Heat Transfer EME 314

Second semester
3Cr. 3-1-1 Hrs/wk
Mechatronics Department

Lecture 3
Dr. Asmaa Attya Shalaby
Ph.D., M.Sc. And B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering,
Alexandria university
 Chapter 3: Steady heat conduction

Contents
1. Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
2. Thermal Resistance concept
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance
4. Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres
5. Critical Radius of Insulation
6. Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces
1. Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

∆𝑻
 Fourier’s law of heat conduction for the wall can be expressed as 𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨
∆𝑿

 By Separating the variables and integration

𝑳 𝑻𝟐
𝒙=𝟎
𝑸 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑻𝟏
𝑲𝑨 𝒅𝑻

𝑸 𝑳 − 𝟎 = −𝑲𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐

𝑲𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑸= 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 → 𝑸=
𝑳 𝑳 (𝑲𝑨)
2. Thermal Resistance concept

 Analogy between thermal and electrical resistance concepts (Fourier’s and Ohm’s
laws)

 The rate of heat transfer through a layer corresponds to the electric current, the
thermal resistance corresponds to electrical resistance, and the temperature
difference corresponds to voltage difference across the layer.

𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐
𝑸= → 𝑹 represents thermal resistance
𝑹
 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance 𝑸=
𝑹

A. Conduction thermal resistance

* Heat conduction in plane wall :
𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 𝑳
𝑸= 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑳 (𝑲𝑨) 𝑲𝑨
* Heat conduction in cylinders :
(𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐧(𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 )
𝑸 = (𝟐𝝅𝑲𝑳) 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝐥𝐧(𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 ) 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝑳
𝐥𝐧(𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬)
𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟐𝛑 × (𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲) × (𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡)

* Heat conduction in Spheres

(𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐 ) 𝒓𝟐 −𝒓𝟏
𝑸 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝑲 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
(𝒓𝟐 −𝒓𝟏 ) 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝑲

Outer radius − 𝐈𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬

𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟒𝛑 × (Outer radius) × (𝐈𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬) × (𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲)
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance

B. convection thermal resistance

 From Newton’s law : 𝑸 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ )
 From Analogy between heat and electric current flow:

𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞
𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗 =
𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗

𝑸 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ ) = 𝑻𝑹𝒔−𝑻∞ 𝟏
→ ∴ 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒉𝑨
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance

C. Radiation thermal resistance

 From Stefan–Boltzmann law: 𝑸 = 𝜺𝝈𝑨(𝑻𝒔 𝟒 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 𝟒 )
 by Simplify the previous equation
𝑸 = 𝜺𝝈𝑨(𝑻𝒔 𝟒 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 𝟒 ) = 𝒉𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 )
 From Analogy between heat and electric current flow:
(𝑻𝒔−𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 )
𝑸 = 𝒉𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻𝐬𝐮𝐫 ) = 𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅

𝟏
∴ 𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑨

𝑸
𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒅 = = 𝜺𝝈(𝑻𝒔 +𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 )(𝑻𝒔 𝟐 + 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 𝟐 )
𝑨(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒔𝒖𝒓 )
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance

 1
3. Generalized Thermal Resistance

D. Simultaneous convection and radiation

 the total heat transfer at the surface is determined by adding (or subtracting, if in
the opposite direction) the radiation and convection components.
𝑸 = 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗 +𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑸 = 𝒉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ ) + 𝒉𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻𝐬𝐮𝐫 )

 In case: 𝑻𝐬𝐮𝐫 = 𝑻∞
𝑸 = (𝒉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝒉𝑟𝑎𝑑 )𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐫 )

𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅 = 𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗 + 𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒅

where 𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅 is the combined heat transfer coefficient

𝟏
𝑸 = 𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ 𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒖𝒓 ) → 𝑹 =
𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑨
4. Thermal Resistance Network
a) Thermal Resistance Concept
Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow through a plane wall of
thickness L, area A, and thermal conductivity k that is exposed to
convection on both sides to fluids at temperatures 𝐓∞𝟏 and 𝐓∞𝟐 with heat
transfer coefficients 𝒉𝟏 and 𝒉𝟐 , respectively.
4. Thermal Resistance Network
a) Thermal Resistance Concept

Where:

Thermal network
4. Thermal Resistance Network
b) overall heat transfer coefficient

 The overall heat transfer is expressed as

 It is sometimes convenient to express heat transfer through a medium in an

analogous manner to Newton’s law of cooling as

𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨 ∆𝑻 𝑾 where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient.

∆𝑻 𝟏 𝟏
𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻 = → ∴ 𝑼𝑨 = 𝑶𝑹
𝑹 𝑹 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

 For a unit area, the overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to the inverse of the
total thermal resistance.
4. Thermal Resistance Network
4. Thermal Resistance Network
c) Multilayer mechanism systems
4. Thermal Resistance Network
d) composite wall consists of two parallel layers
4. Thermal Resistance Network
e) combined series-parallel arrangement
4. Thermal Resistance Network
f) Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres
4. Thermal Resistance Network
g) Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres
Examples
1. Consider a 3-m-high, 5-m-wide, and 0.3-m-thick wall whose thermal
conductivity is k=0.9 W/m ·°C. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the wall are measured to be 16°C and 2°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall on that day.
Examples
2. Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 8
mm and a thermal conductivity of k=0.78 W/m.°C. Determine the steady rate of
heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner
surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the
temperature of the outdoors is -10°C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on the
inner and outer surfaces of the window to be 𝐡𝟏 =10 W/𝒎𝟐 .°C and 𝒉𝟐 = 40
W/𝐦𝟐 .°C, which includes the effects of radiation.
Examples
Cont.2.
Examples
3. Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two
4-mm thick layers of glass (k=0.78 W/m.°C) separated by a 10-mm wide stagnant
air space (k=0.026 W/m.°C). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through
this double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the
outdoors is -10°C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and
outer surfaces of the window to be 𝒉𝟏 = 10 W/𝒎𝟐 .°C and 𝒉𝟐 = 40 W/𝒎𝟐 .°C,
which includes the effects of radiation.
Examples
Cont.3.
Examples
4. A 3-m internal diameter spherical tank made of 2-cm-thick stainless steel (k=15 W/m.°C)
is used to store iced water at 𝐓∞𝟏 = 0°C. The tank is located in a room whose temperature is
𝑻∞𝟐 = 22°C. The walls of the room are also at 22°C. The outer surface of the tank is black
and heat transfer between the outer surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural
convection and radiation. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and the
outer surfaces of the tank are 𝐡𝟏 =80 W/𝐦𝟐 .°C and 𝐡𝟐 = 10 W//𝐦𝟐 .°C, respectively.
Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank and (b) the amount of
ice at 0°C that melts during a 24-h period.
Examples
Examples
6. Steam at 𝐓∞𝟏 =320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m.°C) whose inner and
outer diameters are 𝐃𝟏 = 5 cm and 𝐃𝟐 = 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered
with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k = 0.05 W/m.°C. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 𝐓∞𝟐 = 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined
heat transfer coefficient of 𝐡𝟐 = 18 W//𝐦𝟐 .°C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient
inside the pipe to be 𝐡𝟏 = 60 W//𝐦𝟐 .°C, determine the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature drops across
the pipe shell and the insulation.
Examples