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12
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 2
“LIGHT GIVES LIFE”
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General Biology 1 – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Light Gives Life!
Writer: Aljon A. Cacabilos
Welcome to the General Biology 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Light Gives Life!
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence,
the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered
to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time.
Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are
Know expected to learn in the module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you
What I Know already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson
What’s In
with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in
What’s New various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims
What is It
to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify
your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
What’s More
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled
Learned in to process what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will help you transfer

What I Can Do
your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in

Assessment
achieving the learning competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich
Additional
your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
Activities
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in
the module.
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3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson, namely:
• Lesson 1 – The Photosynthetic Process
After going through this module, you are expected to:
MELCs:
1. Describe the pattern of electron flow through light reaction events. (STEM_BIO11/12 -IIa-j-4)
2. Describe the significant events of the Calvin Cycle. (STEM_BIO11/12 -IIa-j-5)
The following are the specific objectives:
1. Explain the role of energy in life processes.
2. Identify the importance of raw materials and the products of photosynthesis
3. Describe the two photosynthetic reactions in plants
4. Trace the electron flow in the light-dependent reaction.
5. Examine the events in the light-independent reaction.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What part of the chloroplast does light-independent reaction occur?
A. Inner membrane B. Outer membrane C. Stroma D. Thylakoid
2. Which of the following are the raw materials for photosynthesis to occur?
A. Carbon dioxide and Water C. Glucose and Carbon Dioxide
B. Oxygen and Water D. Glucose and Oxygen
3. Which of the following refers to the smallest unit of light?
A. Particle B. Photon C. Radiant Energy D. Wave
4. Which of the following absorbs the packets of energy inside the plant cell?
A. Chlorophyll B. Photon C. Ferredoxin D. Plastoquinone
5. Which of the following protein uses the energy from the electrons to pump proton into
the thylakoid space?
A. ATP Synthase B. b6-f Complex C. Ferredoxin D. NADP Reductase
6. From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH forms most
directly?
A. Photosystem I B. Photosystem II C. NADP Reductase D. ATP Synthase
7. Which of the following are the main product of light-dependent reaction?
A. ADP and ATP B. ATP and NADP+ C. NADPH and ATP D. NADP+ and ADP
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8. Which of the following is NOT part of the Calvin Cycle?

A. Carbon Fixation B. Photolysis C. Reduction D. Regeneration
9. Which of the following protein has the primary function to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?
A. ATP Synthase B. b6-f Complex C. Ferredoxin D. NADP Reductase
10. Which of the following refers to the process where water molecules provide free
electrons into the Photosystem and produces oxygen gas as the byproduct?
A. Phosphorylation B. Photolysis C. Photosynthesis D. Redox Reaction
11. What pat of the EM spectrum does the plant cell absorbs?
A. Infrared rays B. Microwave C. Ultraviolet rays D. Visible light
12. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle is needed to produce one molecule of glucose?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6
13. Which of the following plant cell organelle does the photosynthesis occur?
A. Chloroplast B. Cell Membrane C. Cell Wall D. Mitochondria
14. Which of the following is produce during the reduction stage in the Calvin Cycle?
A. ADP and ATP B. ATP and NADP+ C. NADPH and ATP D. NADP+ and ADP
15. Which of the following event of the Calvin Cycle is described by the use of ATP and
NADPH to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)?
A. Carbon Fixation B. Phosphorylation C. Reduction D. Regeneration

Lesson 1 Photosynthesis

The process in all organisms – from bacteria to humans – require ENERGY. To get this
energy, many organisms access stored energy by obtaining from one other organisms, for
animals, this is done through ingestion. But where does the energy in food originate? All of
this energy can be traced back to photosynthesis. To understand more about
photosynthesis, let us go deeper in understanding how this process happens. Are you
ready? Let’s begin!

What’s In

Activity: Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the table below. Write the raw materials and products of
photosynthesis.
Raw Materials Products

What’s New

Activity: Check Your Prior Knowledge!

Answer the given questions.
1. What is photosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the significance of the photosynthetic process?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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What is It

Read to Learn: The Photosynthetic Process

Photosynthesis came from two word ‘photo’ which means light and ‘synthesis’ which
means putting together. It is the process by which living cells use light energy to make
organic compounds. It is considered the link between the sun’s energy needs of life on
Earth. The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide Water Sugar molecule Oxygen gas
Sun: The Ultimate Source of Energy
Life is powered by sunlight. The energy for photosynthesis originates in the sun and
arrives at earth as radiant energy or commonly known as sunlight. The sunlight has both a
wave and a particle nature. The particles, or photons, are the packets of energy. It is the
basic unit of light. Photons oscillates along path which is measured as wavelengths. The
light emitted from the sun contains photons in a wide spectrum of wavelengths, called the
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum.
Photosynthetic organisms use only a small portion of the EM spectrum, called visible light.
Photosynthetic organisms contain pigments that facilitate the capture of wavelengths of
light in the visible light range. The color of the pigment comes from the wavelength of light
being reflected. Plants appear green because they reflect yellow and green wavelengths of
light. Red and blue wavelengths of light are absorbed by the pigments and provide the
energy that is used for photosynthesis.
The Chloroplast
Plants are one of the photosynthetic organisms, which is also known as photoautotrophs,
or organisms that has the ability to make food with the aid of light. The leaf is the plant
organ where most of the photosynthetic process happens. The chemical reaction of
photosynthesis occurs within plant cells in highly specialized structures known as
chloroplasts. Within the organized system of membranes in chloroplast, are small disk-
like structures called thylakoids and are stack on one another in columns called grana,
which are surrounded by a fluid-filled space called the stroma. The thylakoid membrane
system house the photosynthetic pigments known as chlorophyll which absorbs the blue
and red wavelengths of light.

Figure 1: The Chloroplast; Source: Modified 3D Model from MS Powerpoint

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The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

The photosynthetic process is divided into 2 sequential set of reactions: the light-
dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction. In the light-dependent reaction,
energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored
chemical energy. In the light-independent reaction also known as Calvin Cycle, the
chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reaction drive the assembly of sugar
molecules from carbon dioxide.
a. Light-Dependent Reaction
The overall function of light-dependent reaction is to convert the light energy into chemical
energy in the form of NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide PHosphate) and ATP
(Adenosine TriPhosphate). The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoids. It is
here that the conversion of light energy to chemical energy is initiated. Thylakoids contains
pairs of photosystems, called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosytem II (PSII). These two
photosystems work in tandem to produce the energy that will be used in the stroma to
manufacture sugars.
The photosystems of the thylakoid consist of a network of accessory pigment molecules and
chlorophyll, which capture the photons of light. Within the pigment molecules, the absorb
light energy excites electrons to a higher state. Photosystems will channel the excitation
energy gathered by the pigment molecules to a reaction center chlorophyll which will
pass the electrons to a series of proteins located on the thylakoid membrane. Photons of
light strikes simultaneously in the two photosystems.

Figure 2: The Light-dependent Reaction; Image illustrated by: Aljon A. Cacabilos

The energized electrons are passed from the reaction center chlorophyll of PSII to an
electron transport chain. The energized electrons are accepted by plastoquinone (Q), which
passes the energized electrons to b6f-complex. The electrons lost by PSII are replaced by a
process called photolysis, which involve the oxidation of water molecule, producing free
electrons and oxygen gas. Oxygen gas is an important input to the cellular respiration
pathways.
Arrival of the energized electron causes the b6-f complex to pump a proton (hydrogen ion)
into the thylakoid space creating a concetration gradient. A small copper-containing
protein called plastocyanin (Pc) which carries the low-energy electron from b6f-complex to
the PSI. The low-energy electrons leaving the plastocyanin are shuttled to PSI. Within PSI,
low-energy electrons are reenergized and are passed through to an electron transport chain
and being accepted by Ferredoxin (Fd) which passes the reenergized electrons to NADP
Reductase where the reenergized electrons are used to reduce an electron carrier NADP+ to
NADPH. The concentration gradient powers a protein called ATP Synthase, which
phosphorylates ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) to form ATP.
When the chloroplast is receiving a constant supply of photons, NADPH and ATP molecules
are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma. Therefore, NADPH and
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ATP is the product of the light-independent reaction and oxygen gas (O2) as the by-
product of photosynthesis.

b. Light-Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle

The second stage occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. The stroma houses the enzymes
needed to assemble sugar molecules from carbon dioxide and the products of the light-
dependent reaction. The light-independent reaction of the Calvin Cycle can be organized
into three basic stages:

Figure 3: The Light-Independent Reaction; Source: http://www.pinterest.com

Stage 1. Carbon Fixation
In the stroma, in addition to CO2, two other components are present to initiate the light-
independent reaction: an enzyme called ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo),
and three molecules of Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), which has five atoms of carbon, and
contains two phosphate groups. RuBisCo catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP. For
each CO2 molecule that reacts with one RuBP, two molecules of a 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-
PGA) form. PGA has three carbons and one phosphate. Each turn of the cycle involves only
one RuBP and one carbon dioxide and forms two molecules of 3-PGA. The number of
carbon atoms remains the same, as the atoms move to form new bonds during the
reactions (3 atoms from 3CO2 + 15 atoms from RuBP = 18 atoms in 6 molecules of 3-PGA).
This process is called carbon fixation, because CO2 is “fixed” from an inorganic form into
organic molecules.
Stage 2. Reduction
ATP and NADPH are used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules of a
chemical called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). That is a reduction reaction because
it involves the gain of electrons by 3-PGA. Recall that a reduction is the gain of electron by
an atom or molecule. Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used. For ATP, energy is
released with the loss of the terminal phosphate atom, converting it into ADP. For NADPH,
both energy and hydrogen atom are lost, converting it into NADP+. Both of these molecules
return to the light-dependent reactions to be reused and reenergized.
Stage 3. Regeneration
At this point, only one of the G3P molecules leaves the Calvin Cycle and is sent to the
cytoplasm to contribute to the formation of other compounds needed by the plant. Because
the G3P exported from the chloroplast has three carbon atoms, it takes three “turns” of the
Calvin Cycle to fix enough net carbon to export one G3P. But each turn makes two G3Ps,
thus three turns make six G3Ps. One is exported while remaining five G3P molecules
remain in the cycle and are used to regenerate RuBP, which enables the system to prepare
for more CO2 to be fixed. Three more molecules of ATP are used in these regeneration
reactions.
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What’s More

Activity: Go with the flow!

Supply the needed information in the flowchart. Encircle the correct concept on the word
bank below.

Word Bank
1. (photon, electron) 8. (NADP+, NADPH)
2. (mitochondria, chloroplast) 9. (Photolysis, Phosphorylation)
3. (cellular respiration, photosynthesis 10. (Carbon dioxide, oxygen gas)
4. (stroma, thylakoid) 11. (Stroma, Thylakoid)
5. (Light-dependent reaction, light-independent rxn) 12. (Carbon dioxide, glucose)
6. (Water molecule, Carbon dioxide) 13-15. (Photosystem I, Photosystem II,
7. (ADP, ATP) Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration)
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What I Have Learned

Activity: Track it!

Arrange the order of events by writing numbers before each item.
SET A: Trace the electron flow in the Light-Dependent Reaction. (Use Nos. 1-10)
_____1. The light energy excites electrons to a higher state.
_____2. The pigment molecules absorb the light energy.
_____3. The energized electrons will pass through a protein called plastoquinone.
_____4. Photosystem II will channel the excitation energy gathered by the pigment molecules
to a reaction center chlorophyll.
_____5. The low-energy electron will be accepted by plastocyanin protein.
_____6. The plastoquinone will pass the energized electron to b6-f complex where its energy
is used to pump proton into the thylakoid space.
_____7. The re-energized electrons from Photosystem I will be passed to a protein called Ferredoxin.
_____8. The low-energy electron from plastocyanin will be passed to Photosystem I to be reenergized.
_____9. A protein called ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to produce ATP.
_____10. The reenergized electron will be passed to a protein called NADP Reductase to
produce NADPH.
SET B. Sequence the events of the carbon molecule in the Light-independent Reaction. (Use
Nos. 1-5)
_____1. RuBP is regenerated through 6 turns of Calvin Cycle where 6 molecules of G3P is
produced and 5 of it is used to reform RuBP.
_____2. Enzymes combine carbon dioxide (CO2) with RuBP to produce 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
_____3. The remaining G3P molecule waits for another G3P molecule for glucose production.
_____4. ATP and NADPH are used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules
of a chemical called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
_____5. Two molecules of G3P are combined to produce glucose phosphate, thus, Calvin
Cycle needs to run 6 times to produce one molecule of glucose.

What I Can Do

Activity: I am a Team Player!

Supply the names of the key players on the photosynthetic process.
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Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following are the products of photosynthesis?
A. Carbon dioxide and Water C. Glucose and Carbon Dioxide
B. Oxygen and Water D. Glucose and Oxygen
2. What part of the chloroplast does light-dependent reaction occur?
A. Inner membrane B. Outer membrane C. Stroma D. Thylakoid
3. Which of the following are the by-products of light-independent reaction?
A. ADP and ATP B. ATP and NADP+ C. NADPH and ATP D. NADP+ and ADP
4. Which of the following transfers the energized electrons from PSII to b6-f complex?
A. Chlorophyll B. Ferredoxin C. Plastocynanin D. Plastoquinone
5. Which of the following converts NADP+ to NADPH?
A. Photosystem I B. Photosystem II C. NADP Reductase D. ATP Synthase
6. Which of the following is the reason why the color of the leaves appears green? Green
light is_________.
A. absorbed B. reflected C. deflected D. transmitted
7. Which of the following substances is the origin of the oxygen gas released by green
plants during photosynthesis?
A. Water B. Carbon dioxide C. Glucose D. Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
8. Which of the following gases is important for photosynthesis to occur and plays a vital
role in the dark reaction or Calvin cycle?
A. Ozone gas B. Water vapor C. Oxygen gas D. Carbon dioxide
9. Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis must come before the light Independent
reaction because its products are important to the fixation of carbon dioxide. Which of
the following is/are the product/s of light – dependent reaction?
A. ADP and NADPH B. NADPH only C. ATP only D. NADPH and ATP
10. Which of the following is the role of ATP Synthase?
A. Phosphorylates ADP to ATP C. Reduce CO2 to produce 3-Phosphoglycerate
B. Phosphorylates ATP to ADP D. Acts as chlorophyll reaction center
11. What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis?
A. Make ATP from carbon dioxide
B. Use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions
C. Convert ADP into ATP by using energy from the Sun
D. Construct glucose that serves as an energy source
12. Which of the following is TRUE about photosynthesis?
I. It takes place in chloroplast.
II. CO2 and H2O react to form glucose and oxygen.
III.Glucose and oxygen react to form ATP.
IV. Light energy is used to catalyzed photosynthesis.
A. I only B. II and IV C. I, II, III D. I, II, IV
13. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the Calvin Cycle?
A. Calvin cycle releases oxygen as by-product?
B. Calvin cycle occurs within the stroma of the chloroplast.
C. Calvin Cycle is the second set of reactions in photosynthesis.
D. Calvin Cycle binds carbon atoms from carbon dioxide sources into organic
compound.
14. Which of the following event of the Calvin Cycle is described by an enzyme that
combines carbon dioxide (CO2) with RuBP to produce 3phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)?
A. Carbon Fixation B. Phosphorylation C. Reduction D. Regeneration
15. Which of the following event of the Calvin Cycle is described by RuBP being regenerated
through 6 turns of Calvin Cycle where 6 molecules of G3P are produced and 5 of it is
use to reform RuBP?
A. Carbon Fixation B. Phosphorylation C. Reduction D. Regeneration
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Grade General Biology 1

12
Quarter 2- Module 2
Module Title: Light Gives Life
Subject Teacher: JERIC F. GURTIZA
5
Name: _______________________________________________________
12-Erudite STEM
Grade & Section: ________________________Strand: ________________
Barangay: ____________________________________________________

Summative Assessment

DIRECTIONS: Please answer this test independently.

Part 1: MULTIPLE CHOICES. Answer the following items. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with ________________.
A. light energy B. CO2 and ATP C. H2O and NADPH D. ATP and NADPH
2. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
A. NADPH → O2 → CO2 C. NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle
B. H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle D. H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II
3. Which process is most directly driven by light energy?
A. creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane
B. carbon fixation in the stroma
C. reduction of NADP+ molecules
D. removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
4. Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?
A. carbon fixation B. oxidation of NADPH C. release of O2 D. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
5. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
A. stroma of the chloroplast C. cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
B. thylakoid membrane D. chlorophyll molecule
6. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?
A. reducing NADP+ C. chemiosmosis
B. splitting the water molecules D. the electron transfer system of photosystem I
7. In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
A. split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll
B. harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
C. synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
D. transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH
8. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because _______________.
A. there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center
B. this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm
C. there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast
D. it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond
9. Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A. NADP is produced.
B. NADPH is reduced to NADP+.
C. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA.
D. Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
10. Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to
survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be ___________.
A. to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts
B. to test for liberation of O2 in the light
C. to test for CO2 fixation in the dark
D. to test for production of either sucrose or starch
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Part 2: MATCHING TYPE. Match the descriptions in column A that is related to the concepts
in column B. Write the letter (CAPITAL) of the best answer on the space provided before
each item.
A B
1. Produces molecular oxygen (O2) A. light reactions alone

2. Requires ATP B. the Calvin cycle alone

C. both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
3. Produces NADH
D. neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle
4. Produces three-carbon sugars
E. occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of
5. Requires CO2 photosynthesis

For Part 3, use additional long bond paper(s) for your answers.
Part 3: PERFORMANCE TASK. In your own words, answer the following questions. Be guided
by the scoring rubric below in the assessment of your work.

1. Explain the process of photosynthesis using this chemical reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide Water Sugar molecule Oxygen gas

2. Illustrate the two sequential set of reactions of the photosynthetic process: the light-dependent reaction
and the light-independent reaction.

3. How is photosynthesis essential to life on earth?

Needs
Good Outstanding Exemplary Percentage
CRITERIA Improvement
2 points 3 points 4 points 100%
1 point
The output shows The output shows some The output shows The output shows
no relationship relationship with the relationship with clear and direct
Clarity of
with the activity’s activity’s objective. the activity’s relationship with the 40%
Focus
objective. objective. activity’s objective.
1 2 3 4
The content is Some parts of the The content is The content is
inaccurate. The content are inaccurate. generally accurate and
rater is unlikely to The rater may learn accurate. The comprehensive. The
Content learn anything some isolated facts, but rater may develop rater is likely to gain 30%
from the output. unlikely to gain new a few insights new insights from
insights from the output. from the output. the output.
1 2 3 4
The arrangement Some of the ideas are Most of the ideas The ideas are
of ideas is illogical illogically and are logically and logically and
and unsystematic unsystematically systematically systematically
Organization 30%
connected to each other. connected to connected to each
each other. other.
1 2 3 4