ELECTRIC CURRENT &

DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT

CHAPTER
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1 Electric Conduction
3
3.2 Ohm’s Law & Resistivity
3.3 Variation Of Resistance With
Temperature
3.4 Electromotive Force, Internal
Resistance & Potential Difference
3.5 Resistors In Series & Parallel
3.6 Kirchoff’s Law
3.7 Electrical Energy & Power
3.8 Potential Divider
3.9 Potentiometer
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
EXERCISES
 ANALOGY: Electric circuits

Voltage: A force that Resistance: Friction Current: The actual

pushes the current that impedes flow of “substance” that is
through the circuit (in current through the flowing through the
this picture it would be circuit (rocks in the wires of the circuit
equivalent to gravity) river) (electrons!)
 Overview

3.1 Electrical Conduction

(a) Describe microscopic model of current.

(b) Define electric current. 𝑑𝑞

𝐼=
𝑑𝑡

(c) Use electric current.

 𝑑𝑄
E I 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑒 ; 𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡
3.1 (a) Microscopic Model of Current

In wire (metal)
the charge carrier
is free electrons

Free electrons Without battery,

undergoes V = 0  No
random motion electric field, E
3.1 (a) Microscopic Model of Current

When a potential This field exerts

difference is applied an electric force
across the metal, an on the freely
moving
electric field, E is electron.
set up.

The freely moving electrons

tend to drift with constant
average velocity (drift
velocity, (vd) along the metal
in a direction opposite that
of the E.
Consider a simple closed circuit
consists of wires, a battery and a
light bulb as shown in figure.

Direction of electric field or electric

current :
positive to negative

Direction of electron flows :

negative to positive
3.1 (b) & (c) Define & Use Electric Current

Electric current, I One Ampere is the

is defined as the Mathematically,
flow of one
rate of flow of 𝒅𝑸 coulomb charge
charge. 𝑰=
𝒅𝒕 through an area in
one second.

It is a base and S.I. unit :

scalar quantity. Ampere ; A
Example 3.1

(a) There is a current of 0.5 A in a flashlight bulb for 2

min. How much charge passes through the bulb
during this time?

(b) A silver wire carries a current of 3.0 A. Determine;

(i) the number of electrons per second pass

through the wire,

(ii) the amount of charge flows through a cross-

sectional area of the wire in 55 s.
3.2 Ohm’s Law & Resistivity

(a) State and use Ohm’s law.

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹

(b) Define and use resistivity.

𝑹𝑨
𝝆=
𝒍
3.2 Ohm’s Law & Resistivity

Ohm’s Law states that the potential

difference,V across a conductor is 𝑽 ∝ 𝑰 → 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
proportional to the current, I flowing
through it if its temperature is constant

V (V)

Ohmic conductor
(metal) Gradient, m
=R

0 I (A)
Resistance ; R

Resistance, R is defined as a Mathematiclly ;

– electric ratio of the 𝑽
property potential 𝑹=
which is difference 𝑰
impedes or across an V – Potentil difference
limits current electrical I - current
in an component to Scalar quantity,
electrical the current unit: ohm ( ) or
circuit. passing V A1
through it.
Resistance ; R

Cross
Length, l sectional
area, A

Type of Temperature
material
Resistance
Resistivity ; 𝝆

Resistivity,  is defined as the 𝑹𝑨

resistance of a unit cross-sectional 𝝆=
area per unit length of the mater. 𝒍
It is a measure of a material’s ability to
oppose the flow of an electric current.

It is a scalar quantity and has a 𝛀m

unit of ohm meter .

Resistivity depends on the type

of the material & temperature.
 Material Resistivity,  ( m)
Silver 1.59  108
Copper 1.68  108
Aluminum 2.82  108
Gold 2.44  108
Glass 10101014

A good electric conductors  have a very low resistivities

A good insulators  have very high resistivities

Example 3.2

A constantan wire of Solution:

length 1.0m and cross L = 1.0 m,
sectional area of 0.5 mm2 A = 0.5 mm2 = 0.5 x 10–6 m2,
has a resistivity of ρ = 4.9 x 10–7 Ω m
4.9 x 10–7 Ω m. Find the
resistance of the wire. Using:
L
R
A
4.9 107 (1.0)

0.5 106
R  0.98 
 3.3 Variation Of Resistance With Temperature

(a) Explain the effect of temperature on

electrical resistance in metals.

(b) Use resistance

𝑅 = 𝑅0 1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
.
3.3 Variation of Resistance With Temperature

When the temperature

increases, the number Therefore the
of free electrons per resistance in
unit volume in metal the metal
remains unchanged. increases.

So the number of
Metal atoms in
collisions between the
the crystal
free electrons and
lattice vibrate
metal atoms increase
with greater
and slowing down the
amplitude.
electron flow.
3.3 (a) The Effect Of Temperature On Electrical Resistance In Metals.

The resistance of a metal can be represented by the equation

below ;
𝑅 = 𝑅0 1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
R = final resistance
Ro= initial resistance
 = the temperature coefficient of resistivity

𝛼 is defined as the fractional change in resistance per Celsius

degree.
∆𝑅ൗ
𝑅0
𝛼=
∆𝑇
Table shows the temperature coefficients of resistivity for various
materials.

Material  (C1)
Silver 4.10  103
Mercury 0.89  103
Iron 6.51  103
Aluminum 4.29  103
Copper 6.80  103
 Example 3.3

A copper wire has a resistance of 25 m at 20 C. When the wire

is carrying a current, heat produced by the current causes the
temperature of the wire to increase by 27 C.
(a) Calculate the change in the wire’s resistance
(b) If its original current was 10.0 mA and the potential
difference across wire remains constant, what is its final
current?
(copper = 6.80  103 C1)
Solution: R0  25  10 3 ; T0  20  C; T  27  C
(a) R  R0 1  αT 
R  R0  R0 αT
 
R  25  10 3 6.80  10 3 27  
R  R0 αT
R  R0  R  4.59  10 3 

(b) I 0  10.0  10 3 A
V
R  R0 1  αT 
V
where R and R0 
I I0
 1  αT 
V V
I I0
1


1
I 10.0  10 3
1  6.80  
 10 3
27   
I  8.45  10 3 A
Example 3.4

A platinum wire has a resistance of 0.5 Ω at 0°C. It is placed in a

water bath where its resistance rises to a final value of 0.6 Ω.
What is the temperature of the bath?
(Pt = 3.93  103 C1)
Solution:
R  Ro [ 1   (T  To ) ]
R  Ro  Ro (T  To )
Ro (T  To )  R  Ro
R  Ro
T  To
Ro 
T  50.89 C
 3.4 Electromotive Force , Internal resistance
& Potential Difference

(a) Define emf 𝝐 and internal resistance r of a battery.

(b) State factors that influence internal resistance .

(c) Describe the relationship between emf of a battery and

potential difference across the battery terminals.

(d) Use terminal voltage 𝐕 = 𝛆 − 𝐈𝐫

.
3.4 Electromotive Force , Internal Resistance & Potential Difference

Terminal voltage, V is the Electromotive force, e.m.f (ξ) of

potential difference across a battery is the maximum
the terminals of a battery
potential difference across its
when there is a current
flowing through it. terminals when it is not
connected to a circuits.
 In effect, the
battery has
This reduces of internal
voltage is due to resistance , r.
energy
In reality, when
dissipation in
a battery is
the battery.
Consider a supplying
circuit current, its
consisting of a terminal
battery (cell) that voltage is less
is connected by than its e.m.f, ξ
wires to an
external resistor
R as shown in
Figure.
Internal Resistance, r

is the resistance It will constitutes

due to chemicals part of the total
inside the resistance in a
battery (cell). circuit.

ε r OR
r ε

The emf of a battery is

constant but the internal
resistance of the battery
increases with time as a
result of chemical reaction.
Both r and R are in series
 I constant Where ;
 = emf
  V  Vr V = terminal potential difference
I = current
R = external resistance
  I (R  r) r = internal resistance
 Example 3.5

A battery has an emf of 9.0 V and an internal resistance of 6.0 .

Determine ;

(a) the potential difference across its terminals when it is

supplying a current of 0.50 A,

(b) the maximum current which the battery could supply.

V  6.0 V 
 I max  1.5 A 
Example 3.6

A car battery has an emf of 12.0 V and an internal resistance of 1.0 .

The external resistor of resistance 5.0  is connected in series with
the battery as shown. Determine the reading of the ammeter and
voltmeter if both meters are ideal.
Solution:

Given: The voltmeter measures the potential

 = 12.0 V, r = 1.0 , R = 5.0  difference across the terminals of the
battery equal to the potential
difference across the total external
resistor, thus its reading is
𝜺=𝑰 𝑹+𝒓
𝟏𝟐. 𝟎 = 𝑰(𝟓 + 𝟏)
𝑰 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝑨

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
= (𝟐)(𝟓)
Therefore the reading of the
ammeter is 2.0 A
= 𝟏𝟎 𝑽
3.5 Resistors in series & Parallel

Derive and determine the

effective resistance of
resistors in series and parallel.
 Resistors in Series

Consider three resistors are connected

in series to the battery.

The current flow is the same through

each resistor ;

Total potential difference, V

V  V1  V2  V3

The effective resistance ;

Reff  R1  R2  R3
 Resistors in Parallel

Consider three resistors are connected

in parallel to the battery.

The potential difference across each resistor

is the same. V V V V
1 2 3

The total current in the circuit ;

I  I1  I 2  I 3

The effective resistance ;

1 1 1 1
  
Reff R1 R2 R3
 Example 3.7
A

What is the equivalent R2

resistance of the R4 R3 R1
resistors in figure below? B

R2 R2
R34 R1
A
R4 R3 R1
B
B
A

R234 R1
𝟑
R1= R2= R3= R4= 1 Ω B
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝜴
𝟓
 Example 3.8

Find the current in & voltage of Solution:

the 10 Ω resistor shown below.

1 1 1 1 1 6
= + = + =
𝑅𝑝 𝑅2 𝑅3 10 2 10
R2 ∴ 𝑅𝑝 = 1.67 𝛺

R1 R3
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑝
= 5 + 1.67
= 6.67 𝛺
The current flows in the circuit:

V 18
I   2.7 A
R 6.67

𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉𝑃
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 = (2.7)(5) = 13.5
𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉 → 𝑉𝑝 = 18 − 13.5 = 4.5 𝑉 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
𝑉2 4.5
𝐼2 = = = 0.45 𝐴
𝑅2 10
 3.6 Kirchoff’ Rules

(a) (b)
State & Derive Use
Kirchoff’s Kirchoff’s
Rules Rules

෍ 𝑰𝒊𝒏 = ෍ 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 ෍ 𝜺 = ෍ 𝑰𝑹
1st Kirchhoff’s Current’s Law (KCL)

The sum of the currents entering any junctions in a circuit must

equal the sum of the currents leaving that junction.

I in  I out

I2
I3 I3 I2
I1 I1
I1  I 2  I 3 I 3  I 2  I1
2nd Kirchhoff’s Voltage’s Law (KVL)

In any loop, the sum of emf is equal to the sum of the products
of current and resistance.

direction of loop
    IR direction of loop

ε ε
ε
- + -

ε
+

direction of loop
direction of loop

R R
 IR  IR
I I
Example 3.9
For the circuit below, determine the current and its direction
in the circuit.
8.50  11.5 V, 2  I
Solution:
I
Step 1: Draw the current.
15.0 V, 4  6.22 
Loop 1

I I
15.1 
Step 2 : By applying the
Kirchhoff’s 2nd law, thus ;
   IR
15.0  11.5  15.1I  6.22 I  2 I  8.50 I  4 I
I  0.74 A
(anticlockwise)
 Example 3.10

For the circuit below, determine

(a) the currents I1, I2 and I,
(b) the potential difference across the 6.7  resistor,
(c) the power dissipated from the 1.2  resistor.

3.9  6.7 

12 V 1.2  9.0 V
I1 9.8  I I2
 3.9  I1 A I 2 6.7 
Solution 3.10
Loop 1
I Loop 2

12 V 1.2  9.0 V
(a)
9.8  I1 I I
2
B

At junction A, by By using the For Loop 2: By solving the

using the Kirchhoff’s 2nd simultaneous
Kirchhoff’s 1st law,
thus ;
law,
For Loop 1:
 ε  IR equations, we
get ;
9.0  6.7 I 2  1.2 I
 I in   I out   ε IR
I1  0.72 A; I 2  1.03 A;
12  3.9 I1  1.2 I  9.8 I1
6.7 I 2  1.2 I  9.0
I1  I 2  I (1) I  1.75 A
13.7 I1  1.2 I  12 (3)

(2)
Solution 3.10 3.9  I1 A I 2 6.7 
I
12 V 1.2  9.0 V

9.8  I1 I I
2
B

(b) The potential difference across the 6.7  resistor is given by

V  I2R
V  1.036.7
V  6.90 V
(c) The power dissipated from the 1.2  resistor is
P  I 2R
P  1.75 1.2 
2

P  3.68 W
3.7 Electrical Energy & Power

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉

𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅

𝐸 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡
3.7 (a) Power.

Power is The electric When the then the

defined as power, P electric electrical
the energy supplied to current flows power can be
liberated per the electrical through wire written as ;
unit time in device is or passive
the electrical given by; resistor, 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
device ; hence the
potential 𝑉2
𝑃=
difference 𝑅
𝐸 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉
𝑃= across it is ; It is a scalar
𝑡 quantity and its
V= 𝐼𝑅 unit is watts (W)
 3.7 (b) Energy.

Consider a A B
circuit consisting Then the work If the electrical
of a battery that done on this device is passive
is connected by I V I charge Q from B resistor (device
wires to an to A (equal to the which convert all the
electrical device electrical energy electrical energy
(such as a lamp, supplied) is ; supplied into heat),
motor or battery A current I flows from the heat dissipated H
being charged) the terminal A to the is given by ;
where the
terminal B, if it flows 𝑊 = 𝑄𝑉
for time t, the charge
potential
different across
Q which it carries H = 𝑊 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡
from B to A is given
that electrical by ;
device is V.
Q= 𝐼𝑡
Example 3.11

In figure below, a battery has an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of

1.0 . Determine
(a) the rate of energy transferred to electrical energy in the battery,
(b) the rate of heat dissipated in the battery,
(c) the amount of heat loss in the 5.0  resistor if the current flows
through it for 20 minutes.
Solution 3.11

(a) The current in the circuit is given by ;

𝜀 12
𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) → 𝐼 = = = 2.0 𝐴
𝑅+𝑟 5+1
The rate of energy transferred to electrical energy
(power) in the battery is ;
𝑃 = 𝐼𝜀 = 2 12 = 24 𝑊
(b) The rate of heat dissipated due to the
internal resistance is;
𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑟 = 22 1 = 4 𝑊
(c) The amount of heat loss in the resistor is ;

𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 22 5 1200 = 2.4 × 104 𝐽

 3.8 Potential Divider

(a) (b)
Explain Principle Use of Equation
Of Potential Of Potential
Divider. Divider.

𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ 𝑹𝒏
 3.8 Potential Divider

A potential divider produces an output voltage that V

is a fraction of the supply voltage V.
I I
 This is done by connecting two resistors in R1 R2
series.
 Since the current flowing through each resistor is V1 V2
the same,

𝑽 𝑽
∴ 𝑰=
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑰 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Similarly ;

Therefore, the potential difference (voltage) across

R1 is given by ; 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝑹𝟏 → 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
3.8 Potential Divider

Resistance R1
and R2 can be
replaced by a
uniform The potential
homogeneous difference
wire . (voltage)
across the
wire with Similarly,
V length l1 is

I I 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
l1 l2 𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐
A B
C
V1 V2
Example 3.12

For the circuit below,

(a) calculate the output voltage .
(b) If a voltmeter of resistance 4000  is connected across the
output, determine the reading of the voltmeter.
 Solution 3.12

(a) The connection between the voltmeter and 4000  resistor is

parallel, thus the equivalent resistance is
𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = = (𝟏𝟐) = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

(b) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + → 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝜴
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

Hence the new output voltage is given by

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = (𝟏𝟐) = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝑽
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

Therefore the reading of the voltmeter is 2.4 V.

 3.9 Potentiometer

(a) (b)
Explain Use related
Principle Of Equation for
Potentiometer & Potentiometer.
Its Application.

𝝐𝟏 𝒍𝟏
=
𝝐𝟏 𝒍𝟐
3.9 Potentiometer

Consider a
potentiometer circuit
as shown in the
figure.

The potentiometer is
balanced when the jockey 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑽𝑨𝑪
is at such a position on
wire AB that there is no Thus Galvanometer
current through the reading = 0
galvanometer .
3.9 Application Of Potentiometer

Measure an
unknown emf.

The uses of
potentiometer
Compare
the emf.
Measure the
internal
resistance.
Application : Compare the emfs of two cells or find unknown emf

In this case, a X
potentiometer is set up
as illustrated in Figure
below, in which AB is a I I
wire of uniform I
A B
resistance and J is a I J
sliding contact (jockey)
onto the wire. ε1
(1)
S
An accumulator X G

maintains a ε2 (2)
steady current I
through the wire
AB.
Application : Compare the emfs of two cells or find unknown emf

Initially, switch S is connected to the

terminal (1) and the jockey moved X
until the emf ξ1 exactly balances the
potential difference (p.d.) from the
accumulator (galvanometer reading I I
is zero) at point C. l1
C I
A J B
I
Hence,
1  VAC
ε1
and VAC  IRAC (1)S
ρl1 G
where RAC  ε2 (2)
A
 ρl1 
then 1  I   (1)
 A
Application : Compare the emfs of two cells or find unknown emf

After that, the switch S is X

connected to the terminal (2)
and the jockey moved until the
emf ξ2 balances the p.d. from l2
I I
the accumulator at point D l1
C D I
A B
Hence  2  VAD I J

and, VAD  IRAD ε1

ρl (1)
where, RAD  2 S G
A ε2 (2)
 ρl2 
Then, 2  I  
(2)

 A 
 Application : Compare the emfs of two cells or find unknown emf

By dividing eq. (1) and eq. (2)

then ,  ρl1 
I 
1  A 1 l1
 
2  ρl2   2 l2
I 
 A 
Since, ρl1
R  Rl
A

Equation above can be 1 R1


 2 R2
written as
Example 3.13 Solution 3.12

Consider a potentiometer with a 1 R1


standard battery with an e.m.f. of  2 R2
1.0186 V is used in the circuit.
1.0186 36
When the resistance is 36 Ω, the 
galvanometer reads zero. If the 2 48
standard battery is replaced by an
unknown e.m.f. the galvanometer  2  1.358V
reads zero when the resistance is
adjusted to 48 Ω. What is the
value of the unknown e.m.f.?
Exercise 3.1

A wire 5.0 m long and 3.0 mm in diameter has a resistance of

100 . A 15 V of potential difference is applied across the wire.
Determine ;

(a) the current in the wire,

(b) the resistivity of the wire,
(c) the rate at which heat is being produced in the wire.

(College Physics,6th edition, Wilson, Buffa & Lou, Q75, p.589)

ANS: 0.15 A; 1.414  104  m; 2.25 W

Exercise 3.2
1. A wire of unknown composition has a resistance of 35.0  when
immersed in the water at 20.0 C. When the wire is placed in the
boiling water, its resistance rises to 47.6 . Calculate the
temperature on a hot day when the wire has a resistance of
37.8 .
(Physics,7th edition, Cutnell & Johnson, Q15, p.639)
ANS: 37.78 C
2. A copper wire has a resistance of 25 𝑚Ω at 200 𝐶. When the wire is
carrying a current, heat produced by the current causes the temperature
of the wire to increase by 270 𝐶. .
(a) Calculate the change in the wire’s resistance.
(b) If its original current was 10.0 mA and the potential
difference across wire remains constant, what is its final
current? (copper = 6.80 × 10−3 𝐶 −1 )
ANS: (a) 4.59×10–3 Ω; (b) 8.45×10–3 A
 Exercise 3.3
1. A battery of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance 5.0  is connected to a
switch by a wire of resistance 100 . The voltage across the battery
is measured by a voltmeter. What is the voltmeter reading when the
switch is
(a) off?
(b) on? ANS: (a) 3V, (b) 2.86 V
2. An idealized voltmeter is connected across the terminals of a
battery while the current is varied. Figure shows a graph of the
voltmeter reading V as a function of the current I through the
battery. Find
(a) the emf, ξ and
(b) the internal resistance of the battery
ANS: (a) 9V, 4,5Ω
 Exercise 3.3

3. A battery of emf 6.0 V is connected across a 10  resistor. If the

potential difference across the resistor is 5.0 V. Determine
(a) the current in the circuit,
(b) the internal resistance of the battery.

4. When a 1.5 V dry cell is short-circuited, a current of 3.0 A flows through

the cell. What is the internal resistance of the cell?

ANS: 0.50 A, 2.0 ; 0.50 

 Exercise 3.4

1. For the circuit below, calculate

(a) the effective resistance of the circuit.
(b) the current passes through the 12  resistor.
(c) the potential difference across 4.0  resistor.
(d) the power delivered by the battery.
ANS : 1.78 Ω , 0.50 A , 2.0 V , 36 W
Exercise 3.4
2. Figure below shows the arrangement of five equal resistors in a
circuit. Calculate

(a) the equivalent resistance between point x and y.

(b) the voltage across point b and c.
(c) the voltage across point c and y.
Exercise 3.5

1. Find the value of current, I, resistance R & the e.m.f, ξ

12V R
D I C

A
1
B
I 3A
I 1  1A
R  2

3    5V
F E
  5V
I 2  2A
 Exercise 3.5
2. For a circuit below, given 1= 8V, R2= 2 , R3= 3 , R1 = 1 and
I = 3 A. Ignore the internal resistance in each battery. Calculate
(a) the currents I1 and I2.
(b) the emf, 2. ANS: 1.0 A, 4.0 A; 17 V
Exercise 3.6

1. An electric toy of resistance 2.50  is operated by a dry cell of

emf 1.50 V and an internal resistance 0.25 .
(a) What is the current does the toy drawn?
(b) If the cell delivers a steady current for 6.00 hours, calculate
the charge pass through the toy.
(c) Determine the energy was delivered to the toy.

ANS: 0.55 A; 1.19  104 C; 16.3 kJ

 Exercise 3.7

1. In figure , PQ is a uniform wire of

length 1.0 m and resistance
10.0 . ξ1 is an accumulator
of emf 2.0 V and negligible
internal resistance. R1 is a 15
 resistor and R2 is a 5.0 
resistor when S1 and S2 open,
galvanometer G is balanced when
QT is 62.5 cm. When both S1 and
S2 are closed, the balance length
is 10.0 cm. Calculate
(a) the emf of cell ξ2
(b) the internal resistance of
cell ξ2.
 Exercise 3.7

2. Cells A and B and centre-zero galvanometer

G are connected to a uniform wire OS using
jockeys X and Y as below. The length of the
uniform wire OS is 1.00 m and its resistance is
12 . When OY is 75.0 cm, the galvanometer
does not show any deflection when OX=
50.0 cm. If Y touches the end S of the wire,
OX = 62.5 cm when the galvanometer is
balanced. The emf of the cell B is 1.0 V.
Calculate
(a) the potential difference across OY
when OY = 75.0 cm,
(b) the potential difference across OY
when Y touches S and the
galvanometer is balanced,
(c) the internal resistance of the cell A,
(d) `the emf of cell A.