Quadratic Equations

CHAPTER 2: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 1.1 Recognize Quadratic Equations and express it in general form General form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0

, where a , b and c are constants , a 0

Properties 1. Equation must be in one unknown only 2. The highest power of the unknown is 2 Examples 1. 2x 2 + 3x 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation 2. 4x 2 9 = 0 is a quadratic equation 3. 8x 3 4x2 = 0 is not a quadratic equation Activity 1 1. Determine whether each of the following equation is a quadratic equation or not . Equations Answer (a) x 2 x = 0 Yes (b) 2x 2 y = 0 (c) 3x + 2 = 0 (d) 2m 2 7m 3 = 0 (e) k 2 4k = 0 (f) y 2 2 = 0

2. Rewrite each of the following quadratic equation in the general form. State the value of a , b and c . Quadratic equations (a) 1 + 2x = x(x + 3) 1 + 2x = x2 + 3x x2 + x 1 = 0 (b) m 2 = 21 4m Value of a , b and c a =1 b =1 c = -1

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Quadratic Equations

(c) (y + 6)(y 2) = - 7

(d) x 2 =

7x + 3 2

(e) (x + 1) 2 = 16

1.2 Roots of Quadratic Equations Notes 1. The root of a quadratic equation is the value(number) of the unknown(variable) that satisfy the equation . 2. A quadratic equation has at most two roots only

Exercises 1. Determine which of the values of the variable x given are roots of the respective quadratic equation. 1 (b) 2x 2 + 7x + 3 = 0 ; x = - 3, - , 1 , 3 (a) x 2 x 2 = 0 ; x = - 1 , 1 , 2 2 2. Determine by inspection which of the values of x are roots of the following quadratic equations . (a) (x + 3)(x 2) = 0 ; x = 3 , 2 , - 3 (b) x(x + 4) = 0 ; x = 4 , 0 , - 4

3. If x = 2 is the root of the quadratic equation x 2 3kx -10 = 0 , find the value of k .

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Quadratic Equations

. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION

2.1 Solving Quadratic Equations A. By Factorization If a quadratic equation can be factorized into a product of two factors such that (x p)(x q) = 0 , Hence x p = 0 or x q = 0 x = p or x=q p and q are the roots of the equation . Notes 1. If p q the equation have two different roots 2. If p = q the equation have two equal roots (one root only) 3. The equation must be written in general form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 before factorization.

Activity 2 Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization . 2. x 2 4x + 4 = 0 1. x 2 7x 8 = 0 (x8)(x+1)=0 x 8 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 x = 8 or x = -1 3. x 2 8x = 0 4. 4x 2 9 = 0

5. 6x 2 + 13x 5 = 0

6. (3x + 1)(x - 1) = 7

7.

40 + 3 x =x 5 + 2x

8. (x + 1)(x 5) = 16 x2 4x 5 = 16 x2 4x 21 = 0 (x7)(x3)=0 x = 7 or x = 3

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Quadratic Equations

9.

t t = 16 9t

10. (2p + 1)(p + 1) = 0

Exercise 1 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation. [6,-1] 9. x 2 9x + 20 = 0 1. x 2 5x 6 = 0 2 2. m + 5m 24 = 0 [-8,3] 10. 4x 2 13x + 3 = 0 3. y + 10y + 24 = 0 4. 2x 2 + 3x 5 = 0 5. 16x 2 6x 7 = 0 6. 2a 2 + 4a = 0 7. 100 9n 2 = 0 8. (2x + 1)(x + 3 ) = 0
2

[5,4] [ 1 ,3 ]
4

[-6,-4] [ 1, 5 ]
2

11. 2x 3 = 5x 12. 6x 2 11x = 7 13. (2x 3) 2 = 49 14. (3m + 1)(m 1) = 7 15. 10x 2 + 4 = 13x 16. x(x + 4) = 21

[ 1 ,3 ]
2

[ 1 , 7 ]
2 3

[ 7 , 1 ]
8 2

[ 5,-2] [ 2, 4 ]
3

[0.-2] [ 10 , 10 ]
3 3

1 4] , 2 5

[ 1 ,3 ] 2

[ -7,3]

B. By Completing the Square Notes 1. The expression x 2 2x + 1 can be written in the form (x 1) 2 This is called perfect square. Example Solve each of the following quadratic equation (b) x 2 = 49 (a) (x + 1) 2 = 9 x+1=3 x + 1 = 3 , x + 1 = -3 x=2 , x=-4 (c) (x + 2) 2 = 36

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Quadratic Equations

2. From the example , note that, if the algebraic expression on the LHS of the quadratic equation are perfect squares , the roots can be easily obtained by finding the square roots. 3. To make any quadratic expression x2 + hx into a perfect square , we add the term h ( )2 to the expression . 2
h h And this will make x + hx = x + hx + = x + 2 2
2 2 2 2

4. To solve the equation by using completing the square method for quadratic equation ax 2 + hx + k = 0 , follow this steps ; Step 1 : Rewrite the equation in the form ax 2 + hx = - k Step 2 : If the coefficient of x2 is 1 , reduce the coefficient to 1 (by dividing) . h Step 3 : Add ( )2 to both sides of the equation. 2 Step 4 : Write the expression on the LHS as perfect square. Step 5 : Solve the equation

Examples 1. x2 + 6x 9 = 0 x2 + 6x = 9
6 6 x + 6x + = 9 + 2 2 2 ( x + 3 ) = 18 x+3 = 18 x+3 = 4.243 x = 4.243 3 , x = -4.243 3 x = 1.243 , x = -7.243
2
2 2

2. 2x2 5x 8 = 0

Exercise 2 Solve the following equations by completing the square. (Give your answers correct to four significant figures) 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

6. 7.

x 2 8x + 14 = 0 2x 2 7x 1 = 0 x 2 + 5x + 1 = 0 x 2 3x + 5 = 0 x 2 = 5(x + 4) -4x 2 12x + 3 = 0 2x 2 3x 4 = 0

[5.41 , 2.59] [3.64 , -0.14] [-0.209,-4.79] [-4.19,1.19] [7.62 , -2.62] [-3.23,0.232] [2.35,-0.85]

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Quadratic Equations

C. By Using the quadratic formula The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c can be solved by using the quadratic formula

b b 2 4ac , where a 0 x = 2a Example 2x 2 7x 3 = 0 a = 2 , b = -7 , c = -3

(7) (7) 2 4(2)(3) 2(2)

x = 3.886 , -0.386 Exercise 3 Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions of the following equations. Give your answers correct to three decimal places . [4.193 , -1.193] 1. x 2 3x 5 = 0 2 2. 9x = 24x 16 [1.333 ] 3. 2x 2 + 5x 1 = 0 [0.186 , -2.686] [2.899 , -6.899] 4. 3x 2 + 14x 9 = 0 2 [0.768 , -0.434] 5. 7 + 5x x = 0 2 6. m = 20 4m [0.573 , -5.239] k +1 = k2 [-1.140 , 6.140] 7. 3 [0.646 , -4.646] 8. x(x + 4) = 3

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Quadratic Equations

2.2 Forming a quadratic equation from given roots

A. If the roots of a quadratic equation are known, such as x = p and then, the quadratic equation is (x p)(x q) = 0 x 2 px qx + pq = 0 x 2 (p + q)x + pq = 0 Notice that p + q = sum of roots ( SOR ) and pq = product of roots ( POR )

x=q

Hence, the quadratic equation with two given roots can be obtained as follows :x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0 Examples Form the quadratic equations from the given roots. 1. x = 1 , x = 2 Method 1 (x 1)(x 2) = 0 x2 - 2x x + 2 = 0 x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 Method 2 SOR = 1 + 2 = 3 POR = 1 x 2 = 2 x2 3x +2 = 0

2. x = - 2 , x = 3

Exercise 4 Form the quadratic equations with the given roots. 1. x = 3 , x = 2 1 2. x = - 6 , 3 3. x = - 4 , x = - 6 4 4. x = -3 , x = 5 5. x = -7 , 3 6. x = 5 only
[x2 - 5x + 6 = 0] [3x2 +17x - 6 = 0 ]

[x2 + 10x + 24 = 0] [5x2 + 11x - 12=0 ]

[x2 - 10x + 25 = 0]

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Quadratic Equations

1 3 1 1 8. x = , x = 2 3

7. x = 0 , x =

[3x2 - x = 0]

[6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0]

B. To find the S.O.R and P.O.R from the quadratic equation in general form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 b c a , x 2 + x + = 0 a a Compare with Then , x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
b a c POR = a

SOR =

If and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, b then + = a c = a

Activity 3 1. The roots for each of the following quadratic equations are and . Find the value of + and for the following equation Quadratic Equations a. x 2 12x + 4 = 0

+
12

b. x 2 = 4x + 8

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Quadratic Equations

c. 3 2x 2 = 10x

d. 3x 2 + 8x = 10

e. 2x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0

C. Solving problems involving SOR and POR Activity 4 1. Given that and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0 . Form a quadratic equation with roots 2 and 2. 2x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0 3 x2 + x + 2 = 0 2 3 + = 2 =2 New roots
3 SOR = 2 + 2 = 2 ( + ) = 2 = -3 2

POR = 2 ( 2 ) = 4 = 4(2) = 8 x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0 x 2 (-3)x + 8 = 0 x 2 + 3x + 8 = 0

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Quadratic Equations

2. If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x 2 5x 1 = 0 , form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 3.

3. Given that and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x 2 3x + 4 = 0 . Form a 1 1 quadratic equation with roots and .

4. Given that m and n are roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 3x 5 = 0 , form a quadratic
equation which has the roots 2m
n

and 2n
m

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Quadratic Equations

Exercise 5
1.

If and are roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, form a quadratic equation for the following roots [x2 + 3x + 2 = 0] a. 2 and 2 b. 2 + 3 and 2 + 3 c.
2
[x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 ] [8x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 ]

and

d. 2 - 1 and 2 - 1
2.

[x2 - 6x - 5 = 0]
2

If and

equation with roots

are the roots of equation 2x

5x 6 = 0 , form a quadratic
[ 4 x 2 5x 3 = 0 ]

and

3. Given that and are the roots of the equation 3x 2 = 4 9x , form a quadratic [ 9 x 2 105 x + 16 = 0 ] equation with roots 2 and 2 . 4. Given m and n are the roots of the equation x 2 + 10x 2 = 0 , form a quadratic equation with roots; [ x 2 + 18 x 27 = 0 ] (a) 2m + 1 and 2n + 1 3 3 and [ 2 x 2 30 x 9 = 0 ] (b) m n 5. Given that and 3 are the roots of the equation x 2 + 2bx + 3a = 0 , prove that 4a = b 2 . 6. Given one of the root of the quadratic equation x 2 5kx + k = 0 is four times the [k = 1 ] other root, find the value of k .
4

7. One of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 6x = 2k 1 is twice the value of

the other root whereby k is a constant. Find the roots and the value of k. [-1, -2 ; k = 3 ]
2

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Quadratic Equations

3. DISCRIMINANT OF A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 3.1 Determining the types of roots of quadratic equations

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , the value of b2 4ac will determine the types of roots. b2 4ac is called the discriminant Condition b 4ac > 0 b2 4ac = 0 b2 4ac < 0
2

Type of roots Two different roots Two equal roots No roots

Example Determine the type of roots for each of the following quadratic equations . (a) 2x2 7x + 9 = 0 a = 2 , b = -7 , c = 9 b2 4ac = (-7)2 4(2)(9) = 49 72 = -23 <0 no roots Exercise 6 Calculate the discriminant for each of the following quadratic equation and then state the type of roots for each equation . 1. x2 8x + 14 = 0 (b) 2x2 3x 9 = 0

5. x(3x 5) = 2x- 5

2. 2x2 7x 1 = 0

6. 5(5 4x) = 4x2

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Quadratic Equations

3. 4 + x2 = 4x

7. x2 = 2 4x

4. (x 2)2 = 3

8. 2x2 + 3x = 0

3.2 Solving problems involving the use of the discriminant Activity 5 1. The quadratic equation 2kx2 + 4x 3 = 0 has two equal roots , find the value of k .

2. The quadratic equation x2 + 2kx + (k + 1)2 = 0 has real roots , find the range of values of k.

3. Show that the equation x2 + m + 1 = 8x has two different roots if m < 15 .

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Quadratic Equations

4. The straight line y = tx 2 is a tangent to the graph of a curve y = 2x2 + 4x , find the value of t (t > 0) .

5. Given that the quadratic equation p(x2 + 9) = - 5qx has two equal roots , find the ratio of p : q . Hence, solve those quadratic equation .

6. Show that the quadratic equation x2 + kx = 9 3k has real roots for all the value of k .

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Quadratic Equations

Exercise 7 1. Find the possible values of m if the quadratic equation (4 2m)x2 2m = 1 3mx has two equal roots . k 2. The equation x2 2x + = 0 has two different roots , find the range of values of k . 3 3. Given that the equation (p + 1)x2 2x + 5 = 0 has no roots , find the range of values of p . 4. Find the range value of k if the quadratic equation x2 + 1 = k 4x has real roots . 5. The quadratic equation 2x(x 3) = k 2x has two distinct roots. Find the range of values of k. 6. The quadratic equation (m 2)x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 has two distinct roots. Find the range of values of m. 7. A quadratic equation 4x(x + 1) = 4x 5mx 1 has two equal roots. Find the possible values of m. 8. The straight line y = 2x 1 does not intersect the curve y = 2x 2 + 3x + p. Find the range of values of p. 9. The straight line y = 6x + m does not intersect the curve y = 5 + 4x x 2 . Find the range of values of m. 10. The straight line y = 2x + c intersect the curve y = x2 x + 1 at two different points, find the range of values of c. 11. Find the range values of m if the straight line y = mx + 1 does not meet the curve y2 = 4x . 12. Show that the quadratic equation kx2 + 2(x + 1) = k has real roots for all the values of k.
Answers for Exercise 7 1. m = 4 , 4 7 4. k 3 7. m = 4 or m = 4 5 5 9. m > 6 2. k<3 3. p > 4
5

5. k > -2 8. p > 3 8 10. . c > 5

6. m < 7 3

11. m > 1

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Quadratic Equations

Enrichment Exercise Quadratic Equations

1. The quadratic equation kx2 + 4x + 3= 0 has two different roots, find the range of values of k . 2. Find the possible values of k if the quadratic equation x2 + (2 + k)x + 2(2 + k) = 0 has two equal roots. 3. Show that the quadratic equation x2 + (2k 1)x + k2 = 0 has real roots if k
1 . 4

4. Find the possible values of k if the straight line y = 2x + k is a tangent to the curve y = x2 + x + 1 . 5. Given that and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 8x + 1 = 0 . Form the quadratic equation with roots + 2 and 2 + . 6. Solve each of the following quadratic equation :a. 6x2 + 5x 4 = 0 b. y(y + 1) = 10 c. 2x(x + 5) = 7x + 2 d. 16x2 + 8x + 1 = 0 7. The roots of the equation 2ax2 + x + 3b = 0 are
3 4 and . Find the value of a and b. 2 3

8. If and are the roots of quadratic equation 2x2 3x 6 = 0 , form the quadratic equation with roots and . 3 3 1 9. Given and 5 are the roots of the quadratic equation . Write the quadratic equation 2 in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 . 10. Given that m + 2 and n 1 are the roots of the equation x2 + 5x = - 4 . Find the possible values of m and n . 11. Given that 2 and m are the roots of the equation (2x 1)(x + 3) = k(x 1) such that k is a constant . Find the value of m and k . 12. Given one of the root of the equation 2x2 + 6x = 2k 1 is twice the other root, such that k is a constant . Find the value of the roots and the value of k . 13. One of the root of the quadratic equation h + 2x x2 = 0 is - 1 . Find the value of h.

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Quadratic Equations

14. Form the quadratic equation which has the roots -3 and

1 . Give your answer in the 2 form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a , b and c are constants. (SPM 2004)

15. Solve the quadratic equation x(2x - 5) = 2x 1 . Give your answer correct to three decimal places .(SPM 2005) 16. The straight line y = 5x 1 does not intersect the curve y = 2x2 + x + p . Find the range of the values of p .(SPM 2005) 17. A quadratic equation x2 + px + 9 = 2x has two equal roots. Find the possible values of p.(SPM 2006)
Answers on Enrichment Exercises

4 3 3 4. k = 4
1. k < 6. (a) x =

2. k = 6 , - 2 5. 2 x 24 x + 65 = 0
2

4 1 , 3 2

(b) y = 2.702 , - 3.702

(c) x =

1 ,2 2

(d) x =

1 4

7. a = 3 , b = -4 9. 2 x + 9 x 5 = 0 11. m = 3 , k = 15 13. h = 3 15. x = 3.35 , 0.15 17. p = -8 , 4

8. 6 x 3 x 2 = 0 10. n = 0 , - 3 ; m = - 6 , - 3 12. roots = - 1 , -2 and k = 14. 2x2 + 5x 3 = 0 16. p > 1

3 2

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