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Repeated Lab Report

The experiment aimed to verify Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's voltage law. Ohm's law states that voltage is directly proportional to current. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. Two resistors were connected in series to a DC power supply and the voltage and current were measured. Graphs of voltage versus current showed a linear relationship, confirming Ohm's law. The sum of voltages across the two resistors was also confirmed to be equal to the supply voltage, verifying Kirchhoff's voltage law. Therefore, both laws were successfully verified through this experiment.

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Saleh Ahmed Sifat
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68 views

Repeated Lab Report

The experiment aimed to verify Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's voltage law. Ohm's law states that voltage is directly proportional to current. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. Two resistors were connected in series to a DC power supply and the voltage and current were measured. Graphs of voltage versus current showed a linear relationship, confirming Ohm's law. The sum of voltages across the two resistors was also confirmed to be equal to the supply voltage, verifying Kirchhoff's voltage law. Therefore, both laws were successfully verified through this experiment.

Uploaded by

Saleh Ahmed Sifat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 01

Experiment Name: Verification of Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law.


Objective: To verify Ohm’s law, which defines the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance. To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law, which defines the algebraic sum of all voltage
around a closed path which is zero.
Theory: A German physicist, George Simon Ohm determined the most basic law to create a
relation between voltage and current for a resistor. It states that at constant temperature the
voltage across a resistor directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. If
the current flowing through the resistor is I and the voltage across a resistor is V and the
resistor is R then according to ohm’s law,
V∝I
V = IR (1)
Here, R is called the resistance of conductor and it’s a proportional constant, measured in
Ohm (Ω). Resistance is a material property which resists the flow of current. Equation (1) can
be written as,
𝑽
R= 𝑰 = K

Where, at constant temperature K is always constant. The law known as Kirchhoff’s voltage
law. Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be stated as such: the algebraic sum of all voltage in a loop
must equal zero. By algebraic mean accounting for sign as well as magnitudes. By loop, any
path traced from one point in a circuit around to other point in that circuit and finally back to
the initial point.
Required Apparatus:

No Components Rating Quantity


1 Ammeter 0-5 A 1
2 Voltmeter 0-150 V 1
3 Resistance R1=112.4, R2=38.55 2
4 DC Voltage Source - 1
5 Connecting wire - Few
Circuit Diagram:

112.4 Ω

38.55 Ω

Vs

Figure 1

112.4 Ω

38.55 Ω

Vs

Figure 2

Procedure:
I. At first we had to made two tables before the lab.
II. As per the circuit diagram connections are made among electric elements.
III. Connected the circuit with the voltage source.
IV. We used multimeter to measure the value of R1 and R2.
V. Discovered the supply. Changed the variable of resistance, connected the circuit as
above given and took the new readings of the ammeter. Repeated the process to ten
times.
VI. From the values of the reading on the ammeter we found the value of resistance and
then compared the value with the value of test resistance.
VII. We plotted a graph putting voltage values on X- axis and current values on Y- axis on
a graph paper.
VIII. The slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
Calculations and analysis:
Varying R1
The average resistance of (R2),
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Rav = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

38.55+38.69+37.85+40+38.79+38.53+38.6+38.69+38.78
=
9

38.72

For the first reading of R2,


|38.55−40|
% error = × 100%
40

=3.63%

Again from graph, for another reading,


|39.53−40|
%error = ×100%
40

=1.175%

Varying R1 the average resistance of R2 is 38.72Ω which is almost similar to the nominal
value of R2 which is 40Ω and the % error was occurred for measurement error and
mechanical changes.

1 𝑑𝐼
Current (A)

Slope = =
(24.6, 0.65) 𝑅 𝑑𝑉

1
=
(24,0 .6) 𝑅

R=

Voltage (V)
Figure 3
1 𝑑𝐼
Current (A)

Slope = =
(57.3, 0.55) 𝑅 𝑑𝑉

1
(46.3, 0.45) =
𝑅

R=

Voltage (V)
Figure 4

From the slope we see that, when varying R1 R is nearest to the value of R2. Again when
varying R2, R is nearest to the value of R1.
From the (I vs V) graph we can say that, when R2 was variable the slope was high and when
R1 was variable the slope was less from the slope of R2. It means that the line with higher
slope has a smaller constant resistance.
Discussion: We found that the ratio of voltage and current is always same. The results
obtained were quite similar to each other. From Ohm’s law we can say that, at a constant
temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage. If our group plot the current at X-axis and the voltage at Y-axis on a graph, the slope
of the straight line represents the resistance. After plotting the data from experiment if was
constant always. On the other hand, kirchhoff’s voltage law states that in a closed loop the
algebraic sum of voltage is zero. Form the data table our group can see that two voltage of
R1 and R2’s sum is almost same.
Conclusion: Since we saw that the current-voltage relationship seems to be the same as one
increases the other increases too which proves that the current voltage are directly
proportional to each other hence proving that Ohm’s Law was verified. The results obtained
through this experiment are satisfactory. From the lab experiment it is hence proved that in
series circuit the current remains the same but not in parallel. In parallel current divides into
branches. Also it is verified that in series circuit Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is applied whereas in
parallel Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

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