, we cannot create a
sentence without using words; similarly, we cannot create a program in C without using tokens in C.
● Therefore, we can say that tokens in C is the building block or the basic component for creating a program
in C language.

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The tokens in C language are broadly classified as shown below:
Keywords
Identifiers
Tokens Constants
Operators
Special Symbols
1. Keywords:
● The words that have pre-defined meaning for C compiler are called keywords. Since they are reserved for
specific purpose in C language, they are also called reserved words.
● The keywords have some specific purpose in C language and hence cannot be used as user defined names
like variable names or function names. The different keywords of C language are shown below.

Keywords
auto break case char const continue default
do double else enum extern float for

goto if int long register return short

signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union

unsigned void volatile while

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2. Identifiers:
● C identifiers represent the name in the C program, for example, variables, functions, arrays, structures,
unions, labels, etc.
● An identifier can be composed of letters such as uppercase, lowercase letters, underscore, digits, but the
starting letter should be either an alphabet or an underscore.
● Identifier is a synonym for name.
Rules for constructing C identifiers
● The first character of an identifier should be either an alphabet or an underscore “ _“, and then it can be
followed by any of the character, digit, or underscore.
● It should not begin with any numerical digit.
● In identifiers, both uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. Therefore, we can say that identifiers are
case sensitive.
● Commas or blank spaces cannot be used within an identifier.
● Keywords cannot be represented as an identifier.
● The length of the identifiers is not fixed.
● Identifiers should be written in such a way that it is meaningful, short, and easy to read.

Identifiers valid/Invalid Invalidity Reason

abc valid
12a invalid Cannot start with digit
a12 valid
_12 valid
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 first valid
First_1 valid
if invalid It is keyword
__ valid Underscore is allowed
int invalid It is a keyword
Sum-of-digit invalid Hyphen(-) is not allowed
First second invalid Space is not allowed
int1 valid
@abc Invalid Special symbol not allowed

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3. Constants:
A constant is a data item which will not be changed during the execution of a program.

1. Integer constant:
An integer constant is a whole number without any decimal point.
E.g.: 10, 20,-10, 1000 etc.

2. Floating point constant:

A Floating point constant is a number with decimal point.
e.g.: 10.2, 123.34, 1.3 etc.

3. Character constants:
A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit or a single special symbol enclosed within single
quotes.
E.g.: ‘a’,’Z’,’B’,’+’,’@’ etc.
Escape sequence characters:
● An escape sequence character begins with a ‘\’ and is followed by one character.
● A backslash along with one character gives rise to special print effect by changing (escaping) the meaning
of the character. Since an escape sequence character starts with backslash, they are also called backslash
constants.

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The commonly used escape sequences characters are shown below:
Character Escape sequence Use
character
New Line \n Cursor moves to the next line.
Horizontal tab \t Cursor moves towards right by 8 positions.

Bell \a Beep sound.

Slash \\ To display slash
Double quotes \” To display double quote

Note: The backslash characters such as ‘\a’, ‘\n’, ‘\t’, etc. are non-printable characters.

String constant:
A sequence of characters (i.e. collection of characters) enclosed within a pair of double quotes is called a
string constant.
e.g.: “sahyog”,”hello”,”morning” etc.
Variables:
● When we want to store any information (data) on our computer/laptop, we store it in the computer's
memory space. Instead of remembering the complex address of that memory space where we have stored
our data, our operating system provides us with an option to create folders, name them, so that it becomes
easier for us to find it and access it.
● Similarly, in C language, when we want to use some data value in our program, we can store it in a
memory space.
● A variable is a name of the memory location. It is used to store data. Its value can be changed.
● A variable in C language must be given a type, which defines what type of data the variable will hold.

Rules for defining variables:

● A variable can have alphabets, digits, and underscore.
● A variable name can start with the alphabet, and underscore only. It can't start with a digit.
● No whitespace is allowed within the variable name.
● A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc.

Syntax to declare a variable:

Data_type Variable_name;
Example:
int n1;
float num;
char ch;
Data type:
● Data types specify the type of data. Data type determines the type of data a variable will hold.
● C language has some predefined set of data types to handle various kinds of data that we can use in our
program. These data types have different storage capacities.

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Type of data types:
1. Primitive data type (Built-in)
2. Non-primitive data type(user defined data type)
3. Derived data type

Data types

Primitive Non-Primitive Derived

Data type Data type Data type

int struct Array

char union
Enumeration
Pointer
float
double typedef

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Primitive data type:
1. int
● It is a keyword which is used to define integer numbers. Normally they are associated with the variables to
store signed integer values in memory locations. That is, using this data type both positive and negative
numbers can be stored in the memory.
● 10,-20, 501, 1003 etc. are integer values.

2. char
● Character data type allows a variable to store only one character.
● “char” keyword is used to refer character data type.
● For example, ‘A’ can be stored using char data type. You can’t store more than one character using char
data type.
● We can also store numerical value too in char type but if will store numerical value then “ASCII” value
will be printed.

● Note:
● Every character has a corresponding ASCII value to it ranging from -128 to 127.
● Numbers as a character has their corresponding ASCII values too. For example, ‘1’ as char has ASCII value
49, ‘A’ has ASCII value 65.
3. float
● It is a keyword which is used to define floating point numbers. The floating point numbers are also called
real numbers. Normally they are associated with the variables (also called identifiers) to store floating
point numbers in memory locations.
● That is, using this data type both positive and negative floating point numbers can be stored in the
memory.
● Eg: 1.23, 2234.4532 etc.
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4. Double:
● Double is also used to define floating point numbers.
● But double data type accepts 15 digit after decimal whereas float accepts 6 digits.
● Eg: 523.45353
Modifiers in C Language:
1. Size Modifier
2. Sign Modifier

1. Size Modifier:
● Size Modifiers are prefixed with basic data types to modify (either increase or decrease) the amount of
storage space allocated to a variable.
● Short, long, long long are the size modifiers.
● For example, storage space for int data type is 4 byte. We can increase the range by using long int which is
8 byte. We can decrease the range by using short int which is 2 byte.
● short is only used with int type.
● long can be used with int and double.
● Any size modifier cannot be used with float and char data type.
● long long can not be used with float and double.
● Long long can be used with int type only.

2. Sign Modifier:
● Sign modifiers decides whether the variable will hold positive or negative number.
● signed & unsigned are the sign modifiers.
● In signed type we can store both positive as well as negative value but in unsigned type we can store only
positive value.
● By default the data type is signed only.
● Sign modifiers are used with int and char only.
● Sign modifiers cannot be used with float and double.
Size & Range of data type:
Data type Space Range Format
specifier
int 4 byte -2147483648 to 2147483647 %d
char 1 byte -128 to 127 %c
float 4 byte 6 digits %f
double 8 byte 15 digit %lf
short int 2 byte -32768 to 32767 %hi
long int 4 byte -2147483648 to 2147483647 %ld
long long int 8 byte -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 %lld
signed short int 2 byte -32768 to 32767 %hi

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 unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65535 %hu
Signed int 4 byte -2147483648 to 2147483647 %d
unsigned int 4 byte 0 to 4294967295 %u
unsigned long long int 8 byte 0 to 18446744073709551615 %llu
signed long long int 8 byte -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 %lld
Signed char 1 byte -128 to 127 %c
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255 %hc

Note:
● By default int and char data type is of signed type that means we can store positive as well as negative
value in it.
● int and signed int are same data type.
● short int and signed short int are same.
● long long int and signed long long int are same.
● char and signed char are same.
Format specifier:
The format specifier is used during input and output. It is a way to tell the compiler what type of data is in a
variable during taking input using scanf() or printing using printf().
Some examples are %c, %d, %f, etc.
● Format specifier for hexadecimal -%x or %X
● Format specifier octal - %o
● Format specifier decimal/integer - %d
Note: Hexadecimal, Octal and Decimal Values comes under integer constant so we can store value of these
types into int datatype.
Eg: int a=0XA is valid (Hexadecimal value)
int b=010 is valid(Octal value)
int c=102 is valid(Decimal value)

Hexadecimal Octal Decimal

Hexadecimal values comes Octal values comes under Decimal values comes under
under integer constant. integer constant. integer constant.

An hexadecimal integer An octal integer constant can A decimal integer constant

constant can be any be any combination of digits can be any combination of
combination of digits from from ‘0’ to ‘7’ digits from ‘0’ to ‘9’.
‘0’ to ‘9' along with the With a prefix 0 (digit zero).
letters ‘A’ to ‘F’ or ‘a’ to ‘f’.
This constant has to be
preceded by 0X OR 0x.

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 EG: 0x18A, 0XB, 0XFFF EG: 01612, 034567, -0765 EG: 100, –7, 989

%x or %X %o %d

1. Program for Hexadecimal Value

2. Program for Octal Value

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3. Program for decimal Value

Program to get range of data type:

● In c language many macros are available with some fixed values in it. For e.g. INT_MIN is a macro which
is having the minimum value for int type and INT_MAX is having the maximum value for int type and
SHRT_MIN is having the minimum value for short type etc. and all these macros are available in limits.h
header file.
● It is not possible to remember the range of all the data type, then theses macros can be used wherever
range of any type is required.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>
int main()
{
printf("The minimum value of SIGNED CHAR = %d\n", SCHAR_MIN);
printf("The maximum value of SIGNED CHAR = %d\n", SCHAR_MAX);
printf("The maximum value of UNSIGNED CHAR = %d\n", UCHAR_MAX);

printf("The minimum value of SHORT INT = %d\n", SHRT_MIN);

printf("The maximum value of SHORT INT = %d\n", SHRT_MAX);

printf("The minimum value of INT = %d\n", INT_MIN);

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 printf("The maximum value of INT = %d\n", INT_MAX);

printf("The minimum value of CHAR = %d\n", CHAR_MIN);

printf("The maximum value of CHAR = %d\n", CHAR_MAX);

printf("The minimum value of LONG = %ld\n", LONG_MIN);

printf("The maximum value of LONG = %ld\n", LONG_MAX);
return 0;
}
Output:
The minimum value of SIGNED CHAR = -128
The maximum value of SIGNED CHAR = 127
The maximum value of UNSIGNED CHAR = 255
The minimum value of SHORT INT = -32768
The maximum value of SHORT INT = 32767
The minimum value of INT = -2147483648
The maximum value of INT = 2147483647
The minimum value of CHAR = -128
The maximum value of CHAR = 127
The minimum value of LONG = -2147483648
The maximum value of LONG = 2147483647

Program to display size of data type.

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Operators:
● An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
● C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators.
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Increment / Decrement operators
4. Relational operators
5. Logical operators
6. Conditional operator
7. Bitwise operators
8. Special operators

1. Arithmetic Operator:
The operators that are used to perform arithmetic operations such as Addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.,
are called arithmetic operators.
The meaning of all the operators along with examples is shown below:
Arithmetic Description Example Result Priority Associativity
operator
+ Used for addition 10 + 20 30 2 Left to Right
- Used for subtraction 50-10 40 2 Left to Right
* Used for multiplication 10 * 20 200 1 Left to Right
/ Used for division and gives 10/5 2 1 Left to Right
quotient
% Used to get remainder. It is 4%2 0 1 Left to Right
read as modulus operator or
mod

Note: Modulus operator denoted by % is used only for integer values and not for Floating point numbers. This
operator returns the remainder after division.

Program to perform arithmetic operations.

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2. Assignment Operator:
● An operator which is used to copy the data or result of an expression into a memory location (which is
identified by a variable name), is called an assignment operator.
● Copying or storing into a memory location is called assigning and hence the name. The assignment
operator is denoted by ‘=’ sign.
● Assignment always happens from right to left.

Syntax (General rule) for assignment:

Variable = expression/value;

For Example:
● a = b; /* Store the value of b into a */
● area = L * B; /* Compute the product and store in variable area */
● pi = 3.1416; /* Store the number 3.1416 using the variable pi */

Normal mistakes during typing the program:

● a == b; /* Error : “==” is relational operator. This can be used only to compare. Not for copying */
● a = b * 10 /* Error: No semicolon at the end */
● 10 + b = c; /*Error: Expression not allowed on LHS of assignment operator

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Shorthand assignment operators :
Shorthand assignment operators such as +=, - =, *=, /= etc., can be used to assign values. The table below
shows shorthand operators, shorthand statements and the meaning associated with them :
Shorthand Shorthand Meaning Explanation Associativity
operator statement
+= A+=2 A=A+2 Perform A + 2 and store the result in a Right to Left
-= B-=C B=B-C Perform B - C and store the result in B Right to Left
*= A*=3 A=A*3 Perform A *3 and store the result in A Right to Left
/= A/=B A=A/B Perform A /B and store the result in A Right to Left
%= A%=B A=A%B Perform A %B and store the result in A Right to Left

3. Increment and Decrement operators:

Increment operator:
● ‘++’ is an increment operator. This is an unary operator. It increments the value of the operand by one.
● The increment operator is classified into two categories as shown below:
Increment Operator

Pre-increment Post-increment

a. Pre-increment Operator:
● If the increment operator ++ is placed before (pre) the operand, then the Operator is called pre-increment.
● As the name indicates, pre-increment means increment before (pre) the operand value is used. So, the
operand value is incremented by 1 first, and then this incremented value is used.
● Eg: ++a, ++b etc.

Program to show the use of pre-increment operator.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 20,b;
b=++a;
printf("a=%d\n",a);
printf("b=%d\n",b);
return 0;
}

Output:
a=21
b=21

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b. Post-increment Operator:
● If the increment operator ++ is placed after (post) the operand, then the operator is called post-increment.
As the name indicates, post-increment means increment
● after (post) the operand value is used. So, operand value is used first and then the operand value is
incremented by 1.
● Eg: a++, b++ etc.

Program to show the use of post-increment operator.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 20;
int b;
b=a++;
printf("a=%d\n",a);
printf("b=%d\n",b);
return 0;
}

Output:
a=21
b=20

Decrement operator:
● ‘--’ is a decrement operator. This is an unary operator. It decrements the value of the operand by one.
● The decrement operator is classified into two categories as shown below:
Decrement Operator

Pre-decrement Post-decrement

a. Pre-decrement Operator:
● If the decrement operator - - is placed before (pre) the operand, then the Operator is called pre-decrement.
● As the name indicates, pre-decrement means decrement before (pre) the operand value is used. So, the
operand value is decremented by 1 first, and then this decremented value is used.
● Eg: --a, --b etc.

Program to show the use of pre-decrement operator.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 20;
int b;
b=--a
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 printf("a=%d\n",a); Output:
printf("b=%d\n",b); a=19
return 0; b=19
}

b. Post-increment Operator:
● If the decrement operator -- is placed after (post) the operand, then the operator is called post-decrement.
● As the name indicates, post-decrement means decrement after (post) the operand value is used. So,
operand value is used first and then the operand value is decremented by 1.
● Eg: a--, b-- etc.

Program to show the use of post-increment operator.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 20;
int b;
b=a--;
printf("a=%d\n",a); Output:
printf("b=%d\n",b); a=19
return 0; b=20
}

4. Relational operators:
● The relational operators, also called comparison operators, are used to compare two operands. They are
used to find the relationship between two operands and hence are called relational operators.
● The two operands may be constants, variables or expressions. The relationship between these two
operands results in true (1) or false(0).

The relational operators and the meaning associated with them are shown in the following table:
Operator Description Example Priority Associativity
< Less than 10 < 20 1 Left to right
<= Less than or equal 12 <= 18 1 Left to right
> Greater than 15>10 1 Left to right
>= Greater than or equal 15>=3 1 Left to right
== Equal to 10 ==9 2 Left to right
!= Not equal to 5 !=2 2 Left to right

Program to show the use of relational operator.

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5. Logical Operator:
● As we have logic gates such as AND, OR and NOT whose output is 1 or 0, we also have logical operators.
● Logical Operators are used to combine 2 more relational expressions.
● After evaluation, expression consisting of logical operators results in either true (1) or false (0) and hence
such expressions are called logical expressions.
Logical operators and the meaning associated with them are shown in the following table:
Operator Description Example Priority Associativity

&& Logical And. If all the conditions (10<20) && (23>5)=1 2 Left to right
are true then result will be true (21<43) &&(5==5)=0

|| Logical OR. If any one of the o (18>=17) || (15<10)=1 3 Left to right

condition is true then result will be (10!=10) &&(5>6)=0
true
! Logical NOT. It is used to reverse 1 Left to right
the logical state of its operand. If a !(10>23)=1
condition is true, then Logical NOT !( (21<43)&&(5==5))=0
operator will make it false and if a
condition is false then Logical NOT
operator will make it false true.

a. Logical AND: The result of logical ‘AND’ operator denoted by && is true if and only if both the operands
are evaluated to true. If one of the operands is evaluated to false.
Operand 1 Operand 2 Result
True(1) True(1) True(1)
True(1) False(0) False(0)
False(0) True(1) False(0)
False(0) False(0) False(0)

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b. Logical OR: The result of logical ‘OR’ operator denoted by || is true if and only if at least one of the
operands is evaluated to true. If both the operands are evaluated to false, the result is false.
Operand 1 Operand 2 Result
True(1) True(1) True(1)
True(1) False(0) True(1)
False(0) True(1) True(1)
False(0) False(0) False(0)

c. Logical Not: The logical ‘NOT’ denoted by ! can be true or false. The result is true if the operand is false
and the result is false if the operand is true.

Operand 1 Result
True(1) False(0)
False(0) True(1)

1. Program to show the use of logical operator

6. Conditional Operator:
● The conditional operator is also known as a ternary operator.
● As conditional operator works on three operands, so it is also known as the ternary operator.
● It is represented by two symbols, i.e. '?' and ':'.
● The behavior of the conditional operator is similar to the 'if-else' statement.
Syntax1:
Expression1? expression2: expression3;

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Syntax2:
Variable=Expression1? expression2: expression3;

Meaning of the above syntax.

● In the above syntax, the expression1 is a Boolean condition that can be either true or false(Yes/No) value.
● If the expression1 results into a true value, then the expression2 will execute.
● If the expression1 returns false value then the expression3 will execute.
Example1:
Suppose, A=10, B=20
(A<B) ? printf(“A is the smallest number”) : printf(“B is the smallest number”);
Output:
A is the smallest number

Example2:
Suppose, A=30, B=12
C= (A<B) ? A : B;
printf(“Smallest no is %d”,C);

Output:
Smallest no is 12

Program to display smallest number between 2 numbers using conditional operator:

Program to display smallest number between 2 numbers using conditional operator:

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Program to check eligibility for voting using conditional operator:

7. Bit-wise Operator:
● In arithmetic-logic unit (which is within the CPU), mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division are done in bit-level.
● To perform bit-level operations in C programming, bitwise operators are used.
The bit-wise operators and the meaning associated with them are shown in the following table:
Operator Description Example Priority Associativity
& Bitwise AND. 12 & 15 3 Left to right
| Bitwise OR 5|2 5 Left to right
^ Bitwise XOR 11 ^ 10 4 Left to right
~ Bitwise NOT ~10 1 Left to right
<< Bitwise Left Shift 10<<1 2 Left to right
>> Bitwise Right Shift 12>>1 2 Left to right

Bitwise AND (&):

● Bitwise AND operator is denoted by the single ampersand sign (&). Two integer operands are written on
both sides of the (&) operator.

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 ● The output of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands is 1. If either bit of an operand is
0, the result of corresponding bit is evaluated to 0.
Perform bitwise AND operation on two integers 12 and 25.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

Bit Operation of 12 and 25

00001100
& 00011001
___________
00001000 = 8 (In decimal)

Program for bitwise and (&) operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=12,b=25,c;
c=a&b;
printf("12 & 25=%d",c);
return 0;
}
Output:
12 & 25=8
Bitwise OR ( | ):
● The bitwise OR operator is represented by a single vertical sign (|). Two integer operands are written on
both sides of the (|) symbol.
● The output of bitwise OR is 1 if at least one corresponding bit of two operands is 1.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)
Bitwise OR Operation of 12 and 25
00001100
| 00011001
__________
00011101 = 29 (In decimal)

Program for bitwise or (|) operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=12,b=25,c;
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 c=a | b;
printf("12 | 25=%d",c);
return 0;
}
Output:
12 | 25=29

Bitwise Not ( ~):

● The bitwise NOT operator is also known as one's complement operator/ complement Operator.
● It is represented by the symbol tilde (~). It takes only one operand or variable and performs complement
operation on an operand.
● When we apply the complement operation on any bits, then 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.

35 = 00100011 (In Binary)

Bitwise complement Operation of 35

~ 00100011
____________
11011100 = 220 (In decimal)

Twist in bitwise complement operator in C Programming

● The bitwise complement of 35 (~35) is -36 instead of 220, but why?
● For any integer n, bitwise complement of n will be - (n+1). To understand this, you should have the
knowledge of 2's complement.

2's Complement
● Two's complement is an operation on binary numbers. The 2's complement of a number is equal to the
complement of that number plus 1. For example:
● The bitwise complement of 35 is 220 (in decimal). The 2's complement of 220 is -36. Hence, the output is -
36 instead of 220.
Bitwise complement of any number N is -(N+1). Here's how:
bitwise complement of N = ~N (represented in 2's complement form) 2'complement of ~N= -(~(~N)+1) = -
(N+1)

Steps to solve bitwise not:

1. Take 1’s Complement
2. Take 2’s complement

Question 1:
Find out complement of 35 i.e. ~35.
Solution:

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 35 -> 00100011 (binary of 35)
Step 1: 1’s complement of 35 -> 11011100
Step 2: 2’s complement -> - ( 00100011 + 1)
= -(00100100)=- 36 (decimal of 00100100)
So , ~35= -36

Program for Bitwise Not (~) Operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=35,b;
b=~a;
printf("~35=%d",b);
return 0;
}
Output:
~35=-36

Bitwise XOR (^):

● Bitwise exclusive OR operator is denoted by (^) symbol. Two operands are written on both sides of the
exclusive OR operator.
● The result of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands are opposite (Different).

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

Bitwise XOR Operation of 12 and 25

00001100
^ 00011001
__________
00010101 = 21 (In decimal)

Program for bitwise xor (^) operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=12,b=25,c;
c=a^b;
printf("12^25=%d",c);
return 0;
}

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 Output:
12 ^ 25=21

X Y X&Y X|Y X ^Y ~X
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0

Bitwise Left Shift (<< ):

● Left shift operator shifts all bits towards left by a certain number of specified bits. The bit positions that
have been shifted by the left shift operator are filled with 0.
● The symbol of the left shift operator is <<.
Syntax:
Operand << n;
Where,
● Operand is an integer expression on which we apply the left-shift operation.
● n is the number of bits to be shifted.(value of n can be any number)
13 = 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
Left Shift 13 by 1 bit

Shifted bit filled with zero

Discarded

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 = 26
So,
13<<1=26

Program for Left Shift Operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=13,b;
b=a<<1;
printf("13<<1=%d",b);
return 0;
}
Output:
13<<1=26
Bitwise Right Shift (>>):

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● Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by a certain number of specified bits. The bit positions that
have been shifted by the right shift operator are filled with 0.
● The symbol of the right shift operator is >>.
Syntax:
Operand >> n;
Where,
● Operand is an integer expression on which we apply the right-shift operation.
● n is the number of bits to be shifted.(value of n can be any number)

20 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Right Shift 20 by 1 bit

Discarded

Shifted bit filled with zero

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 = 10
So,
20>>1=10

Program for right Shift Operator:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=20,b;
b=a>>1;
printf("20>>1=%d",b);
return 0;
}
Output:
20>>1=10

8. Special Operators:
Operator Description Example
, Comma Operator int a,b,c,d
Sizeof Sizeof operator Sizeof(int)
& Ampersand (address of) &operand
Operator

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Comma Operator ( , ):
● The comma operator represented as a comma (,) accepts two operands and it is used to combine two or
more statements into a single statement. Thus, compact statements can be written using comma operator.
● The statements are executed one by one from left to right and hence it is left associative operator.
Example:
Suppose we have declare 3 variables a1, a2 and a3 of int type like this,
int a1;
int a2;
int a3;
So the above statement can be written into a single statement using comma operator like this,
int a1, a2, a3;

Sizeof operator:
● This operator is used to find the number of bytes occupied by a variable or a datatype in the computer
memory.
The syntax is shown below:
sizeof(variable_name / Data_type);
Example:
char ch;
sizeof(int); //4 byte
sizeof(ch); // 1 byte
Address of Operator (&):
● The "Address Of" Operator denoted by the ampersand character (&), & is a unary operator, which
returns the address of a variable.

Example:
int a;
&a ; //returns address of a
Program to display address of a variable
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=20;
printf("Address of a in decimal :%d",&a);
printf("\nAddress of a in Hexadecimal :%X",&a);
return 0; }
Output:
Address of a in decimal :6487580
Address of a in Hexadecimal :62FE1C
Note:
1. Operators with 1 operand is known as unary operator.
&,++,--,~ are the unary operators.
2. Operators with 2 operands is known as binary operator.

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 +,-,*,/ are the binary operators.
3. Operators with 3 operands is known as ternary operator.
? : is ternary operator.

Hierarchy of operators:

Precedence operators:
● In C language, each operator is associated with a priority value. Based on the priority, the expressions are
evaluated. A part of the expression with priority value 1 is evaluated first; part of the expression with
priority value 2 is evaluated next and so on.
● These priority values that are associated with various operators are called
Precedence of operators.

Associativity Operators:
● If all the operators in an expression have equal priority, then the direction order chosen (left to right
evaluation or right to left evaluation) to evaluate an expression is called associativity of operators.
Associativity Operators are classified into 2 categories:

1. Left Associative:
● In an expression, if there are two or more operators having the same priority and are evaluated from left-
to-right, then the operators are called Left to Right associative operators.
For example,
8 + 4 + 3 = 15
8-4 -3=1
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 In the above example + and – both are having equal priority so in this case according to associativity this
expression will be evaluated and associativity of + and – and left to right. So above expression will execute
from left to right.

2. Right Associative:
● In an expression, if there are two or more operators having the same priority and are evaluated from right-
to-left, then the operators are called Right to Left associative operators.
For Example,
i = j = k = 10;
Above expression will execute from right to left because 3 times = operator is used and associativity of = is
right to left.

****

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