Module 4: Environmental Pollution

Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of Air

pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Marine pollution,
Noise pollution, Thermal pollution, Nuclear hazards;
Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control
measures of urban and industrial wastes;
Role of an individual in prevention of pollution;
Pollution case studies;
Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and
landslides.
Unit –IV
Water Pollution– Water Pollution: Pollutants in
water, adverse effects. Treatment of Domestic
& Industrial water effluent.

Soil Pollution – Soil Profile, Pollutants in soil, their

adverse effects, controlling measures.
Unit –III
Air Pollution & Sound Pollution -

Air Pollution: Air pollutants, classification,

(Primary & secondary Pollutants) Adverse
effects of pollutants. Causes of Air pollution
chemical, photochemical, Green house effect,
ozone layer depletion, acid Rain.
Sound Pollution: Causes, controlling
measures, measurement of sound pollution
(deciblage), Industrial and non – industrial.
 Air Pollution:

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 Air Pollution:
Air pollutants
What are the most dangerous air pollutant?
These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include
ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
lead. The common air pollutants are:
Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
Ozone (O3)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Lead

Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid

particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous.
This complex mixture includes both organic and inorganic
particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid
droplets.
 Air Pollution:
What are some of the main sources of air pollution?
There are four main types of air pollution sources:
1. Mobile sources – such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains.
2. Stationary sources – such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial
facilities, and factories.
3. Area sources – such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning
fireplaces.
4. Natural sources – such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes
 Classification Air Pollution:
A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a
source.
A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but
forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the
atmosphere.
 Air Pollution:

Adverse effects of pollutants

Effects on Plants: As for animals, plants, and especially trees, can be destroyed by
acid rains (and this will also have a negative effect on animals as well, as their
natural environment will be modified), ozone in the lower atmosphere block the
plant respiration, and harmful pollutants can be absorbed from the water

Others include headaches, nausea, and

allergic reactions. Short-term air
pollution can aggravate the medical
conditions of individuals with asthma
and emphysema. Long-term health
effects can include chronic respiratory
disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and
even damage to the brain, nerves, liver,
or kidneys.
 Air Pollution:
What are the bad effects of air pollution?
Along with harming human health, air pollution can cause a variety of
environmental effects:
Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released
into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.
 Air Pollution:
What are the major causes of pollution?
What is the main causes of air pollution?
Some of the main causes of pollution include industrial emissions, poor disposal
of wastes, mining, deforestation, use of fossil fuels and agricultural activities.
Pollution can affect the air, the land and water bodies throughout the world.

Most of this air pollution we cause results from the burning of fossil fuels, such as
coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline to produce electricity and power our vehicles.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a good indicator of how much fossil fuel is burned and how
much of other pollutants are emitted as a result.
 Air Pollution:
What are the examples of chemical pollution?
The definition of chemical pollution: When chemicals are released into our
environment and disrupts the balance of our ecosystems, threatening our health,
polluting the air we breathe and contaminating our food. There are many sources of
chemical pollution.
Other sources of soil contamination include the leaking of chemicals from
mines and landfills. Chemical pollution is also seen in the air. The burning of
fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, release chemical pollutants into the
atmosphere.
 Air Pollution:
How is a photochemical smog is formed?
Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown
haze above cities. It tends to occur more often in summer, because that is when
we have the most sunlight.

Where do photochemical smog come from?

The chemicals in photochemical smog include nitrogen oxides, Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), ozone, and PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate). Nitrogen oxides
mostlycome from the engines of cars and trucks. VOCs are given off by paint,
gasoline, and pesticides. Ozone is a form of oxygen that is harmful.
 Greenhouse effect
Air Pollution:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When
the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to
space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. ... The
absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.
In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases
in Earth's atmosphere are:
Water vapor (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2. ...
Methane (CH3...
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Ozone (O3 ...)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Hydrofluorocarbons (incl. HCFCs and HFCs)
 Air Pollution:

What is a fact about greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process of the earth. ... This outgoing longwave
radiation is partially trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water
vapour which then radiate the energy in all directions, warming the earth's surface and
atmosphere.

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Ozone layer Air Pollution:
 Air Pollution:
Ozone layer

Ozone layer, also called ozonosphere, region of the upper atmosphere, between
roughly 15 and 35 km (9 and 22 miles) above Earth’s surface, containing relatively high
concentrations of ozone molecules (O3).

Approximately 90 percent of the atmosphere’s ozone occurs in the stratosphere, the

region extending from 10–18 km (6–11 miles) to approximately 50 km (about 30 miles)
above Earth’s surface.

In the stratosphere the temperature of the atmosphere rises with increasing height, a
phenomenon created by the absorption of solar radiation by the ozone layer.

The ozone layer effectively blocks almost all solar radiation of wavelengths less than
290 nanometres from reaching Earth’s surface, including certain types of ultraviolet
(UV) and other forms of radiation that could injure or kill most living things.
 Air Pollution:

Acid rain
rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm,
chiefly to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and
other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulphur and nitrogen oxides
which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.
 Sound Pollution

Sound Pollution: Causes, controlling

measures, measurement of sound pollution
(deciblage), Industrial and non – industrial.
 Sound Pollution

What is the cause of all sound?

Sound is caused by the simple but rapid

mechanical vibrations of various elastic bodies.
These when moved or struck so as to vibrate,
communicate the same kind of vibrations to
the auditory nerve of the ear, and are then
appreciated by the mind.

How noise pollution is caused?

Noise pollution affects both health and behavior.
Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological and physiological
health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels,
tinnitus, noise induced hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other
harmful effects.
 Sound Pollution

How can we control sound pollution?

We can reduce noise Pollution by following below mentioned Tips:
•Turn off Appliances at Home and offices. ...
•Shut the Door when using noisy Machines. ...
•Use Earplugs. ...
•Lower the volume. ...
•Stay away from Noisy area. ...
•Follow the Limits of Noise level. ...
•Control Noise level near sensitive areas. ...
•Go Green by planning trees.
 Sound Pollution

Measurement of sound pollution

What is sound measured in? Loudness (also called sound pressure

level, or SPL) is measured in logarithmic
The Decibel Meter shows examples of things units called decibels (dB). The normal
that make noise and measurements in
human ear can detect sounds that range
decibels. Amplitude measures how forceful
the wave is. It is measured in decibels or dBA between 0 dB (hearing threshold) and
of sound pressure. 0 dBA is the softest level about 140 dB, with sounds between
that a person can hear. 120dB and 140 dB causing pain (pain
threshold).
What is the unit of measure of noise?
A sound unit is any acoustic unit of sound
measurement. dB, decibel - noise of sound
measurement is called decibels (dB). Ratio of
the sound pressure to reference pressure to
something. sone - a unit of perceived loudness
equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz tone at
40 dB above threshold, starting with 1 sone.
 Sound Pollution

Noise Pollution: Sources and Types

Environmental noise is a worldwide problem. However, the way the problem is dealt
with differs greatly from country to country and is very much dependent on culture,
economy and politics. But the problem persists even in areas where extensive
resources have been used for regulating, assessing and damping noise sources or for
creation of noise barriers. For example, huge efforts have been made to reduce traffic
noise at source. In fact, today’s cars are much quieter than those manufactured ten
years ago, but the traffic volume has increased so much that the effect of this effort
has been wiped out and the annoyance level has increased. Manufacturing quieter
cars might have eased the problem for a period but it certainly hasn’t removed it.
 Sound Pollution

Sources of Noise
It is broadly divided into two parts: Industrial and Non-Industrial Noise.
 Sound Pollution

Industrial Noise
Noise produced by industries is called Industrial Noise. In general it is produced, at every
stage in industry by various aspects like welding, hammering, drilling, blowing, running
machinery, motors, sheet metal work, lathe machine work, operation of cranes, grinding,
turning, riveting, fabricating, forging, compressing, vaccumising, breaking, moulding,
steaming, boiling, cooling, heating, venting, painting, pumping, packing, transporting etc. It
creates very serious of large-scale noise problems; significantly affect the working people as
well as surrounding people.

As mechanical noise is the major part of industrial noise and is due to machinery of all kinds
and often increases with the type of operation and power capacity of the machines . The
characteristics of industrial noise vary considerably depending on specific industrial process.
High noise levels common in petrochemical, steel industries, thermal power stations, cement
industries, and mines etc., can be due to presence of unsteady force and it’s structural
elements caused by moving parts, vibration of heavy equipments, sound from engines, gear,
bearings, rotating and reciprocating machines, combustion, fans, pressurised flow, during
shifting of raw materials and end products, trucks and dumpers etc.
 Sound Pollution

Non – Industrial – Noise

Road Traffic Noise

Road traffic is the most widespread source of noise in all countries and the most prevalent
cause of annoyance and interference. It is directly proportional to the volume of vehicles.
Increasing of population is increasing of vehicles and hence increasing of Noise pollution. The
major sources of noise in automobiles are exhaust, intake, engine and fan, and tires at high
speed. The noise output of all components increases with speed. As an example, keeping all
the conditions same, an approximately 10 dB (A) increase with speed of a car from 30mph to
60mph. The Road traffic noise not only depends on volume of vehicles and also depends on
several factors, some of them are below:

•Road Conditions
•Traffic Clearance
•Condition of Vehicles
•Speed of the Vehicle

The people living near roadside(highway) are mainly exposed.

 Sound Pollution

Rail Traffic Noise

Aircraft Noise

Residential & Community Noise

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What is Water Pollution?
 Sources of Water Pollution
There are various classifications of water pollution. The two chief
sources of water pollution can be seen as Point and Non Point.
Point refer to the pollutants that belong to a single
source. An example of this would be emissions from
factories into the water.
Sources of Water Pollution
There are various classifications of water pollution. The two chief
sources of water pollution can be seen as Point and Non Point.
Point refer to the pollutants that belong to a single
source. An example of this would be emissions from
factories into the water.
Non Point on the other hand means pollutants emitted from
multiple sources. Contaminated water after rains that has
traveled through several regions may also be considered as a
Non point source of pollution.
 Pollutants in water
Water pollutants :organic and inorganic

•Organic factors include volatile organic compounds, fuels, waste from trees, plants etc.
•Inorganic factors include ammonia, chemical waste from factories, discarded cosmetics etc.
Organic compounds are compounds that consist of long bonds, usually made up of carbon.
Many organic compounds are basic fabrics of living organisms. Molecules built of carbon
and of carbon and hydrogen are non-polair and have little to no water solubility. They have
little to no electrical charge.
The behavior of organic compounds is dependent upon their molecular structure, size and
shape and the presence of functional groups that are important determinants of toxicity.

Some inorganic pollutants are not particularly toxic, but are still a danger to the
environment because they are used so extensively. These include fertilizers, such
as nitrates and phosphates. Nitrates and phosphates cause algal blooms in
surface water, which causes the oxygen level of the water to decline. This causes
oxygen starvation because of the uptake of oxygen by microrganisms that brake
down algae. This is called eutrophication.
Causes of Water Pollution
1. Industrial waste:

2. Sewage and waste water:

3. Mining activities:

4. Marine dumping:

5. Accidental Oil leakage:

6. Burning of fossil fuels:

7. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides:

8. Leakage from sewer lines:

9. Global warming:
10. Radioactive waste: (Nuclear energy)
11. Urban development:

12. Leakage from the landfills:

13. Animal waste:
14. Underground storage leakage:
 Adverse effects of Water Pollution

The water pollution is very harmful to humans, animals and water life.
The effects can be catastrophic, depending on the kind of chemicals,
concentrations of the pollutants and where there are polluted

Death of aquatic (water) animals

Disruption of food-chains
 Adverse effects of Water Pollution

Diseases
humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as
hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there
is always outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor drinking water
treatment from contaminated waters.

Diseases causes by arsenic

Destruction of ecosystems
Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a
place, depending on each other for life) can be
severely changed or destroyed by water
pollution.
Treatment of Domestic & Industrial water effluent
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating
wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After
treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released
to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment.
 Soil Pollution
Soil Profile

The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science. It is a key to
understanding the processes that have taken in soil development and is the means of
determining the types of soil that occur and is the basis for their classification.
Soil covers much of the land on Earth. It is made up of minerals (rock, sand, clay, silt), air,
water, and organic material (matter from dead plants and animals). Soil provides a
substrate for plants (roots anchor in soil), a source of food for plants, and a home for many
animals (insects, spiders, centipedes, worms, burrowing animals, bacteria, and many
others).

A scientist who studies soil is called a pedologist.

The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of the soil from the ground surface
downwards to where the soil meets the underlying rock.
The soil profile can be as little as 10 cm thick in immature soils and as deep as several metres in
tropical areas where the climate is conducive to rapid alteration of the underlying rock to form
soil. In temperate areas, the soil profile is often around a metre deep and in arid areas
somewhat shallower than this.
Soil Profile OAE BCR
O Horizon - The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf
litter and humus (decomposed organic matter).
A Horizon - The layer called topsoil; it is found below the O horizon
and above the E horizon. Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in
this dark-colored layer. It is made up of humus (decomposed
organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.
E Horizon - This eluviation (leaching) layer is light in color; this layer
is beneath the A Horizon and above the B Horizon. It is made up
mostly of sand and silt, having lost most of its minerals and clay as
water drips through the soil (in the process of eluviation).
B Horizon - Also called the subsoil - this layer is beneath the E Horizon and above the C Horizon. It
contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it
receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
C Horizon - Also called regolith: the layer beneath the B Horizon and above the R Horizon. It
consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not penetrate into this layer; very little
organic material is found in this layer.
R Horizon - The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.
Pollutants in soil
Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil,
in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. In the case
of contaminants which occur naturally in soil, even when their levels are not high enough to
pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the contaminants in soil exceed the
levels that should naturally be present.

Soil Pollution Causes

 Soil pollution can be caused by the following (non-exhaustive list)

 Oil spill.
 Mining and activities by other heavy industries
 Accidental spills as may happen during activities, etc.
 Corrosion of underground storage tanks (including piping used to transmit the contents)
 Acid rain (in turn caused by air pollution)
 Intensive farming
 Agrochemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers
 Industrial accidents
 Road debris
 Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
 Waste disposal
• Oil and fuel dumping
• Nuclear wastes
• Direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil
• Discharge of sewage sludge
• Landfill and illegal dumping
• coal ash
• Electronic waste
• ammunitions and agents of war
 Types of Soil Pollutants
Soil pollution consists of pollutants and contaminants. The main pollutants of the soil are the
biological agents and some of the human activities. Soil contaminants are all products of soil
pollutants that contaminate the soil.

Human activities that pollute the soil range from agricultural practices that infest the crops with
pesticide chemicals to urban or industrial wastes or radioactive emissions that contaminate the
soil with various toxic substances.

Biological Agents Agricultural Practices Radioactive Pollutants Urban Waste

Biological agents work inside the soil to introduce manures and digested sludge (coming from
the human, bird and animal excreta) into the soil.
The soil of the crops is polluted to a large extent with pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry,
debris, and manure.
Radioactive substances such as Radium, Thorium, Uranium, Nitrogen, etc. can infiltrate the soil
and create toxic effects.
Urban waste consists of garbage and rubbish materials, dried sludge and sewage from domestic
and commercial waste.
 The Effects of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution affects plants, animals and humans alike. While anyone is susceptible to soil
pollution, soil pollution effects may vary based on age, general health status and other factors,
such as the type of pollutant or contaminant inhaled or ingested. However, children are usually
more susceptible to exposure to contaminants, because they come in close contact with the soil
by playing in the ground; combined with lower thresholds for disease, this triggers higher risks
than for adults. Therefore, it is always important to test the soil before allowing your kids to play
there, especially if you live in a highly industrialized area.

Diseases Caused by Soil Pollution

Humans can be affected by soil pollution through the inhalation of gases emitted from soils
moving upward, or through the inhalation of matter that is disturbed and transported by the wind
because of the various human activities on the ground. Soil pollution may cause a variety of
health problems, starting with headaches, nausea, fatigue, skin rash, eye irritation and potentially
resulting in more serious conditions like neuromuscular blockage, kidney and liver damage and
various forms of cancer
 How to Prevent Land Pollution

Land pollution, in other words, means degradation or destruction of earth’s surface and soil,
directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. We have all heard the R's: reduce, reuse,
recycle. Following the various methods will help to prevent land pollution and create a cleaner
earth.
1. Reduce

1. Reduce Your Waste:

Reduce the use of harmful products to the environment. Ways to reduce pollution in your
home: ]
Reduce the amount of plastic you use.
Reduce your garbage amount.
Reduce paper use.

Change Your Water Habits

Plant native species and plan your plantings in a way that minimizes runoff.
Water your lawn as infrequently as possible.
Wash clothes in cold water whenever possible.
Use a water filter to purify tap water instead of buying bottled water.
 2. Reuse
Reuse paper alternatives.
Reuse technology.
Reuse Water
Use sink water to flush toilet waste.
Harvest rainwater

3. Recycle
Recycle your outdated technology.
Make recycling bins readily available.
Recycle your empty ink and toner cartridges.
Look for the recycled option in all the products you buy.
Marine pollution,
Thermal pollution,
Nuclear hazards
 Marine pollution
What are the main causes of marine pollution?
Most ocean pollution begins on land. When large tracts of land are plowed, the exposed soil
can erode during rainstorms. Much of this runoff flows to the sea, carrying with it
agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. ... One of the biggest sources is called nonpoint
source pollution, which occurs as a result of runoff.
What is the effect of marine pollution?
Over the last few decades, surplus human activities have severely affected the marine
life on the Earth's oceans. Ocean pollution, also known as marine pollution, is the
spreading of harmful substances such as oil, plastic, industrial and agricultural waste
and chemical particles into the ocean.
How does marine pollution affect humans?
Pollution does not only affect marine life and their environment, it also affects
mankind. ... If humans are exposed to these toxic chemicals for long periods of time,
then this can result in dangerous health problems, which include hormonal issues,
reproductive issues, and damage to our nervous systems and kidneys.
What are the source of marine pollution?
Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution. Runoff approximately 50% sewage, 50% from forestry,
farming, and other land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars etc. Feed
algal blooms in coastal waters.
 Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes
ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water
as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

What are the effects of thermal pollution?

Thermal pollution occurs when power plants and factories discharge hot or cold water into
nearby rivers, lakes, streams, oceans or bays, causing rapidly changing water temperatures.
Most marine organisms have specific temperature needs and are unable to survive sudden
changes.

How does thermal pollution affect humans?

Thermal pollution is not thought to directly affect human health, but it may have a dramatic
impact on aquatic organisms, including plants, insects, microorganisms, and fish. ... The most
important impact of warm water thermal pollution is a decrease in dissolved oxygen.
How can we control thermal pollution?
Let's have a look over some of the points to prevent and control thermal pollution.
Cooling towers and artificial lakes. ...
Save Electricity. ...
Use of alternative cooling agents- other than water. ...
Release heated water in less vulnerable regions. ...
Circular plowing to prevent erosion. ...
Reuse of heated water.

How do humans cause thermal pollution?

As human activity causes the temperature of a body of water to increase or decrease, thermal
pollution is the result. Thermal pollution is commonly caused as power plants use nearby
natural bodies of water to recycle heated water.
 Nuclear hazards

NUCLEAR HAZARDS :Risk or danger to human health or the environment posed by radiation
emanating from the atomic nuclei of a given substance, or the possibility of an uncontrolled
explosion originating from a fusion or fission reaction of atomic nuclei.

What does nuclear safety mean?

Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement
of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences,
resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation
hazards".

How does nuclear affect human?

In a nuclear explosion the human body can be irradiated by at least three processes. The first,
and most major, cause of burns is due to thermal radiation and not caused by ionizing radiation.
... It is likely that one such particle upon the skin would be able to cause a localized beta burn.
 Solid-waste management,
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid
material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no
longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create
unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution
of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is,
diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste
management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a
wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must
be managed and solved.
 Causes of solid waste

Causes of solid waste pollution are pollutants from

households, industrial units, manufacturing units,
commercial establishments, landfills, hospitals and medical
clinics. Trash collected from households often takes the form
of plastic bags and organic waste. Solid feces flowing away
from homes and into sewers pollute underground water.
Commercial establishments also pile up a lot of such waste
matter. Industrial units taking part in manufacturing produce
toxic solid waste, such as slag, through the industrial
procedure of obtaining metals from their ores.
 Solid-waste management,

Developments in waste management

A technological approach to solid-waste management began
to develop in the latter part of the 19th century. Watertight
garbage cans were first introduced in the United States, and
sturdier vehicles were used to collect and transport wastes. A
significant development in solid-waste treatment and disposal
practices was marked by the construction of the first refuse
incinerator in England in 1874. By the beginning of the 20th
century, 15 percent of major American cities were
incinerating solid waste. Even then, however, most of the
largest cities were still using primitive disposal methods such
as open dumping on land or in water.
 Solid-waste management,

Developments in waste management

Technological advances continued during the first half of the 20th century, including
the development of garbage grinders, compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection
systems. By mid-century, however, it had become evident that open dumping and
improper incineration of solid waste were causing problems of pollution and
jeopardizing public health. As a result, sanitary landfills were developed to replace the
practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on waste incineration. In many
countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and nonhazardous, and
separate regulations were developed for their disposal. Landfills were designed and
operated in a manner that minimized risks to public health and the environment. New
refuse incinerators were designed to recover heat energy from the waste and were
provided with extensive air pollution control devices to satisfy stringent standards of
air quality. Modern solid-waste management plants in most developed countries now
emphasize the practice of recycling and waste reduction at the source rather than
incineration and land disposal.
Solid-Waste Treatment And Disposal
Incineration
Furnace operation
Energy recovery
Composting
Sanitary landfill
Control measures of urban and industrial wastes

An integrated waste management strategy includes three main components

1. Source reduction
2. Recycling
3. Disposal

Source reduction is one of the fundamental ways to

reduce waste. This can be done by using less material
when making a product, reuse of products on site,
designing products or packaging to reduce their
quantity. On an individual level we can reduce the
use of unnecessary items while shopping, buy items
with minimal packaging, avoid buying disposable
items and also avoid asking for plastic carry bags.
 Control measures of urban and industrial wastes

An integrated waste management strategy includes three main components

1. Source reduction
2. Recycling
3. Disposal

Recycling is reusing some components of the waste that may have some
economic value. Recycling has readily visible benefits such as conservation of
resources reduction in energy used during manufacture and reducing pollution
levels. Some materials such as aluminum and steel can be recycled many times.
Metal, paper, glass and plastics are recyclable. Mining of new aluminum is expensive
and hence recycled aluminum has a strong market and plays a significant role in the
aluminum industry. Paper recycling can also help preserve forests as it takes about
17 trees to make one ton of paper. Crushed glass (cullet) reduces the energy
required to manufacture new glass by 50 percent. Cullet lowers the temperature
requirement of the glassmaking process thus conserving energy and reducing air
pollution.
If you want to reduce industrial waste. Here are 8 suggestions on ways that you can
reduce the amount of industrial waste that your business produces!

1. MEASURE YOUR WASTE

If you don't know how much waste you are producing, how can you effectively reduce
it? By measuring your waste your can share the results and challenge everyone in
your business to reduce the amount of waste they produce. If you notice that you are
producing a lot of a specific type of waste from a specific area of your business, you
can take measures to reduce that specific type of waste from that specific area of
your business.

2. BE A MORE EFFICIENT BUSINESS

If for example, you are in the manufacturing industry. Review your
manufacturing process. Try and discover a way you can use your raw materials
in a more efficient manner. For example, check if you can utilise recycled
materials within your business's manufacturing process.
3. CONSIDER A WASTE EXCHANGE
For some industries, one business's waste can be another's resource. If you'd like to
reduce your business's industrial waste, look at the waste that your business produces
and discover if your waste can be utilised as a resource in another business's
manufacturing process. By exchanging your waste in this manner instead of disposing of
it, you are preventing your waste from becoming waste, which is the first step in the
waste hierarchy.

4. REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF PACKAGING

This can be done in two ways. Firstly, you can reduce the amount of packaging on the
products that you produce. Secondly, compare the packaging of any products you purchase.
Many products have reduced packaging when bought in bulk, so this can be a fantastic way of
reducing the amount of waste you produce.

5. THINK ABOUT FOOD WASTE

Another waste reduction method regards food waste. Think about the food waste your
employees produce in your workplace's 'breakout room' or wherever your employees eat their
food. A fantastic way of reducing the amount of waste going to landfill is by recycling your food
waste.
6. CUT DOWN ON BOTTLED WATER!
Many businesses produce waste in the form of plastic drinking bottles. As with all forms of
waste, commercial or not, hazardous or not, it is important that we reduce all forms of waste as
much as possible in order to protect our precious planet.

7. USE SIGNS
If you have recycling systems in place but your employees aren't using them to their full potential.
For example, if waste paper is being thrown into the general waste bin. Consider using signs to
promote recycling in your business. Place signs telling people to recycle their waste.

You could go one step further and try reducing the amount of general waste bins in your
workplace and place recycling bins in more beneficial locations. For example a paper recycling
bin next to the printer or an aluminium recycling bin next to a drinks vending machine.

8. HIRE A PROFESSIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT BUSINESS

A professional waste management business such as BKP will be able to provide you
with a variety of waste management services designed to manage your waste in an
effective and responsible manner that causes minimal disruption to your business.
 Disaster management

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in
particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

What is disaster management process?

Disaster Maps. The Disaster Management Process. A disaster is any event, natural or man-
caused, which creates an intense negative impact on people, goods and services, and/or the
environment, and exceeds the affected community's internal capability to respond, prompting
the need to seek outside assistance.
What are the types of disaster management?
These types of disasters include:
Tornadoes and Severe Storms.
Hurricanes and Tropical Storms.
Floods.
Wildfires.
Earthquakes.
Drought.
What are the concept of disaster management?
Disaster management is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and
responding to emergencies and disasters, including both pre- and post-event activities. It refers
to the management of both the risk and the consequences of an event.

What are the four phases of disaster management?

The National Governor's Association designed a phase of disaster model to help emergency
managers prepare for and respond to a disaster, also known as the 'life cycle' of comprehensive
emergency management. The four phases of disaster:
1)mitigation;
2) preparedness;
3) response; and
4) recovery.
What are the objectives of disaster management?

Disaster Management Objectives:

To equip the Organisation to handle all aspects of disasters in Ghana;
To create awareness on disasters through intensive public education;
To ensure disaster prevention, risk and vulnerability reduction, as a means of reducing the
impact of disasters on society;
To be in a position to provide the first line response in times of disaster;
To assist in post-emergency rehabilitation and reconstruction effort;
To assist and motivate community-based organizations to serve as the credible voluntary
organizations to assist in the prevention and management of disasters at the local level;
To set up monitoring and early warning systems to aid the identification of disasters in their
formative stages, to disseminate timely information and warning, and hazard/disaster
awareness creation;
To enforce laws to prevent and mitigate disasters;
To provide good conditions and scheme of service to raise morale, performance; and
productivity;
To raise human capacity and development of staff.