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    Comparative Models in Policing Chapter 1

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    Gielhene Minear
    This document provides a history of the evolution of policing systems from ancient times to the 19th century. It describes policing under the Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Westminster periods in England which established concepts like citizen's arrest and the role of constables. The document also outlines the development of the London police force in the 18th-19th centuries including the establishment of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829.

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    Comparative Models in Policing Chapter 1

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    Gielhene Minear
    365 views6 pages
    This document provides a history of the evolution of policing systems from ancient times to the 19th century. It describes policing under the Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Westminster periods in England which established concepts like citizen's arrest and the role of constables. The document also outlines the development of the London police force in the 18th-19th centuries including the establishment of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829.

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    COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING CHAPTER 1

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    This document provides a history of the evolution of policing systems from ancient times to the 19th century. It describes policing under the Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Westminster periods in England which established concepts like citizen's arrest and the role of constables. The document also outlines the development of the London police force in the 18th-19th centuries including the establishment of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    365 views6 pages

    Comparative Models in Policing Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Gielhene Minear
    This document provides a history of the evolution of policing systems from ancient times to the 19th century. It describes policing under the Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Westminster periods in England which established concepts like citizen's arrest and the role of constables. The document also outlines the development of the London police force in the 18th-19th centuries including the establishment of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

    CHAPTER I
    HISTORY OF POLICING

    Objectives: At the end of this chapter,students should be able to:


    Know the different types of Police System.
    Distinguish the theories in Police Service.
    Familiar to the evolution of Policing System.

    TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM


    1. Common Law Systems usually exists in English speaking countries of the
    world
    there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in
    which the public trial is a main focal point
    also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
    2. Civil Law Systems - distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less
    right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and
    subject to little interpretation
    also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
    3. Socialist System- distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the
    offender.
    known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and
    Asia
    4. Islamic System - based more on the concept of natural justice or customary
    law or tribal traditions

    THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE


    Continental is the theory of police
    service which maintains that police
    officers are servants of higher
    authorities. This theory prevails in the
    continental countries like France, Italy
    and Spain.

    Home Rule the theory of police service which states that police officers are
    servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and
    United States. It is also the police service which prevails in country with
    decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service theory
    that should prevail in the Philippines based on the existing laws, concepts and
    principles.

    CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE


    a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency
    relies on the number of arrest made.
    b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency
    relies on the absence of crime.

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    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
    Deviance Control = is the modern police function which primarily involves the
    mission to reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by
    Germany, China and Japan.

    Civil order control = is not organizationally separated from deviance control


    but is performed by regular street police in the country of England and United
    States.

    EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM


     Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace
    in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated
     Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the
    term Police Officer

    1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

    A. Tun Policing System


    A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all
    male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace
    and protect the lives and properties of the people.
    About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the
    Anglo-Saxon System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each
    tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings
    amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both
    the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial
    power as well as police authority.

    B. Hue and Cry


    A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a
    criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to
    assemble and arrest the suspect.

    C. Trial by Ordeal
    A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is
    determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience.
    (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”)
    The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum”
    which means “a miraculous decision.”

    2. Norman Period of Policing System

    This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The
    Conqueror (King of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a
    military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of
    crime being committed against the state.

    A. Shire-Rieve
    Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when
    England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler
    called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55)

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    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
    military divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute
    powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
    Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each
    village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word
    Constable.
    The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

    B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge


    A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the
    Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was
    the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.

    C. Legis Henrici
    An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
     Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
     Policeman becomes public servant.
     The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced
    the system called “citizen’s arrest.”
     Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system
    which made inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the
    “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”

    D. Frankpledge System
    A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents
    over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace
    and protect the lives and properties of the people

    3. Westminster Period of Policing System


    It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of
    the capital of England, which at the time was Westminster. This period has
    the following features:
     Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night
    (watch) and in daytime (ward) were defined
     Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at
    keeping the peace.

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    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

    B. Statute of 1295
    The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded
    the closing of the gates of London during sundown.
    C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
    Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given
    authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law.
    They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village
    ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.
    D. Star Chamber Court (1487)
    A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room
    set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers
    such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great
    abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

    4. Keepers of the Peace


    A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that
    required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as
    guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and
    leaving the cities and towns.

    5. King Charles II of England (1663)


    King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the
    employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

    6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"


    A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the
    Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the
    following features:
     No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by
    legal judgment of his peers.
     No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of
    the victim.

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    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
    LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
    Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first
    detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners.

    Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by


    his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
    identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
    = made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over
    to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen

    1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being
    paid by local magistrates.
    = initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock
    workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely
    regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense
    that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the
    prevention of crime.
    LONDON 1829

    Sir Robert Peel - appointed as Home Secretary in 1822


    METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel
    (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
    = the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the
    others include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
    = finest police force around the world.

    TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

    IMPORTANT DATES
     1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd
    disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with controversial
    use of force.
     1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol
    into its control.

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    MODULE: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
     1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the
    Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and
    other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.

    Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police


    1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
    2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
    3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.

     Commissioner = highest rank in the Metropolitan Police


     Police Constable = lowest rank

    Contributions of the French in Policing


     Assigning house numbers
     Installing street lights
     Use of police ambulances
     Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

    Topics Video Links


    Common Law vs. Civil Law https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
    =AMSlQ3KUQQ8
    Theories in Police Service https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
    =_2M0OcvLUY8
    Ancient Police https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
    =xnxlq5XQMkg

    References: Dr. Vic Delos Santos; Comparative Police System Reviewer


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