St. MARY’S COLLEGE OF TAGUM, INC.

TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES

MODULE 2 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

CHAPTER 2. STRESS AND STRAIN – AXIAL LOADING that describe the test procedures in detail. We will confine our
attention to only one of the tests—the tensile test of steel—and
use its results to illustrate several important concepts of material
behavior.

Normal Strain

𝜹
𝜺=
𝑳
Where;
𝜀 = Strain
𝛿 = deformation
𝐿 = Length
This chapter considers deformations occurring in structural
components subjected to axial loading. The change in length of
the diagonal stays was carefully accounted for in the design of
this cable – stayed bridge.

Objectives
In this chapter, we will:

• Introduce students to the concept of strain

• Discuss the relationship between stress and strain in
different materials.
• Determine the deformation of structural components
under axial loading ∆𝜹 𝒅𝜹
𝜺 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
• Introduce Hooke’s Law and the modulus of elasticity 𝚫𝐱→𝟎 ∆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• Discuss the concept of lateral strain and Poisson’s ratio
• Use axial deformations to solve indeterminate problems
• Define Saint-Venant’s principle and the distribution of 𝑳 𝑳
𝜹 = ∫ 𝒅𝜹 = ∫ 𝜺𝒅𝒙
stresses 𝟎 𝟎
• Review stress concentration and how they are included in
design Stress-strain Diagram
• Define the difference between elastic and plastic behavior
through a discussion of conditions such as elastic limit,
plastic deformation, residual stresses
• Look at specific topics related to fiber-reinforced
composite materials, fatigue, multiaxial loading.

An important aspect of the analysis and design of structures

relates to the deformations caused by the loads applied to a
structure. It is important to avoid deformations so large that they
may prevent the structure from fulfilling the purpose for which it
was intended. But the analysis of deformations also helps us to
determine stresses. Indeed, it is not always possible to
determine the forces in the members of a structure by applying
only the principles of statics. This is because statics is based on
the assumption of undeformable, rigid structures. By considering Proportional Limit and Hooke’s Law
engineering structures as deformable and analyzing the The stress-strain diagram is a straight line from the origin O to a
deformations in their various members, it will be possible for us point called the proportional limit. This plot is a manifestation of
to compute forces that are statically indeterminate. The Hooke’s law; Stress is proportional to strain; that is,
distribution of stresses in a given member is statically
indeterminate, even when the force in that member is known. 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺

AXIAL DEFORMATION; STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM where E is a material property known as the modulus of elasticity
The strength of a material is not the only criterion that must be or Young’s modulus. The units of E are the same as the units of
considered when designing machine parts or structures. The stress—that is, Pa or psi. For steel, 𝐸 = 29 × 106 psi, or 200 GPa,
stiffness of a material is often equally important, as are approximately. Note that Hooke’s law does not apply to the
mechanical properties such as hardness, toughness, and entire diagram; its validity ends at the proportional limit. Beyond
ductility. These properties are determined by laboratory tests. this point, stress is no longer proportional to strain.
Many materials, particularly metals, have established standards

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

THE MORE YOU WILL APPRECIATE IT WHEN IT FINALLY ENGR. JEFFERSON KEVIN A. LERIO, CE
MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”
 St. MARY’S COLLEGE OF TAGUM, INC.
TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES

MODULE 2 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Elastic Limit Axial Deformation

The elastic limit is, as its name implies, the stress beyond which
the material is no longer elastic. The permanent deformation
that remains after the removal of the load is called the
permanent set. The elastic limit is slightly larger than the
proportional limit. However, because of the difficulty in
determining the elastic limit accurately, it is usually assumed to
coincide with the proportional limit.

Yield Point
The point at which the material will have an appreciable 𝝈𝑳 𝑷𝑳
elongation or yielding without any increase of load. 𝜹= =
𝑬 𝑬𝑨

Ultimate Stress
The ultimate stress or ultimate strength, as it is often called, is
the highest stress on the stress-strain curve.

Rupture Stress
The strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.

Modulus of Resilience 𝑳
𝝈 𝑳
𝑷
Modulus of Resilience is the work done on a unit volume of 𝜹=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝑬 𝟎 𝑬𝑨
material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in
Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under stress – strain
curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E. The resilience Stiffness, k
of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body
permanent distortion. to the resulting displacement. It has the unit of N/mm

Modulus of Toughness 𝑷
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of 𝑲=
𝜹
material as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in
Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire PROBLEM 1
stress – strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is The steel propeller shaft ABCD carries the axial loads
its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break. shown in the Figure. Determine the change in the length of
the shaft caused by these loads. 𝐸 = 29 × 106 psi for steel.
Working Stress and Factor of Safety
The working stress 𝜎𝑤 , also called the allowable stress, is
the maximum safe axial stress used in design. In most
designs, the working stress should be limited to values not
exceeding the proportional limit so that the stresses
remain in the elastic range (the straight-line portion of the
stress-strain diagram). However, because the proportional PROBLEM 2
limit is difficult to determine accurately, it is customary to The cross section of the 10m long steel bar AB has a
base the working stress on either the yield stress 𝜎𝑦𝑝 or the constant thickness of 20mm, but its width varies as shown
ultimate stress 𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 , divided by a suitable number N, called in the Figure. Calculate the elongation of the bar due to the
the factor of safety. 100kN axial load. Use 𝐸 = 200 GPa for steel.

𝝈𝒚𝒑 𝝈𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝝈𝒘 = 𝝈𝒘 =
𝑵 𝑵

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

THE MORE YOU WILL APPRECIATE IT WHEN IT FINALLY ENGR. JEFFERSON KEVIN A. LERIO, CE
MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”
 St. MARY’S COLLEGE OF TAGUM, INC.
TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES

MODULE 2 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS If the temperature change is uniform throughout the body,
the thermal strain is also uniform. Consequently, the
PROBLEM 3 change in any dimension L of the body is given by
Before the 400-kN load is applied, the rigid platform rests
on two steel bars, each of cross-sectional area 1400 mm2,
as shown in the figure. The cross-sectional area of the 𝜹𝑻 = 𝜺𝑻 𝑳 = 𝜶(∆𝑻)𝑳
aluminum bar is 2800 mm2. Compute the stress in the
aluminum bar after the 400-kN load is applied. Use 𝐸 = 200 PROBLEM 5
GPa for steel and 𝐸 = 200 GPa for aluminum. Neglect the The rigid, horizontal slab is attached to two identical
weight of the platform. copper rods. There is a gap Δ = 0.18 mm between the
middle bar, which is made of aluminum, and the slab.
Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate the stress in each
rod when the temperature in the assembly is increased by
85℃. Use the following data:

PROBLEM 4
Neglecting the weight of the bar, compute the stress in
each rod caused by the 50-kN load, using the following
data:

THERMAL STRESSES
It is well known that changes in temperature cause
dimensional changes in a body: An increase in temperature
results in expansion, whereas a temperature decrease
produces contraction. This deformation is isotropic (the
same in every direction) and proportional to the
temperature change. It follows that the associated strain,
called thermal strain, is

𝜺𝑻 = 𝜶(∆𝑻)

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

THE MORE YOU WILL APPRECIATE IT WHEN IT FINALLY ENGR. JEFFERSON KEVIN A. LERIO, CE
MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”