BUILDING AND ENHANCING NEW LITERACIES ACROSS

THE CURRICULUM

Prof Ed 111

[1]

FAITH P. BUNED

2021

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato

CHAPTER/MODULE 4
 CYBER/DIGITAL LITERACY

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic/chapter, you must be able to:

1. Define digital/cyber literacy and cybersecurity
2. Elaborate on cyber citizenship
3. Determine netiquette and safety use of digital media
4. Identify common computer threats and the corresponding fixing solutions
5. Elucidate cyberbullying and cybercrimes
6. Examine Internet exploration, source citation, research and data gathering
protocols and website evaluation
7. Cite how digital/cyberliteracy may be integrated with teaching-learning
8. Draw relevant life lessons and significant. values from personal experiences on
digital risks and consequences
9. Analyze research abstract on digital/cyber literacy and its implications to the
teaching learning process
10. Produce and evaluate a digital tool that may be utilized in the classroom

Technology has been part of everyone’s life, be it at home, in school, or anywhere

with every facet of our undertaking. However, in many instances, we may not be aware
that we have been misusing or abusing it or in another way around, we may find ourselves
being used by other people with their malicious motives using digital tools. Therefore, we
may end up being liable or a victim of such irresponsible kind of technological processing
and utilization. It is in this case that we must gain further understanding and application
of digital/cyber literacy, be it on personal or professional merit.
Digital Literacy
According to Wikipedia, digital
literacy is the set of competencies
required for full participation in society that
includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors
involving the effective use of digital
devices for purposes of communication,
expression, collaboration and advocacy.
Simply, it is the ability of an individual to
engage with the digital environment and
operate technologies safely by knowing
what to do
And what not to do and how to
avoid unnecessary risks. Digital literacy
is an individual’s ability to access both
information and methods of
communication through
technological
tools, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop PCs. While digital literacy is
initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone computers, its focus has shifted to
network devices, including the Internet and the use of social media.

Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from
digital attacks (Cisco, n.d.). These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing,
changing, or destroying sensitive information, extorting money from users; or interrupting
normal business processes.
Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging because there are
more devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Here are some
tips on how to protect yourself against cyber threats.
1. Monitor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something
online, try to realize: (a) Does this need to be public?; and (b) Is it worth the risk?
Remember, not only what we share online is available to friends and family, but also to
cybercriminals.
2. Keep devices safe. Protect your technology tools by installing Anti-virus software,
a configuration of settings on the devices and by completing software updates.
3. Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and hard
to guess, but can still be remembered, One strategy is "passphrase" or a password that
comes from the first letter of each word in the phrase. There is also a password manager
app to help keep track of all the passwords called "KeePass" which is free of charge.
Importantly, do not use the same password for all accounts.
4. Handle unsafe content. Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe situations
online, such as (1) suspicious emails; (2) pop-ups claiming that your computer is infected;
and (3) BitTorrent sites.
5. Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices with
an utmost care and critical thinking when online (https://www.esentire.com).

Cyber Citizenship
Citizenship is an old value that is now applied to a new medium, the Internet. Cyber
citizenship refers to being responsible when using the Internet. Doing online when no one
is looking speaks a lot about one's character and morals. The power of this digital world
is associated with responsibilities and consequences. Therefore, we can explore and
navigate all information available online however, we should observe cyber citizenship or
manners and etiquette on the Web.

Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen

The enlisted ways of
becoming a good cyber citizen
would guide everyone on his/her
digital operations and
information processing and
would prevent anyone from
further consequences,
distractions, moral damages and
risks.
1. Be careful and critical for
whatever you post online that
could be visible to the public even if on a "private" page through tagging by a friend.
2. If you have a problem with someone, go to that person or an adult to help work it out,
instead of posting your expression online.
3. Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork but give credit to the sources you
use and critically analyze everything you search online.
4. Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested in, to
help you research relevant and needed data or information and to stay connected with
friends throughout the world.
5. Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project and check
on accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web.
6. Give out certain information only.

7. Don’t answer questions that make you uncomfortable.

8. Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet someone you
knew through the internet.
9. Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an article or a part of it is
due.
10. Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid hacking.
Importance of Cyber Citizenship
1. It keeps the Internet free from hurtful statements.
2. It creates a culture of more reliable information.
3. It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have created.
4. More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to adults.
5. It keeps information private.

Proper Netiquette
Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending messages
online.
1. Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), correct link and you
are sending the information to the right person when doing it online.
2. Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false
statements and information on the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters to
family or friends.
3. Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other
person would interpret it the same way.
4. Keep your comments clean and don’t confront others online or say anything that
could be hurtful to them.
5. Keep your personal and friends’ information private and don’t forward information
that was just given to you without his/her permission.
6. Watch out for spam and other fraud e-mails and never reply to them.
7. If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because
messages can get misdelivered.
8. Adults should monitor kids’ messages, especially when they are sending e-mails
to others without permission. (http://www. Cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.html)
 The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship
At some point, misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools involving
teachers with their students, colleagues and others. The following are reminders to
teachers regarding the use of media tools.

1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene
pictures and messages online that can be accessed by students and parents.
2. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by students
online other than those school-related.
3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.
4. Thou shall not give your email password to students.
5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the
author’s citation.
6. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes, the
pictures of students without their or their parents’ consent.
7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements against
superiors, colleagues, students and their parents using their social media
accounts.
8. Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like lesson plans,
researches and requirements without the consent of the author.
9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other’s information to anyone unless for
specific purposes and given the consent.
10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings,
school records, class outputs and record of grades. De Leon (2019)

Internet Safety
Internet safety,
online safety or cyber safety
means trying to be safe on the
Internet.
It is maximizing the user’s
personal safety and security
risks to private
information and property
associated with using the
Internet, including
selfprotection from computer
crime. As the number of Internet
users continues to grow worldwide, issues and concerns also continuously
exist.
 Information security. Sensitive information, such as personal information, identity
and passwords are often associated with personal property and privacy and may present
security concerns if leaked. Unauthorized access and usage of private information may
result in consequences, such as identity and property theft.
Common causes of information security breaches include:
1. Phishing. It is a common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as
a trustworthy source in an attempt to obtain private information, such as
passwords, credit card, etc. through the use of fake websites that look identical
and legitimate.
2. Internet scams. These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways
in an attempt to take advantage of them.
3. Malware. It is a malicious software (particularly spyware) disguised to
collect and transmit private information, such as password without the user's
consent or knowledge, of which it is impossible to determine whether a file is
infected.
Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many important
services accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital communication. While it
allows communication with others, it is also being grabbed by malicious users for bad
intent. The following are common threats to personal safety.
1. Cyberstalking. It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk
or harass an individual, group or organization through false accusations,
defamation, slander and libel, intentional monitoring, identity theft, threats,
vandalism, solicitation for sex, or gathering information that may be used to
threaten, embarrass or harass.
2. Cyberbullying. It is the use of electronic means, such as instant
messaging, social media, e-mail and other forms of online communication with the
intent to abuse, intimidate, or overpower an individual or group.
3. Online predation. It is the act of engaging an underage minor into
inappropriate sexual relationships through the Internet. Online predators may
attempt to initiate and seduce minors into relationships through the use of chat
rooms or Internet forums. The behavior characteristics are categorized into three
groups: A) Manipulative typically a child molester; B) Opportunist - typically a
rapist; and C) Coercive being a mixture of both rapists and child molesters.
4. Obscene/offensive content. Various websites on the Internet contain
material that may deem offensive, distasteful or explicit, which may often not be of
the user's liking. Such websites may include the Internet, shock sites, hate speech
or otherwise, and inflammatory content. Such content may manifest in many ways,
such as pop-up ads and unsuspecting links.
 5. Sextortion. It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this
involves a cybercriminal posing as someone else, such as an attractive person
initiating communication of a sexual nature with the victim. The video is recorded
by the cybercriminal to demand money or other services, threaten to publicly
release the video and send to family members and friends of the victim if they do
not comply. (https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Internet safety)Module 9: Digital 7
Cyber Literacy
Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many
important services accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital
communication. While it allows communication with others, it is also being grabbed by
malicious users for bad intent. The following are common threats to personal safety.

Computer Threats and Fixing Solutions

The realm of Information Technology (IT) security professionals and computer
security has become an issue and concern for many people (Honan, 2014). A threat, in
the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential to cause serious
harm to a computer system.
It is something that may or may not happen but has the potential to cause serious
damage and can lead to attacks on computer systems and networks
(https://www.techopedia.com). Cybercrime is now becoming alarming in the life of every
individual and the organization as they intend to steal information that they can sell or
trade, such as financial details, credit card information, personal details, or any other
information using computer networks.
Likewise, while email has been the main method for the spread of computer
viruses, it can also enter a network by the USB device, Internet download, visiting an
infected website, instant messaging or messaging in social media platforms, file transfer
and file-sharing programs, or by remote users connecting directly to the corporate
network with an infected PC. Once a computer virus gets into a network, it can spread
from computer to computer in multiple ways.
Given the numerous ways a computer virus can spread, the following are ways on
how to ensure that computer networks can be protected.
1. Install anti-virus software. Ensure that reputable anti-virus software is
installed on all computers, including all servers, PCs and laptops.
2. Ensure that the anti-virus software is up to date. New computer viruses
are being released daily and so it is essential that computers are protected by
keeping the anti-virus software-up to-date.
3. Employ a firewall to protect networks. As computer viruses can spread
by means other than email, it is important that unwanted traffic is blocked from
entering the network by using a firewall.
 4. Filter all email traffic. Example of emails with certain file attachments
commonly used by computer viruses to spread themselves, such as .EXE, .COM
and .SCR files. These should be prevented from entering the network.
5. Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e-mails. Ensure that all
users know to never open an attachment or to click on a link in an email they are
not expecting.
6. Scan Internet downloads. Ensure that all files downloaded from the
Internet are scanned against computer viruses from one central point on the
network.
7. Do not run programs of unknown origin. It is important to use a trusted
source for software requirements to be installed and ensure it can be accounted
for.
8. Implement a vulnerability management system. It is important to
regularly review network and the applications running on it for new vulnerabilities
and a plan on how to manage them, either by patching or upgrading them using
tools, such as firewalls or Intrusion Detection Systems that should be put in place.
9. Make regular backups of critical data. There is a need to keep important
files on removable media, such as portable drives or tape for back-up in the event
that the network is infected with a computer virus.
10. Develop an Information Security Policy. The creation and publication of
an Information Security Policy is key to ensuring that information security receives
the profile it requires in order to secure the systems and data.
11. Monitor logs and systems. Regular monitoring of network and system
logs can assist in the early identification of a computer virus infecting the network
or other attacks by criminals.
12. Develop an Incident Response Plan. The incident response plan outlines
the roles and responsibilities of people in the event of a computer virus infecting
the network or any other type of security breach.
13. Restrict end-user access to the systems. Where possible, end users are
prohibited from access to the system so that the virus will also be restricted.
(https://bhconsulting.ie/computer-security-threats-solutions)

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying, cyber harassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or harassment
using electronic means usually among minors in a school setting and has become increasingly
common, especially among teenagers.
It is an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual
using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot easily defend him or
herself. The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as a process of using the Internet, cell
phones or other devices to send or post texts or images that intend to hurt or embarrass another
person. It may also include public actions, such as repeated threats, sexual remarks, pejorative
labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject
of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false
statements to discredit the targeted person.
Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying. It is just that victims may not know the identity
of their bully and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims’ personal data
on websites or forums-called doxing, or may use impersonation, and create fake accounts,
comments or sites for the purpose of publishing material in their names. This can leave the
cyberbully anonymous and difficult to be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior.

Cyberbullying types
There are various types of cyberbullying and research has revealed serious profound
consequences on victims.
1. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the Internet in an online
community to elicit a reaction, disruption or intentionally provoke and offend others.
2. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic
communication to stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her.

Implications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti-bullying

programs and campaigns to protect students from being threatened or victimized by such
offense. More so, teachers should be oriented and trained in handling bullying cases and
executing teaching strategies to address and reduce bullying cases in class. Also, schools
should conduct student empowerment activities that can be engaged in by students,
including the bullies to divert their attention and energy into something worthwhile and
engagements that they can be busy about.

Cybercrime
Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried out using computers or
the Internet. Cybercrime uses tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and
social engineering to break the law (https:// www.avast.com/c-cybercrime).
On the other hand, cybercrime is defined by Techopedia as a crime with the
computer as the object of the crime (i.e. hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a
tool to commit an offense (i.e. child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use
computer technology to access personal and confidential information or use the Internet
for exploitative or malicious purposes.
There is a wide variety of cybercrimes, which can broadly be placed into two
categories: one-off crimes, such as installing a virus that steals your personal data; and
ongoing crimes, such as cyberbullying, extortion, distributing child pornography or
organizing terrorist acks (https://www.avast.com/c-cybercrime).
 Cybercrime may also be referred to as computer crime practiced by those who
have technological skills and use the Internet to achieve their bad motive. Cybercriminals
employ their diverse skill to access bank accounts, steal identities, blackmail, defraud,
stalk, and harass or use a compromised computer to attack their victims. Criminals can
also use computers for communication and document or data storage and those, who
perform these illegal activities, are often referred to as hackers.
On the other hand, malware downloaded from the computer may slow it down and
prompt it to give error messages. Likewise, phishing attacks usually involve receiving
emails from unknown sources while trying to trick someone into giving up his/her
passwords or personal data. Keyloggers leave their own telltale signs, like strange icons,
or duplicating the messages.
Techopedia cites common types of cybercrime that include online bank information
theft, identity theft, online predatory crimes, unauthorized computer access, and the most
serious one like cyberterrorism. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities that
can be categorized as: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices, including
viruses and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks; and (2) crimes that use computer networks
to advance other criminal activities, including cyberstalking, phishing and fraud or identity
theft. (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2387/cybercrime)

Exploring the Internet

Researching and evaluating the web. The Internet is a global communication
network that allows computers to exchange and share information worldwide. It makes
possible for people around the world to connect and share ideas across time zones and
geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is such a large realm, sometimes it
is difficult to find the needed information. So, the most effective way to explore the Internet
is to have strategies in place for doing research on the Web and for evaluating the
websites.
Commonly, this is important among schools in doing research and other related
works. Therefore, this aspect needs to be explored by teachers and students in doing
their works surfing the Web. The following are the three key factors in surfing the web.
1. Most surfing sessions start with the user-targeted keywords about the subject into
a search engine.
2. Good strategies for searching the Web include writing research questions;
extracting keywords from the questions and typing them into a search engine using
synonyms if the keywords do not bring up desired results; keeping track of
keywords and synonyms used; and recording the results of search.
3. Always be cautious about the information shared online and in visiting websites.
Assessing credibility. Different websites accessible on the Web can make the job of
researchers very challenging. Carefully evaluate the information searched online.
Consider the credibility, or trustworthiness and reliability of the content before taking it.
There are two types of websites: informational and commercial. Informational. Websites
usually strive to offer credible content to users, while commercial websites present
inaccurate information in order to see something.
Checklist of credibility criteria. The first step in evaluating the credibility of websites is
to review several important aspects of the site.

1. Author. Check the credentials of the author, the company or the expert and
determine the qualifications to provide information on the subject being
researched, some websites do not list specific authors, but the credibility of a
company can be explored’ by reviewing the site’s “About” page, if available.
2. Date. Look for copyright information at the bottom of a website’s home page. If the
site is more than a few years old and it has not been updated regularly, look for
more up-to-date information.
3. Purpose. Analyze the goals of the website to determine if it is an informational or
an advertisement site.
4. Contact. Most credible websites list down contact information, such as telephone
number, email address, or mailing address so that users may get in touch if they
have questions.
5. Fact vs. Opinion. When doing research for a school paper, go to sites that present
information provided by experts, rather than opinions. Be on the lookout for biases,
too. If the author is biased, so as the information on the site.
6. URL. The URL may look like ending in .edu (for education), .gov (for government),
.org (for organization), .com (for commercial sites), or .net (for network sites).
Different websites have different URLs. To help determine a site’s credibility,
determine if that is a personal website or blog, a government website, or other
types of website.

Common credible URLS. One way of determining the credibility of a website is through
the URLS. Although a website’s URL gives clues as to credibility, there is still a need to
evaluate it carefully. When encountering a URL, look at the letters that appear after the
“dot” (i.e. www.whitehouse.gov.) and that is called top-level domain. Thus, the URL’s
toplevel domain helps in determining a site’s credibility.
1. Websites ending in gov are government-related websites. Which generally, can be
trusted to provide credible statistical information, articles on many different topics
and government news.
2. Websites ending in edu are the websites of educational institutions, such as
colleges and universities that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially
about the school’s operations and research. Since students may create websites
with an edu top-level domain, but they may contain inaccurate or biased
information.
 3. Websites ending in .org are the websites of organizations. While many
organizations, especially nonprofit ones, provide credible information, they may
sometimes have advertising intent. Since some organizations show bias in their
provided information, so evaluate .org sites carefully.
Recognition of information sources. Similar to the information in print sources, the
use of online sources must be given credit to the authors. This can be done by applying
proper referencing and citation procedures that would get rid of risks, consequences and
legal implications because of the copyright issue, which means that the ideas and words
used belong to the author.
Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a citation. Proper citation must be
applied or included for every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper, or a
book. Online sources are cited differently because they are different from traditional print
sources. There are different formats used to cite the sources.
Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is
becoming stronger and powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other forms
of report and paper works. This has also corresponding legal implications once not
processed immediately and properly. It involves uploading of pictures, designs, graphics,
concepts/ideas, frameworks, artwork, data, and other information that are copyrighted
without the consent of the author or the source. These are commonly observed in schools.
The following are practical techniques in responding to data privacy issues.
1. When getting data, put proper citation and source acknowledgment (e.g. Source:
National Statistics Office, 2019).
2. When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put acknowledgment
(e.g. Photo credits to PhilPost, 2019). But if possible, to have personal pictures
taken with your original concept. Although, there is still a need to seek the consent
of those in the pictures.
3. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the author,
and wait for his/her response. However, if the data and information are for public
domain, just acknowledging/citing the author or the source will do.
4. If the author doesn’t really want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article, learn
the value of respect, anyway that is his/ her property. The author’s disapproval
usually manifests through difficulty in downloading the file, some tricky signs that
appear on screen, or direct statement or notice of disapproval contained in the file.
5. Research and data collection protocols. When researching and collecting data
from the Web, avoid plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else’s work
and presenting it as your own (Turnitin. Com).
6. Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students don’t
mean to plagiarize, but they end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware
or unclear about it.
The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should
know.
1. Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copying another work
(wordfor-word) without any change and claim as his/her own work.
2. Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting information from various sources and
mixing all together as a single document then, claiming the work as their own work.
3. Ctrl+C Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text. Copied from any
single source without any alteration in a written document.
4. Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source documents are copied and
arranged as a new document without citation.
5. Find-Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most common keywords and
phrases in the copied content but not making any changes in the essential document.
6. Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self-plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing
from one’s own previous document without proper citation.

7. Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than
one source and all are mixed together without proper citation.
8. 404 Error Plagiarism. Here, a person creates a document by copying from various
sources prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate or leads to
non-existing resources.
9. Aggregator Plagiarism. Here, the written document includes proper citation, but
it does not contain original work.
10. Re-Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents look perfect with properly cited
mark but still, the document resembles somewhere the original text’s structure or
wordings.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid plagiarism that teachers, researchers
and students should know.
1. Read and understand the original document several times before start explaining
about it.
2. Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document.
3. Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website, video, etc.).
4. In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL in
the reference.
 5. Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any
modification.
6. Make a practice to include the “references” section whenever you write an
academic document.
7. Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document.
8. Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality of the written
document.

How to Evaluate a Website

Morris (2018) suggests ways on evaluating a website as reference in research.
1. Open the site. When looking through Google search results, open sites in new
tabs, leave search results in a tab for easy access later (e.g. right-click on the title
and click “Open link in new tab”).
2. Skim read. Determine whether you can read and understand the text. If it is too
complicated or difficult to understand, find another website that may provide the
information you need.
3. Look for the answer to your question. Find out if the information on the site
actually answers your question. You can use a search box, navigation menu, or
pull up your own search box by pressing Control/Command F and type in the
keywords. You are searching for.
4. Consider the credibility of the author or website. You need to consider the
credibility of the author or website by considering the following: (1) Domain –
domains that include gov or .edu are trustworthy sources; (2) Author’s information
look at the author’s bio or About page regarding the qualification of the author; (3)
Design – avoid sites that are cluttered and difficult to navigate; and (4) Sources –
trustworthy articles usually link to other sources or cite where their facts come from.
5. Consider the purpose of the site. Think about the purpose of the site and
whether it meets your needs.
6. Look for the date. Consider whether the information is current enough for your
topic. You can look for the date when the article was written or last updated.
Sometimes, URLs also include dates. (http://www.kathleenamorris.com/)

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher order thinking
and construction of meaning in the classroom.
1. Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons. Use Promethean and
Smart Notebook with teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of
designing your own.
2. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages related to their learning.
3. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.
4. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories.
5. Set-up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly
discussion questions.
6. For students to respond use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific
experiments and expose students to video editing software to create video
production of learning.
7. Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well to
showcase learning and why others do not.
8. Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important as
the message itself.
9. Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs. Projects, messages and
photodocuments of group activities and investigations online.
10. Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks for
Google search, dictionary Apps. Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class
to complement their learning, especially during group works and concept reporting.

Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families

and friends. Integrating digital literacy in the classroom can bring a positive impact
on students learning as evidenced by the following
1. It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use with
various technological mediums.
2. It reaches students of various learning styles and multiple intelligences
3. It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of their
personalities and learning needs/ styles.
4. It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning.
5. It enables students to share their learning with teachers, families, and friends
6. It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably increase
the job skills needed in the workforce. (http://purposefultechnology
weebly.com/howcan-we-embed-digital-literacy-in-the classroom html
Formative Assessment 4

A. Answer the questions briefly.

1. How do you define cyber/digital literacy and cybersecurity?
Answer: Digital literacy, also known as computer literacy, is an umbrella term that
refers to the ability to effectively use information technologies and make sense of
one’s actions. Cybersecurity is awareness based on people knowing the basic ways
they can protect themselves, their data and their devices. The basis for this
awareness can be found in the development of key technologies and digital literacy
skills.
2. What do you mean by cyber citizenship? Elaborate.
Answer: Cyber citizen uses technology appropriately, including etiquette,
communication, education, access, commerce, responsible, rights, protection, and
security. It means that individual who use social media or any social media platform
in good way and intention is a cyber citizen.
3. What are netiquette and the process of safety use of digital media? Give examples
Answer: 1. Respect others privacy by not sharing personal information, photos, or
videos that another person may want published online.
2. Never spam others by sending large amounts of unsolicited email
3. Avoid posting inflammatory or offensive comments online (a.k.a flaming)
4. What are the common computer threats and how can these be fixed?
Answer: Virus usually attach themselves covertly to downloads as they are
designed to spread at an alarming rate. Viruses are often attached to files for
download, shared via CDs, DVDs, and USB sticks, or loaded on to computers by
opening infected email attachments. To prevent malware or virus infecting your
computer you must install Anti-virus/Malware Software and keep it up to date and
run regularly scheduled scans with your Anti-Virus Software.
5. What is meant by cyberbullying and cybercrimes? Discuss
Answer: Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication tools to intimidate a
person and is most common when someone sends threatening or intimidating
messages. In the other hand Cybercrime refers to crime that involves a network and
a computer, and in this sense, the computer or the network may be the target.
Cyberbullying and cybercrime are known problem in the world, but they are not
perceived as harassment and crime, but they can be harmful and serious.
 6. How can you practice the processes of Internet exploration, source citation,
research and data-gathering protocols and website evaluation?
Answer: I explore internet responsible and if I take any documents from the any
source on Internet, I cite the author properly.
7. How can cyber/digital literacy be integrated in the teaching learning process?
Answer: it Emphasize the importance of critical thinking, social media used for
learning and collaborating. It provides guidance on how to avoid plagiarism, teach
students to manage their online identity and it help the students manage digital
distractions.

B. Direction: Analyze the following research abstract and cite its implication on
teachinglearning. You may download the full paper of this research on the website
given below.

Teachers’ beliefs about integrating digital literacy into classroom practice: An

investigation based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Sadaf and Johnson (2017)

Abstract

This study explored teachers’ behavioral, normative, and control beliefs related to
digital literacy integration into their classrooms. Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior
(TPB) was used as a theoretical framework to collect and analyze data. Findings
revealed that teachers’ integration of digital literacy were related to their behavioral
beliefs (attitude towards outcomes of a behavior) about the value of digital literacy for
developing students’ 21st century skills, increasing student engagement, and
preparation for future careers; normative beliefs (social support) about meeting the
expectations of administrators, parents, colleagues, and students; and control beliefs
(perceived behavioral control) about ease of integrating digital literacy due to access
to technology, professional development, and curriculum resources.

(Source: Sadaf, A. and Johnson, B. (2017). Teachers’ beliefs about integrating digital
literacy into classroom practice: An investigation based on the Theory of Planned
Behavior doi: 10.1080/21532974.2017.1347534)
 Analysis: How do teachers perceive digital literacy integration their classrooms, according
to the study?

Answer: Teachers’ integration of digital literacy related to their behavioral beliefs (attitude
towards outcomes of a behavior) about the value of digital literacy for developing
students’.

Implication: How does the result of the study impact the students’ learning and the
development of 21st century skills?
Answer: Students increase their engagement, and preparation for future careers;
normative beliefs (social support) about meeting the expectations of administrators,
parents, colleagues, and students; and control beliefs (perceived behavioral control)
about ease of integrating digital literacy due to access to technology, professional
development, and curriculum resources.

C. Direction: Choose any type of cyberbullying. Describe it and write its purpose,
procedures, principles and prospective target indicated in the tables provided below.

LEARNING REFLECTIONS

PROSPECTIVE PRINCIPLES PROCEDURES PURPOSE CYBERBULLYING

TARGET TYPE
Harassment First you will To take
Child, cannot be wait for him revenge on
teenager and tolerated. where he is. those who are PHYSICAL
adults who Complaints Second when in conflict or HARASSMENT
committed sin and victims of he goes on those who
against harassment where you are have
another must be waiting for embarrassed
person or supported him you will you and on
humiliated and hurt him in those who do
oner person to protected. any way. not pay your
many people Safe reporting Third you will debts, so they
or a person mechanisms be afraid of afraid of you.
owes money should be put him that he
without paying in place to will not tell
protect anyone what
complainants happened
and victim
References:
Alata, E.J., & Ignacio, E.T. (2019). Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the
Curriculum. Rex Bookstore
De Leon, E.B. (2020). Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the Curriculum.
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Picture Attribution:
https://theconversation.com/lack-of-internet-access-in-southeast-asia-poses-
challengesfor-students-to-study-online-amid-covid-19-pandemic-133787
https://www.consultancy.asia/news/3730/singapores-population-has-world-class-cyber-
literacy-skills https://newsmobile.in/articles/2018/07/07/malappuram-students-first-
to-be-cyberlawaware-thanks-to-two-civil-servants/
https://newsmobile.in/articles/2018/07/07/malappuram-students-first-to-be-
cyberlawaware-thanks-to-two-civil-servants/