Importance of Primary Sources in History A letter especially written by a person during the period one is studying, e.g, the Philippine Revolution is an example of a primary source document. This letter of Andres Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto sent at the height of the revolution is a good of example of a primary source. Primary Source Reproduction of Andres Bonifacio’s Letter to Emilio Jacinto ‘News was also received here last month that you had been killed by the Carabineers because, it was said, you had given a bad order; but as this news came from Imus, | did not believe it and | treated it as one of the usual duplicities of these people As to the collection of money, | believe we need not beg, but should solicit or take it from whoever is wealthy. Brother Don Nakpil wrote me, asking whether the money collected by him, almost four hundred pesos or $0, should be given to Mamerto Natividad, Do not allow this to happen, because that man is ‘not sincere in his friendship with us, and he is very close to the Magdalo people. A piece of sickening news | can tell you is the treachery committed by the chiefs of the Magdalo Council who have applied for pardon or gone over to the Spaniards. These are Daniel Tirona, Minister Of War; José del Rosario, Minister of the Interior; José Cailles, Lieutenant-General, and nearly all the Tanza people, even the parish priest there, the whole lot of them henchmen or partisans of Capitan See oe uy pe ‘Suspect that they strive so hard to get control of the eee ee Last week | ordered our soldiers to tie up another 1@ was Caught as he was about to escape with two Spanishprisoners and a lady. Ono of these Spaniards told the truth, that they wera going to escape. Ho {the Minister] was tried by a Council of War, but the outcome, as usually happens hore, was that everybody ‘covered up for each other, oF favoritism, Howavor, tho rocord of the case against tho ministor montionod, Don Cayetano Topacio, remains in my possession, as does that against the Spaniards. This is one of tho reasons why we desire to leavo hore, because our if is in dangor not only rom the Spanish enemy, but sill more 80 from the leaders hora, most of whom havo wicked intontions. We have taken away averything: the printing prose, the necessary books, the big map, and tho tools for making cartridges. ‘The spoons you sent for tha brother and sistors of Dimas could not be given to them because they have already left in the direction of Silangan (Laguna), Wo have sent for your mother, who is now in Maragondon, and we are stil waiting for her, Roceive the close embrace that | send you trom hore, Limbon, April 24, 1897 ‘Tho President of the Sovereign Nation ‘And: Bonifacio Maypagasa ‘Source: Translation ty J Fichardaon, Kalipunan: Docurnants and Studiesfies or fake documents. In 1912, Jose E. Marco was the * the collection of the Philippine ts which became part iba a tic was then headed by James Robertson, one of the authors of a the m me work, The Phi spine Islands. uiti-volume work, ilippit j my sin t ti ye fe Negros “The Code of Kalantiaw figures in he work Las antiguas pyenses la Isla de N i ir ymaylan Fr Jose Maria Pavon, who was assigned in Mamar ” Robertson declared the Code as rare, authentic, and valuable according to Scott. Robertson translated the Code of Kalantiaw in English and was published in the H. Morse Stephen and Herbert E. Bolton's The Pacific Ocean in History in 1917. in 1965, Wiliam Henry Scott decided to work on the prehispanic sources for the study cof Philippine history as his topic for a doctoral degree at the University of Santo Tomas. In his doctoral dissertation defense held on June 16, 1968, Scott demonstrated that the Code was a forgery committed by a Jose E. Marco of Pontevedra, Negros Occidental. Scott's panel was composed of eminent historians of the period: Teodoro ‘Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa, Marcelino Foronda, Nicolas Zafra and Gregorio Zaide. ‘Scott later published in 1968 his findings in his book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philppine History. Scott observed that the handwriting used by Fr, Pavon Wes rot similar tothe period where it belongs i., sixteenth century Spanish. Spanish scholar Lourdes Diaz Trechuelo stated the “letters present features strange and uncommon in documents of the period.” This comment was shared by historian Nicolas Cushner who after consulting a book by Agustin Millares Carlo entitled Album de Paleogratia hispanoamericana del Siglo XVI stated that there was no semblance of it to the Spanish script of the 16th century. Moreover Scott observed that there was the presence of the hyphen which was totally absent in the sixteenth century. as a addition, Scott observed that the punishments meted out in the legal code such ing put to death by drowning, being cut to pieces and fe ‘ e7posed to the ants and beaten to death were el 10 the oN sources, Scott asserted that the usual punish Lr Fifino, Checking wih he payment of fine an iments meted out to crimes committed We"? te tne pa Becoming servant of the aggrieved party. sources may in time be pr aetnmebine that sources perceived to be primary aren ae gh Monetar o politcal ax orl hat there are people who may 1° is therefore im Portant that primary sources be subjected to the historical methoo which includes checkin i 1g the authenticity ! the reliability of the document (external eee (internal criticism) and cheek"? History iDo you consider the letter of Andres Bonifacio an eyewitness account or a firsthand account of the Philippine Revolution? Explain your answer. ‘Compare the letter with this excerpt from Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People. Secondary Source Bonifacio and Jacinto were lke brothers who never separated from each other i either one could help it. Separation came late in December 1896 when Bonifacio went to Cavite to mediate between two rival factions of the Katipunan in that province and Jacinto, appointed commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces in Laguna, went to this provinee to direct the mavernents of the revoluionists. Nevertheless, they ‘communicated with each other when time and circumstances permitted, Bonifacio died two years ealior than Jacinto, who while directing a campaign against the Spaniards in Mahayhay, Laguna, contracted fever and died on April 16, 1899. How different is this excerpt from the letter of Andres Bonifacio? Which of the two (the letter of Bonifacio and the excerpt from History of the Filipino People) gives you a direct link to the past? Reading primary sources gives us the opportunity to come into direct contact with the past and experience it. Reading textbook accounts of the past, however, deprives us of this opportunity and make us dependent on the interpretation of the past by textbook authors. Kinds of Historical Sources “There are wo meanings of history. One meaning is that it is the sum total of what happened in the past—every event, every action, and every thought that a human being has done. Another meaning of history is the act of analyzing and writing about the past. In short history is not only the past but is also the study of the past. In studying the past, there must be evidences to reconstruct the past. For historians, these evidences are classified into two: primary sources and secondary sources. A primary source is defined “as a piece of evidence written or created during the period ‘under investigation.” It is a record left by a person who witnessed the event one is studying, In other words, a primary source can be an eyewitness account ora firsthand account of a particular event. A primary source can come in the form of written sources such as documents, archival materials, letters (e.g,, letters of Rizal to his fellow reformist), government records (Hojas de servicios de maesias ot Service Records of Teachers), newspapers (Heraldo de la revolucion, Muling Pagsilang), pasish records (Libro dé bautismo, Libro de matrimonio), couxt transcripts, and business ledgers. Primary sources can also be non-written, They can come in the form of artifacts such as the Manunggul Jar; edifices like colonial churches; clothes, jewelry, farming implements, and paintings. ‘An individuals firsthand account of a particular event such as the memoirs of the Japanese occupation in the Philippines can be a primary source. Of recent date, photographs, films, and recordings (both audio and video) are also considered primary sources. (On the other hand, secondary sources in history are works produced after the event has taken place. Secondary sources are usually an assessment or a commentary of even's people, or institutions of the past. Secondary sources often use primary sources for the Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President ofthe Revoltonary Goverrment in Teeroe. He belonged to the Magdalo faction based in Kawit, Cavite; ‘Andres Bonifacio was the Supremo (ofthe Katipunan, ‘and Emilio Jacinto was named the “Brains ofthe Katipunan” when he penned the “Kartiya ofthe Katipunan’ and took charge of the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan.eS ‘A paloographer is one who studies ancient wings, ‘A hilologisis one who studies the evelopment of language. "Numismatics is the study of coins, Paper money, and medals, Epigraphy is the study of deciphering and interpreting ‘ncient inscriptions, CHAPTER 1 aforementioned purpose. The books History of the Filipino People by Teodoto Agoncillo and The Past Revisited by Renato Constantino are examples of secondary sources. Secondary sources may also come in many forms. They come in the form of books which can be popular or scholarly. Usually textbooks are considered as secondary sources, Secondary sources come in the form of monographs. Monographs are specialized works which are narrow in scope, but are based on primary sources. Monographs provide new historical interpretations and can be vehicles for historical revisionism. Essays or chapters in a book based on primary or secondary sources are considered secondary sources. Articles published in scholarly journals are likewise considered secondary sources, They should not be ignored by students as they provide new findings or interpretations useful for research. Articles published in popular magazines are also secondary sources. Dissertations which offer original analysis and adds to the body of knowledge of a particular historical topic would be another example of a secondary source, Lastly, papers read in conferences are considered secondary sources. Conference Papers get their initial scrutiny in conferences but once revised, may be submitted to a scholarly journal. Primary Sources and the Historical Method Primary sources, in whatever form, have to be subjected to what is called the historical method. There are two components in the historical method. The first is called external criticism which aims at checking the authenticity of the primary source. External ctiticism aims to check whether the source is real or fake. For example, validating the authenticity of a document requires checking if the paper and ink of the document belong to the period being studied. In addition, one checks whether the handwriting in the document belongs to the handwriting of the period one is researching on. The historian in this instance somewhat becomes of a paleographer. In other cases, the historian is constrained to study the style and language of the text in a document. In this case, the historian becomes a philologist. If the primary source would be coins and medals, the historian should have some knowled, ‘monuments are being studied, epigraphy. Once the source is considered authentic, criticism which checks on the reliability of primary should one accept its contents comy accepting the source. The following are so the reliability of the source: ige of mumismatics and if inscriptions in then primary source goes through internal the source. Not just because the source is pletely. There should be some skepticism in me questions that one may pose to check on 1. How close was the author to the event being studied? This question refers to the physical location of the author of the document, Did ple of this is Antonio Pigafettas account of the Bartle of Mactan, which claimed the life of Ferdinand Magellan, Pigafecca was the chronicler of the Magellan expedition. He witnessed the Battle of Mactan and wrote about icin his work Primo viageo intro al globo teacqueo writen in Italian and later translated in Spanish as Primer viaje alrededor del mundo, By vireue of Pigafetta being’ chronicler of the Magellan's voyage, his account is reliable, THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY SOURCES IN HISTORYSTUDY AID CSS [Archives are repositories of past documentation. We find primary sources inthe archives. ‘There are many kinds of archives, such as those maintained by a religious order, which are” called religious archives. In the Philippines, the Dominicans have the Dominican Archives which is found in the University of Santo Tomas. The Jesuits have theirs at the Ateneo de ‘Manila University. Some schools have their own respective archives such as the University of the Philippines. Some private entities ike business companies or families also have archives. ‘Archives which houses primary sources are important for two reasons. One isthe archives organize documents in a systematic manner, making it easier for a researcher to do his work, Another importance is the archives help researchers with their work by producing research aids or finding too's to their collection. Nowadays, countries usually have national archives. The Philippines is one of them. The present Phiippine National Archives (PNA) dates back to 1898 when Spain, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris, transferred its archives to the United States. During the American Period, the PNA started as an Oifice of Archives in 1901 and was placed under the Executive Bureau. In 1901, the Office of Archives was then placed under the Department of Public instruction, and in 1915 was back as an office under the Executive Branch. In 1928, the PNA became a Division under the National Library. At present, the Philippine National Archives is an attached agency under the Office ofthe President. “The PNA houses 13 milion Spanish-era documents and 60 milion catalogued documents ‘The holdings are divided into two collections: Spanish Period Collection composed of documents and plans dating back from 1552 to 1900, and the American and Republic Period Collection dating {rom 1900 to the present, composed of documents from government agencies, civil records, notarial Gocuments, and Japanese War Crime Records, ‘When was the account made? A primary source should be closest or contemporary to the period being studied. The work Urbana at Felisa by Modesto de Castro published in 1864 is an example of a primary source for the study of the norms of conduct of a woman in the nineteenth century. Since the work was published in the nineteenth century (the year 1864 belongs to the nineteenth century), this work of Modestro de Castro on how a Christian woman should behave is a reliable primary source.‘Santiago Alvarez was the SO? ‘of Mariano Alvarez who headed the Magaiwang faction based Noveleta, Cave. Artemio Riarte was elected a8 CGeneralsn-Chit inthe Te}eos Conventon Ccavice Rongallo was the pevate secretary of Emibo Agunak, ‘A goberadorcito iste head ofa town auring tne Spanish period in ercomendero's ahalder of an ercomense oan extate lad CHAPTER 1 “who was the recipi ant? eo ae ace o of the cown of Muntinlupa duting the erna a “The election results of oe of a primary source. The recipient of the election Spanish period is kes the final appointment. Hence, th a ncia tho mal fe provncl gover wh rte be a rable pn result is OY cled as Elecciones de Goben document lal source. I there bias to be accounted for? ‘The Tejeros Convention, which en\ : ‘ ment, Jacement by a revolutionary govern! in the ‘Abatez entitled Si Andres Bonifacio, Os sd Heit Pe pants ‘4 ff Artemio Ricarte; in Aguinaldo’s Mga Guni Timagik Catlos Ronquillo entitled Mang Talata Tungkol sa Paghihimag ns 1 96-1857, and in the Letter of Andres Bonifacio to Emilio Jacinto. Each of the fs ional suthors would have a bias in narrating what transpired in that particular event, ‘All of the abovementioned primary sources have a bias. Thus, ic is important that as a reader, one should be conscious of the bias of the work. The bias will be coming from the author ofthe primary source. People generally write their memoirs in order to explain or justify their actions during a particular event. ded the existence of the Katipunan and ity is covered in the work of Santiago the memoir Does informed common sense make the account probable? ‘The key words here ate probable and informed common sense. One cannot get absolutely conclusive answers in history. The test whether a given testimony is believable or not, is when there is an inherent probability of it being true and is supported by appropriate evidence. For instance, abuses committed by encomenderos toward the native Filipinos in the collection of tribute may be probable as evidenced by Bishop Domingo de Salazar, writing the King of Spain about encomenderos collecting tribute without giving the natives proper governance, religious instruction, and defense against their enemies. Bishop Salazar was a defender of native rights and was critical of the injustices received by the Filipinos in the hands of the encomenderos. Is the account corroborated by other accounts? A primary source cannot stand by itself. There should be corroboration from other sources as well Having established the authenticit in mind the following: When was the document or artifact created? What type of primary source is it? ‘Who created the document ot artifact? Why was it written or produced? For whom was the text * What is the main Is there any unint ty and reliability of the primary source, beat or image intended? point the author is trying to make? lsh entional evidence given by the text? How de Mt Provide an authors poine of view bia, or opinion? ‘oes the source stand in i ; a cee relation to other primary sources of the THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY erwinace: Chapter Summary For historians to understand the Past, they need evidences about the past. ‘+ These evidences are of two kinds: primary sources and secondary sources. + Aprimary source is any document or artifact from the period under study while a secondary ‘Source is any document or artifact that was created after the poriod under study. + One must know how to read a primary source. Assessment ‘Below are sources about the peoples of the Cordillera. Answer if the source cited is a primary source oF a secondary source. 1, Francisco, Antolin, Notices of the Pagan Igorots in the Interior of the Island of Manila in 1789. Translated by William Henry Scott. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Press, 1988. 2 Campa, Buenaventura. “Una visitaa las rancherias de llongotes.” In Correo Sino-Anamita. Manila: Imprenta de Santo Tomas, 1891 ‘3. Kessing.Felix. The Ethnohistoryof Northern Luzon.Kentucky: Stanford UniversityPress, 1962. 4. Rosaldo, Renato. llongot Headhunting, 1899-1974: A Study in Society and History. California: Stanford University Press, 1980. 5. Villaverde, Juan. “Informe sobre la reduccion de los infieles de Luzon." In Correo ‘Sino-Anamita. Manila: Imprenta de Santo Tomas, 1879. Below are sources about the city of Manila. Answer if the source cited is a primary source or a secondary source. 1. Buzeta, Manvel et Felipe Bravo. Diccionario geografico, estadistico-historico de la Islas Filipinas. Madrid: 1850. 2 Gatbonton, Esperanza. Intramuros: A Historical Guide. Manila: VA, 1980. 3. Cavada Mendez de Vigo, Agustin. Historico, geogratico, geologica y estadistica de Filipinas, Maria: Ramirez y Giraudier, 1876. 4. Salt, Alexander. “The Street Names of Manila and Their Origins, "in Focus on Old Manila Manila: Philippine Historical Association, 1971. 5. Torre, Visitacion de la, Landmarks of Manila, 1571-1990. Quezon City: Paragon Print Corporation, 1981 Suggested Readings © Berkhoter, Robert. Fashioning History: Current Practices and Principles. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. + Brundage, Antony. Going tothe Souces:A Guido fo Historical Research and wr © Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 2013... + Salooure, Michael J. The Methods and Skis of Histo, Win Cora Fay ited od lig, 2015.UNIT TWO Spanish Colonization of the Philippines for more than 300 years. One reads the hospitality extended by the early Filipinos to Magellan's expedition, as well as a description of the Battle of Mactan written by Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the Magellan Expedition. Instructions given by the king of Spain to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to establish a Spanish settlement are also presented. Furthermore, this unit includes excerpts from primary sources documenting the introduction of Spanish colonial institutions such as the reduccion (settlement of the Filipinos in newly created towns), the payment of tribute, and forced labor. ‘Three responses of Filipinos to Spanish colonization are discussed in this unit, These are the early revolts, the campaign for reforms, and the revolution against Spain, T: unit covers the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, a period that spannedOCoposite page The Battle of Mas cheer bate af forces 1 LapieLapu, one of the CHAPTER IV __ The Philippines Becomes =. 1453 Constantoople ft eto te hands the Otoman Tus, baring tha Europeans trom te tacing routes to the Eaet A Spanish Colony and expansion brought about by various factors, First, there was the economic motive of finding a direct access to the profitable Oriental trade of luxury Boods such as sill and spices. After the fill of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, 1453, commercial routes to the East fell under the control of Muslim traders who, along with the Italian city-state of Venice, monopolized the supply of highly prized Oriental Products to Europe. Attempts were made by European monarchs and merchants 10 break the monopoly by sending voyages of exploration to discover alternative soare to the East. Second, scientific and technological progress specifically in shipbuilding, cartography, and navigational instruments significantly contributed to the success of the exploratory expeditions. This trend was exemplified by the efforts of the Portuguese Prince Henry who established a navigational school that gathered together scholars and sailors from allover the Mediterranean, Third, the quest to explore unknown and distant D uring the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Europe saw an age of exploration = a. 2 ~ 1492 1498 1511 Italian voyager Chistopher Columbus 200 da Gama, a Portuguese sulor, _Portuguose forces captured ho enor raat mcaled me roach day sang Proegh ne, eaters cepted a oa enters’ boleving tat Cape of Good Hope inthe sorerm, — helanded in inci, aland inthe Aslan tol Ace, contenlands also involved the religious mission of spreading the Christian faith. Spain and Portugal maintained an anti-Muslim attitude emanating from the recent Reconguista of the Iberian Peninsula against the Muslim Moors and a religious zeal to convert the peoples of Asia and Africa. Portugal and Spain initially led the navigational race to the East. Portuguese sailors explored the coast of the African continent and in 1498, Vasco da Gama successfully reached India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope and sailing to the Indian Ocean. The port of Malacca, an important Southeast Asian entrepét, was captured by the Portuguese in 1511. Meanwhile, the Italian sailor Christopher Columbus was able to convince the Spanish crown that he can reach the East through a Western route. In this attempt, he tunsuspectingly reached the enormous American continent. These expeditions inevitably led to the acquisition of colonial territories and the founding of new settlements. Spain was able to build a vast empire over the American continent after having defeated the —. . “tt = MARCH 21, 1521 1543 1565 1571 ‘The Magalan expedtion, ar ‘The Vilas expectton avedin King Philp I decided 0 colonize Mania was taken by Spanish and passing tvough he Souh American the archipelago and gave Kthe name the county and sert Miguel Lopez Visayan forces under te eadorship Continent and crossing te Pactie Las Phetipinasin honer ol the then {e Legazpi. The Legazpi expoation of Marin de Got. Legazpi Outen arindinbe cenelpaiot com prc, Ppl sled om Mesico and are in ‘wansterred rom Panay isin and ‘archipelago Cobu. made Mania tho canta and ba88 oF further expeditons. 99FOCUS QUESTION How was the Philippines conquered and colonized by Spain? LEARNING OBJECTIVES Athe ond ofthe chaptoy, students should be able te + discuss the events and ireumtances leading to the Spanish dscovery and conquest of he Phipps: + explain the mowatons of and chalenges faced by Spanish ‘colonizers and he ital native response, ‘+ anayze te role of mitary {and missionary effrsin the pacification ofthe native inhabitants, Magelan observed thatthe ocean was caim and angular aed itMe Pactes, te rane suckin alan, Spann, and Ponuguese usage—givng he Pacie Ocean ts native Aztecs and Mayas. In 1519, the Poruguese slr by the name of Ferdinand Magellan would try fulfill Columbus promise ofeaching the East by sling We, He would anchor on Philippine shoes on the other side ofthe globe emo et le, thus, marking the Beginning of Spanish presence and influence om the arhiplgn The Philipines was part of che Spanish empire for more dan cis cenur, During his long periods aie eis (sil an i Spent aes che srt tnfrmaton hand were nae Php Son ore “ 7 towns; Population was organized into puch oF cow government was established in the oe : i Catholic Christianity was introduced; and a central men i colonial capital of Manila. This chapter goes back to the beginning of Spanish conquest. and colonization of the Philippine archipelago by presenting and analyzing primary sources. Excerpts from Bis Voyage Around the World io Pigafetta ee a Portuguese sailor who defected to Spain afer his services to the Portuguese crown were not properly recognized. He had seen action in the far East when he participated in the capture of Malaca by che Portuguese forces in 1511. “Turning to Spain, he managed to persuade King Charles V to furnish him with men and ships foran expedition that would discover a Western route tothe East, a feat he would successfully accomplish, ‘This would pave the way for Spanish intrusion into East Asia (primarily China) and the Pacific and the colonization of the archipelago. ‘The chronicle of the famed expedition was apely entitled First Voyage Around she World; its author was the Italian Antonio Pigafetta who took part in the said expedition. ‘The ambitious expedivion led by Magellan was composed of a fleet of five ships and around 250 men who were mostly Castillias. They started off from San Lucar, Spain, navigated through a strait located at the tip of the South American continent, and crossed the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean, On March 16, 1521, after almost two years of hardship at sea, they saw the island of Samar in the eastern part of the country. They named the newly discovered territory Archipelago de San Lazaro because it was the feast day of the saint. Primary Source ‘At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen, 1521, we came ‘upon a high land at a distance of three hundred. {eagues from the islands of Ladroni—an island named Zamal[ie., Sama... On Monday afternoon, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no Gone shoud move or say a word without his permission, When those men reached the shore, ther chief ‘wont immediately o the captar-general, giving signs of joy because of our arrival. Five of the most Grmately adorned of them remained with us, while the rest went to get some others who were fishing, and so they all came, The captain general, seoing that they were reasonable men, ‘ordered food to be Set foh before them, and gave them red caps, mirers combs, bel, Nor, ‘When they saw the captains courtesy, they presented fish, a ‘acy, figs mere than one palm long i.e, bananas), {and two cocoanuts, bocasine, and other things. Jar of palm wine which they call uraca [Le.. nd others which were smaller and more delicate, ‘Those People became very familar with us, They told us many things, their names and those F Some of he islands that could be seen from that place. Their own island was called Zuluan and it CHAPTER 4 THE PHILIPPINES BECOMES A SPANISH COLONYDaning the etoenth century, Cebu nas ¢ ening commer Pt ‘led by a Fga (a Sansit term, and soning cuteise afuoaces) was patetthe Asian ade network GUIDE QUESTIONS What procedres and precautions 6d te Spanards consider in elt win te ratves thy Interactes wit? What tings ehould they always observe and take ino account? ition then proceeded to the port of Cebu.! ‘There they met Cebu aa eareeabon, whom Magellan was able to convince to become a vasa of sae cn and a servant of Chit. Magellan, however, gets embrolled in a confi, ee in wo chiefs of Mactan, Zula and Lapulapu-—vwhich was eventually followed by a battle. (On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, a chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to present two ‘eas to the captainsgeneral, and to say that he would send him all hat he had promised, but that he bad not been able to send it to him because of the other chief, Cilapulapu, who refused to obey the king of Spain. He requested the captain to send him only one boatload of men on the next night 0 that {hey might help him fight against the other chiet, The captain-general decided to go thither with three boatloads. We begged him repeatedly not to go, but he, ike @ good shepherd, refused to abandon bis flock, At midnight, sity of us set out armed with corselets and helmets, together with the Christian ‘king, he Prince, some of the chief men, and twenty or thirty balanguais.* We reached Matan three hours before dawn. The captain did not wish to fight them, but sent @ message to the natives by the Musim {othe efect that they would obey the king of Spagna, recognize the Christian king as their sovereign and Pay us our tribute, he would be their frend; but that if they wished otherwise, they should wait to. ‘See how our lances wounded, They replied that if we had lances they had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fe, [They asked us] not to proceed to attack them at once, but to wait until morning, so {hatthey mighthave more men. They sai hatin order to induce us to goin search of them: for hey had ug certain pithles between the houses in cer that we ight flint ther. When morning came, fry. Tine of us leaped into the water up to cur thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow ‘hohs before we could reach he shore. The boals could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in he water. The other eloven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those ‘nen had formed in thee divisions tothe number of more than one thousand five hanced persons When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud ctes, two divisions on our Hanks and the other on our front. When the captain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and thus did Hf an hour, but and the arms but his order was not heeded ‘we begin to fight. The musketeers and crossbowmen shat from a distance for about hal useless orth shots only passes through the shields which were made of tin wood, {of the bearers), The captain cried to them, “Cease fringl Cease fring!" tl, When the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no purpese, crying out they [were] Cetermined to stand fr, and redoubled ther shouts, When our muskets were ischarged, the natives ‘would never stand stl but leaped hither and thither, covering themselves wt thei shield, They shot Somany arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears (some of them tipped with iron) at the captain- ‘ener Besides Pointed stakes hardened wit re, stones, and mud, that we could scarcely defend Cuuselves, Seeing thal, th captan-general sent some mento bur thes houses inorder to terrty them, \When they sw ther houses burning, they were roused to greater fury, Two of our ‘men were killed near {he houses, while we burned twenty or hity houses. So many o them ‘charged down upon us that they (On that account, he ordered us to retire ‘who remained with the captain, The natives ‘and So mary were the spears and stones tha they hutiod at fortars In the boats could not aid us as th CHAPTER 4 THE PHILIPPINES BECOMES A SPANISH COLONYThe map shows the route taken by the Magellan expedition (1519-1522) in what is considered the first circumnavigation of the world. The three-year journey started in the southern port of San Lucar, Spain in 1519 with five ships commanded by Ferdinand Magellan. They crossed the Atlantic Ocean and followed the coast of South America in order to locate a passageway through the continent, a narrow strait which was eventually named after Magellan. The expedition then crossed the unexpectedly vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean and encountered land first at Ladroni Island and from there to Samar Island in central Philippines. Magellan was killed by the natives in the Battle of Mactan near Cebu and so the expedition was continued under the leadership of Sebastian del Cano who skilfully guided the party through the Moluccas or Spice Islands, the Indian Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and finally back to Spain in 1522. ‘Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembled a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our ight, our comfort, and our true guide, When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see wether we were all in the boats, Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off Source: The Phiippine Islands 1493-1898 Vol. Xxxll (1519-1522) ‘After Magellan's demise, the remaining members of the expedition tried to make their way back to Spain but only the litle ship Victoria commanded by Sebastian del Cano was able to return safely. The eighteen survivors arrived in Seville in 1522, completing the first continuous circumnavigation of the world. Several expeditions were sent by Spain in the next four decades in order to establish their claims over the Moluccas and ¢ach one of them made a stop in the Philippine islands. One expedition led by Ruy de Villalobos gave the islands the name Las Phelipinas in honor of the Spanish crown prince Philip IT.This is a portrait of King Philip Hof Spain painted by the Venetian artist Titian in 1550, philip II was the son of Holy roman Emperor Charles V and he ruled over the Spanish Empire from 1556 to 1598 during which it attained the peak of its power. The description, "the empire where the sun never sets,” was used during his time as he ruled territories from Madrid, the imperial capital, to the other side of the globe in Manila, the colonial capital of the Philippines which was named inhi honor. Excerpt from “Instruction to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain” King Philip II, one of the most powerful European monarchs of his time, decided to relinquish his claims to the Moluccas to Portugal and colonize the Philippines instead. ‘An expedition under the leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was organized in Mexico. It set sail on November 20, 1564 from the port of Navidad with instructions handed by the Royal Audiencia of Mexico. Eventually, the Philippines would be ruled from Mexico, also known as New Spain, a viceroyalty of the Spanish empire. These instructions are significant because they express the intentions of the Spaniards and allows us to know the procedures and precautions followed by the Spanish voyagers- The expedition reached Samar on February 14, 1565. Legazpi and his crew went around the Visayas Islands in the central region of the archipelago and were met by the natives with suspicion and indifference, However, in the island of Bohol, Legazpi pare the blood ‘compact with chief Sikatuna which signified a friendly relationship. Niguel Lopez de Legazpi eventually became the frst governor-general of the Philippines Primary Source ia imme na a tere Got Lerdand ures, anv the eat posse cos sae ateni you, by virtue of your commission to make the said discoveries by $2: amelie ne ei '» for the discovery of the western islands toward the Malucos. You eel ling to the instructions sent you, man '0 maka the essay of that traffic; and the . uava Espana, which they must do, iesowred ‘These ships must, Not enter any Island *o-ther nearby Islands, such a the Phelipinas an ‘and you shall stipulate that they try! ial, after fulfilling your orders, they shal! 80 that it may be known whether the return voyag? 's Bolonging to the king of Portugal, but they shall 99 'd others, which lie outside the above agreement andwithin our demarcation, and are said ikewise to contain spice,” The necessary atillary, articles of barter, ‘tc, will be sent from the India House of Trade in Seville... The viceroy must issue instructions to the vessels that they “must not delay in trading and bartering, but return Immediately to Nueva Espana, for the principal reason ofthis expedition is to ascertain the return voyage.” “[BJut you shall enter other islands contiguous to them, as for instance the Fiipinas, and others, outside the said treaty, and within his majesty’s demarcation, and wich are reported also to contain spice. "When you have arrived at the said Filipinas Islands, and other islands contiguous to them and the Malucos, without however entering the latter, .. you shall ry to discover and examine thei ports, and to ascertain and learn minutely the settlements therein and thelr wealth: the nature and mode of le of the natives; the trade and barter among them, and with what nations; the value and price of spices among them, the diferent varieties of the same, and the equivalent for each in the merchandise and articles for exchange that you take from this land; and what other things may be advantageous. You shall labor iigently to make and establish sound friendship and peace with the natives, and you shall deliver fo their seigniors and chiefs, as may seem best to you, the letters from his majesty that you carry with you for them. .. . You must represent to them his majesty atfection and love for them, giving them a few presents ... and treating them well. And you may exchange the articles of barter and the merchandise that you carry for spice, drugs, gold, and other articles of value and esteem... Andif, in your judgment, the land is so rich and of such quality hat you should colonize therein, you shall establish a colony in that part and district that appears suitable to you, and where the frmest friendship shall have been made with you: and you shall affirm and observe inviolably this friendship.” ‘Source: The Phipine Islands 1483-1603Vo. (1821-1569) Legapi arrived in the island of Cebu on April 27, 1565. He defeated the recalcitrant ‘Cebuanos and established his settlement there, calling it Nombre de Jesus after a wooden image of the holy child was discovered by one of his men. Due to lack of food and basic provisions, he transferred camp to the nearby island of Panay and from there, sent the ‘master-of-camp, Martin de Goiti to explore the northern region of Luzon. Excerpt from “Relation of the Conquest ind of Luzon” c ae re the port and rown of Maynilad locaed along the mouth ofthe Pasig Riven, Peace was negotiated between the Spaniards and che natives of Maynilad led by its Maslim chief Raja Soliman but hostilities soon ensued and the town was sacked by the Spaniards with the help of their Visayan allies. Legazp imself transferred to Maynilad in 1571 and made ic the capital ofthe new colony, ‘This was followed by the ificati ing lowland communities. They also encountered several pcan ofthe ea ean the deco 0 eae Man, ene re th China would prove economically crucial tothe Spanish colony. Manila would eventually develop into a city within walls or Intramuiros where most of thé Spanish esidens lived, I receive the dle My ae y Siempre Leal Ciudad (Envinent and Ever Loyal City) from Spain. Primary Source {Tike master-t-cam eet sal ortho island of Luzén or rather the port and vilage of Manila, which was said to be large and very song Its bu jst 6 say that isnot mere than onetenth as large and as strong 8s in Nuova Espana and in the places reported to bo; and yen comparison with th . e GUIDE QUESTION What were the instructions of the yal Audiencia to Legazpi?ON of Mania "7 How cis natives of this land, the inhabitants of Manilla wore more powerlul, for they had twolve pices of small ang inferior artillery and a few culverins, with such other weapons as | havo already mentioned. This Village ‘of Manilla is situated on a tongue of land extending from east to west between the river and tho sea, ang 4 fort had been built on the extreme western end of this peninsula at the entrance to the port. The seq makes a very large harbor about thirty leagues in circumference; and bordering upon this harbor are ‘many villages, among which is that of Manilla. Manilla Is now a Spanish city, founded in the name of his Majesty by the governor Miguel Lépez de Legazpi. The captain-general and Captain Juan de Sauzodg ‘having arrived in view of this port of Manilla, entered In peace, and under the safe-conduct of two native chiefs of the said village. One of these was called Laya, lately deceased, who died a Christian; the other ‘was called Raxa Soliman, With these two chiefs were drawn up articles of peace, although Raxa Soliman was Suspected to lack of good-faith while Laya was always to be trusted, even until the day of his death, ‘While these peaceful negotiations were in progress between the master-of-camp and the two Chiefs above-mentioned, there collected a large number of natives of various classes; and yet there were not ‘So many as was reported in Nueva Espafia, where it was claimed that there were in all eighty thousand ‘Moros in this village of Manilla, when this event took place. Indeed one should subtract seventy-cight ‘thousand from the eighty thousand mentioned, in order to arrive at the two thousand which there might have been from the said village of Manilla and those in its environs, including the women and children, who were present in great numbers. Now, as | say, these negotiations being in progress, some of the ‘Natives desired peace and others war; for indeed the Indians had some Pride, and it seemed to them that the Spaniards were very few and could be easily slain, even if ‘only with clubs. Thus it was for that, at the end of three days during which these friendly negotiations continued (because it was impossible 10 come to an agreement, or conclude them), one day at ten o'clock, on the twenty-fourth day of the month of May of the year above mentioned, the Indians, who were in the fort, began to. discharge their artillery at two of our ships, which were moored very near by. The master-of-camp was ashore with eighty Soldiers, close to this same fort, on a small piece of level ground. The fort was made of palm-ree los Sumounting a very narrow mound, and the pieces of artillery protruded from immense gaps by which soldiers could enter at will, as | have said above. Now when the Moros began to violate the articles of Peace and friendship which the master-of-camp had made with them, the latter was deeply concerned: for he had for he had great fear, because the enemy were in force. Yet, when he saw that the battle had broken out, he put on his helmet, and commenced to encourage his soldiers, teling them that the ‘should acquit themselves as Spaniards, be and as they had always done in critical times. Thereupon 7 ‘Ordered them to attack the fort through the ‘openings made for the artillery, and it pleased God that ied (ne of the gunners had the courage to fire his piece; and so great was the contusion, that they vem {bon Seeing the Spaniards enter with so great sprit, and, turing thelr backs, abandoned themsehes ® ‘ht, and slew one another in their mad rush for freedom, The master-of-camp, realizing that the he ‘as lar9@ and rich, and that he victory was his by the grace of God, for the soldiers were fev, si Trea should, trough greed eto plundering the houses and become widely scare sou © enemy should see them thus scattered, they would return and attack ther when una ° de ict That he might avoid this anger he ordered the village to be set on fre, and the soldiers t0 °° the promontory, which order vot 3¢! Source: The Philippine islands 1499-1809Chapter Summary + European exploration and expansion was driven by the search for access to the profitable Oriental trade, the religious mission of spreading Christianity and was made possible by the technological advances in navigation. The Spaniards had three main aims in taking over the Philippine islands, namely, the expansion of trade, the conversion of the natives to Catholicism, and the extension of territories ruled by the King of Spain. + The subjugation of the native population mainly in the lowlands and coastal areas of Luzon and Visayas was effected through a combination of local alliances, military intrusion, and religious persuasion, + In 1571, Manila became the center of Spanish colonial power in the Philippines. Strategically located in the heart of the economically productive and thickly populated Tagalog and Kapampangan regions in Luzon, the city grew to become the paramount city of the archipelago. Assessment Write an essay to answer the following: 1. How did Spain establish itself in the Philippines? 2, Explain the context in Europe which made Spain fit out or equip an expedition to the Philippines. 3. Explain the situation of the Philippines at the point of contact with Spain. Suggested Readings Cushner, Nicolas P. ‘Spain in the Philippines: From Conquest to Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1973. * Elliott, J.H. Imperial Spain, 1469-1716. New York: The New American Library Inc., 1963. * Phelan, John Leddy. The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses 1565-1700. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959. * Rafael, Vicente. Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University