4.

) Gay Lussac’s Law, GLL

THERMODYNAMICS
Or 2nd Charles’ Law
- Heat Power
V = C → isometric Condition
From 2 greek words
isovolumic Condition
Thermo → HEAT
isochoric Condition
Dynamis →POWER 𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃2
P ∝T → = C → =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
Temperature – measure of hotness or coldness of a
body General Gas Law Equation
SI Unit EU Unit PV = nR*T
o
K → Absolute o
R → Absolute
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
o
K = oC + 273 o
R = oF + 460 nR* = C → =
𝑇1 𝑇2

density,
Rankine → Kelvin o
R = 1.8oK
𝑚
Change in Temp, ∆T =
𝑉

∆T in oC = ∆T in oK PV = mRT
𝑚 𝑃
∆T in oF = ∆T in oR P= RT → P = RT → =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇

Ideal Gas Laws 1

Specific Volume, = (volume per unit mass)
1.) General Gas Law or Equation of State
First Law of Thermodynamics
A. Mass basis ( Mechanical Eng )
“Conservation of Energy”
pV = mRT
The Energy Balance is
where R – Specific Gas Constant
* Energy In = Energy Out

1.) For Closed System → piston-cylinder device

B. Mole Basis ( Chem Eng )
(mass cannot cross the boundary)
pV = nR*T

p → Pabs

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Patm = 1atm = 101.325kPa = 760mmHg

=760 Torr = 14.7psi

T → oK “absolute”

where,
Q = ∆U + W
R* - Molar gas constant or universal gas constant
(const. #27 in CASIO 991ESPLUS) where,

R* = 8.31
𝐽
, R* = 0.0821
𝑎𝑡𝑚−𝐿 ∆U = mCV∆T
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−𝑜 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−𝑜 𝐾
𝑚 Cv → sp. heat at constant volume
n = no. of moles , n =
𝑀𝑊
∆T = T2 – T1
2.) Boyle’s Law, BL
Q → Heat
T = C → Isothermal condition “hyperbolic”
W → Work Done
1
V ∝ → PV = C → P1V1 = P2V2
𝑃 ∆U → change in internal energy
3.) Charles’ Law, CL

P = C → isobaric condition
𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
V ∝T → = C → =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2

T → absolute
Mechanical Energy Processes Applicable to Ideal Gasses

PE = Wh = mgh 1.) Isothermal Process “hyperbolic”

1
KE = mv2 → Linear Motion T=C → PV = C → P1V1 = P2V2
2
∆T = 0 ∆H=0 , ∆U = 0
Chemical Energy

∆U = mCv∆T (change in internal energy) W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉

𝐶
∆H = mCp∆T (change in enthalpy) PV = C , P =
𝑉

Cp – Cv = R 𝑉 𝑐
W = ∫𝑉 2 𝑑𝑉 = c ln
𝑉2
1 𝑉 𝑉1
𝐶𝑝
= k , k → adiabatic constant 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐶𝑣 W = P1V1 ln = P2V2 ln = mRT ln
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1
Work, W 𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃2
W = P1V1 ln = P2V2 ln = mRT ln
𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1
W= FcosӨ s = Fs
2.) Isobaric Process
W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 → piston-cylinder
𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
W= -∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑃 → shaft work P=C → =C → =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2

Heat, Q Q = ∆H

1.) Sensible Heat – w/ ∆T and no phase change W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 , P = C

Q = mC∆T W = P(V2 – V1)

C → specific heat ∆U = mCv∆T
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽
For water, C = 1.0 or = 4200 ∆H = mCP∆T
𝑘𝑔−𝑜 𝐶 𝑙𝑏−𝑜 𝐹 𝑘𝑔−𝑜 𝐶

𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈 Q = ∆U + W
For ice, C = 0.5 or
𝑘𝑔−𝑜 𝐶 𝑙𝑏−𝑜 𝐹
3.) Isovolumic Process
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
For steam, C = 0.48 or
𝑘𝑔−𝑜 𝐶 𝑙𝑏−𝑜 𝐹 Isometric Process
2.) Latent Heat - no ∆T and w/ phase change Isochoric Process
Q = mL V=C →
𝑃
=C→
𝑃1
=
𝑃2
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
where, L = sp. Latent Heat
W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 V = C → dV = 0
for water
W = zero
ice(00C) to liquid water(00C) → fusion
Q = ∆U + W
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Lf = 80 = 144 (latent heat of fusion)
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏 Q = ∆U = mCv∆T
liquid water(1000C) to steam(1000C) → vaporization
4.) Reversible Adiabatic Process
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈
LV = 540 = 970 (latent heat of vaporization) No heat loss and no heat gained Q=0
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏

Units of Energy Isentropic Process

1 kW-hr = 3.6x106 J = 860kcal = 3413BTU Entropy (S) – measure of randomness or disorder

Old Units - amount of energy not available for work

Quad = 1015 BTU Iso-entropy → S = C → ∆S = 0

𝐶𝑝
1 BTU = 778 ft-lb k= (adiabatic constant)
𝐶𝑣
Units of Power 𝐶
W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 PVk = C → P =
𝑉𝑘
Power – rate of doing work or rate of using energy
𝑉 𝐶
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑇𝑈 W = ∫𝑉 2 𝑑𝑉
1 𝑉𝑘
1HP = 746W = 550 = 33000 = 42.4
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑅 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
W= =
1−𝑘 1−𝑘
5.) Polytropic Process The Heat Engine

- similar to adiabatic-isentropic process 1.) Carnot Engine “Cycle” = most “ideal” efficient
engine
PVn = C , n ≠ k
= 2 isothermal 2 isentropic processes
n → polytropic index
2.) Otto Engine = gasoline engine
if n = 0 , P = C → isochoric process
= spark ignition engine
if n = ∞, V = C → isometric process
= 2 isometric 2 isentropic processes
T2 𝑃2 𝑛−1 𝑉
=( ) 𝑛 = ( 1 )𝑛−1
T1 𝑃1 𝑉2 3.) Diesel Engine = compression ignition engine
𝑉1 = no spark plugs
= 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑟
𝑉2
= 1 isometric 1 isobaric 2 isentropic processes
𝐶
W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 PVn = C → P =
𝑉𝑛 Formulas:
𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑅 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
W= = 1.) Q and T → RAP
1−𝑛 1−𝑛

𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝑅
6.) Throttling Process or Isenthalpic Process = T → absolute
𝑇ℎ 𝑇𝐿
“ iso-enthalpy “
2.) Energy Balance
- a flow process (open system)
QA = W + Q R
H = C → ∆H = 0 → ∆T = 0
or W = Q A – QR
Formulas:
3.) Efficiency, η
𝑃2
∆S = - mR ln 𝑊
𝑃1
η = 𝑄 x100
𝑃2 𝐴
∆S = - nR ln
𝑃1
𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅
η= x100
𝑄𝐴

𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝐿
4 Laws of Thermodynamics η= x100
𝑇ℎ
1st Law → Conservation of Energy
Refrigerators and Aircons
2 Law → energy has quality and quantity
nd
Formulas:
- not all of the energy supplied can be
converted to useful work there hence 1.) Q and T → RAP
there will always be losses. 𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝑅
= T → absolute
- Used to test the efficiency of an engine 𝑇𝐿 𝑇ℎ

3rd Law → pure crystalline substance at 0oK will 2.) Energy Balance
have its change in entropy approximately zero
QA + W = Q R
Zeroth Law → if a third body come in contact w. 2
or W = Q R – QA
bodies in thermal equilibrium, all of them will be in
thermal equilibrium 3.) Coefficient of Performance (COP)
𝑟𝑘
𝑐 −1 COP > 1.0
𝑘(𝑟𝑐 −1)
η=1- 𝑄𝐴
𝑟 𝑘−1 COP =
𝑊
𝑟𝑐𝑘 −1
η=1- COP =
𝑄𝐴
𝑟 𝑘−1 𝑘(𝑟𝑐 −1) 𝑄𝑅 −𝑄𝐴

𝑉1 𝑇𝐿
r= COP =
𝑉2
𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝐿

4.) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

- it is the amount of heat removed (BTU/hr

or kJ/hr) per Watt of power supplied

EER = COP x 3.42

Prepared by:
Engr. Kurt Ryan D. Velasco