Tips For Biology

TIPS FOR BIOLOGY
1. CLASSIFICATION
Examiners: Meaning and purpose of taxonomy.
Five kingdom systems of classification
K
P Affect four characteristics
C
O
F
G
S
Use of dichotomous key

- Construction Key Look at external features that distinguishes them.
- Given a key to use Principles of Biology
2. Cell & Cts Physiology

Def of cell, organ tissue, organ system.
Microscope : concepts of magnifications contrast plant and Animal cell.
Cell organelles, function, adaptation.
Rer –
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Special cells: Egg cell, sperm cell

Blood cell – red
Nerve cell – Motar
- Relay
 Palisade cell
 Root hair cell
 Special tissue
 Epithelial
 Epidermal
 Skeletal – support
Page 1
 Blood - transport
 Connective - connectors
 Conductive
STRUCTURE OF CELL MEMBRANE THE ROLE OF DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS,

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Know Def:
 Practical demonistration of each process

 Factors affecting each.
 Biological importance of each process
 Important term
 Concentration gradient
 Osmotic potential
 Osmotic gradient
 Osmotic pressure
 Wall pressure
 Ingridity
 Turggar
 Sugar pressure
 Placidity
 Plasmolysis
 Crenation
 Haemolysis
DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF SOLUTION
 Isotomic
 Hypotactic
 Hypotonic
3. HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

 Digestive
 Blood circulation
 Respiratory
 Reproductive
 Excretory, and homeostatic
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 Nervous system
 Endocrine
 Lymphatic system
 Skeletal system
EXAMINERS
 Identity components
 Function
 Adaptation
 Common diseases e.g
e.g Nephron
Homestatic – +ve or –ve feedback
4. HUMAN HEALTH
- Conditions for good health.
- Diseases
Aspects
(a) Classifications – how it comes

(b) Symptoms
(c) Prevention and cure
- Sexually transmitted diseases.
- Management of diseases
- Drugs
(a) Classification
(b) Health and social effects of drugs
(c) Drug abuse and misuse
(d) Management of drugs effects.
5. ECOLOGY
Key terms
Habitat
Environment
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Ecology niche
Carrying capacity
Biotic
A biotic
Page 3
Practical methods of ecology
Capture – recapture
Quadrant
Etc
Energy flow in an ecosystem
Trophic levels
Food chains and webs – rules for construction
Biological pyramid : Nos Biomass
INTERPENDENCE
- Saprotism
- Parasitism
- Symbiosis
- Commensalism
SIGNIFICANCE OF DECOMPSERS
Importance
Nitrogen cycle
Pollution
- air, water, soil

- causes
-Effects
-Control
Conservation of energy, wildlife, water, soil , other resources
6. ADAPATION OF LIVING THINGS

- Nutrition
- Reproduction
- Response
- Stimuli
- Transport
- Support and movement
- Excretion and homeostasis
- Respiration
- Protection from adverse condition
-
7. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
- Genetics
Meaning
Page 4
Terms - genes, dimosomes, allede,genetype, phenotype, dominance,
recessive, codominance, variation, continuous and disc , mutation ince –
aacle, hae, mutation
Gene – sub onver, - causes
Chromosomal - type
o Effects
o Uses
STRUCTURE OF THE CHROMOSOME
Review cell division

Mitosis meosis
I
P
M
A
T
Somatic Reproductive
Diploid haploid
Stage
Structure of DNA
Components
Sequence of Amino Acid

A–T
T–A
G–C
C–G
RNA
Page 5
T–U
U–T
G–C
C–G
SEX DETERMINATION
- Sex - linked xticks Baldness
XX XY
Disorders
- Haemophilla
- Albism
- Sickal cell
- Colar blindness
Language of genetics
Pedigree diagrams
Principle of Biology
Blood group inheritance
Uses of genetics
EVOLUTION
1. Meaning
2. Evidence of evolution
- Comparative – punctuality line
- Fossils
- Cell biology
Page 6
- Comparative ecology
- Comparative embryology
Theories
(a) Origin - creation
- Spontaneous – out of nothing
(b) Mechanism - drawn
- Baptiste lamath
Essay
Madam evidence of evolution
- Industrial mechanism
- Resistance of micro – organisms of drugs
- Resistance of pests to pesticides
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RONALD SITUMA 20/9/2017
PP3 BIOLOGY
What is tasted observation skills.
Skills of recording
1 Practical / scientific skills
One question on manipulative skills (handle things)
Provided reagents , chemicals , specimens, test tube, do measuring
2 Questions on photographs
Skills
Some question
Language to use
MANIPULATE SKILLS
1 Questions on recording, manipulation, observation, condusion.
Food substance or food to be tested
Depends on reagents that are provided
A certain chemical tests for a particular food substance.
- Iodine
- Benedicts solution, source of food
Food substance Reagent

Starch Iodine
Test for starch your foil
(stick to food)
Reducing sugars
vitamins
Food substance – starch, R.S vitamins Technical terms – Biology
weaonlaries spelling must be correct for technical terms on food substance
we have.
Lipids – oil and fats
In food test we don’t accept oils fats.
You test for lipids mastening biology page 14
Given Benedicts solution – you test for reducing sugars.
Pp12 – page 12 – simple figures
Complex R.S
R.S
Don’t add simple or comple reducing sugars.
Simple reducing sugars e.g glucose x don’t quote example
2 Ability to design an experiment tested in the procedure.

Procedure
o Correct procedure
o Wrong procedure means wrong observation and condusion.
o Correct procedure no omissions, no commissions
Page 8
Example
o Use of wrong volume – we cancel procedure,
observation, condusion e.g pour 20cm3 – control , fit
in pour 2cm3 not 2cm3 you ferl
o You cannot measure solutions in conc. Put food on a
white file yet you have test – tube X
STARCH
To food add Iodine solution if you use volume let it be correct.
REDUCING SUGARS
Correct word Benedicts with a solution
Benedicts solution
Add benedict x
IODINE SOLUTION
Spelling must be correct
NON – REDUCING SUGARS

Correct procedure only awarded 1mk.
Non – reducing sugars attract more marks
To food you add dilute hydrochloric acid boil/put in hot water bath
/worm/heat 1mk
Add drops of sodium hydrogen carbonate until fizzing stops. 1mk
Add benedicts solution and boil /warm/heat/hot water bath.
Total 3mks
You can still use chemical simples.
HCL
NaHCO3
OBSERVATION
In food test we observe colours, when making observation their is colour
that is their called Conginal colour. The last colour you will see is called
final colour
Formular
Colour changes from to
From to
Another
Avoid
From then say
Colour change to or write dthe colour
Avoid from to
If you quote let all colours be correct.
We are interested in the final colour but you cannot score if you don’t know
the original colour.
Iodine
Page 9
Brown to blue black
Look at colour of reagents
Blueblack
Reducing sugars
Page 12 – table
Food test
Must be reducing sugars
Blue colour change converted to green
Conversion is a reaction
Segnance
Colour change from or

Blue, green ,yellow, orange, brown(only five colours)
Blackred x disqualified – original colour is reddish brown also disqualified.
You can just quote one colour e.g yellow – alone
No colour like irive bluesh, yellowish, redish.
STARCH
From mastening – that iodine is yellow – wrong colour of iodine – brown.
Colour change to blueblack
Blue – black
If non – reducing sugar is absent original colour of benedicts solution is blue
colour change to blue
Blue
Blue colour remains
Colour remains/retained colour remain x tell us the colour that did notchange
Pressure of starch – wrong
Starch present – correct
Make correct condusion
Food test – nornally integrated into practical
Jiset 2016 – question one
Food test intergrated areas

1. Enzymatics activity
2. Diffusion
Germination of seeds
Germination of maize grain
Starch and reducing sugar is present
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Why is starch and reducing suagars present
Account : only one word – stored
Stored starch is hydrolysed to reducing sugars
Onion bulb whom testing for food – is on storage organ
THE TABLE
Food Food Procedure Observation conclusion

Solution substance
Starch To food
Q solution Q
add Iodine
solution
Write information in its correct column
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
(a) Diffusion
- Use visking tubing
- Quote that the visking tubing is semi – permeable
(b) Osmosis – Understand solutions called
Hypotonic - cortex
Hypertoni plant tissue - epidermis
Structural difference between epidermis and cortex
(c) Enzyme activity

Effects of catalate on hydrogen peroxide
Factors affecting enzymes

To provide optimum temperature for enzyme action score
Observations: bubbles being produced in all test – tubes
Faster reaction - more bubbles
Low reaction – less bubbles
Answers: there is more bubbling and cell bubbling

We don’t mark bubbling alone
Look at the size of bubbles formed.
(d) Gaseous exchange in plants
We use an indicator bromothymol blue.
Page 11
Dark – ph reduces
(2) Question on photographs
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs tests for
- Identification of biological process in it.
o Tropic response
o Cholation process
- Organ and organ system
o Heart
o Kidney
o Reproductive system
o Bones – appendialar
o Teeth
Naming of parts
 We mark spelling
One naming of parts

Draw diagram but don’t indicate what to name
Name or label only 3 parts
Names must be on the photograph
Never use general; names (bio logical word with more then one
meaning for example.
Page 12
Correct
Fruit stalk
Flower stalk
Leaf vein
Labeling parts
We go back and mark all the labels wrong

All labels must be correct for you to score label marked clockwise
(b) Drawing skills

Diagram must have complete outline
Page 13
Line must be countinous – no gep
Do – diagram marks o (zero)
Line not complete
 No shading , no dots
 Proportionality – shape of parts must be correct.
 Accuracy - the way it appears in text books
 The moment you fail D narks you fail L marks (labeling marks)
(c) Questions on adaptive features
 Features that you are observing not what you know.
 Agents of pollination – insect
 Reason – sweet smell you cannot smell a photograph
 Animal dispersal – fleshy/succulent/juicy – theory
 Practical avocado – agents of dispersal animal
 Not juicy
Wind dispersal
(d) calculation of magnification
Remember to include the omits
Questions on bones
Naming
Adaptive features
Joints : antenor site

Postener site
Meaning of monitor site
Distal and proximal site
Comparing and differences of structures
o Long short
o Broad narrow
o Longer shorter
o Broader narrower
o Long and narrow short and broad
(e) Dichotomous Key

Construction and use
Making keys with
Must use ….go to 2
Steps inside dichotomous key x wrong
Page 14
Don’t use a branch – disqualified.
(f) Explain biological process

One step causes another step
IIM – Contrast and IIM relax
Volume in thorasic cavity increase.
Questions on disporsal and pollination – provide one answer
Insect
Wind
Animal
No of drops to calculate concentration vitamin C.
How to calculate concentration.
Page 15

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TIPS FOR BIOLOGY

Use of dichotomous key

2. Cell & Cts Physiology

Special cells: Egg cell, sperm cell

STRUCTURE OF CELL MEMBRANE THE ROLE OF DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS,

 Practical demonistration of each process

DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF SOLUTION

3. HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

Homestatic – +ve or –ve feedback

(a) Classifications – how it comes

- air, water, soil

6. ADAPATION OF LIVING THINGS

STRUCTURE OF THE CHROMOSOME

Review cell division

Sequence of Amino Acid

Madam evidence of evolution

Food substance Reagent

2 Ability to design an experiment tested in the procedure.

NON – REDUCING SUGARS

Colour change from or

Food test intergrated areas

Onion bulb whom testing for food – is on storage organ

Food Food Procedure Observation conclusion

Write information in its correct column

Structural difference between epidermis and cortex

(c) Enzyme activity

Factors affecting enzymes

Answers: there is more bubbling and cell bubbling

(2) Question on photographs

One naming of parts

We go back and mark all the labels wrong

(b) Drawing skills

Joints : antenor site

(e) Dichotomous Key

(f) Explain biological process

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