;+bLk

;+:yf ljsf; tflnd lgb]{lzsf

ljlQo Joj:yfkg

sf7df08f}, g]kfn

cui6 @))&

of] lgb]{lzsf cd]l/sL ;xof]u ;+:yf lgof]u -o"=P;=P=cfO=8L=_ sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf tof/ kfl/Psf]
xf] . o; lgb]{lzsfsf ljifoj:t’ / hfgsf/Lx? ;]e b lrN8«]g o"=P;=P= n] tof/ kf/]sf] x'Fbf o;df
o"=P;=P=cfO=8L= sf] /fo k|ltljlDjt ePsf] 5 eGg] h?/L 5}g .
 xflb{s s[t1tf

;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;]e b lrN8]«g o"=P;=P=cfO=8L= sf] ljlQo
;xof]udf ;+bLk gfds kfFr jlif{o kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ub}}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+bLkn] $) j6f u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf -u}=;=;=_ sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 .

o;} s|ddf ;+:yfut If]qdf sfo{/t s'g} klg ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ ljlQo Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw tflnd
;+rfng ug{ / o; ljifoj:t'nfO{ uxg ?kdf a'em\g pkof]uL x'g] x]t'n] o; ljlQo Joj:yfkg
lgb]{lzsfnfO{ tkfO{x?sf] aLrdf Nofpg kfpFbf xfdL lgs} xlif{t 5f} . o; lgb]{lzsfn] ;+:yfsf]
p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ljlQo Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf], o;sf dxTj, ah]l6Ë eg]sf] s] xf]< cfly{s
k|ltj]bg lsg / s]sf nflu ul/G5, n]vfkl/If0f eg]sf] s] xf] < of] lsg cfjZos 5, o;sf lsl;d
/ o;n] lbg] kmfObf tyf ;+:yfsf] kf/blz{tf, cfly{s k|zf;g tyf sd{rf/L lgodfjnLsf 9Ffrfx?,
cfo s/, d"No j[l4 s/ tyf cGo ljlQo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ km/Dof6x? cflbsf jf/]df
;d]l6Psf] xFbf of] ;j}sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] s'/fdf xfdL ljZjf; ub{5f} . o; lgb]{lz{sfdf ljlQo
Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw k|fo h;f] ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'Fbf ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx?n] ;d]t
o;nfO{ >f]t k'l:tsfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

w]/} dxfg'efjx?sf] of]ubfgaf6 of] tflnd lgb]{lzsf xfnsf] cj:yfdf Nofpg ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
;j{k|yd ;]e b lrN8]«gsf ljlQo Joj:yfks z/b cof{n, ljlQo clws[tx? lji0f' kf}8\ofn, s[i0f
lj=s / ljlQo Ifdtf clej[l4 clws[t /lj /]UdL, h;n] ljlQo Joj:yfkgsf ljifoj:t'x?sf]
klxrfg u/L tflnd ;+rfng ug{ d2t ug'{eof], pxfFx?nfO{ cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . To;}ul/ ;j}
ljifoa:t'nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L tflnd lgb]{lzsfsf] lj:t[t :j?k k|bfg ug]{ ;+bLksf kl/of]hgf
;+of]hs bLks sf]O/fnf, ;+:yf ljz]if1 dgf]/df clwsf/LnfO{ klg d wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
To;}ul/ of] df]8\o"nnfO{ g]kfnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ / k"0f{?klbg ;xof]u ug]{ dxfg'efj /fd k|;fb
vgfnnfO{ klg d wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . of] df]8\o'n tof/ kfg]{ s|ddf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] k|lzIfs,
k|lzIf0fsf ;j} ;xefuL, h;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xeflutf / ;xof]uaf6 tflnd zL{if{sx? lgSof}{n
ul/of], pxfFx?nfO{ xfdL cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5f} .

cGTodf, of] df]8\o'n 6fOk ug]{ / km/Dofl6ª u/L of] ¿k k|bfg ug]{ ;GWof nfdfnfO{ klg w]/}
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

leS6f]/Lof cf/=Sn;g
lgb]{zs
;]e b lrN8]«g o"=P;=
g]kfn
 ljifo;"rL
-!_ tflndsf] kl/ro
!=! ;xefuLx¿sf] kl/ro
!=@ z'ef/De k|ZgfjnL
!=# tflndsf] p2]Zo / df]8\o'nsf] k[i7e"ld

-@_ ljQLo Joj:yfkg

@=! kl/efiff, dxTj / cf}hf/x¿ (Tools)
@=@ cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f
@=# ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f (Chart of Account)
@=$ vl/b Joj:yfkg
@=% e08f/ Joj:yfkg
@=^ ;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkg

-#_ ah]l6Ë
#=! kl/efiff, dxTj / k|lqmof
#=@ ljQLo k|ltj]bg

-$_ cfly{s k|ltj]bg

-%_ cg'bfg / ;dflKt k|lqmof (Grants closeout Process)

-^_ cfGtl/s / afXo n]vfk/LIf0f

-&_ cGo
&=! cfly{s k|zf;g tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw gLlt÷lgodfjnL
&=! s= cfly{s k|zf;g ;DalGw gLlt÷lgodfjnL
&=!=v= sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw gLlt÷lgodfjnL
&=@ cfos/, d"No clej[l4s/ / Jojxfl/s vftfjxLx?
&=# n]vf Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt Joj:yfkssf] bfloTj

-*_ cg';"rLx?
cg';"rL–! cfly{s k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnLsf] gd'gf
cg';"rL–@ sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnLsf] gd'gf
cg';"rL–# ;]e b lrN8«]g o'o;\ ;Dj4 s]xL Jojxfl/s cg';"lrx¿
 tflnd ;do tflnsf
klxnf] lbg
!)M)) — !)M!) — :jfut
!)M!) — !!M)) — ;xefuLsf] kl/ro
!!M)) — !!M@) — z'ef/De k|ZgfjnL
!!M@) — !@M)) — tflndsf] p2]Zo / df]8\o'nsf] k[i7e"ld / ;d"x lgdf{0f
!@M)) — @M)) — ljQLo Joj:yfkg -kl/efiff, dxTj / cf}hf/x¿_
@M)) — @M#) — vfhf
@M#) — $M#) — cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
$M#) — %M)) — ;d"x a}7s

bf];|f] lbg
!)M)) — !)M#) — k'g/fjnf]sg
!)M#) — !!M)) — ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f
!!M)) — !@M)) — vl/b Joj:yfkg
!@M)) — !M)) — e08f/ Joj:yfkg
!M)) — @M)) — ;fgf] gubLsf]if Joj:yfkg
@M)) — @M#) — vfhf
@M#) — $M#) — ah]6sf] kl/efiff, dxTj / k|lqmof
$M#) — %M)) — ;d"x a}7s

t];|f] lbg
!)M)) — !)M#) — k'g/fjnf]sg
!)M#) — !M#) — cfly{s k|ltj]bg
!M#) — @M#) — cg'bfg / ;dflKt k|lqmof
@M#) — #M)) — vfhf
#M)) — $M#) — cflGt/s tyf afXo n]vfk/LIf0f
$M#) — %M)) — ;d"x a}7s ;dflKt

rf}yf] lbg
!)M)) — !)M#) — k'g/fjnf]sg
!)M#) — !@M)) — ljQLo / sd{rf/L gLlt÷lgodfjnL
!@M)) — !M)) — cfos/, d"No clej[l4s/ / Jojxfl/s vftfjxLx?
n]vf Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt Joj:yfkssf] bfloTj
!M)) — @M#) — sfo{ of]hgf tof/L
@M#) — #M)) — vfhf
#M)) — #M@) — lj;h{g k|ZgfjnL
#M@) — $M)) — tflnd d"Nofª\sg
$M)) — $M#) — ;dfkg

1
 ;xefuLsf] kl/ro
;doM %) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
tflnd÷uf]i7L k|efjsf/L Tolta]nf x'G5, ha ;xefuLx¿n] cfkm\gf cg'ejx¿ Pscsf{ dfem v'Nnf
¿kdf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f kfpF5g\ . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps csf]{;Fu kl/ro x'g]
df}sf lbG5, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ Pscfk;df cg'ej / l;sfO cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• Ps csf{sf] gfd, kb / 7]ufgf eGg]5g\ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u x'g] zAbsf] cy{ atfpg]5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
• ;xefuLsf] kl/ro a'Fbf cvaf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• d]6fsf8{df ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf k|of]u x'g] zAbx¿ n]Vg] .
• d]6fsf8{ /fVg] emf]nf÷8Aaf tof/ kfg]{ .

;fdu|L M 6]k, dfs{/, cvaf/L sfuh, af]8{, d]6fsf8{, emf]nf÷8Aaf cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg / ;fgf] ;d"x sfo{ .

r/0fx¿M
 ;xefuLnfO{ uf]nfsf/df pleg nufpg] .
 uf]nfsf/df pleP/ ;xefuLx¿n] Ps csf{sf] sk8f, uxgf cflb x]/L cfkm";Fu ;aeGbf
gldNg] hf]8L /f]Hg] .
 hf]8L /f]hL;s]kl5 hf]8f hf]8f a:g nufpg] .
 zAbx¿ n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{ Pp6f Pp6f lemSg nufpg] -sf8{ lemSbf x]g{ / k9\g lbg' x'Fb}g_ .
 hf]8Lsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu gfd, kb / 7]ufgf n]v]sf] cvaf/L sfuh6fF;L JofVof ul/lbg] .
 hf]8Lsf] cGtj{ftf{ ;lsPkl5 Psn] csf]{ ;fyLsf] kl/ro lbg] / cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] zAbsf] cy{
JofVof ug]{ .
 o;}u/L qmdzM ;a} hf]8Lx¿sf] kl/ro ;Sg] .

gf]6 M zAbsf] cy{ eGg] qmddf s;}n]ga'em]df of eGg g;s]df k|lzIfsn] d2t ul/lbg] .
k|lzIfssf] ;d"x klg ;xefuL;Fu} kl/ro sfo{qmddf efu lng'k5{ / cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ .

k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M xfdLn] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf k|of]u x'g] zAbfjnL a'em\g] k|of; u¥of}F .
x/]s zAbdf of] tflndsf] cjlwe/ lj:t[t ¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{5f}F .

zAbfjnLx¿
 ;fgf] gubLsf]if
 vl/b dfu kmf/fd
 a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f
 vfd aGbL af]nkq

2
 d"No clej[l4 s/
 gub
 e08f/ bflvnf
 l:y/ k"FhL
 n]vfkfng
 uf]Zjf/f ef}r/
 cfly{s jif{
 a}+s vftf
 clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L
 b:tvt ug]{ clwsf/L
 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f
 cfly{s n]vf k|0ffnL
 bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnL
 ah]6
 cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f
 Joj:yfkg n]vf k|0ffnL
 u}/ gfkmfd'vL
 :yfoL n]vf gDa/
 n]vf k|lji6L
 sf]if

cGtdf k|lzIfsn] tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] .

• kl/rosf] k|lqmof s:tf] nfUof] <
• o;af6 tkfOF{n] s] l;Sg'eof] <
• of] ;qn] xfdLnfO{ s] d2t k'¥ofof] <

z'ef/De k|ZgfjnL
3
;xefuLsf] gfd M ;do M @) ldg]6
1= Pp6f u};;nfO{ ljQLoJoj:yfkg lsg cfjZos kb{5 < ;xL pQ/x¿df lrgf] -√_ nufpg'
xf];\ .
-s_ ;Lldt >f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ .
-v_ sfo{ ;ldlt kl/jt{g ug{ .
-u_ ljb]z e|d0f ug{ .
-3_ ljQLo hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ .
-ª_ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljQLo ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ .
-r_ ljQLo clen]vx¿ b'¿:t /fVg .
2= tn lbOPsf a'FbfdWo] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/ s'g xf]Og, lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ .
¾ of]hgf
¾ dfl;s a}7s
¾ cfly{s lgodfjnL
¾ n]vfk/LIf0f

3= lgDg vr{x¿dWo] cdfGo vr{x¿ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-s_ ;}lgs pks/0f -v_ ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfgx¿ -u_ e|d0f
-3_ rGbf -ª_ bz}F ;'ljwf -r_ sd{rf/L ljdf
-5_ sDKo'6/ vl/b -h_ ;+:Yffsf] k|jw{g ug{ ul/Psf] lj1fkg
4= cfGtl/s lgoGq0fdf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿nfO{ -√_ / -2_ n] 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-s_ clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f .
-v_ sfo{ ljefhg .
-u_ Pp6} sfo{ Pp6} JolQmn] sfof{Gjog ul//xg] .
-3_ clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg .
-ª_ ;'wf/sf of]hgfx¿ agfpg] .
-r_ sfo{df :jo+ ;Gt'ng k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .
5= jh]l6ª k|lqmofnfO{ qmdzM ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!= nIo @= lqmofsnfk #= p2]Zo $= glthf
6= tn lbOPsf a'FbfdWo] s'g rflxF ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf kb}{g, lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ .
¾ a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f
¾ ah]6sf] cg'kftdf vr{
¾ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] glthf
¾ ;+:yfsf] ljwfg

7= ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ug{ gldNg] vr{x¿ lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ .

-s_ :yfgLo oftfoft -l/S;f, a;_
-v_ k]ZsL
-u_ tna
-3_ lrof vr{
-ª_ x'nfs l6s6
-r_ kmlg{r/ vl/b
8= afXo n]vfk/LIf0f jif{df slt k6s ul/G5 <
4
 -s_ ! -v_ @ -u_ # -3_ $

9= afXo n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm s;n] ub{5 <

-s_ n]vfkfnn] -v_ cWoIfn] -u_ ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;b:ox¿n] -3_ sf]iffWoIfn]

10= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-s_ vr{x¿nfO{ rf6{ ckm PsfpG6df /flvPdf bftfx¿af6 cg'bfg kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-v_ jif{df sDtLdf Ps k6s ;DklQsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .
-u_ e08f/ Joj:yfkg plrt 9Ën] gul/Pdf ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf x'Fb}g .
-3_ n]vfkfn ePsf] ;+:yfdf vl/b ;ldltsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
-ª_ ;DklQsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{ ;ldltdf e08f/ Joj:yfkg clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;fd]n x'g' kb{5
.
-r_ sd{rf/Lsf] tnaafx]s cGo cfo gePdf tna e'QmfgL ubf{ >f]tdf s/ s§L ug{ kb}{g .
-5_ k|To]s u};;n] VAT df clgjfo{ ¿kdf btf{ x'g' kb{5 .

11= ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0fsf s'g} # kmfObfx¿ s]s] x'g\, ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ <
!=
@=
#=

12= vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] r/0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

!=
@=
#=
$=

tflndsf] p2]Zo / df]8\o'nsf] k[i7e"ld

;do M %) ldg]6
5
cf}lrTo M
jo:s ;xefuLnfO{{ l;Sg pTk|]l/t ug{sf] nflu pgLx¿n] tflnddf s] l;Sb}5g\ eGg] ljifo /
p2]Zo k|i6 kfl/lbg'k5{ . ljifoj:t' / p2]Zosf] hfgsf/L ePdf ;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] l;sfOnfO{{ ToxL
ljifo / p2]Zodf s]lGb|t /fV5g\, h;n] ubf{ l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ $
lbg] tflndsf] nIo, p2]Zo / df]8\o'n z[Înfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zo M
• $ lbgsf] tflndsf] nIo / p2]Zo atfpg]5g\ .
• $ lbgsf] tflndsf] ;do tflnsf eGg] / ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg]5g\ .
• tflnd df]8\o'nsf] agf]6 / k|lqmof atfpg]5g\ .
• tflndnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cg'udg ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/L M
• l;sfOsf p2]Zo cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• tflndsf] nIo / p2]Zo cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• tflndsf] ;do tflnsf cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• cg'udg ;d"xsf] sfd, st{Jo cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• df]8\o'nsf] nIo / p2]Zo cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• dfly tof/ u/]sf] ;a}sf] Xof08cfp6 tof/ kfg]{ .
;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, dfs{/, af]8{, dfl:sª 6]k cflb .
d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn / JofVofg .
r/0fx¿M
• ;xefuLnfO{{ xfdL oxfF lsg hDdf ePsf 5f}F < eg]/ ;f]Wg] .
• ;xefuLsf] pQ/ ;'g]kl5 k|lzIfsn] tflndsf] nIo / p2]Zo k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
• k|lzIfsn] $ lbgsf] ;do tflnsf k|:t't u/L JofVof u/L lbg] / ;xefuLaf6 ;'emfj dfUg] .
• ;'emfjcg';f/ ;do tflnsfnfO{{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ .
• tflnd df]8\o'nsf] agf}6 / k|lqmofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
• tflnd cg'udgsf] nflu # ;d"x lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ kb, / lnËsf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj ldnfpg'k5{ .
• cg'udg ;d"xsf] sfd st{Josf] JofVof ug]{ .
tflndsf] nIo M
• ;+:yfsf] ljQLo lbuf]kg xfl;n ug{ :t/Lo ljQLo gLltx¿ / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ .

6
tflndsf] p2]Zo M
$ lbg] tflndsf] cGTodf ;xefuLn] –
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiff, dxTj / cf}hf/x¿sf] JofVof ug]{5g\ / tL cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u u/L
cfkm\gf] ;+:yfdf ljBdfg ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f s] xf] eGg] j0f{g ug]{5g\ / cfkm\gf] ;+:yfdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf]
cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• rf6{ ckm Psfp06sf] kl/efiff / dxTj atfpg]5g\ .
• ah]l6ªsf] kl/efiff / r/0fx¿sf] JofVof ug]{5g\ / ah]l6ªsf] cEof; ug]{5g\, ;fy} cfkm\gf]
;+:yfdf ul/g] ah]l6ªsf] cEof;sf] d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• :t/Lo ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ljQLo k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] cEof;
ug]{5g\ / cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] :t/sf] d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff / dxTjsf] JofVof ug]{5g\ / cfkm\gf] ;+:yfdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cj:yffsf]
d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• :t/Lo e08f/ Joj:yfkg / vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofsf] klxrfg u/L cfkm\gf] ;+:yfdf vl/b
Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ .
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿sf] JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt lgod -cfos/ / d"No clej[l4s/_ sf] JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;'b[9 kfg{ sfo{of]hgfx¿ tof/ kfg]{5g\ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkg Pjd\ sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnLx¿sf] af/]df a'‰g] / cf– cfˆgf] ;+:yfdf
To;sf] cEof; ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{5g\ .

df]8\o'n z[Ëvnfsf] k[i7e"ld M

…;]e b lrN8«]gÚ n] !(*) b]lv ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;fem]bf/Ldf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4n] d'n'sdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgfnfO{{ ;fsf/
kf5{ eGg] dfGotfcg';f/ ;]e b lrN8|«]g cfkm\gf :yfgLo ;fem]bf/x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|lta4
5.

o;} ;]/f]km]/f]df ;]e b lrN8«]g Ifdtf clej[l4nfO{{ tflndsf] k/Dk/fut k|lqmofdf dfq ;Lldt
g/fvL g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;'zf;g, ;DaGw lj:tf/, ;+:yfut ljsf; / cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgh:tf
7"nf If]qnfO{{ ;d]6\g] k|of; u5{ .

@))# sf] cS6f]a/b]lv u}/;/sf/L If]qs} ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ clek|fon] ;]e b lrN8«|]gn]
% jif]{ kl/of]hgf -;+bLk_ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+bLk kl/of]hgfn] ;'b"/klZRfd, dWoklZrd /
k"j{df u/L sl/a $) j6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ;fem]bf/Ldf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . oL ;fem]bf/
u};;sf Ifdtf a9fpg] p2]Zon] of] df]8\o'n tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

;]e b lrN8«]gn] ;+bLk sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljZn]if0f u/]sf]
lyof] . ToxL ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df oL df]8\o'nx¿ tof/ ul/Psf x'g\ . of] z[ª\vnfdf % j6f
df]8\o'x¿ 5g\ . x/]s df]8\o'n $ b]lv ^ lbgsf] tflndsf nflu agfOPsf x'g\ . x/]s df]8\o'nsf
7
;xefuLx¿ km/s–km/s x'g]5g\ . df]8\o'nsf] tflndkl5 x/]s ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfleq
;DalGwt ljifosf] ;'wf/ ug'k{ g]{ kIfnfO{{ ;d]6]/ sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug]{5g\ .

of] df]8\o'n :yfgLo u}=;=;=sf g]tf -cu'jf_ tyf Joj:yfksx¿sf] tflndsf nflu ;|f]t k'l:tsfsf]
¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; df]8\o'nnfO{{ ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿sf] :t/ / cfjZostfcg';f/
ldnfO{{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . x/]s df]8\o'ndf # efu ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . klxnf] efudf
;xefuLnfO{{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk lbOG5, o;df k"j{k/LIff kb{5 . bf];|f] efudf cfk\mgf] ;+:yfsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos cf}hf/x¿ pknAw u/fOPsf 5g\ . o;df l;sfOsf ljifo / ;xhLs/0f
ljlw 5g\ . t];|f] efudf k|fKt 1fg / ;Lksf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u ug{ sfo{of]hgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o;df l;sfOnfO{ ;+:yfsf] Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu cEof;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|of]ustf{sf] ;lhnfsf nflu x/]s df]8\o'ndf dfu{lgb]{zx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ .
Dff]8\o'nsf] nIo M
;+:yfx¿df x'g] kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofnfO{{ Jojl:yt / lbuf] agfpg pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
Dff]8\o'nsf p2]Zox¿ M
• ;+:yfsf d'Vo tTjx¿sf] agf}6 s:tf] 5, / Tof] agfj6n] ;+:yfsf] sfddf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] d"NofÍg
u/L ;+:yf ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg gofF sbdsf] yfngL ug]{ 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
• ;+:yfsf] ljQLo lbuf]kg xfl;n ug{ :t/Lo ljQLo gLltx¿ / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{
1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog ug{ / ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ -cfGtl/s / afXo_ dfgj / cGo ;|f]tx¿sf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug]{ 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|efjsf/L k|0ffnLx¿, h:t}–;~rf/, ;'k/Lj]If0f, clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg / of]hgf th{'df tyf cg'udg ug]{ 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• bIf / k|lta4 dfgj ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ / sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dfgj ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgsf] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ .

;+:yf ljsf; tflndsf] df]8'n / z[‹nf

;+:yf ljsf; >f]t kl/rfng dfgj >f]t ljQLo

;'zf;g / g]t[Tj Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg

/0fgLlt of]hgf / Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg sfo{ / k|lqmof

8
 cg'udg ;d"xsf sfdx¿M
s_ lbgsf] cGTodf cf–cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf e]6\g] .
v_ lbgel/sf] l;sfO s:tf] eof] / s] a'lemPg ;d"xdf a;L 5nkmn ug]{ .
u_ ga'em]sf ;fyLx¿nfO{{ a'emfpg] k|of; ug]{, k"/} ;d"xn] ga'em]sf] eP k|lzIfsnfO{{ ;f]Wg] .
ª_ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ cfkm\gf] ;d"xsf ;a}n] kfP–gkfPsf] lglZrt ug]{ .
r_ x/]s lbg 7Ls ;dodf tflnd ;'¿ ug]{ / vfhf÷gf:tf cflbsf] Joj:yfkg klg 7Ls
;dodf ug]{ .
5_ tflndsf] ljifoj:t'÷k|lqmofdf k|lzIfsnfO{{ ;'emfj lbg] .
h_ tflnd xnsf] ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
em_ tflnd k|efjsf/L agfpg zflGt / ;b\efj k|bz{g ug]{ .

df]8\o'n k|of]ustf{nfO{ hfgsf/L M of] df]8\o'n cfkm}F cWoog u/L k|of]u ug{ ;d]t ;lsof];\ eg]/
;'?df dxTjk"0f{ ;}4flGts ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5, h;n] k|of]ustf{nfO{ cfly{s
Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] cfjZostf / ;+lIfKt ;}4flGts hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fpFb5 . tt\kZrft\ cg';"rL v08df klxnf] cg';"rLsf] ?kdf ljQLo lgodfjnLnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . ;Lldt >f]t ;fwg / ;do x'g] ;+:yfn] ;d]t o;}nfO{ /fd|/L cfk\mgf] ;+:yfdf
k|of]udf Nofpg ;s] eg] dfq klg cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ePsf ;}4flGts s'/f, k|s[ofsf s'/f / pknAw u/fOPsf kmf/fdx¿sf]
pkof]un] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cg';"rLsf] ?kdf
cg';"rL @ cGtu{t sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DjlGw lgodfjnLnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;df pNn]v
ul/Psf k|s[of / kmf/fdx¿sf] ;b'kof]u Jojl:yt ?kdf ug{ ;lsP ;+:yfsf] ;du| Joj:yfkgnfO{
ulx/f] lx;fan] d2t ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . To;}u/L t]>f] dxTjk"0f{ cg';"rLsf] ?kdf ;]e b lrN8«]g
o'P;;Fu ;Dj4 dxTjk"0f{ k|s[of tyf kmf/fdx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;]e b lrN8«]g
o'P;\sf ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿ tyf o;k|lt lh1f;f /fVg] jf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] hf] ;'s}n] klg
k|s[of / tl/sfx?af/] j'‰g ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] k|of]ustf{x¿sf] cf–cfk\mgf] ;Ldf /
cfjZostfcg';f/ o;df /x]sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
=

9
 ljQLo Joj:yfkg

;doM !M@) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
elgG5, zl//sf] nflu d]¿b08sf] h]–h:tf] dxTj x'G5, 7Ls Tolt g} Pp6f ;+:yf ;kmn ?kdf
;~rfng x'g pQm ;+:yfsf] r':t Pj+ b'?:t ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;f] xF'bfx'Fb}
klg w]/} h;f] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -u}=;=;_ x¿n] ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ sd dxTj -k|fyldstf_
lbPsf] kfOG5 . t/ clxn]sf] h:tf] k|lt:kwf{Tds / b|'t ultdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] jftfj/0fdf
;~rfng x'g, l6Sg / cufl8 a9\g kg]{ u};;sf] nflu o;sf] dxTj cem} cfkmF} a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
To;}n] o:tf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Pjd\ r'gf}ltk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;+:yf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu o;sf
Joj:yfksx¿df ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] tf}/ tl/sfsf] af/]df /fd|f] 1fg / ;Lk x'g cfjZos 5 . of]
;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf kl/efiff, dxTj / pks/0fx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lbg]5 .
l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiff eGg]5g\ .
• u};;sf] nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjsf ljifodf JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/zLnf / ljz]iftfx¿ JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos ljleGg pks/0fx¿sf] klxrfg u/L / ljQLo Joj:yfkg
;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiff cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] ljleGg pks/0fx¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/zLnf / ljz]iftfx¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ;a}sf] x\of08cfp6 tof/ kfg]{ .
- d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnLsf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ kfg]{ .
;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuhdf, dfl:sË 6]k, dfs{/, d]6fsf8{, af]8{ cflb .
d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg, ;fgf] ;d"xsfo{, 5nkmn .
r/0fx¿ M
- l;sfOsf] p2]Zox¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg]÷JofVof ug]{ .
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{, æljQLo Joj:yfkg eGgfn] s] a'em\g'x'G5 <Æ egL ;f]Wg] .
- ;xefuL¿af6 cfPsf] pQ/x¿ cvaf/L sfuhdf l6Kg] / d'Vo÷d'Vo a'Fbfx¿df ;dfof]hg ub}{
cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] kl/efiff k|:t't u/L JofVof ul/lbg] .
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ . ljefhg ubf{ ljQLo / u}/ ljQLo k[i7e"ld ePsf,
kb / lnË ;s];Dd ;dfg ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'k5{ .
;d"xx¿nfO{ tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] -;d"xsfo{nfO{ #) ldg]6 lbg]_ -Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f k|Zg_
10
1= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] s] dxTj 5 < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
2= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ s'zn ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]s] r'gf}ltx¿ ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5
< ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
3= ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf pks/0fx¿ -cf}hf/x¿_ s]s] x'g\ <
- ;d"xsfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / Ps ;d"xn] k|:t't ubf{ cGo
;d"xx¿sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg pT;flxt ug]{ .
- ;a} ;d"xx¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ;lsPkl5 k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] cvaf/L sfuhx¿
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj, pks/0fx¿, cfwf/zLnf / ljz]iftfx¿ k|:t't ug]{ / JofVof
ul/lbg] .
- cGTodf tof/ ul/Psf] ;a} x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .
- ljQLo Joj:yfkg d"NofÍgsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ZgfjnL lbO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf eg{ nufpg]
- ;a} ;+:yfn] k|ZgfjnL el/;s]kl5 sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L ug]{ .

ljQLo Joj:yfkg
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_ n] ;dfhdf /x]sf nlIft ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/dfly p7fpg ljsf; tyf
;]jfsf ljleGg sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ o:tf so{s|dx¿ :yfgLo ;fdflhs kl/j]z,
;d'bfosf] rfxgf cfjZostf Pj+ ;+nUgtfdf lgwf{/0f Pj+ ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . vf; u/L
sfo{s|dx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] / To;df klg r':t b'?:t ljQLo
Jo:yfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'zf;gdf cfly{s Joj:yfkg Pp6f clt dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
c;n ljQLo Joj:yfkg ljgf ;+u7gsf] s'g} klg of]hgf / sfo{qmd rNg ;Sb}g . o;df egfO 5
ls ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfsf] kl/sNkgf ;+u7gsf] aflx/L cfj/0f dfq xf] eg] cfly{s kIf ;+u7gsf]
kl/sNkgfnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg] Pp6f hLjGt kIf xf] . To;sf/0f s'g} klg ;+u7gn] ;kmntfk"j{s
sfo{ ug{sf] nflu k|efjsf/L ljQLo Joj:yfkg Pp6f d'Vo cfwf/zLnf xf] .

x/]s ;+u7gdf ;j{dfGo k|s[ltsf] n]vf /fVg] k|0ffnL x'g' kb{5 . o; k|0fnL cGtu{t tof/ ul/g]
cfly{s k|ltj]bgsf tl/sfx¿ ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ePdf afXo tyf cfGtl/s b'a} k|of]hgfsf
nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL b]zsf ;/sf/x¿n] pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] n]vf /fVg],
k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|:t't ug]{ k|0ffnL jf tl/sf agfPsf x'G5g\ . oL tl/sfx¿ To;
b]zdf sfo{/t x/]s u};;n] ckgfpg'k5{ .

u};;x¿nfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkg lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

w]/}h;f] u};;x¿n] ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstf lbG5g\ . lsgls pgLx¿n] sfo{s|dsf]
sfof{Gjog dfq dxTjk"0f{ xf] eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{
kIfdf a9L ;kmn x'G5g\ t/ To; sfo{df nfu]sf] cfly{s nfutsf] :ki6 ¿kdf lrq0f ug{
;Sb}gg\ . h;n] ubf{ :jefljs ?kdf cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] k|Zg v8f x'G5 . pko'Qm >f]t, pko'Qm
k|s[ofaf6 lgwf{l/t nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ vr{ ul/Psf] s'/f k|dfl0ft gx'g' ;+:yf Pj+ sfo{s|ds}
nflu 7"nf] c;kmntf xf] eGg] 7x5{ .
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] l;w} gub;Fu ;DaGw /xG5 / gub eg]sf] cfkm}Fdf lgs} t/n x'G5 olb
o;nfO{ xfdL xf]l;of/k"j{s Joj:yfkg u/]gfF} eg] ;lhn};Fu cfly{s r'xfj6 tyf cfly{s
clgoldttf x'g ;S5 . o;n] ;+u7gsf] Psbd sdhf]/ cfly{s Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] lrq0f
ub{5 . To;}n] Pp6f zAbsf] k|of]u af/Daf/ ul/Psf] ;'lgG5 Tof] xf] cfly{s kf/blZf{tf of] zAb
d'Votof u};;n] ;d'bfodf sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog ug]{ cj:yfdf w]/}h;f] ;'lgg] ul/G5 . olb s'g} klg
11
;+u7gsf] k|ltj]bgdf ljQLo ?kdf x'g'kg]{ hfgsf/Lsf] sdL ePdf To; lsl;dsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{
cw'/f] jf ckfË k|ltj]bg dflgG5 . To;}n] ;kmntfk"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg jf sfof{Gjog ug{ /
nfeflGjt JolQmx¿jf6 ljZjf; Pj+ dfg ;Ddfg kfpg ljQLo kf/blz{tf Ps clgjfo{ cfjZostf
xf] . ;fy} cGo ;DalGwt kIfx¿, h:t}M ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿ :yfgLo hgtf / :yfgLo
a'l4hLjLx¿sf] nflu klg ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod x'g' clt cfjZos x'G5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ –
• ;+:yfsf] ljQLo clen]v b'¿:t /fVg .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgn] u};;sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 / eljiosf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ ljQLo cg'dfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
• o;n] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu u};;nfO{ k|efjsf/L / s'zntfk"j{s >f]tsf] k|of]u
ug{ d2t u5{ .
• ljQLo lbuf]kgfsf] nflu bL3{sfnLg¿kdf ;+:yfnfO{ t}of/ x'g ;xof]u u5{ .
• ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljQLo ;"rgf k|jfx u5{ .
• x/]s txdf cfly{s >f]tsf] Joj:yf u5{{ .
• ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ :ki6 ljQLo k|ltj]bg pknAw u/fpF5 . /
• sd >f]td} w]/} / k|efjsf/L sfo{ u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ;d]t u};;nfO{ ;kmntf
k|fKt ug{ d2t u5{ .
[
ljQLo Joj:yfkg s] xf] ?
ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;+:yfut lqmofsnfkx¿sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . u}/ gfkmfd'vL ;+:yfsf]
cu'jf Joj:yfksx¿n] ;+u7gdf :ki6 / kf/bzL{ ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . ljQLo
Joj:yfkg eg]sf] n]vf /fVg] -Book Keeping_ / n]vfsf] clen]v /fVg] dfq geO{ ;+:yfsf]
cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, kf/bzL{ agfpg] / o;df ;+nUg x'g]x¿nfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/
agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo ;+oGq xf] . To;}n] of] sfo{s|d sf] s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu klg
of] clt dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf cGo w]/} ;xfos
k|0ffnLx¿ x'G5g\, To; dWo] n]vf /fVg] k|0ffnL klg Ps xf] . To;}n] u};; ljQLo Joj:yfkg kIfdf
a9L rgfvf] -ALERT_ x'g'kb{5 . ALERT eGgfn]
• A=Accountability -lhDd]jf/L_,
• L=Legality sfg'gL_
• E=Economy -ldtJooL_
• R=Regularity -lgoldttf_ /
• T=Transparency -kf/blz{tf_ hgfpF5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiff
;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yfdf ePsf] ljQLo ;|f]tx¿sf] of]hgf,
;+u7g, lgoGq0f / cg'udg ub{5 . ljQLo Joj:yfkg eg]sf] ;+:yfdf s]jn n]vfx¿sf] clen]v
/fVg' dfq x]fOg, sfo{s|d JoJ:yfkgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ efu klg xf] h;n] >f]tsf] cj:yf,
pknAwtf, o;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf nflu >[hgf ul/Psf k|s[of / o; ;Dj4 lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf]
ls6fgL ;d]tnfO{ a'emfpFb5 To;}n] o;nfO{ ;+:yfsf] 5'§} lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf x]l/g' kb{5 /
o;nfO{ ;fdfGo 7fgL n]vfsf] sd{rf/Lx¿dfqs} lhDdfdf 5fl8g' x'Gg . Jojxf/df, ljQLo
Joj:yfkg eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yfsf] hfFr ug]{ / To;f]ubf{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf cfjZos sfo{
u/L ljQLo ?kdf x'g;Sg] g/fd|f ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ /f]Sg' klg xf] .

12
ljQLo Joj:yfkg lsg <
;Lldt ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
u};;x¿sf] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tLa| ultdf ablnO{/x]sf] 5 / cToGt} k|lt:kwf{Tds klg 5 .
u};;sf] cfwf/e"t >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 kfpg] /sd÷sf]if s|d]};Fun] 3l6/x]sf]
5 . To;sf/0f k|fKt cg'bfg jf ;|f]t;fwgx¿ ;+:yfsf] Wo]o / p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;fy}
To;sf] /fd|f] k|efj ;dfhdf k'¥ofpgsf] lglDt ;+:yfdf ltgLx¿sf] ;xL / k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|of]u
ePsf] 5 eg]/ lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 . cyf{t\ ;Lldt >f]tsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf ePsf] xf] .
ljQLo hf]lvdsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
;j} ;+:yfx¿n] cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo hf]lvdx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . To:tf hf]lvdx¿n] ;+:yfsf]
;~rfng Pjd\ cl:tTjnfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;xof]u /sdx¿ lbg
aGb ug'{, ;+:yfdf cfunfuL h:tf eljtJo kg'{ jf 7uL x'g' cflb . o:tf ;Defljt\ hf]lvdx¿sf]
klxrfg ug}{kb{5 / To;af6 x'g;Sg] ;Defljt gf]S;fgLx¿ 36fpgsf] nflu ;+ul7t tj/df ;ls|o
¿kn] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t\ cfly{s >f]tsf] b'?kof]u jf ljgf; x'g] sfo{ sdug{ jf /f]Sg
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
;+:yfnfO{ /0fgLlts tj/df Joj:yfkg ug{
ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;:yfsf] ;du| Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ efusf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
o;sf] dtnj of] xf] ls Joj:yfksn] ;+:yfsf] a[xt tl:j/df Pp6f b[li6 ;+:yfsf] ljQLo kIfdf
klg k'¥ofO/xg' cfjZos 5 . ;+:yfsf] vf; s'g} kl/of]hgf / sfo{s|ddf dfq nlIft geO{
bL3{sfn;Dd ;+:yf ljQLo ¿kdf s:tf] x'G5, s;/L rN5, eGg] s'/fnfO{ /0fgLlts tj/n] ;f]Rg'
cfjZos 5 .
;+:yfnfO{ p2]Zox¿åf/f Joj:yfkg ug{
ljQLo Joj:yfkgn] kl/of]hgf / ;+:yfsf] p2]Zox¿nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn]/ x]b{5 . ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] k|ls|of—of]hgf agfpg], sfo{ ug]{ / ;dLIff ug]{ k|ls|ofaf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cufl8
al9 /xG5 . vf;u/L ;+:yf s]xL] lglZrt p2]Zo lnP/ :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 / To:tf p2]Zox¿ k"/f
ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] ljQLo Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yfnfO{ g} Pp6f lglZrt lbzf k|bfg ub{5 .
of]hgf agfpg / sfof{Gjog ug{
s'g} klg ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf 3f]lift p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ of]hgfj4 9Ëaf6 sfo{s|dx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug]{
ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ k"j{ pQm sfo{s|dnfO{ ljleGg ls|of{snfkx¿df
juL{s/0f u/L tL lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] nfutsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ljQLo of]hgf
agfpg'kb{5 . hj ;+:yf ;~rfng x'G5 o;n] o;sf] p2]Zox¿ / To;sf] nflu of]hgfa4
sfo{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;kl5sf] csf]{ kfOnf eg]sf] tL lqmofsnfkx¿, ;dfkg ug{sf] nflu
cfjZos nfutx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L ljQLo of]hgf agfpg' xf] . o;df pQm sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{sf]
nflu sxfFaf6 /sd÷sf]if kfpg ;lsG5, To;nfO{ klg v'nfOPsf] x'G5 . ;+:yfdf /sd÷sf]if k|fKt
ePkl5 of]hgf agfpFbfsf] r/0fdf pNn]lvt nIox¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;dLIff ug{
;+:yfn] u/]sf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] lglZrt ;dokl5 o;sf] glthf÷pknlAwx¿
xfl;n x'G5g\ . o;n] Pp6f vf; cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . of] jf:tljs cj:yfnfO{ cufl8
agfOPsf] ef}lts of]hgf;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 . To;kl5 Pp6f lgwf{l/t ;do / ah]6af6 ;+:yfsf]
nlIft p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;lsof] of ;lsPg egL Joj:yfksn] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5 . o;/L
sfo{s|dsf] ;dLIff Pjd\ k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 w]/} ;kmntf Pjd\ c;kmntf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf]
l;sfO x'G5 . oL dxTjk"0f{ l;sfO÷cg'ejx¿nfO{ csf]{k6s of]hgf agfpFbf Wofgdf /flvG5 .
13
u};;sf] nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkg lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <
w]/} u};;x¿df ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ sd dxTj -k|fyldstf_ lbOG5 . of] w]/}h;f], ljQLo of]hgf
/ cg'udg k|0ffnL sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 . u};;x¿, b|'tultdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] kl/l:ylt
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfhdf ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] kl/jlt{t / r'gf}ltk"0f{ ;dfhdf u};;x¿n]
;kmntfsf] ;fy sfo{ ug'{ cfkm}Fdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . To;sf/0f o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfnfO{
a9L ;Ifd jgfpg o;sf] Joj:yfksnfO{ ;+:yfsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] tf}/ t/Lsf /
pks/0fx¿sf] /fd|f] 1fg Pjd\ a'emfO x'g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf Joj:yfksx¿df oL ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] ljleGg t/Lsfx¿ /fd|f];Fu a'emL To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ cfTdljZjf; x'g cfjZos 5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkg /fd|f] ePsf] v08df lgDg s'/fx¿ x'g]5g\ .
• ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dIf ;+:yfn] u/]sf] k|lta4tf k"/f ug{sf] nflu
;|f]t ;fwgx¿ bIftfsf] ;fy k|of]u ug{ Joj:yfksnfO{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 .
• ;Lldt ;|f]tx¿sf] a9L pkof]u ug{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 .
• u};;x¿nfO{ bftf÷;fem]bf/x¿ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ aGg ;xfotf
k'¥ofpFb5 .
• u};;n] bft[ ;+:yfx¿, ;fem]bf/x¿ / ;]jfu|fxLx¿ -nfeflGjt ;d'bfo_ af6 ;Ddfg / ljZjf;
k|fKt ub{5 .
• ljleGg bftfx¿af6 ;Lldt ?kdf k|bfg ul/g] ;Lldt ;|f]tx¿ k|fKt ug]{ k|lt:kwf{df u};;nfO{
kmfObf k'¥ofpFb5 .
• nfdf] ;dosf] nflu u};; ljQLo¿kdf s;/L lbuf] aGg] eg]/ cfkm}F t}of/ x'g ;xfotf
k'¥ofpFb5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftfx¿
s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] nflu ljQLoJoj:yfkgdf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg l;4fGt / cEof;x¿sf] s|dnfO{
klxrfg ug{' w]/]} pkof]uL x'G5 . To; ;+:yfdf /fd|f] ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu logLx¿nfO{ Pp6f ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu lglZrt dfkgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
oL ljleGg l;4fGtx¿n] Pp6f u};;df ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg gLlt /
sfo{ljlwx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+:yfdf s;/L sfo{ ul/g' kb{5
eg]/ dfu{ lgb]{zg ;d]t ub{5 .
k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6M h'g ;+:yfn] ;+:yfut lbuf]kgsf] ;f]r agfPsf] 5}g To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj Tolt w]/} x'Fb}g . lsgls ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;+:yf ljsf;sf] Ps cleGg c+u xf] .
;+:yfsf] 5lj agfpg / ;+:yfnfO{ ;jn /fVg ljQLo Joj:yfkg r':t x'g h¿/L x'G5 .
bft[;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul/lbg dfq xf] eg] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] vfFrf] x'Fb}g . of] t
;du| ;+:yfsf] Ps cleGg pkk|0ffnL xf,] h;n] g]t[Tjju{nfO{ ;+:yf Joj:yfkgdf Ps dxTjk"0f{
cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf d2t u5{ .
1= cleefjsTj÷;+/IfsTj
o;n] ;+:yfdf ePsf] ;|f]t;fwgx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft 9+un] /fVgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn] ;3fp
k'¥ofpFb5 . Pp6f u};;sf] ;+/Ifs÷cleefjsn] ljZjf; / ;b\efjdf ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ
/sd÷sf]if lhDdf lnPsf] x'G5 . ;+:yfsf] ljwfg / ;DalGwt kIf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd
tL ;DklQ Pjd\ sf]ifx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;+:yfsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] c¿
;j}nfO{ lglZrGt ug{' kb{5 . ha;Dd cfkm\gf] ;+:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut lx;fjn]
lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s;~rfng ug'{k5{ eGg] cGtis/0fsf] ;f]r cfpFb}g Tolta]nf;Dd ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] vf; dxTj x'Fb}g .
14
@ lhDd]jf/L
ljleGg ;Demf}tf gLltlgod sfo{ ljlw tyf k|s[ofx¿af6 ;+:yf jf ;+:yfsf ;DalGwt
Joj:yfks jf JolQmnfO{ cfly{s Jojxf/ af/] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . vf; u/]/
lgZrt p2]Zox¿ k"/f ub}{ nIo xfl;n ug]{ bft[ lgsfo Pj+ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;f]rnfO{
;fsf/ ¿k lbg sfg'gL Pj+ g}lts lx;fjn] ;d]t st{Jo af]w u/fpFb} lhDd]jf/ u/fpg' kb{5 /
;+:yfsf] sf]if jf ;DklQsf] ;b'kof]u k|efjsf/L / lhDd]jf/ lx;fjaf6 ul/g' kb{5 .

2= kf/blz{tf
;+:yfdf ;j} ljQLo ;"rgfx¿ 7Ls9+un] clen]vg\ u/L /flvPsf] 5 / To;nfO{ k|i69+un] k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug}{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} o;;Fu
;DalGwt ;j} ;"rgfx¿ clwsf/ k|fKt ;j} JolQmx¿n] cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf ;xh 9+un] x]g{
;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . olb o:tf] Joj:yf gePsf] v08df ToxfF ljleGg s'/f -;"rgf_ x¿
n'sfOPsf] / >f]tsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u gePsf] x'g ;Sb5 eGg] tkm{ z+sf gug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
>[hgf x'G5 .

3= Ps¿ktf
Pp6f ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|0ffnLdf jif{el/sf] nflu Ps¿ktf x'g'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ To;sf] t'ngf
ug{, gub k|jfx ljZn]if0f ug{ / Tof] slQsf] kf/bzL{ 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;f]
eGg'sf] dtnj ljQLo k|0ffnLdf s'g} kl/dfh{g g} ug{ ;lsFb}g eGg] xf]Og . h] eP tfklg
ljQLo ljlwdf Ps¿ktf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfsf ljleGg JolQmx¿åf/f tndfly ul/g
;lsg] / ul/Psf] x'g;Sg] ;+s]tsf] ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 .

4= ;Totf÷lgisk6tf
Pp6f JolQm jf ;+:yf slt OdfGbf/ / ljZjf; ug{ of]Uo 5 eg]/ j'em\gsf] nflu
ljQLoJoj:yfkg;Fu ;DjlGwt k|Zg÷;jfnx¿sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ljZn]if0f
ubf{ sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ pkof]u, lgoldttf, ldtJolotf tyf sfo{bIftfsf cfwf/df eP
gePsf] x]l/G5 / To;f] ubf{ ckgfOPsf] sfo{ ljlw Pj+ ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fx¿ x]g]{ ul/G5 .
To;/L x]bf{ To;sf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿af6 pko'Qm sfo{ljlw agfO{ ljlw;Ddt 9Ë jf6 vr{
ug]{ ul/P gul/Psf] x]/]/ g} ;Totf tyf lgisk6tfsf] 6'Ëf] nufOG5 .

5= 3f6f gePsf] ljQLo Joj:yf

Pp6f ;+:yfn] ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] nflu oy]i6 /sd jf sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
o;f] geP;Dd ljleGg p2]Zox¿ / tL p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ul/g] ls|ofsnfkx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{
x'Fb}g . s'g} k"/f ug{ g;lsg] sfo{x¿sf] ;'¿jft ug'{ eg]sf] ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgx¿ v]/ kmfNg'
dfq xf] . To;}n] r':t Pj+ b'?:t 9Ëaf6 >f]t ;fwgn] Eofpg] ;Ddsf] of]hgfx¿ agfpg'
kb{5 .

6= :t/Lo clen]vLs/0f
;j} ljQLo clen]vx¿ / o;;Fu ;DjlGwt sfuhftx¿ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kd} dfGotfk|fKt
n]vfk|0ffnL / l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /flvg' kb{5 . ;+:yfsf] ljQLo clen]v Tof] :t/sf] x'g'kb{5
h'g ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg 7fpFaf6 cfPsf] n]vfkfnn] ;lhn};Fun] a'em\g ;sf];\ / hf] ;'s}n] /
hlxn] ;'s} k/LIf0f u/] klg dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;sf];\ .

15
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v $ cfwf/zLnfx¿
;j} u};;x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kn] ldNg] vfnsf] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] vf; gd'gf 5}g . t/ klg ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] s]xL cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ 5g\ h'g ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] s'zn cEof;sf] nflu clgjfo{
dflgG5g\ .
1= n]vfx¿sf] clen]v
;+:yfdf ePsf] /sd÷sf]if s;/L k|of]u Pjd\ kl/rfng ePsf] 5 eg]/ b]vfpgsf] nflu k|To]s
;+:yfn] cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿sf] clen]v clgjfo{ ¿kdf b'¿:t /fVg'kb{5 . o;/L /flvPsf]
n]vf ;DaGwL oL clen]vx¿n] ;+:yf s;/L ;~rfng e}/fv]sf] 5 / o;n] p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug]{
tkm{ s] ul//fv]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpFb5 .
2= ljQLo of]hgf
ljQLo of]hgf ;+:yfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf / sfo{;~rfng of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt / ;f/} dxTjk"0f{
of]hgf xf] . ;+:yfsf /0flglts of]hgf / sfo{ ;~rfng of]hgfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ oyfy{k/s
ljQLo of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljQLo of]hgfn] /sd÷sf]ifsf] k"jf{g'dfg u/L of]hgf
agfpg / pQm /sd jf sf]ifsf] k|of]usf] cg'udg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
3= ljQLo cg'udg
;+:yfnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt ah]6 pknAw u/fPkl5 o;n] tf]lsPsf ljleGg zLif{s Pjd\
pkzLif{sx¿df vr{ ub{5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿sf] Pp6f lglZrt lgod Pjd\ l;4fGt adf]lhd
k|i6 / lglodt ¿kdf clen]v /flvG5 / ;do ;dodf o:sf] hfFr ;d]t ul/G5 . log}
clen]vx¿sf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/ ul/G5 . of] k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfsf] k|ult
Pjd\ sfo{sf] af/]df n]vfhf]vf ug{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .
4= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
ljQLo Joj:yfkg cfkm}Fdf ;+:yfsf] Pp6f lgoGq0f k|0ffnL klg xf] . o;n] ;+:yfleq u/]sf]
ljQLo sfo{x¿ s;/L ePsf] 5 eg]/ Ps csf{df hfFRg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ub{5 .
o;n] ;+:yfleq ePsf] ljleGg ;DklQx¿sf] ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug{ / cfGtl/s hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ub{5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] p2]Zo ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf] clen]v /fVbf
x'g;Sg] ljleGg uNtL Pjd\ sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ x6fpg' xf] . o:tf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ ljleGg
?kdf x'g ;Sb5g\ h:t}– 7uL, e"m6f] ljj/0f k]; ug'{, lx;fa lstfa ;xL 9+un] g/flvg',
n]vfsf] k|ls|of ;xL gx'g', cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿ ;DalGwt vftfdf k|lji6 gul/g' / /sd Pjd\
;+Vof n]lVfbf uNtL x'g' cflb . o:tf] uNtLx¿n] sltko cj:yfdf ul0ftLo ¿kdf ;xL
cj:yf b]vfP tfklg Jojxf/df / oyfy{df ;f] unt x'g ;Sb5 . Pp6f k|efjsf/L cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] ljQLo sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg oyf]lrt lgoGq0f u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ hf]lvddf kg{af6 ;d]t arfj6 ub{5 . o;kl5sf] cg'R5]bx¿df ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v cfwf/zLnfx¿sf] af/]df s|dzM j0f{g ul/g]5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf pks/0fx¿
ljQLo Joj:yfkg ug{ Pjd\ ljQLo lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu ljleGg t/Lsf Pjd\ pkfox¿
ckgfpg] ul/G5 . oL pkfo Pjd\ t/Lsfx¿n] ljQLo Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfsf]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 9+un] ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5g\ / oL ljleGg t/Lsfx¿ jf pkfox¿dWo]
sltko ljQLodfq geP/ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg tf}/ tl/sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . h;nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

of]hgf agfpg]
of]hgf Joj:yfkg k|lqmofsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . eljiodf x'g] ;Defljt s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf
/fv]/ To;sf] nflu cfjZos t}of/L ug{sf] nflu of]hgf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of]hgfdf ;+:yfsf]
16
 Joj:yfksn] ;Defljt w]/} ljsNkx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L To;sf] cfwf/df plrt ljsNkx¿sf]
5gf}6 ub}{ w]/} lg0f{ox¿ ub{5 jf tL ljsNkx¿dWo] pko'{Qm j}slNks pkfosf] 5gf}6 ub{5 .
of]hgf ;w}F g} sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] k|s[ltsf] x'g' kb{5 .

pks/0fx¿ M /0fgLlts of]hgf, Jofj;flos of]hgf, lqmofsnfk of]hgf, ah]6, sfo{of]hgf,

gub k|jfx cg'dfg, ;DefJotf cWoog OToflb .

1= sfo{x¿sf] ;+u7g Pj+ ;dGjo tyf ;+of]hg ug]{

;+:yfdf ljleGg ;|f]t;fwgx¿ x'G5g\, h:t} M sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsx¿, ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿,
cGo ef}lts ;DklQ, gub OToflb . ;+:yfsf] ;du| of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lglZrt
ug{ oL ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;dGjo ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu of]hgfsf] s] sfo{,
slxn] ;Dddf, s;n] ul/;Sg] xf] ;f] sf] pQ/bfloTj s;n] lng] xf] cflb ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug{
cfjZos x'G5 .

pks/0fx¿ M ;+:yfsf] ljwfg, ;f+u7lgs rf6{, sfo{ ljj/0f, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f, n]vfsf]
rf6{÷lrq, ljQLo lgodfjnL, ah]6 OToflb .

2= lgoGq0f ug]{
of]hgfdf pNn]lvt sfo{s|dx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf pkof]u x'g] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;xL 9Ën]
pkof]u ePsf] 5 5}g / sfo{ljlwx¿ ;xL 9+un] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g egL ;'lglZrt ug{
cfjZos k5{ . o; af/]df a'em\gsf] nflu Pp6f hfFr Pjd\ lgoGq0fsf] tl/sf jgfpg /
k|of]udf Nofpg clt cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ tL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿nfO{
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgoGq0f ub{5 / >f]t ;fwg 7Ls 9Ën] / k|efjsf/L lx;fan] k|of]u ug]{tkm{
lgb]{lzt ub{5 .

pks/0fx¿M ah]6, k|Tofof]lht clwsf/, dfn;fdfg vl/b ug]{ lgodfjnL, a}+s lx;fa ldnfg
ljj/0f, cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo n]vfk/LIf0f, crn ;DklQ ljj/0f vftf, ;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfng
Pjd\ ;Def/ ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, ljbf tyf ljbfsf k|s[of OToflb .

3= cg'udg ug]{
Pp6f lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ;+:yfn] ug{] ljleGg sfo{x¿sf] af/]df ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ Pjd\
tYox¿ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfks / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . o:tf ;"rgf Pjd\
tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f af6 ;+:yfn] s;/L sfo{ u/L /fv]sf] 5 eg]/ cg'udg ug{ dxTjk"0f{
of]ubfg k'Ub5 . cg'udg sfo{n] of]hgfdf pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ / jf:tljs sfo{—;Dkfbgsf]
aLrdf t'ngf ub{5 . ToxfF s'g} km/s k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, To;}u/L s'g} sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ jf
5}gg\ egL ;dod} kQf nufO{ cfjZos ePdf ;'wf/sf] pkfox¿ ;d]t atfpg] sfo{ ub{5 .

pks/0fx¿M d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx¿, ah]6 cg'udg k|ltj]bg, gub vr{ ljj/0f, ljQLo ljj/0f,
kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg, bftfx¿sf] k|ltj]bg, n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, OToflb .

17
k|ZgfjnL

;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfsf] nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <

2= ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] ljleGg pks/0fx¿, of]hgf agfpg], sfo{x¿sf] ;+u7g Pj+ ;dGjoug]{,
lgoGq0f / cg'udgsf ;DaGwdf tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfsf] ;jnkIfx¿ s'gs'g x'g\ / s'gs'g
s'/fx¿df ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 <
s_ of]hgf agfpg], /0fgLlts of]hgf, Jofj;flos of]hgf, lqmofsnfk of]hgf, ah]6, sfo{
of]hgf, gub k|jfx cg'dfg, ;DefJotf cWoog OToflb .

v_ sfo{x¿sf] /rgf÷Joj:yf ;+u7g Pj+ ;dGjo ug]{M ;+:yfsf] ljwfg, ;f+u7lgs rf6{, sfo{
;lrq ljj/0f, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f, n]vfsf] rf6{, ljQLo lgodfjnL, ah]6 OToflb .

u_ lgoGq0f ug]{M ah]6, k|Tofof]lht clwsf/, dfn;fdfg vl/b ug]{ lgodfjnL, a}+s lx;fa
ljj/0f, cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo n]vfk/LIf0f, crn ;DklQ ljj/0f vftf, ;jf/L ;fwg
;~rfng Pjd\ ;Def/ ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, labf OToflb .

3_ cg'udg ug{M d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx¿, ah]6 cg'udg k|ltj]bg, gub vr{ ljj/0f, ljQLo
ljj/0f, kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg, bftfx¿sf] k|ltj]bg, n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg OToflb .

3= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ljQLo Joj:yfkg sfo{df sf]sf] ;+nUg x'G5g\ <

4= sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ s] xf] < s]s] s'\/fx¿df ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 <

5= ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf åGån] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 / åGåsf] ;Defljt of] cj:yf;Fu ;fdgf
ug{sf] nflu s:tf] /0fgLltx¿ lnOPsf] 5 <

6= ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf & j6f ljz]iftfx¿;Fu t'ngf ubf{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf s]s] s'/fdf ;'wf/
ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf 7fGg'x'G5 <

18
 cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

;doM !M@) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿n] ;+:yfleq ePsf] ljQLo ;|f]t;fwgx¿ ;xL 9+un]
k|of]u ePsf] 5 eGg] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . u};;n] cfGtl/s ?kaf6 jf bftfaf6 h] hlt /sd jf
;|f]tx¿ k|fKt ub{5g\ To;nfO{ ;+:yfsf] Wo]o / p2]Zo adf]lhd ;xL Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 egL k|dfl0ft x'g} kb{5 . To;}n] cfGtl/s ljQLo lgoGq0fnfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf]
Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ cfGtl/s k/LIf0f /
lgoGq0fsf kl/efiff / dxTjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]5 / ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf]
t/Lsf Pjd\ k|lqmofsf] cj:yfnfO{ n]vfhf]vf ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] kl/efiff / dxTjsf] JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fdf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿ eGg]5g\ . /
• ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] k|lqmofsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
• l;sfOsf] p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] kl/efiff / dxTj cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] a'Fbfsf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• pk/f]Qm ;a}sf] x\of08cfp6 tof/ kfg]{ .
• ;fGble{s 36gf tyf cj:yfx¿ sf8{df n]Vg] .
• d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnLsf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ kfg]{ .

;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, 6]k, dfs{/, d]6fsf8{, af]8{ cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg, ;fgf] ;d"xsfo{, 5nkmn, cj:yf ljZn]if0f .

r/0fx¿ M
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg]÷JofVof ug]{ .
• ;xefuLnfO{ @ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf cj:yfx¿ lbO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ nufpg] . -;do @)
ldg]6_

cj:yf M
-s_ rd]nL ;fd'bflos ljsf; s]Gb|df uf}/L u'¿Ë cWoIf l5g\ . uf}/Ln] ;Demf}tfx¿ (MOU) df
x:tfIf/ ul5{g\ / e'QmfgL lbg] r]s / ekf{Odf klg cfkmF} x:tfIf/ ul5{g\ . pgsL elthL -hf]
sf]iffWoIf x'g\ / n]vfkfn klg x'g\,_ n] r]s tof/ ul5{g\ / dfukmf/fd klg cfkmF} tof/
ul5{g\ . slxn]sfxLF uf}/L aflx/ hfFbf vfnL r]sdf x'g] ePsf] v08df ;d]t b:tvt u/]/
5f]l8lbg] ul5{g\ eg] slxn]sfxLF pgL geP/ ;+:yfsf] ljQLo sf/f]jf/ /f]lsG5 .

19
k|Zgx¿ M
• rd]nLsf] of] cj:yfn] of] ;+:yfdf cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] s:tf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f u5{ <
• rd]nLsf] h:tf] cEof;n] ;+:yfnfO{ s] kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿ x'G5 <
• rd]nLsf] cj:yf / tkfOF{sf] ;+:yfsf] cj:yfdfdf s] ;dfgtf 5, ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ <
• rd]nLdf /x]sf] of] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wfg{ s] ;'emfj lbg'x'G5 <
cj:yf M
-v_ ;+sNk ;dfhsf] g]t[Tj >Lw/n] u5{g\ . ;+sNkdf clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 h;n]
ubf{ r]sdf x:tfIf/ ug]{x¿ #÷$ hgf 5g\ . s'g} Pssf] cg'kl:yltdf sfo{qmd /f]lsFb}g .
o:t} vl/b÷laqmLsf] nflu klg pk;ldlt 5 h;df ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf]
5 . ;+sNksf n]vfkfnn] e'QmfgL lbg] u5{g\ h'g s'/f / k|s[of ljQLo lgodfjnLdf :ki6
n]lvPsf] 5 . >Lw/n] cfkm" aflx/ hfFbf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;lrj / sf]iffWoIfnfO{ lbg] u5{g\ /
nfdf] cg'kl:yltdf Pp6f ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/L ;+:yfsf ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'rf??kdf
;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5 .
k|Zgx¿ M
• ;+sNk ;dfhdf cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf /fd|f cEof;x¿ s]s] 5g\ <
• ;+sNk ;dfhsf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug'{x'G5 <
• cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fn] ljQLoJoj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L d2t u5{ <
• tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yf / ;+sNk ;dfhdf s] leGgtf kfpg'x'G5 < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
 b'a} ;d"xn] ljZn]if0f ;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg] . Ps ;d"xn] k|:t't ubf{ csf]{
;d"xnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg / 5nkmn ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ .
 b'a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'tL ;lsPkl5 k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] kl/efiff / dxTj k|:t't u/L
JofVof ul/lbg] .
 o; ;DjGwdf klxnf g} tof/ ul/Psf] x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .
 d"NofÍgsf] nflu ;xefuLnfO{ ;+:yfut ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|ZgfjnL lbg] / eg{ nufpg] .
 d"NofÍgkl5 sfo{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg] .

cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] kl/efiff

cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0feg]sf] ;+:yfleq x'g] sfo{x¿nfO{ k|s[ofs} dfWodaf6 lgoldt ?kdf
ul/g], k/LIf0f tyf k|s[ofs} dfWodaf6 ;f] pk/ :jtM, ;Gt'ng ug]{ Pjd\ lgoGq0f ug]{ tl/sf xf] .
o;n] vf; u/L sfg'gtM cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿ k"0f{ x'g sDtLdf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L JolQm jf
OsfOsf] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ ;+nUgtfsf] Joj:yf k|s[ofs} ?kdf u/]sf] x'G5 To;}n] ;+:yfleq ePsf]
ljleGg ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / To;df x'g ;Sg] cfGtl/s hf]lvdnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu cfjZos
kx/]bf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] p2]Zo ;+:yfdf a]nf avtdf x'g
;Sg] 7uL, uNtL, sdhf]/Lx¿ / n]vf ;DaGwL clen]v /fVbf 5'6\g hfg] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ -n]vfsf]
zLif{s / /sd_ nfO{ 36fpg' jf ;dfKt kfg'{ xf] . k|efjsf/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] cfly{s
sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg ePsf] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg p;sf] bfloTj / ;Ldfsf] Joj:yf Pjd\ JofVof u/L
;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} cgfjZos cf/f]k / gf]S;fgLaf6 ;d]t arfj6 ub{5 .

;+:yfdf ul/g] cfGtl/s k/LIf0f eg]sf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] Pp6f efu xf] . of] eg]sf] ;+:yfdf
ePsf ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{÷st{Jo / ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg xf] . s'g} klg
;+:yfdf cfGtl/s k/LIf0f tyf lgoGq0f o;/L ldnfOPsf] x'G5 hxfF Ps sd{rf/Ln] u/]sf
sfo{x¿nfO{ csf]{ sd{rf/Ln] :jfefljs ¿kn] k/LIf0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f ul//fv]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f
sd{rf/Laf6 x'g uPsf] jf p;n] u/]sf] sdhf]/L jf em"6f] ljj/0fnfO{ csf]{ sd{rf/Ln] k/LIf0f Pjd\
20
lgoGq0f u/L ;'wf/ ul//fv]sf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ;To tYo ?kdf lx;fj cfpg'sf ;fy} jif{sf]
cGtdf ul/g] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Pp6f sd{rf/Ln] vr{sf]
ljj/0fx¿ Pp6f vftfdf clen]v /fVb} ef}r/x¿ agfpb5, csf]{ sd{rf/Ln] cfjZos k/LIf0f u/L
cfjZos e'QmfgL lbg] lng] ;DalGw sfo{ ub{5, csf]{ sd{rf/Ln] ltgLx¿nfO{ n]h/df k|lji6 ub{5
/ clGtddf km]l/ csf]{ sd{rf/Ln] n]h/sf] k/LIf0f Pjd\ ¿h' ub{5 . To;}n] ltgLx¿n] cfkm\gf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ csf]{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] k/LIf0f Pjd\ ¿h' ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
Pshgf JolQm jf sd{rf/Laf6 s'g} uNtL of em"6f] ljj/0f k]; x'g uPsf] ePdf csf]{ JolQm jf
sd{rf/Laf6 :jtM lgoGq0f Pjd\ k/LIf0f eO/fv]sf] x'G5 / unt sfo{ x'g jf 7uL x'gaf6
arfOG5 .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0fnfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldlt, Joj:yfkg / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿af6 tnsf p2]Zox¿
k|fKt ug]{ ljleGg k|lqmofx¿sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ .

• ljZj;gLotf / OdfGbfl/Tffsf] ;fy oyfy{k/s ljQLo k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/L ug'{ Pjd\ k]; ug'{
-em"6f] ljj/0f k]; x'g / uNtLx¿ gx6fPsf] ljj/0f k]; x'g glbg_ .
• lhDd]jf/ eO{ k|efjsfl/Tff / bIftfsf] ;fy sfo{ ;~rfng ug{' .
• ;DklQx¿ -ljleGg ;DklQx¿, df}Hbft /x]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ / gub_ nfO{ arfpg',hf]ufpg' jf
;'/lIft ug'{ .
• gLlt / sfo{ ljlwx¿sf] cg';/0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
• k|rlnt lgod sfg'gx¿sf] cg';/0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug'{ . /
• n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ a9L ;xh agfpg' .

cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fdf s] ug{] / s] gug]{ <

ug{ x'g] ug{ gx'g]
• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg • clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f
• sfo{sf] ljefhg • sfo{sf] ljefhg gug]{
• k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf • k/LIf0f Pjd\ ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf gug]{
• ;'wf/sf of]hgfx¿ agfpg] • ;'wf/sf of]hgfx¿ gagfpg]
• sfo{df :jo+ ;Gt'ng k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf • cfkm}d
F f ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f gePsf]
• sfd tyf lhDd]jf/Ldf kl/jt{g • Pp6} sfo{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul//xg]

cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf If]qx¿

• clwsf/
• e'QmfgL -r]s÷gub / cfjZos k|dfl0ft sfuhftx¿_
• dfn;fdfg vl/b -;fdfgx¿÷;]jf, gLlt Pjd\ sfo{ ljlwx¿_
• ;DklQ -clen]v / ¿h' Pjd\ hfFr_

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;+:yfsf] cfly{s Jo:yfkgdf lgoldt ¿kn] cjnDjg ul/g] Pp6f lg/Gt/
of]hgf xf] . of] ;+:yfn] cjnDjg u/]sf] Tof] ;du| ;dGjofTds ljlw Pjd\ sfo{ k|lqmof xf], h;n]
;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff, n]vfkfng ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pjd\ s'/fx¿sf] jf:tljstf / b'?:ttfsf]
hfFr ub{5 . To;sf] ;fy} l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] Joj:yfksLo gLlt Pjd\ sfo{ ljlwx¿sf] ;xL 9+un]
kfngf ug{sf] nflu Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . cfGtl/s k/LIf0f -k/LIf0fsf] nflu k/LIf0f /
lgoldt hfFr_ / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f, cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf b'O{ kIfx¿ x'g\ . ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf]
21
cfly{s sf/f]jf/nfO{ kfl/bzL{ jgfpg, >f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ x6fpg
;+:yfsf] ;+/rgfut Joj:yf, sfo{k|s[of, lhDd]jf/L sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pjd\ pko'Qm gLlt lgodsf]
Joj:yf cflbsf dfWodjf6 k|ofKt lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . oL Joj:yfx¿sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog g} cfGtl/s lgoGq0f xf] . s'g} klg ;+:yf ;+:yfut ?kdf cufl8 j9\g
;fem]bf/, bftf, ;xfof]uL JolQm jf lgsfo, ;d'bfo jf cGo s'g} ;/f]sf/jfnf eP pgLx¿sf] ;d]t
ljZjf; lhTg ;+:yfn] k|ofKt / e/kbf]{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L
?kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] x'g'kb{5 .

cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] dxTj

1= cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fn] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u x'g, rf]/L / b'3{6gf x'gaf6 arfpg
;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

2= o;n] ;+:yfsf] nIo / p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf ljleGg gLltx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

3= o;n] n]vfk/LIfsx¿nfO{ n]vfkfng;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg vftfx¿df ePsf ljleGg sdhf]/Lx¿

/ em"6f] ljj/0fx¿sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg / To;nfO{ x6fpg jf 36fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

4= o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] aLrdf sfo{ ljefhg u/L j}1flgs tj/n] lgoldt ¿kdf sfd ug{
;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b}lgs sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb5 .

5= o;n] ;xL Pjd\ tYoo'Qm ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fO{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L of]hgf agfpg
Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

6= o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ g}lts bjfj lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

7= o;n] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjju{sf] cfr/0f / lgot a'em\g d2t u5{ .

8= of] cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f Joj:yf ;+:yfsf] vf; 5ljsf] Pp6f k|ltljDasf] ?kdf /x]sf]
x'G5 .

9= o;n] ;+:yfsf] ;du| p2]Zo / Wo]o a'em\g d2t u5{ .

22
 cfGtl/s k/LIf0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f

;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / cfGtl/s lgoGq0f eg]sf] s] xf] <

2= s] tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf cfGtl/s k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f ug]{ ul/G5 < pbfx/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .

3= s'g s'/f jf If]qx¿df cfGtl/s k/LIf0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f ug]{ ul/G5 < s]s] s'/f jf If]qdf o:tf]
ul/g' kb{5 <

4= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ;du| ¿kdf k/LIf0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ s]s] s'/fdf ;'wf/ jf
kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos 5 <

23
 ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f
;doM #) ldg]6

cf}lrToM
n]vfkfng / k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL 9+un] Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu ah]6 lx;fa
juL{s/0f ;+ejt dxTjk"0f{ pkfo÷pks/0f xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;+:yfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] cfo
k|fKt x'G5, h:t} ;xfotf /sd, cg'bfg / ;b:otf z'Ns OToflb To;}u/L ;+:yfn] ;+:yfut jf
kl/of]hgfut sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf y'k|} k|s[ltsf / k|sf/sf vr{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;j}
ljQLo qmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;xL cy{df a'emfpgsf] nflu ltgLx¿nfO{ n]vfsf] lgod Pjd\ l;4fGt
adf]lhd ljleGg zLif{s Pjd\ pkzLif{sdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f o; ah]6 lx;fj juL{s/0fn]
tL ljleGg cfDbfgL Pjd\ vr{x¿nfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t n]vfzLif{sdf 5'6\ofP/ /fVgsf] nflu ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb5 . o; ;qn] ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f ;+:yfdf kf/blz{tfsf] Pp6f tl/sf jf pkfosf]
¿kdf s;/L dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿M
• ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] kl/efiff JofVof ug]{5g\, /
• u};;sf] nflu ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] dxTj af/]df ;"rL tof/ ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
- l;sfOsf] p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] kl/efiff cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] dxTj÷kmfObf cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- pk/f]Qm lx;fjsf] x\of08cfp6 tof/ kfg]{ .
- gd'gf ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] skL tof/ kfg]{ .

;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, 6]k dfs{/ / af]8{ cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg, ;fgf] ;d"xsfo{, 5nkmn .

r/0fx¿ M
 l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ æah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fÆ eg]sf] s] xf] < egL k|Zg ;f]Wg]
 ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf pQ/x¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf l6Kg] .
 k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] kl/efiff / ;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/ bfFh]/ JofVof ul/lbg] .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] kmfObfsf] ;"rL agfpg
nufpg] -!) ldg]6_
 klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / yk / gofF a'Fbf dfq bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ k9\g nufpg] .
 k|:t'ltkl5 x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .

k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M pgLx¿ OR5's ePdf / cfjZostf k/]df ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f /fVg
;+bLkn] ;xof]u ug]{5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] / sfo{of]hgf agfpFbf o;nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

24
kl/efiff
cfly{s ljj/0fx¿n] cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] nflu w]/} dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpFb5g\ . oL
cfly{s ljj/0fx¿ ;xL 9+un] / ;To tYout lx;fjn]pknAw ePdf dfq ;+:yfsf] cfly{s cj:yf
s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;xL lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . of] g} cfly{s ljj/0fsf] k|d'v u'0f xf] / o;f] ePsf]
v08df dfq cfly{s ljj/0fx¿sf] ;fy{stf x'G5 .
ljQLo Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ;"rgfsf] ;Totf w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . oL ;"rgfx¿ jf:tljs gePsf]
v08df To;sf] cfwf/df ;+:yfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ / ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿ ;xL x'Fb}gg\,
h;n] ubf{ :jefljs ?kdf ;+:yfdf uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ .
;+:yfdf /flvPsf] ljleGg n]vfx¿sf] cfwf/df ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;+:yfdf
/flvPsf] n]vfkfngsf] ;+/rgf, lgoldt Pjd\ l;nl;n]jf/ clen]vg tyf Joj:yfkgn] ljQLo
ljj/0fsf] u'0f:t/ Pjd\ :t/LoTff lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
hyfefjL 9+un] /flvPsf] n]vfx¿sf] cfwf/af6 ljQLo ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/]/ agfOPsf] ljQLo
k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfsf] ;xL / oyfy{ cfly{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
;+:yfsf] n]vfk|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf / oyfy{tf ePsf] v08df dfq Tof] kf/bzL{ / eljiosf] nflu
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . of] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu n]vfsf] :t/Lo juL{s/0f / ;+s]tx¿sf]
plrt 9+un] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
;+:yfsf] n]vf Pp6f :t/Lo juL{s/0f / plrt ;+s]tx¿sf] cfwf/df /flvPg eg] Pp6f zLif{s /
;+s]tsf] cfwf/df /flvPsf] clen]v csf]{ ldltdf cs}{ zLif{s / ;+s]tdf clen]v /flvg] ;+efjgf
x'g ;Sb5 . o;n] ubf{ ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't ul/Psf] s'/fx¿ Joj:yfkgn] / afXo
k|of]ustf{x¿n] klg /fd|/L a'em\g ;Sb}gg\ lsgls tL clen]vx¿n] km/s km/s cy{ lbG5g\ .
;+:yfsf] ;j} cfly{s sf/]fjf/x¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} cfDbfgL vr{, bfloTj / ;DklQ vftfx¿df ts{k"0f{
9+un] /fvL cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f h?/L 5 .
ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f ;+:yfsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿nfO{ Pp6f plrt ;+/rgfdf clen]v /fvL
n]vfkfng / k|ltj]bg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ Ps¿ktf lbg ul/g] Jojl:yt sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f :j¿k
xf] .
- ah]6 lx;fj juL{s/0fn] ljQLo ;"rgfx¿sf] juL{s/0f, clen]v / ;+sng ug{sf] nflu of]hgf
agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
- ah]6 lx;fj juL{s/0fn] ;a} sf/]fjf/x¿nfO{ ;DjlGwt pko{'Qm kl/of]hgf jf lqmofsnfkdf /
n]vfsf] ;xL zLif{s Pjd\ pk zLif{sdf a]n}df klxrfg ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
ub{5 .
n]vfkfng / k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL 9+un] Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu ah]6 lx;fa
juL{s/0f ;DejtM dxTjk"0f{ pkfo÷pks/0f xf] . Pp6f u};;df ljleGg k|sf/sf cfly{s
sf/f]jf/x¿ x'G5g\ . xfdLn] xfd|f] p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{sf] nflu ljljw ;fdfgx¿ / ;]jfx¿ vl/b
ub{5f}F h:tf] ls sfof{nosf] nflu 3/ ef8fdf lng]b]lv kl/of]hgfsf] nflu cfjZos pks/0fx¿
vl/b ug]{ sfd x'g ;Sb5 . To;/L g} xfdL ljleGg k|sf/sf] cfo k|fKt ub{5fF} h:tf] ls ;xfotf
/sd, cg'bfg / ;b:otf z'Ns OToflb . oL ;j} cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;xL cy{df a'emfpgsf]
nflu ltgLx¿nfO{ n]vfsf] lgod Pjd\ l;4fGt adf]lhd ljleGg zLif{s Pjd\ pkzLif{sx¿df
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf/0f o;n] tL ljleGg cfo Pjd\ vr{x¿nfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t ul/Psf zLif{sx¿df
5'6\ofO{ ;xL 9+un] n]vfdf clen]v /fVg] sfo{ ub{5 . oL vftf Pjd\ n]vfx¿nfO{ ah]6 lx;fa

25
juL{s/0fdf ;"rLs[t u/L vf;?kn] s|da4 ?kdf ldnfP/ /flvG5 . ;du|df ltgLx¿, cfo Pjd\
vr{, tyf ;DklQ / bfloTjx? g} x'g\ .
;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ ha s'g} sf/f]jf/ x'G5, To;sf] n]vf /fVg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ ah]6 lx;fa
juL{s/0fsf] lgb]{lzt l;4fGt adf]lhd n]vfsf] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf o;nfO{ ;d"lxs[t u/L pNn]v
ul/G5 . ;+:yfsf] ah]6 / ljQLok|ltj]bgx¿nfO{ klg ;f]xL 9+uaf6 ;DjlGwt n]vfzLif{sdf /flvG5
h;n] ;+:yfsf] ljleGg sf/]fjf/x¿df Ps¿ktf / kf/blz{tf NofpFb5 .
k|To]s ;+:yfsf] ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fx¿ km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ . vf;u/L o;sf] ¿k/]vfdf
n]vfsf] gfd, ;Gbe{ ;+Vof / n]vfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5f]6f] ljj/0f cflb ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
n]vfª\sg lrqsf] pbfx/0f k5fl8sf] k[i7df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . xfdLn] a'em\g'kg]{ s'/f of] 5 ls
n]vf jf clen]vsf] juL{s/0fnfO{ s]jn n]vfsf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df dfq g5'6ofO{ Pp6f k|d'v
zLif{s cGtu{t ljleGg pkzLif{s / pk;d"xdf klg ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 h:t} M k|zf;lgs vr{
cGtu{t d;nGb tyf k|zf;g, sd{rf/L, oftfoft ;DaGwL cflb . vf;u/L ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf
k|:t't ug{sf] nflu oL k|d'v zLif{sx¿ a9L pkof]uL x'G5g\ . o;df Pp6} vfnsf] zLif{s÷j:t'nfO{
j'em\gsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] ;+VofTds ;f+s]lts ljlwsf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;df cIf/
jf ;+Vof h] klg pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . logLx¿ ;f+s]lts ljlwsf dfWod dfq x'g\ .
ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0fsf] dxTj
• vr{ zLif{sdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg .
• ljQLo k|ltj]bg l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg .
• nfut k|efjsfl/tf sfod ug{ .
• :t/Lo n]vf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{.
• cfDbfgL vr{ zLif{sut ¿kdf :ki6 b]lvg] u/L lx;fa /fVg .
• ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] zLif{sut ¿kdf :ki6 b]lvg] u/L lx;fa /fVg .
• cg'udgsf nflu ;xh u/fpg .
• ah]6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] agfpg .
• n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;lhnf] agfpg .
• zLif{s k/LIf0f ug{ ;lhnf] agfpg .
• zLif{s pkzLif{snfO{ ;d]t ;lhn}l;t k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] agfpg .
• lhDd]af/L JolQmsf nflu k/LIf0f ug{ ;lhnf] agfpg .
• Jojl:yt agfpg tyf Ps¿ktf lbg .
• unt k|j[li6 sd ug{ .
• kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ M -tna vr{, ;~rfng, sfo{qmdsf] vr{_
• ;du| cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ .
• tNnf] :t/b]lv dflyNnf] :t/;Dd ;j}nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljQLo ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fp5
h;af6 ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿sf] tof/Lb]lv t'ngfTds cWoog ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ;lhnf]
agfpFb5 .
• sf/f]jf/x¿ / k|ltj]bgx¿sf] aLrdf ;DaGw b]vfpg] d'Vo dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj
ub{5 .

26
 • ljQLobk|ltj]bgsf] cGo k|of]ustf{x¿ / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|:t't ul/g'kg]{ ;"rgfx¿ lgwf{/0f
ug{sf] nflu lglZrt sfo{:j¿ksf] 9fFrf k|bfg ub{5 . o;/L o;n] ljQ ;DaGwL sfuhft,
clen]v / ljj/0fx¿sf] lglZrt u'0f:t/sf] k|ltlglwTj ;d]t ub{5 .
• sDKo'6/df clen]v /fVgsf] nflu ;lhnf] agfpFb5 .

ah]6 lx;fa juL{s/0f

ljQLo of]hgf

ljQLo ah]6 lx;fa cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

cg'udg juL{s/0f

n]vfkfng
clen]vx¿

27
 vl/b Joj:yfkg

;doM ^) ldg]6
cf}lrToM
s'g} klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] h'6fPsf] >f]tsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f a:t' jf ;]jfsf] vl/bdf pkof]u x'g]
ub{5 . To;}n] o:tf dfn;fdfg jf ;]jfsf] vl/b ug]{ ;DaGwdf lglZrt k|lqmof / sfo{
ljlwx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . To:tf sfo{ ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L / o;
sfo{;Fu ;+DjlGwt JolQm jf kIfx¿n] kfngf ug'{kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;+:yfsf] 7Ls ;fdfg, 7Ls
d"Nodf, 7Ls ;dodf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo k|efjsf/L / bIftfk"j{s 9+un] k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;qn]
;+:yfdf 7Ls 9+un] vl/b Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbnfpg'sf] ;fy} ;+:yfx¿sf] vl/b
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL jt{dfg sfo{ ljlw Pjd\ cj:yfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . To:t} o;
;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt Pjd\ lgb]{lzsf t}of/ ug{ / To;nfO{ cem
r':t Pjd\ b'?:t agfpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .
l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• ;+:yfsf] vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DalGw jt{dfg cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{5g\ .
• :t/Lo vl/b Joj:yfkg k|lqmofsf] JofVof ug]{ / cjnDjg ug]{5g\ . -d"No ;"rL, sf]6]zg
af]nkq cflb_
• vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt÷lgb]{lzsf t}of/L ug{ jf o;nfO{ cem r':t Pjd\ b'¿:t
agfpg]5g\.
k|lzIfssf] tof/L M
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- :t/Lo vl/b Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmofx¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DalGw d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL tof/ kfg]{ .
- vl/b Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsfsf ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjsf] ;"rL agfpg] .

;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, d]6fsf8{, 6]k, dfs{/, af]8{ cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, ;fgf] ;d"x sfo{, JofVofg, 36gf cWoog .

r/0fx¿ M
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L 36gf ljZn]if0f ug{ lbg] . -@) ldg]6_
• b'a} ;d"xsfo{ ;lsPkl5 Uofn/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / pgLx¿sf] k|:t'ltdf ;'emfj lbg] .
• Uofn/L jfs\kl5 k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf r/0fx¿ k|:t't u/L JofVof ul/lbg]
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfn} kfnf] u/L vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj eGg nufpg] / cfPsf] pQ/ cvjf/L
sfuhdf l6Kg] / JofVof ul/lbg] .
• k|lzIfsn] vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] /fd|f] cEof; / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf ljBdfg q'l6x¿ cf}FNofOlbg] .
• vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos lgb]{lzsfsf] ljifoj:t'x¿ k|:t't u/L JofVof ul/lbg] .
• x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ;d"xdf /fvL d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL lbg] / eg{ nufpg] .
• ;a} ;d"xn] k|ZgfjnL el/;s]kl5 sfo{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg] .
28
vl/b Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmof÷r/0fx¿
• d"No ;"rLsf] :t/nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ .
• j:t' Pjd\ ;]jfsf] af/]df ljleGg cfk"lt{stf{x¿af6 sf]6]zg Pjd\ b/ efp k|:tfjkqx¿ -
6]08/_ sf] cfJxfg ug]{ .
• ;b/ ug]{ clwsf/sf] af/]df k|i6 kfg]{ .
• ;fdfg÷;]jf vl/b ug]{ ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ . /
• 7]s]bf/ cyjf cfk"lt{stf{x¿;Fu ul/Psf] ;Demf}tfkqx¿sf] ;"rL t}of/ ug]{ . o;df e'QmfgLsf]
zt{x¿, a:t' jf ;]jfx¿ slxn] ;Dddf pknAw u/fO;Sg] xf] To;sf] cjlw, To;sf] jf/]G6L /
dd{t Pjd\ ;+ef/sf] cjlw cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ k|i6 ¿kdf v'nfpg'kb{5 .

vl/b Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx¿ M

• kmd{ of cfk"lt{stf{ ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfg'gL ¿kdf /Ltk"j{s btf{ ePsf] 5 eGg]
s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .
• kmd{ of cfk"lt{stf{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no cGtu{t s/÷d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ e}
gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ eP jflif{s ¿kdf gjLs/0f ePsf] 5 ls 5}g egL hfFr ug]{ .
• ltgLx¿sf] k|d'v u|fxsx¿ sf]sf] x'g\ To;sf] hfFr ug]{ .
• sDkgL ;fj{hlgs, lghL, cflwsfl/s l8n/, k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 cflbdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] xf]
To;sf] hfFr ug]{ .
• cfjZos k/]sf j:t' Pjd\ ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/sf ljifodf k|i6 x'g] .
• k|:tfljt d"Nosf] af/]df cflwsfl/s ?kdf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{ .
• pwf/f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf÷;'lawf s] s:tf] 5, k"0f{ ?kdf hfgsf/L lng] .
• j:t' Pjd\ ;]jf k|bfgsf] ;do -l9nf], rfF8f]_ s:tf] 5 ? slt 5 ? o; cl3 s;/L ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 a'emL k|i6 x'g],
• ;]jf lbg]sf xsdf lghsf] To; If]qsf] sfo{ cg'ej tyf cfk"lt{stf{sf] xsdf klg ;f] Joj;fo
;Dj4 sfo{ cg'ej a'em\g] .

29
rd]nLsf] 36gf

-s_ rd]nL ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;+3sf] cWoIf uf}/L u'¿Ë l5g\ . @ jif{ otf åGåsf] k|efjn] ubf{
rd]nLsf Tolt w]/} bft[;+:yf 5|}gg\ / sfo{qmd klg 5}gg\ . dfq Pp6f lzIff sfo{qmd 5 h;
cGtu{t * hgf sd{rf/L 5g\ . yf]/} ah]6 / sfo{qmd ePsfn] uf}/Ln] cfkm\gf] sfsfsf] 3/df
sfof{no ;fg]{ lg0f{o ul/g\ . ufpFd} pgsL km'k"n] vf]n]sf] k;naf6 :6];g/L ;fdfgx¿ vl/b
ug{ cfb]z lbg] ug{ yflng\ . o;} u/L 7"nf] 7"nf] ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ klg cfkm\gf] glhssf] yf]s
k;naf6 glsgL ;fgf] v'b|f k;naf6 lsGg yflng\ . # j6f gSsnL sf]6]zg dfu u/L cfkm\g}
dfdfsf] k;naf6 cfk"lt{ ug{ yflng\ . uf}/Lsf] o:tf] cEof;n] ubf{ sfo{ ;ldltdf åGå rls{b}
uof] / ax';+Vos sfo{;ldltsf ;b:on] bft[;+:yf;Fu uO{ sfo{qmd /f]Sg cfu|x u/] .
;d'bfon] klg rd]nLnfO{ klxnf h:tf] /fd|f] dfGg 5f]8] . a¿ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ cfhef]ln
k5fl8 s'/f sf6\g] u5{g\ / rd]nLsf] sfo{qmddf Tolt ¿lr /fVb}gg\ .
k|Zgx¿ M
 rd]nL ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;+3df s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ <
 tL ;d:ofx¿ lsg cfOk/]sf x'g\ <
 rd]nLdf / tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL s]s] s'/f ldN5g\, ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
 rd]nLnfO{ :t/Lo vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] nflu s] s:tf] ;'emfj lbg'x'G5 <

-v_ ;+sNk ;dfh, h;sf] cWoIf ;Gtg' dfnfsf/ x'g\ / pgn] ljlwsf] zf;gdf ljZjf; u5{g\ .
;+sNk ;dfhn] lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ u5{ . vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :ki6 gLlt÷lgodfjnL 5
h;nfO{ ;a}n] dfg]sf 5g\ . ;+sNk ;dfhn] vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pk;ldlt agfPsf] 5
h;df ;fwf/0f ;b:o / sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;lxTf % hgf 5g\ . ;+sNk ;dfhn] vl/b
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu j}wflgs ;+3, ;+:yfaf6 sf]6]zg dfUg] u5{ / x/]s jif{ ahf/ ;j]{If0f u5{
/ ;:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf÷;fdfg lbg] sDkgL÷;+3 ;+:yfaf6 dfq vl/b ug]{ u5{ . v'nf
¿kdf 6]08/ vf]Ng] / 6]08/ gkg]{nfO{ klg pgLx¿n] kf/bzL{ ¿kdf lx;fa lstfa lbg] u5{g\
. ;+sNksf] o:tf] cEof;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf bft[;+:yfx¿n] lgs} k|z+;f u5{g\ / ;+sNksf]
sfo{qmd klg lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

k|Zgx¿ M
 ;+sNk ;dfhdf vl/b Joj:yfkgsf s] s:tf cEof;x¿ 5g\ <
 ;+sNk ;dfhsf] sfo{qmd lsg al9/x]sf] 5 <
 ;+sNk ;dfhsf cWoIfn] vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL s] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ / To;sf] k|of]u
s;/L ul//x]sf 5g\ <
 ;+sNk ;dfhsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ vl/b Joj:yfkg / ;+:yfsf] 5ljnfO{ s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 <
 ;+sNk ;dfhdf ePsf] vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] cEof; / tkfOF{sf] ;+:yfdf s] leGgtf 5 < ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .

30
 d"No ;"rL ;+sng

s|=;+= j:t'sf] gfd ljlzli6s/0f OsfO u0f]z :6]zg/L s]Gb| k|wfg sfuh 3/ ;'lgn k':ts e08f/

! dfs{/, :gf]Dofg cf]l/lhgn Hfkfg k|lt OsfO @$=%) @%=)) @%=))

@ dfs{/, :6]8n/ hd{gL Æ #@=)) #@=)) #!=))

# k]lG;n, g6/fh ef/t Æ @=$) @=%) @=%)

$ k]lG;n, u|]6jfn rfOlgh Æ !=@% !+=%) !=%)

% k]lG;n, lnnL rfOlgh Æ !=@( !=%)

^ cvjf/L sfuh ef/t Æ !=)) !=%) !=))

& l:nk Kof8 g+= ! ;+ud ef/t Æ !#=@@ !%=)) *=%)

* l:nk Kof8 g+= @ ;+ud ef/t Æ !&=)) @)=)) !)=))

31
 nfut÷vr{ ljZn]if0f tflnsf÷rf6{
-sf]6]zg / 6]08/sf] nflu_
p2]ZoM==================================================================================================

/sd÷sf]ifsf] ;|f]tM======================================j:t'M======================================

ah]6sf] cj:yfM s_ ah]6af6 v_ cltl/St dfluPsf]

s|= ;+= j:t' kl/efiff cfk"lt{stf{ s cfk"lt{stf{ v cfk'"lt{stf{ u

b/ hDdf b/ hDdf b/ hDdf

hDdfM

5gf}6 ug'{sf sf/0fx¿M

============================= =================================
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] ;b/ ul/Psf]

ldltM========================== ldltM====================

gf]6M o; rf6{df sf]6]zg / b/efp ;DaGwL df}lns sfuhftx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kn] gTyL ug'{ kb{5 .

32
 vl/b Joj:yfkg
;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= s] tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf 5 <

2= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ s] s:tf k|d'v sfo{x¿÷r/0fx¿ kf/ ug'{kb{5 <

3= ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;+:yfaf6 sf] ;+nUg x'G5 <

4= åGåsf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] vl/b Joj:yfkgdf s] s:tf /0fgLlt cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 < pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .

5= vl/b Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL k|lqmofdf tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ljleGg sfo{÷r/0fx¿df cem} s] s'/fdf
;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 <

33
 e08f/ Joj:yfkg

;doM ^) ldg]6
cf}lrTo
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] clt ;+j]bgzLn t/ a]jf:tf ul/g] If]q xf] e08f/ Joj:yfkg . ;+:yfnfO{
pknAw x/]s ;fwg, pks/0fsf] plrt Joj:yfkgn] dfq ;+:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf] Wo]o k|fKt ug{ d2t
ub{5 . s'g} klg ;+:yf ljgf ;DklQ Pjd\ ;/;fdfg tyf ljgfpks/0f sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / To:tf
pks/0fsf] ;/;fdfg tyf / ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|s[of / dxTjsf] af/]df o; ;qdf 5nkmn
ul/g]5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• e08f/ Joj:yfkg / u};;df o;sf] dxTjsf] af/]df j0f{g ug]{5g\ .
• :t/Lo e08f/ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ljleGg t/Lsf / gd'gfx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{5g\ .
• e08f/sf] ef}lts hfFrsf] k|lqmof Pjd\ dxTjsf] af/]df JofVof ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/L M
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- :t/Lo e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] .
- e08f/ ef}lts k/LIf0f r/0fx¿sf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf agfpg] .
- ;a} x\of08cfp6sf] skL agfpg] .

;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, 6]k, dfs{/, af]8{ / d]6fsf8{ cflb.

d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg, ;fgf] ;d"xsfo{, :gf]jlnª .

r/0fx¿ M
 l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] . -;do @) ldg]6_
- u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj s] 5 <
- e08f/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0f lsg ug'{k5{ <
 b'a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / Ps ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0fdf csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ k|Zg
;f]Wg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
 b'a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0f kl5 k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] a'Fbfx¿ k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
 /fd|f] e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/x¿ Ps Ps u/L JofVof ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;+:yfdf ljBdfg
cEof;;Fu t'ngf u/fpg] .
 cGTodf ;d"xx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf] æe08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjÆ nfO{ hf]8 lbFb}
x\of08cfp6x¿ ljt/0f ug]{ .

u};;nfO{ e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj

1= ;DklQx¿sf] ;'/Iff lbg] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .
2= clen]v / k|ltj]bgx¿ t}of/ ug{ ;lhnf] agfpFb5 .
3= hfFr Pjd\ cg'udg ug{ a9L ;lhnf] agfpFb5 .
34
4= of]hgf agfpg ;lhnf] agfpb5 .
5= ;fdfg ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ / ;DklQx¿sf] 7Ls9+un] k|of]u ug{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xfotf
k'¥ofpFb5 .
6= bftfx¿÷;fem]bf/ ;+:yf÷/ cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ aGg ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 .
7= ;fdfgsf] ;xL Joj:yfkgn] ubf{ dd{t vr{df sdL cfpF5 .
8= pknAw pks/0fsf] ;xL / clwstd k|of]u x'G5 .
9= ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf x'gaf6 /f]s nfUb5 .
10= ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] cj:yfaf/] l56f]5l/tf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .

:t/Lo e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf cf}hf/x¿

• dfu÷kmf/fd / vl/b cfb]z .
• ;fdfg k|fKt / ljt/0f ;DaGwL clen]v vftf (Stock book) .
• df}Hbft vftf -vr{ eP/ hfg] ;fdfgx¿sf] nflu_ .
• rn ;DklQ vftf -vr{ eP/ ghfg] ;fdfgx¿sf] nflu_ .
• C0f vftf -c:yfoL k|of]usf] nflu_ .
• JolQmut÷j:t'ut ljj/0f ;DaGwL clen]v vftf -sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu ljleGg
j:t'x¿nfO{ JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fdfgx¿sf] clen]v jf vftf_ .
e08f/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0fsf] k|lqmof
1= :jtGq ;ldltsf] u7g .
2= ;fdfgx¿sf] hfFr ug]{ ljleGg tl/sf÷pkfox¿sf] hfFr -df}HbftnfO{ n]h/;Fu jf n]h/nfO{
df}Hbft;Fu_ .
3= vr{ eP/ hfg] / vr{ eP/ ghfg] ;j} ;fdfgx¿sf] ef}lts hfFr Pjd\ ¿h' .
4= k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{ , -cj:yf / /x]sf] 7fpF_ .
5= Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .
6= e08f/ Joj:yfkg ;DalGw pko'Qm sfo{ of]hgf t}of/ ug]{ .
7= sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg ug]{ .

e08f/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0f lsg ug'{k5{ <

1= ;+:yfdf df}Hbft ;DklQ / ;/;fdfgsf] nut yfxf kfpg .
2= ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / pks/0fx¿ sxfF / s;/L k|of]u ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg .
3= ;DklQ / pks/0fsf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] kQf nufpg .
4= s'g pks/0fsf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 / s'gsf] ePsf] 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpg .
5= vr{ eP/ hfg] / vr{ gx'g] ;fdfgsf] ;"rL gjLs/0f ug{ .
6= pks/0fsf] cfjZos dd{t / ;+ef/ ug{ .
7= ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug{ .
8= ;+:yfsf] ef}lts Ifdtf slt 5 yfxf kfpg .
9= Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ sfddf d2t ug{ .
10= ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgk|ltsf] k|lta4tf / Ifdtf yfxf kfpg .
11= g]t[Tjju{ / Joj:yfkssf] rl/q / cfr/0f yfxf kfpg .

35
 ;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkg
;do ^) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/ a}+s dfkm{t ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;j{JofkL dfGotf ePtf klg sltko cj:yfdf
;fgf dl;gf vr{ klg ug'{ kg]{ / ;f] sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ k|ls|of k"/f u/L a}+s hfg c;Dej /
cJofjxfl/s x'g] x'bf k|fo M ;a} ;+:yfx¿n] Pp6f lglZrt /sd sfof{nodf gub} /fvL vr{ ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . of] /sd ;fgf] x'G5 / lglZrt k|ls|of cGtu{t o;sf] vr{ ug]{ / ;f]w
egf{ ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L s]xL /sd sfof{nod} /fvL gubaf6} vr{ ul/g] k|ls|ofsf] ;di6Lut
?k ;fgf] gubLsf]if xf] . a}+s vftfsf] clen]v /flvPh:t} ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] klg To;/L g}
clen]v /flvG5 . oL b'a} vftfx¿n] cGttM ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug{sf] nflu ljleGg
;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpFb5g\ . ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/ ubf{ oL b'j} vftfx¿af6 k|fKt ;"rgfx¿
;dfj]z ul/G5 . To;}n] oL vftfx¿ t}of/ ubf{ Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] u/L ;xL 9+un] /flvg'
cfjZos 5 . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ ;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿M
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if / o;sf] :t/Lo Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ljlwsf] JofVof ug]{5g\, /
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if :t/Lo Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmof t}of/ ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/L
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg],
• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] kl/efiff / Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg], /
• x\ofG8cfp6sf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ ug]{ .

;fdu|L — cvjf/L sfuh, 6]k, dfs{/, af]8{ cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿ M k|Zgf]Q/, JofVof, ;fgf] ;d"x sfo{, ;d"x 5nkmn .

r/0fx¿
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if s] xf] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if lsg cfJfZos k5{ egL ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
• ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf pQ/x¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ / tnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg] -!%ldg]6_
s_ :t/Lo ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgdf s]s] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ ?
v_ tkfOF{x¿sf] ;+:yfdf ;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkg cEof;sf] k|lqmof÷r/0fx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xsfo{ ;lsPkl5 kfn} kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / Psn] k|:t't ubf{ csf{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg
nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
• ;d"x k|:t'ltkl5 k|lzIfsn] tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rL k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ;d"xdf /fvL ljBdfg cEof;df s] ;'wf/ ug{'k5{ n]Vg nufpg] .
• ;a} ;+:yfut ;d"xx¿n] n]lv;s]kl5 sfo{ of]hgf agfpg] .
36
;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] kl/efiff
dfly cf}lrTodf elgPem}F sfof{nosf] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ug'{kg]{ ;fgfltgf vr{x¿sf] nflu
sfof{nod} Pp6f lglZrt ;Ldf tf]sL vr{ ug]{ k|ls|of to u/L ;~rfng ul/g] k|0ffnL ;fgf] gubL
sf]if kl/rfng xf] / o;/L /xg] sf]if ;fgf] gubL sf]if xf] . ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] lx;fa gd'gfdf
b]vfOPsf] n]h/ vftfdf /fVg ;lsG5 . ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] k|fKt eGg] efudf Ps eGbf a9L
dxnx¿ x'G5g\ lsgls ;fgf] gubL sf]ifdf e'QmfgL lbg] k};f eg]sf] ;f]wegf{ ul/g] vr{x¿sf] nflu
xf] . ;fgf] gubL sf]ifdf s]xL dxnx¿ ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu klg cfjZos kb{5 lsgeg] ;fgf]
gubL sf]ifaf6 7"nf] zLif{sx¿df e'QmfgL ul/Fb}g h:t}M tnj, sfof{nosf] ef8f OToflb .

lglZrt /sd ;fgf] gubL sf]if /fVg] ljlw

of] lglZrt ljlw cGtu{t Pp6f lglZrt dfqfsf] /sd sf]ifdf /flvG5 . dfgf}F ls ¿=#))) 5 /
ha gub df}Hbft sd x'G5, cyjf hlt /sd vr{ ePsf] 5 7Ls Tolt g} /sd ;f]wegf{sf] nflu
dfluG5 / ;f]xL j/fj/sf] /sd sf]ifdf hDdf x'G5 .
pbfx/0fM

hDdf vr{ ePsf] ef}r/÷ljn M g] ¿=@)))

gub afFsL /x]sf] M g] ¿ !)))
;f]w egf{sf] nflu n]lvPsf] r]s M g] ¿=@)))
sf]ifsf] ;fljs -lglZrt_ /sd M g] ¿=#)))

o; k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f kmfObf eg]sf] s'g} klg ;dodf sf]ifsf] /sd / vr{sf] ljn / ef}r/x¿sf]
u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿ ;wF} lglZrt /sd of sf]ifdf hf]8\g ;lsG5 .

;fgf] gubL sf]ifdf ePsf] vr{x¿nfO{ ljleGg n]vfx¿df ;dfj]z ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 / o;sf] nflu
lbOg] ;f]wegf{sf] r]s a}+s vftfdf /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkgdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] vhfF~rL (cashier) cyjf ;fgf] gubL sf]if /fVg] JolQm lglZrt ug]{ .
• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifdf /flvg] df}HbftnfO{ lglZrt ug]{ -¿ #))) ;Dd /fVg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]__
• sfof{nosf] ;fgfltgf vr{x¿ ug{sf] nflu k'Ug] u/L /sdsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ¿ %))÷!)))
eGbf a9L vr{sf e'QmfgL gug]{, h:t}M :yfgLo oftfoft vr{, x'nfs l6s6 vr{, lrof / b}lgs
¿kdf x'g] ;fgfltgf vr{x¿ OToflb .
• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] lstfa of /lhi6/ /fd|/L t}of/ ul/Psf] / pko'Qm lx;fjn] pNn]v ug]{
ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

;fgf] gubL sf]if Joj:yfkg k|lqmof

• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] /sd ;b/ ePkl5 ;f] sf]ifsf] e'QmfgL
• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgLsf ef}r/÷ljnx¿
• ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] ;f]wegf{
• vr{sf zLif{sx¿nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{

;fgf] gubL sf]if b}lgs clen]v lstfa -gd'gf_

37
ldlt ljj/0f 8]la6 s|]l86 df}Hbft s}lkmot

38
 ah]l6ª
;doM !M@) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
k|efjsf/L ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljQLo of]hgf, cyf{t ah]6 clt dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . ljQLo
of]hgf cjlwsf] lx;fjn] b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 Pp6f nfdf] ;dosf] nflu / csf]{ 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu
. ljQLo of]hgf -ah]6_ /sdaf6 ;'¿ x'Fb}g of] t /fd|f] cg'dflgt of]hgfaf6 ;'¿ x'G5 cyf{t\
s] ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] ;f]sf] 6'Ëf] nfu]kl5 To;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vr{x¿sf] / pQm vr{sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ >f]tsf] ;d]t cg'dfg ul/G5 . ;+:yfdf s] ug]{, s] ug{ rfx]sf] xf] / To;nfO{ s;/L
ug{ rfx]sf] xf] eGg] af/] k|i6 ljrf/ ge}sg ljQLo cg'dfg jf eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsFb}g . u};;n]
k|fKt ;xof]u÷/sdnfO{ s] s;/L ;b'kof]u ug]{5, s]df vr{ ug]{5 / s:tf] pknlAw xfl;n x'g]5
eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ ah]6n] ;du|tfdf pNn]v ub{5 . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ ah]l6ªsf kl/efiff,
dxTj / k|sf/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]5 / ah]l6ªsf] cEof; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• ah]l6ªsf] kl/efiff, k|sf/ / dxTj eGg]5g\,
• ah]l6ª / o;sf] k|lqmofsf af/]df JofVof ug]{5g\,
• ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg / cg'udg k|lqmofx¿sf] JofVof ug]{5g\,
• ah]6 agfpg cEof; ug]{5g\ /,
• ljleGg cg'bfg÷;xof]udf ah]6 jf vr{ n]Vg] -rfh{ ug]{_ 5g\ . cyf{t\ vr{ s;/L rfh{ ul/G5
eGg] 1fg xfl;n ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ah]l6ªsf] kl/efiff, k|sf/ / dxTj cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ah]6sf] r/0f -k|lqmof_ cvjf/L sfuhdf agfpg] .
- d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnLsf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ ug]{ .
- ;a} x\of08cfp6sf] kmf]6f]skL ug]{ .
- ah]6 rfh{ ug]{ kmDof{6 cvaf/L sfuhdf tof/ kfg]{ .

;fdu|L cvjf/L sfuh, 6]k, dfs{/, jf]8{ cflb .

d'Vo ljlwx¿M JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x 5nkmn, ;fgf] ;d"x sfo{ .

r/0fx¿M
 l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9\g] / JofVof ug]{ .
 ;xefuLnfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf # j6f k|Zg ;f]Wg] -Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f k|Zg
;f]Wg]_ -;d"x sfo{sf] nflu @) ldg]6_ . s]s] x'g\ ?
1= ah]l6ª eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf r/0fx¿ n]Vg''xf];\ .
2= ah]l6ª slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ ? ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
3= u};;sf] nflu ah]l6ªsf] dxTj s] 5 < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

39
 ;d"x sfo{ ;lsPkl5 kfn} kfnf] x/]s ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg] . Ps ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltdf
cGo ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
 ;a} ;d"xx¿sf] k|:t'lts/0fkl5 k|lzIfsn] tof/ u/]sf] kl/efiff, k|sf/, dxTj / k|lqmof
k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
 ;+bLkdf ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmofsf] JofVof ul/lbg] .
 w]/} y/L u|f06 ePsf ;+:yfdf ah]6 rfh{ s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf km/Dof6 b]vfO{ JofVof
ul/lbg] .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ah]6 agfpg] cEof; u/fpg] -36gf÷cj:yf_
-#) ldg]6_
 b'a} ;d"xx¿nfO{ tof/ u/]sf] ah]6 k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
 tof/ u/]sf] ah]6df s]xL s'/f yk ug'{kg]{ ePdf k|lzIfsn] ;xof]u ul/lbg] .
 x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{
 ah]l6ªsf] d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL ljt/0f u/L ;+:yfut ;d"xx¿df eg{ nufpg] / sfo{ of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ .

k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M ;+bLk ah]6 x/]s dlxgfdf cg'udg ul/G5 . x/]s ;+:yfsf] ljQLo
k|ltj]bg x/]s dlxgfdf k7fpg'k5{ . pQm k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw x]l/G5 .
x/]s #÷# dlxgf ah]6 ljt/0f ul/G5 t/ To;sf] nflu cg'/f]w kq, k|:tfljt ah]6 /
cl3Nnf] q}dfl;s k|ult k|ltj]bg ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . ;+bLk cGtu{t aLrdf s'g} sfo{qmd
yk÷36 ul/Pdf To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg cw{jflif{s ¿kdf -clk|n df_ ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy}
jif{sf] cGTodf ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 . o;sf] nflu ;+bLkdf q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s /
jflif{s k'g/fjnf]sg a}7sx¿ cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} dWo:y ;xof]uL ;+:yfaf6
;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] / ;]e b lrN8]«gaf6 dWo:y ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lgoldt n]vfk/LIf0f klg
ul/G5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;'emfj jf s}lkmot -glthf_ sf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg /
sfo{qmddf cfjZos ;'wf/ ;dfof]hg jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ cEof;nfO{ a9fjf lbOg]5 .

ah]l6ª
kl/efiff / cy{
ah]6n] /sdsf] Tof] dfqfnfO{ hgfpFb5 h'g Pp6f ;+:yfn] k|fKt÷;+sng ug]{ of]hgf agfpFb5 /
lbOPsf] Pp6f lglZrt ;dofjlwdf vr{ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 .
ah]6, ljQLo of]hgf xf] . of] nfdf] ;dosf] nflu / 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu u/L b'j} k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
ah]6 /sd slt 5 egL To;af6 ;'¿ eO{ /fd|f cg'dflgt of]hgfx¿ s] x'g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ slt
vr{ nfU5 eGg]af6 ;'¿ x'G5 . Pp6f gofF sfo{÷kl/of]hgfsf] nflu of]hgf agfpFbf ah]6sf]
lgwf{/0f x'g' cfjZos 5, To;kl5 dfq Joj:yfksn] kl/of]hgfsf] vf; nfut÷vr{sf] af/]df
cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5 . bftfx¿;Fu ul/g] s'g} klg ;Demf}tfdf ah]6 Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn
ljifo xf] / o;nfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . u};;n] k|fKt ;xof]u÷/sdnfO{ s] ug]{5,
/sd s]df vr{ ul/g]5 / s:tf] pknlAw xfl;n x'g]5 eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ ah]6n] ;du|df pNn]v
ub{5 . kl/of]hgf ;'¿jft ul/Pkl5 o;nfO{ lgoGq0f / Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu ;xL 9+usf] ah]6
cfjZos kb{5 . kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
pkfo÷eg]sf] ah]6df pNn]lvt vr{÷nfut / jf:tljs vr{÷nfut aLrsf] t'ngf ug'{ xf] . 7Ls
9+usf] ah]6ljgf of] sfo{ c;+ej 5 .

ah]l6Ësf ljz]iftfx¿
40
 • of] klxn] g} tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
• of] eljiosf] sfo{ of]hgfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
• of] eljiodf k|fKt ul/g'kg]{ p2]Zox¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
• of] cfDbfgL tyf nfut÷vr{sf] cg'dfg xf] .
• o;df ug'{ kg]{ ultljlwx¿ / To;nfO{ nfUg] nfutsf] lj:t[t cg'dfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
• o;n] g} vr{sf ;Ldfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

ah]6sf] k|sf/
1= cfDbfgL / vr{ ah]6
2= kF"hLut ah]6
cfDbfgL / vr{ ah]6
cfDbfgL / vr{ ah]6n] ;+:yfsf] ;~rfngfy{ nfUg] nfut jf vr{nfO{ cg'dfg ub{5 / oL ;Dk"0f{
vr{÷nfutnfO{ wfGgsf] nflu sxfFaf6 /sd÷sf]if k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ klg b]vfpF5 . jflif{s cfDbfgL
/ vr{ ah]6nfO{ ;wF} g} 5f]6f] ;dofjlwsf] nflu klg ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 h:t}M rf}dfl;s, cw{–
jflif{s cyjf dfl;s klg x'g ;Sb5 . o;/L 5f]6f] ;dofjlwsf] nflu ah]6nfO{ afF8kmfF8 ul/Fbf
cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;lhnf] x'G5 .
k"FhLut ah]6
k"FhLut ah]6n] ;+:yfsf] cfufdL jif{sf] nflu k"FhLut kl/of]hgfdf ul/g] vr{x¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
of] To:tf] zLif{s jf pks/0fx¿sf] nflu vr{ ul/G5 h'g ;+:yfsf] crn jf l:y/ kF"hLsf] ¿kdf
x'g cfpFb5 . o:tf vr{x¿ l:y/ jf crn ;DklQsf] nflu ug]{ ul/G5 . logLx¿nfO{ 5'§} 9+un]
;"rLs[t u/L cg'udg ug{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . k"FhLut vr{sf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ lgDgk|sf/n]
b]vfpg ;lsG5 –
• ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿ -df]6/, a;, uf8L, df]6/;fOsn_,
• sfof{nosf kmlg{r/ / pks/0fx¿,
• sDKo'6/ pks/0fx¿,
• ejg, cflb .
cfDbfgL / vr{sf] k|d'v / em~eml6nf] sfd eg]sf] g} ah]6nfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;"rgfd"ns 9+un]
k|i6 agfOg' xf] . o;df s'g} klg vr{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0fnfO{ ;f/sf] ?kdf k|:t't ug'{k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu oftfoft ;fwgsf] nflu ;~rfng vr{ lx;fj ubf{ ;f] ;Dj4 ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿
pNn]v ul/g' kb{5 . olb Pp6f dfq jf b'O{j6f dfq k"FhLut j:t'x¿ vl/b ug'{kg]{5 eg] Pp6f 5'§}
k"FhLut ah]6sf] cfjZostf kb}{g, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfDbfgL / vr{ ah]6sf] Pp6f 5'§} efudf oL
k"FhLut vr{sf zLif{sx¿nfO{ b]vfOPdf Tof] g} kof{Kt clen]v x'G5 . kl/of]hgf ah]6x¿df of]
tl/sf w]/} k|rlnt 5 .
ah]6 agfpg] k|lqmof
;+:yfsf] ah]6 agfpFbf ;+:yfsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ;lDdlnt eP/ cfk;L 5nkmn u/L ;fd'lxs
cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt k|lqmof ckgfO{ agfOPsf] v08df dfq of] a9L
;fy{s / pkof]uL x'G5 . o;/L ah]6 agfpFbf ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf÷b"/b[li6, Wo]o, nIo, p2]Zox¿,
lqmofsnfkx¿, ah]l6ª, df};dL kfqf], gub ljt/0f, sfo{ pknlAw cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg'
cfjZos 5 . ah]6 agfpg] k|lqmofn] ljleGg k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf x'G5g\, hf] o;k|sf/ x'g
;Sb5g\ . cyf{t\ tL dWo]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
41
Wo]o nIo p2]Zo lqmofsnfk glthf

• kl/of]hgfsf p2]Zox¿ s] x'g\ <

• oL ls|ofsnfkx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu s:tf s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ul/g' kb{5 <
• oL p2]Zox¿ ;Dkfbg ug{sf] nflu s:tf s:tf ;|f]t;fwgx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ <
• oL ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] nflu slt nfut÷vr{ Joxf]g'{kb{5 <
• /sd÷sf]if sxfFaf6 k|fKt x'G5 <
• s] cfzf u/]sf] glthf÷pknlAw jf:tljs k|s[ltsf] 5 <cflb .
ha ah]6 agfP/ ;b/ u/fOG5 . To;kl5 ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . To;kl5
agfOPsf] ah]6of]hgf / To;nfO{ k|fKt jf:tljs glthf÷pknlAwnfO{ Ps csf{;Fu t'ngf u/]/
x]l/G5 tadfq ah]6sf] k|lqmof Pp6f 6'Ëf]df k'Ub5 . o;af6 Pp6f t xfdLn] l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ s]
x'g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 / csf]{ k6s ah]6 agfpFbf cfjZostfg';f/ km/s 9+un] klg agfpg
;lsG5, eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t hfgsf/L x'G5 .
jf:tjdf ah]l6ª k|lqmof Pp6f To:tf] sfo{ xf] h'g xfdL b}lgs h;f] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf klg
ul//fv]sf] x'G5f}F t/ xfdLn] ah]6 agfpb}5fF} eGg] dx;''; eg] ul//fv]sf x'Fb}gfF} .
Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0fM /fd !% jif{sf] s]6f xf] . p;nfO{ rnlrq x]g{ hfg dg nfu]sf] 5 . z'qmjf/
lbpF;f] ljBfno af6 3/ cfPkl5 p:fn] cfdf;Fu ¿ %) dfUb5 / ;fyLx¿;Fu ;fFemdf aflx/ hfg]
;f]r agfpF5 . p:fsL cfdfn] /fdnfO{ %) ¿k}ofF lsg cfjZos 5 / To;n] s]s] ug]{ xf] eg]/
;f]Wg'eof] . /fdn] Tof] k};fn] a; r9]/ ;x/ hfg], s]xL vfhf vfg] / rnlrq 3/ hfg] s'/f
cfdfnfO{ atfof] . To;kl5 p;sL cfdfn] Pp6f ah]l6ª k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf pQm /sd s]s]df vr{
ug]{ xf] ;j} vr{ zLif{sx¿ pNn]v ug{ eGg'eof] . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
p2]ZoM ;fFemdf ;fyLx¿;Fu /dfOnf] ug'{ .
lqmofsnfkx¿M a; ofqf u/]/ ;x/ hfg', vfhf3/ uO{ vfhf vfg', rnlrq3/ uO{ rnlrq x]g'{,
a; ofqfaf6 3/ kms{g' .
>f]tsf] cfjZostfM a; ofqf ug{, vfhf -rgf, lrp/f cfn'_ vfg, rnlrqsf] l6s6 lsGg /
rnlrq 3/df s]xL e'6]sf] abfd vfg .
¿k}ofFdfM
a; ofqf vr{ -cfjt hfjt_ !)×@ Ö @)
vfhf -rgf, lrp/f, cfn', jbfd_ Ö !%
l6s6 Ö !)
hDdf $%
/fdn] cfkm\gL cfdf ;dIf nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿sf] ljj/0f b]vfpFb} ¿= $% nfUg] atfof] . p;sL
cfdfnfO{ Tof] of]hgf 7Ls nfUof] / klxnf dfu]sf] ¿ %).– glbO{ p;}n] cfkm\gf] vr{ ljj/0fdf
pNn]v u/] cg'?ksf] ¿=$%.– dfq lbg'eof] .

csf]{ lbg
z's|jf/ ;fFemdf /fdn] slt /dfOnf] u¥of] eg]/ p:fsL cfdfn] zlgjf/ laxfg} ;f]Wg'eof] . p;n]
cfdfnfO{ rnlrq w]/} /fd|f] ePsf] / pm nufot ;fyLx¿n] rnlrq x]/]/ Tof] ;fFemdf w]/} /dfOnf]
u/]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fof] . tfklg ;f]r]sf] Pjd\ agfOPsf] of]hgf adf]lhd ;j} lqmofsfnfkx¿
42
x'g ;s]gg\ . vfhf3/df vfhf vfP/, /fd / p:fsf ;fyLx¿ rnlrq 3/df cfP/ ¿ !) sf] l6s6
lsGg k|of; u/] t/ of] b/÷d"Nosf] l6s6 ;j} laqmL e};s]sf]n] / ¿ ! a9L lt/]/ dxËf] l6s6
lsGg' k/\of] . o;sf] cy{ of] eof] ls /fdnfO{ rnlrq xndf abfd vfg jf a;af6 ofqf u/L 3/
ks{g k'Ug] k};f lyPg . t/ ToxL a]nfdf efUojz p:fn] rnlrq ejgdf p:fsf] ;fyLsf] a'afnfO{
e]6\of] / rnlrq ;lsPkl5 ;fyLsf] a'afn] p:fnfO{ 3/;Dd k'¥ofOlbg] cfZjf;g lbg'eof], h'g
/fdn] ;xif{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . To;}n] of] /fd|/L t ;lsof], t/ klg p:fn] rfx] adf]lhdsf] of]hgfsf
;j} s'/fx¿ eg] x'g ;s]gg\ .

ah]l6ªsf] dxTj
• sd nfutdf / bIftfk"0f{ 9+uaf6 p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{,
• eljiosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] of]hgfa4 9+un] cg'dfg÷lgwf{/0f ug{,
• ;+:yfnfO{ ;an agfpgsf] nflu ;+:yfsf ljleGg sfo{x¿sf] aLrdf ;dGjo ug{ .
• lgwf{l/t nIo adf]lhd sfo{x¿ e}/fv]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ .
• ;+:yfdf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;dLIff / ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] ljQLo l:yltsf] lg?k0f ug{ .
• ah]6n] Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f pks/0fsf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5 o;n] sfo{sf] lglZrt lbzf lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . ah]6 ljgf sfo{ ug'{ eg]sf] Pp6f lbzf lgwf{/0f ug]{ oGq ge} rfnsn] hxfh rnfP
h:tf] x'G5 . of] ;+:yfsf] nflu P]gf xf], hxfF b'O{j6f cg'xf/ -cfGtl/s / afXo_ b]Vg ;lsG5 .
• sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ k'g;f{]r ug{ jf k'g;+of]hg ug{ cfjZos ePdf o;n] pko'{Qm / cfjZos
lbzf lgb]{z ub{5 .
• cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;xL 9+un] cg'udg u/L ;d:ofsf] klxrfgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .
• ljQLo lhDd]af/L jxg ug{ / To;nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] k|d'v cfwf/ v8f ub{5 h;n] ;+:yfsf]
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljQ ;DaGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 .
• bftfx¿af6 sf]if ;+sng Pjd\ cg'bfg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k|d'v cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf sfo{
ub{5 . o;sf] cfwf/df g} bftfx¿n] sfo{ Pjd\ kl/of]hgfsf] d"NofÍg u/L ;xof]u ug{
pko'{Qm 5 of 5}g egL lg:sif{df k'Ub5g\ .

43
 ;+:yfut ah]6 ;dLIff kmf/fd
;+:yfsf] gfdM

cfly{s jif{ M

jflif{s cg'bfgsf] cj:yf

ljifo bft[ ;+:yf -s_ bft[ ;+:yf -v_ bft[ ;+:yf -u_ cfGtl/s sf]if s'n vr{ afFsL
jflif{s ======;Ddsf] jflif{s ah]6 ======;Ddsf] jflif{s ah]6 ======;Ddsf]
ah]6 vr{ vr{ vr{
sd{rf/L -tna ;'ljwf eQf_
cGo Joj:yfkg vr{ -5kfO,
kfgL, aQL, oftfoft, ef8f,
;~rf/, e|d0f / cGo_
sfo{qmd vr{
-lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfo cfh{g,
;dtf ljsf;, jsfnt cGo_

44
 ah]l6ª

;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] ah]6 agfpg' lsg cfjZos 5 <

2= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ah]6 agfpFbf sf]sf] ;+nUg x'G5g\ <

3= tkfOF{sf] ;+:yfdf lat]sf] @ jif{sf] cjlwdf, ah]6sf] ;dLIffsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkgaf6 s]s]
lg0f{ox¿ ul/Psf 5g\ <

4= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ah]6sf]] ;dLIff slxn] slxn] -slt dlxgfsf] km/sdf_ ul/G5 / ah]6df
;+zf]wg ubf{ sf]sf] ;+nUg x'G5g\ <

5= åGåsf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] ah]l6ª k|lqmofdf s] s:tf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfPsf]5 <
pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .

6= s] tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] ;du| ;+:yfsf] ah]6 ;dLIff ug]{ / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ u5{ <

7= ah]6 agfpg] sfo{ cfkmF}df Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f tl/sf jf pks/0f xf], o; kl/k|]Iodf tkfO{Fsf]
;+:yfdf ah]6 agfpg] sfo{sf] s] s'/fdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 <

45
 ljQLo÷cfly{s k|ltj]bg
;doM !M*) ldg]6

cf}lrTo
ljQLo k|ltj]bg ;+:yfsf] ljQLocj:yfsf] af/]df jf:tljstf emNsfpg] Pp6f k|d'v dfWod xf] .
o;}af6 ;+:yfsf] cfly{s l:ylt / Ifdtfsf] hfgsf/L x'g] x'Fbf o;n] ;+:yfsf] 5lj pRr agfpgsf]
nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;n] eljiosf] nflu of]hgf agfpgdf klg ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 .
To;sf/0f o; ;qn] /fd|f] ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ To;sf] klxrfg ug]{ /
ljQLo k|ltj]bg agfpg] cEof; u/fpg] ;d]t p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] kl/efiff eGg]5g\ .
• ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] dxTj eGg]5g\ .
• ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] cfjZos tTjx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{5g\ /
• ljQLo k|ltj]bg agfpg] cEof; ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/L M
- l;sfOsf] p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] kl/efiff, dxTj / cfjZos tTjx¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ljQLo k|ltj]bg s;s;sf] nflu rflxG5, ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ .
- ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf km/Dof6x¿sf] kmf]6f]skL ug]{ .
- ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] cEof;sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 36gf ljj/0fsf]kmf]6f]skL tof/ kf/L /fVg] ./
- x\of08cfp6sf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ kfg]{ .

r/0fx¿ M
 l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ul/lbg] .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] æljQLo k|ltj]bg eg]sf] s] xf]Æ egL ;f]Wg] .
 ;xefuLx¿sf pQ/x¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf l6Kg] / ;a}sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6\b} cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf]
kl/efiff k9]/ JofVof ul/lbg] .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tn lbOPsf tLg k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] -;d"x sfo{ @)
ldg]6_ .
-s_ :t/Lo ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf cfjZos tTjx¿ s]s] x'G5g\, egL ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ljQLo k|ltj]bg s–s:fsf] nflu rflxG5 <
-u_ ljQLo k|ltj]bg Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ dflgG5 lsg < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
 ;d"x sfo{ ;lsPkl5 # j6} ;d"xx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / Pp6f ;d"xn] k|:t't
ubf{ c¿ ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
 ;a} ;d"xx¿sf] k|:t'ltkl5 k|lzIfsn] ;xefuLsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ cfkm"n] tof/
kf/]sf a'Fbfx¿ k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
 tof/ kfl/Psf ;a} x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .

cEof;sf] nflu
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ljQLo k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf] nflu ;+bLk sfo{qmd
cGtu{t k|of]u ul/Psf km/Dof6 / æ36gfÆ lbg] . -! 306f_
46
 ;a} ;d"xn] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/;s]kl5 Uofn/L k|:t't ug{ nufO{ k|ltj]bgdf ;'emfjx¿ lbg] .
 Uofn/L k|:t'tLs/0f ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ;d"xdf /fvL d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL eg{
nufpg] .
 ;a} ;+:yfn] k|ZgfjnL el/;s]kl5 sfo{of]hgf agfpg nufpg] .
kl/efiff,
ljQLo k|ltj]bg ;+:yfsf] ljQLocj:yfsf] af/]df jf:tljstf emNsfpg] Pp6f k|d'v dfWod xf] h;n]
;+:yfsf] 5lj pRr agfpgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . Joj:yfkgsf] pks/0fsf] ¿kdf
ljQLo k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgfsf] nflu s] slt k};f / ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ pknAw 5g\ / s] slt
vr{ ePsf] 5 eg]/ yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . vf;u/L df}lns of]hgf;Fu kl/of]hgfsf]
/sd÷sf]if s;/L vr{ ePsf] 5 eg]/ t'ngf ug{sf] nflu o;n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
:t/Lo ljQLo k|ltj]bg
ljQLo k|ltj]bg Pp6f lglZrt ;dofjlwleq ul/Psf ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltj]bg
xf] . of] ;+:yfåf/f Pp6f ;do cjlwleq ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cWoog / d"NofÍg ul/;s]kl5
t}of/ ul/Psf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s Pj+ lj:t[t ljj/0f xf] . o;df ;+:yfn] ljleGg kl/of]hgfdf u/]sf]
sfo{ ;~rfng, k|ult, pknlAw÷k|flKt, ;d:of Pjd\ sl7gfOx¿ tyf ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfj / cGo
cfjZos l;kmfl/;x¿ ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] ;+:yfsf] jf:tljs cj:yf / :t/ lgwf{/0f
ug]{ cf}krfl/s ljj/0f xf] . o;n] ;+:yfsf] sfo{s|dx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu
jf:tljs tYofÍx¿ -8f6f_ Pjd\ ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpFb5 .
ljQLo k|ltj]bg cg'udg k|lqmof / tl/sfx¿
;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQm cfly{s jif{leq ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfx¿sf] k|ultsf ;DaGwdf
cg'udg ug{ / cfufdL lbgsf nflu lj:t[t of]hgf agfpgsf] nflu ljQLo ;"rgfx¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . o:tf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug{sf] nflu w]/} t}of/L ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . / o:tf]
k|ltj]bgsf] cWoogstf{ sf] xf] p;nfO{ of] lsg cfjZos x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf,
k|s[of ;dofjlw / ;"rgfx¿ /fVg ;lsPdf of] lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 .
vf; u/L kl5Nnf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg jf vf; cjlwsf ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIff ug'{ eg]s} ;+:yfsf]
cj:yf Pj+ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ xf] . o;af6} ;+:yfsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ePsf] 5, 5}g jf
slt;Dd eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f lglZrt ul/G5 .
Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;fdfGotof ;+:yfn] lgDg $ k|sf/sf k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/ ub{5g\ .
• dfl;s k|ltj]bgx¿
• rf}dfl;s k|ltj]bgx¿
• cw{–jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿
• jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿
{
ljQLo k|ltj]bgx¿ slt k"0f{ / tYo ;+ut 5g\ eg]/ cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;fdfGotof lgDg
k|lqmofx¿ ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 M
• a}+s ljj/0f;Fu a}+s df}Hbft ¿h' ug]{
• lgsf;f ul/Psf] /sd;Fu /sd÷sf]if cj:yf k|ltj]bg nfO{ ¿h' ug]{ .
• jf:tljs vr{ ;Fu ah]6nfO{ ¿h' ug]{ .
• k7fpg' kg]{ ldlt÷cjlw / k7fPsf] k|ltj]bg ¿h' ug]{ .
• olb s]xL ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f kQf nfu]df cfjZos ;'wf/sf] nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .

47
ljQLo k|ltj]bgx¿ Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f pks/0fsf] ¿kdf
xfdLn] of] yfxf kfO;s]sf] 5f}F ls n]vfsf] clen]vx¿ /fVg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] ;+:yfx¿
s;/L ;~rfng eO/fv]sf 5g\ eg]/ ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{' xf] . o;/L ah]6 / k|0ffnL adf]lhd
clen]v /flv;s]kl5, bf];|f] k|lqmof eg]sf] ljQLok|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ xf] . o;n] ;+:yfsf] ljQ ;DaGwL
ljleGg ;jfnx¿sf] cg'udg ug'{sf] ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfgsf/L
lbnfpFb5 .
ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L oyfzSo rfF9f] ul/g'k5{ / tL k|ltj]bgx¿ ;xL / ;fGble{s x'g cfjZos
5, h;n] ;+:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ b]vfpFb5 . o:tf ljQLo k|ltj]bgx¿ k|f/lDes ¿kdf
;+:yfsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{df ;+nUg clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfjZos kb{5 .
ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;+:yf / sfo{s|d;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿ nufot ljleGg ;+3
;+:yfx¿ sf] x'g\ < clg ;+:yfsf] ljleGg ultljlw¿sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg ltgLx¿nfO{ lsg cfjZos
5 < oL ljleGg k|Zgx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ / a'em\g' cfjZos x'G5 . log} s'/fx¿nfO{ a9L k|i6
kfg{sf] nflu tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ ;xof]uL x'g;Sb5g\ .
lgDgfg';f/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lgDg k|of]hgsf] nflu ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] cfjZos kb{5 M

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ljQLo k|ltj]bg cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/ jf sf/0fx¿

kl/of]hgfsf kl/of]hgfsf] nflu slt k};f÷/sd / ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g\ / To;dWo]df s]

sd{rf/Lx¿ slt /sd÷;|f]tx¿ vr{x¿ ePsf 5g\ To;sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg .
;+:yfsf vf;u/L of]hgf adf]lhd /sd of ;DklQx¿ vr{ ePsf] 5 ls 5}g egL
Joj:yfksx¿ t'ngf ug{ . kl/of]hgfsf] /sd s;/L vr{ eO/fv]sf] 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L
lng / eljiodf agfOg] s'g} klg of]hgfsf] nflu To;sf] cfwf/df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg .
n]vfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+:yfsf] sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ vl/b ug{sf] nflu
a}+sdf kof{Kt /sd 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lglZrt ug{ tyf n]vf /fVg] ;DaGwdf
ckgfOPsf] k|s[of 7Ls ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ .
;xof]uLx¿sf] ;d"x ;+:yfsf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;|f]t;fwgx¿ s;/L k|of]u e}/fv]sf] 5
egL yfxf kfpg .
Bftfx¿ bftfn] k|bfg u/]sf] cg'bfg / ;xof]ux¿ ;+:yf / bftfsf] k"0f{ ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrt ug{ .
;/sf/L lgsfo ;+:yfn] ltg'{kg]{ cfjZos s/ Pjd\ cGo z'Nsx¿ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{
;dod} e'QmfgL u/]sf] s'/f lglZrt ug{ .
kl/of]hgfsf] kl/of]hgfsf] nfeflGjt ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kmfObf÷;]jf k'¥ofpg s] slt
nfeflGjt ;d"x vr{÷nfutsf] cfjZostf kb{5 ;f]sf] af/]df hfGg / Tof] pQm ;d'bfosf]
nflu plrt d"No xf] ls xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o ug{ .
;j{;fwf/0f hgtf ;+:yfn] jif{el/df s] slt /sd ;+sng / vr{ u/]sf] 5, ;fy} s] sfo{sf]
nflu pQm /sd vr{ u/]sf] xf], ;f] sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg .
of] tflnsfaf6 xfdL s] b]Vg ;Sb5fF} eg] ToxfF w]/} ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf k|of]ustf{x¿ 5g\, h;n]
ljleGg p2]Zox¿sf] nflu ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] dfu ub{5g\ . oL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ cfGtl/s /
afXo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . oL ljQLo ;"rgfx¿ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ / cfkm\gf ;DalGwt
48
lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f ug{sf] nflu ltgLx¿n] k|of]u ub{5g\ . oL ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;+:yfn] ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug'{ cfZro{hgs s'/f xf]Og . dfly
pNn]lvt s'/fx¿nfO{ ;f/;+If]kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sfo{s|d Joj:yfkg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L
cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg n]vfx¿ ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgx¿
ah]6 cg'udg k|ltj]bg / gub
k|jfx k|ltj]bgx¿
afXo bftfx¿sf nflu k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿ bftfnfO{ k|ltj]bg
-ljQLo Pjd\ ljj/0ffTds_ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf ljQLo ljj/0fx¿
nfeflGjt ;d"xnfO{ lbOg] k|ltj]bgx¿

cfly{s jif{leq ePsf] n]vf;DaGwL ;j} ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;f/;+If]kdf pNn]v u/L ah]6;Fu t'ngf ug{
cfGtl/s cg'udg k|lqmofsf] nflu ljleGg vftfx¿df k|ljli6 ul/G5 . jif{sf] cGtdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu jflif{s n]vfx¿sf] tof/L ul/G5 .

ljQLo k|ltj]bg lgDg sf/0fn] Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cf}hf/ xf] eGg ;lsG5 M
• o;n] ;du| ;+:yfsf] ljQLo :j:ytf bzf{pF5 .
• o;n] ;+:yfsf] 5lj agfO/fVg d2t u5{ .
• o;n] ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L / sfo{;ldltsf] k|efjsfl/Tff bzf{pF5 .
• ;+:yfsf] :j¿k / :t/ atfpF5 . -7"nf]÷;fgf]_
• o;n] ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmddf s] ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] ;"rgf lbG5 .
• ;du| ;+:yfnfO{ s'g lbzf lbg] eGg] dfu{ bz{g u5{ .
• ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/zLnfx¿ slQsf alnof 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
• g]t[Tjju{ / Joj:yfkssf] cfr/0f bzf{pF5 .

49
ljQLo k|ltj]bg

;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= s] tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] ;+:yfut ljQLo k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{5 < olb ub{5 eg] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ /
olb agfpFb}g eg] lsg agfpFb}g < sf/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .

2= ljQLo k|ltj]bg agfpFbf sf]sf] ;xefuL x'G5g\ <

3= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfnfO{ ljQLo k|ltj]bg lsg rflxG5 / pQm k|ltj]bg c¿ s:fnfO{ rflxG5 <

4= lat]sf] @ jif{sf] cjlwdf, ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkgaf6 s]s] lg0f{ox¿ ul/Psf 5g\ <

5= tkfOF{sf] ;+:yfsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf s] s:tf] s'\/fdf ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 <

50
 cg'bfg÷;xof]u -u|fG6_

;doM ^) ldg]6
cf}lrTo
u};;x¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf ljQLo ;|f]tx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ljsf;sf sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .
oL ljQLo ;|f]tx¿ cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo b'j} x'g ;Sb5g\ . logLx¿ ;xof]u, rGbf, bfg, bftJo
cg'bfg / gfkmf cflbsf ?kdf k|fKt ePsf >f]tx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . oL h'g;'s} tj/af6 pknAw eP
tfklg ltgLx¿sf] plrt k|of]u ug{sf] nflu u};;x¿ pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . o;/L g}, nIo Pjd\
p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfx¿ bft[ ;+:yfx¿ / nfeflGjt x'g]ju{k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5
. o;sf] nflu bftf / ;+:yf aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn]lvt s'/fx¿nfO{ k"0f{ kfngf u/L
lglZrt sfo{ ljlwsf] cfwf/df oL ;|f]tx¿sf] vr{ ul/g' jf pkof]u ul/g' kb{5 . o; ;q -5nkmn_
n]] ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn]v u/]adf]lhd /sd jf ;xof]unfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;dfkg ug]{
sfo{ljlwx¿sf] af/]df JofVof ug]{5 .
l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿M
• cg'bfg / o;sf] ;dfkg k|lqmofsf] af/]df JofVof ug]{5g\ .
• ;Demf}tfkqdf pNn]lvt cg'bfgdf lbOg] / glbOg] /sdx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ug]{5g\ .
• cg'bfg lbg' k"j{ ul/g] ;j]{If0f -k|L–cjf8{_ / o;sf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg'udg ug]{5g\ .
k|lzIfssf] tof/L M
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• cg'bfg sf] ækl/efiffÆ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• cg'bfg k|of]u ug{ x'g] / gx'g] j:t'sf] ;"rL agfpg] .
• k|L–cjf8{ ;j]{sf] sfo{of]hgfsf] skL tof/ kfg]{ .
• cg'bfg ;dfkgsf] nflu rflxg] km/Dof6x¿ / k|lqmof tof/ kfg]{ .
• x\of08cfp6 tof/ kfg]{ .
;fdu|L M dfs{/, 6]k, cvjf/L sfuh, af]8{ cflb .
d'Vo ljlwx¿ M JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;fgf] ;d"x sfo{ .
r/0fx¿ M
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
• ;xefuLnfO{ ætkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] cfly{s >f]t, jf ah]6 sxfFsxfFaf6 NofpF5 / s:tf] lsl;dsf]
cfly{s >f]tx¿ kfpF5÷NofpF5Æ < egL k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
• ;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/ cvjf/L sfuhdf l6Kg] . ;xefuLdWo]af6 cfPsf] pQ/df cg'bfg k/]df km]l/
csf]{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
• æcg'bfg eg]sf] s] xf] <Æ
• cfPsf] pQ/ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] / ;xefuLsf] pQ/nfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf]
kl/efiff k|:t't u/L JofVof ug]{ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fgf] # ;d"xx¿df ljefhg u/L cg'bfg k|of]u ug{ gx'g] ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL lbg]
/ !) ldg]6 ;Dd ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ lbg] .
• !) ldg]6kl5 ;d"xnfO{ Pslqt u/L ga'em]sf s]xL a'Fbfx¿ eP JofVof u/L :ki6 kfl/lbg] .
• cg'bfg ;dfkgsf] x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f u/L d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbfx¿sf] JofVof ul/lbg] .

51
• k|L cjf8{ ;j]{sf] sfo{of]hgfsf] skL ;+:yfut ;d"xdf ljt/0f ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] s] slt k|ult
eof] To;df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] . k|ult ug'{ kg]{ a'Fbfx¿df k'gM sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .
;xfotf÷cg'bfgsf] ;+lIfKt kl/efiffM ;xfotf cg'bfg ;fj{hlgs p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
bftfx¿af6 ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] ljQLo ;xof]u xf] . ;xfotf jf cg'bfg eGgfn] ;fdflhs lxt;Fu
;Da4 sfo{x¿ ug{ u/fpg /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf jf JolQmaf6
k|fKt ul/g] /sd jf >f]tsf] lglZrt lx:;f xf] . ;xfotf jf cg'bfg eGg] zAb ‰jf§ ;'Gbf s'g}
j}b]lzs JolQm, ;+3, ;+:yf jf ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] /sd eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ cg'bfg ;xfotf
eGg] ljlQs} lbg]n] cfk\mgf] Tofu ;dfh, ;d'bfo jf c;xfosf] ;]jfsf kIfdf ug]{ x'gfn] :jb]zL jf
lab]zL hf] sf]xL klg ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] cfly{s lx;fan] o;nfO{ u0fgf ul/g] eP tfklg
o;sf] p2]Zo eg] ;]jf k/f]ksf/ jf ;xfotf ug]{ /x]sf] x'G5 .
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ o:t} ;xof]usf /sdx¿jf6 kl/rflnt x'g'kg]{ xF'bf :jfefljs ?kdf o:tf
;+:yfx¿nfO{ o;sf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cg'bfg :jLsf/ u/]/ o:tf u};;n] Ps} ;fy bft[
lgsfosf] OR5f k"/f ul/lbg] lhDdf / ;d'bfosf] To:tf]] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ xsnfO{ k"/f ug]{ k|ltj4tf
JoQm u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotof ;Demf}tfsf] dfWodaf6 o:tf] /sd lng] lbg] ul/g] ePsf]n]
cg'bfgsf] kl/rfng ubf{ ;Demf}tfsf] cIf/zM kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . >f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;b'kof]u /
ldtJooL Joj:yfkg kf/bzL{ lx;faaf6 ug'{kg]{] s'/f cg'bfg jf ;xof]usf] nflu k|f0f g} xf] . o;}sf]
cfwf/df ;+:yf, ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd / bft[lgsfo;Fusf] ;DjGw lbuf] x'g] ub{5 . To;}u/L o:tf] >f]t
cGtu{t lglZrt ul/Psf] sfo{qmd / cjlw h] l56f] ;dfKt x'G5, ;f]xL adf]lhd k|fKt ;xof]usf]
;dfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;dfkg ug]{ k|s[of / pQ/bfloTjx¿ ;fdfGotof ;Demf}tfd} pNn]v ul/Psf]
x'G5 . o;/L pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / pNn]v gePsf]df k|rlnt k/Dk/f / lgod adf]lhd
;dfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] ;fdfGotof lng'kg]{, lbg'kg]{ nufot afFsL /x]sf cf–cfk\mgf
lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f ug]{ sfo{ o;} ;dfkgsf] k|s[of cGtu{t ug]{ ul/G5 .
;fdfGotof cg'bfg÷;xof]u -u|fG6_ cGtu{t lgDg s'\/fx¿ eg] ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .
• k|fljlws ;xof]u, h;n] k};fsf] ;§fdf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] x'G5 .
• C0fsf] ¿kdf k|fKt cGo ;xof]ux¿ .
• Aofh ;x'lnot jf ladf .
• JolQmx¿nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ul/lbPsf] e'QmfgL /
• j:t'ut ;xof]u -dfn;fdfg pknAw u/fpg]_ ;Demf}tfx¿
;xof]u÷cg'bfg kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ p2]Zok"0f{ k|of]hgsf] nflu s]xL :jtGqtf eP tfklg tnsf
k|ls|ofx¿ Go"gtd ?kdf ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
• ;xof]u÷/sdsf] 5'§f5'§} n]vf÷clen]vx¿ /fVg' kb{5 .
• calw tf]sL ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg'?ksf] /sd lglZrt ;dofjlwd} vr{ ul/g'kb{5 . cyf{t\ ;do
gf3] kZrft\ ul/Psf] vr{ dfGo xF'b}g .
• vr{ x'g g;s]sf] cyf{t\ afFsL /x]sf] /sd÷sf]if ;DalGwt bftfx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{ jf ;f] sf]ifsf
nflu bftfaf6 lgb]{zg ul/P adf]lhd ug'{ kb{5 .
• ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsP adf]lhd vr{ ePsf /sdx¿ ;dflji6 u/L ljQLo k|ltj]bg t}of/
ul/g'kb{5 .
• sfo{s|dx¿ sfof{Gjog ubf{ bftfx¿af6 ;f]lwPsf], vf]lhPsf] jf ;/f]sf/ /flvPsf s'/fx¿
pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
[

-&_ ;fdfGo l:yltdf bft[lgsfosf] ;xof]usf] /sd ;dfkg ug]{ k|lqmof

;fdfGotof kl/of]hgf k|:tfj, cfjZos kqfrf/, 5nkmn tyf ;xdltsf] k|s[ofaf6 u|fG6 cg'bfg
lng] lbg] k|s[ofsf] cfwf/ tof/ ul/G5 . ;f]xL cfwf/sf] kl/0flt :j?k s] sfd slxn] / s;/L ug]{
52
pQ/bfloTjx¿ s] x'g] eGg] h:tf ljifo nufot ;DjlGwt cg'bfgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;j} ljifo
a:t'x¿ ;d]6]/ Pp6f ;Demf}tf kq tof/ u/L x:tfIf/ ul/G5 . h;n] Ps kIfnfO{ cg'bfg pknAw
u/fpg / csf]{ kIfnfO{ lhDd]jf/Lx? k"/f ug{ lhDd]jf/ agfpFb5 . o; cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] s'g} klg
;xof]u /sd -j:t'ut jf ;]jfut ;xof]u_ lglZrt p2]Zo / ;dofjlwsf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] x'Fbf of]
k"/f ePkl5 o;nfO{ ljlwjt 6'Ëofpg' kb{5 . o;}nfO{ ;xof]u /sdsf] ;dfkg elgG5 . ;xof]u
/sd ;dfkg ul/g'sf] cy{ eg]sf] kl/of]hgf ;dfKt ePsf] s'/f cf}krfl/s ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/g' xf] .
h] eP tfklg ;xfotf /sd lbFbf to ul/Psf kfngf ul/g'kg]{ ;j} zt{x¿ k"0f{¿kn] kfngf ul/Psf]
5÷5}g eg]/ lglZrt ul/G5 . of] g} ;xof]u /sd ;dfkgsf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] . o;sf nflu o:tf
;xfotf /sdsf] ;dfkg k|ls|ofsf] ;'?d} ;fdfGotof ljQLo / sfo{s|dsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
lgDglnlvt sfo{ ljlwx¿nfO{ ckgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
- kl/of]hgf cjlwe/sf nflu 5'6|\ofOPsf :jLs[t /sdadf]lhdsf] vr{x¿ ;DjlGwt
vftfx¿df k|lji6 ul/Psf] jf r9fOPsf] / ;f]xL cg'?k k|ltj]bgdf b]vfOPsf] 5÷5}g egL
;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .
- lbOPsf] ;xof]u /sd÷cg'bfg tf]lsP eGbf a9L jf 36L vr{ ePsf] 5÷5}g eGg] k|To]s vr{
zLif{sx¿sf] /fd|/L cg'udg ug]{ ub{5g\ .
- sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ >f]t kl/rfng ;Dj4 ljQLo sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} s'/fx¿ kof{Kt ¿kdf
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'g'kb{5 / k|rlnt lgod sfg'g kfngf gul/Psf] v08df ltgLx¿nfO{
To;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfO{ k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ ;lsg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fpFb}
o;f] ul/P÷gul/Psf] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5g\ .
-*_ ;fdfGotof ;dfkg ug{sf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿
;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ lbOPsf] ;xfotfsf] ;dfkg ug]{ k|lqmof lbOPsf] ;xfotfsf] k|sf/ tyf
;Demf}tfdf e/ kg]{ eP tfklg s]xL ;fdfGo k|ls|ofnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
- ;xof]u÷cg'bfg kfpg]n] cg'bfg ;xof]usf] ;dfkg ePsf] ldltn] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
lbgleqdf ;a} ljj/0fx¿ k]; ug'{kb{5 .
- ;xof]u /sd lbFbf pNNf]lvt zt{ Pjd\ lgod adf]lhd ljQLo÷n]vf k|ltj]bg, sfo{;Dkfbg
k|ltj]bg nufot cGo ;a} k|sf/sf] cfjZos k|ltj]bg Pjd\ sfuhftx¿ k]; ug'{kb{5 . olb
;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfn] dgfl;j sf/0f b]vfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] v08df s]xL ;do a9fpg klg
;Sb5g\ .
- ;xof]usf] /sd ;dfkg ug{] k|lqmofcGtu{t ;f]wegf{ ug'{kg]{ eP ;DalGwt ;xof]u÷cg'bfg
kfpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ ;Demf}tf cg'?ksf pko'Qm vr{x¿sf] ;f]wegf{ klg ug]{ ul/G5 / >f]t
/x]sf] eP yk sfo{qmd ug{ ;DjlGwt ;+:yf;Fu} 5'§} k|:tfj dfUg], /sd g} lkmtf{ dfUg] jf cGo
s'g} tf]lsPsf] j}s jf ;+:yfdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ nufpg] .
cGoq -cd]l/sfafx]s_ af6 k|fKt ;xof]u cGtu{t ;xof]u cg'bfg ;dfkg ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
s'/fx¿
cg'bfg ;xof]u pknAw u/fpbf to u/]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] zt{ Pj+ lgod tyf lbPsf] k|rlnt lgod
Pjd\ sfg'g adf]lhd ;j} cfjZos k|ltj]bg tyf sfuhft k]; ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ;+:yfsf] lgb]{zsn]
k"/f ug'{kb{5 . ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfo{s|dsf k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿ Pjd\ cfly{s k|ltj]bgx¿ klxn] g}
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] dfqf k|ls|of / u'0f:t/df ;DalGwt bftfnfO{ k]; ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 .
k|of]u x'g g;s]sf] /sd of sf]if ;DjlGwt bftfnfO{ kmsf{Og] 5 egL ;Demf}tf cyjf ;xdltkqdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] vr{ x'g g;s]sf] /sdx¿ ;f]xL adf]lhd kmsf{pg' kb{5 . ;xof]u cg'bfg
;dfkg ug{sf] nflu tn pNn]lvt k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ckgfpg' kb{5 .
53
;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotfsf] ;dfkg
o;/L ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotfsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 cGtdf, ;xdlt Pjd\
;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt zt{ Pjd\ lgod adf]lhd kfngf ug'{kg]{ ;j} s'/fx¿sf] kfngf ul/Psf]
x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nfuL cfjZos ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿ p7fOPsf ljQLo ;jfnx¿, lng jf lbg afFsL
;j} s'/fx¿ / sfg'gåf/f u};;sf nflu lgwf{l/t ;a} s'/fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf kfngf ePsf] egL ;'lglZrt
ug'{kb{5 . dfly pNn]lvt ;j} s'/fx¿ k"/f ePsf] v08df dfq of] ;dfkg klqmof ;xh x'g hfG5 .
of] ;dfkg k|lqmof g}] ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] clGtd r/0f xf]
. o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] g} ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotfsf] sfo{s|d ;DkGg ePsf],
;DjlGwt ;j} sfuhftx¿ k|fKt ePsf], ltgLx¿ ;b/ ePsf] / ltgLx¿nfO{ kmfOn ;d]t ul/Psf] 5
egL ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotf ;dfkgsf] af/]df bft[
lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿ o; ;dfkg kqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . o; ;dfkg k|ls|of
cGtu{tsf sfo{x¿ ug]{ cjlwe/df bft[ lgsfo / ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿sf lgDglnlvt pQ/bfloTjx¿
x'g]5g\ .
#=%-!_-(_ ;xof]u ;dfkg ;DjGwdf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] pQ/bfloTjx¿
1= ;xfotf /sd;Fu ;DalGwt

s= ah]6 / vr{sf] k|ltj]bg ;lxTf ljQLo k|ltj]bg, a}+s lx;faldnfg ljj/0f, a}+s df}Hbft
k|df0fkq cyjf a}+sdf vftf aGb u/]sf] sfuhft, /sd÷sf]ifsf] cj:yf hgfpg] k|ltj]bg
cflb k]; ug'{kb{5 . o;/L g} ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf / sfo{s|dsf] kfl/t
clGtd k|ult k|ltj]bgn] pNn]v u/]sf] s'g} k|fKt ug'{kg]{ jf ltg'{kg]{ /sd 5 eg] ;f]sf] ;"rL
klg k]; ug'{kb{5 .
v= vr{ gePsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;fdfGotof bft[lgsfonfO{ lkmtf{ a'emfpg' kb{5 .
u= vr{ gn]lVfg] ;a} vl/bsf] ;"rL pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
3= bft[lgsfo4f/f / bftfn] ;b/ u/] adf]lhdsf] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ;DjlGw of]hgf k]; ug'{
kb{5 .
ª= bft[lgsfoåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / afXo n]vfk/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf olb s'g} k|d'v s'/f jf ;jfnx¿ p7fOPsf] ePdf To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf]
nflu Pp6f sfo{ of]hgf agfpg clgjfo{ 5 .
r= d"No clej[l4 s/sf] /sd k'gMe'QmfgL dfUg'kg]{ eP ;f] kfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf d"No clej[l4 s/sf ;a} ljnx¿ k7fpg' kb{5 .
5= sd{rf/L / afXo kIfx¿;Fu lng' kg]{ / lbg'kg]{ afFsL ;a} lx;fj lstfax¿ ldnfO{
6'ª\ofpg' kb{5 .
h= Pp6f ah]6 zLif{saf6 csf]{ ah]6 zLif{sdf ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] k|fKt k|ltzt eGbf a9L
/sd /sdfGt/ ug'{k/]sf] v08df bft[lgsfoaf6 clu|d :jLs[lt lnOPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
[
2= clen]v;Fu ;DalGwt
;fem]bf/ u};;;Fu ul/g] ;Demf}tf kqsf] v08 # sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg lg/LIf0f zLif{s cGtu{t
/sd÷cg'bfg ;xof]usf] ;dfkg kl5 klg ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfn], lgDgfg';f/sf clen]vx¿ ;'/lIft
?kdf /fVg' kb{5 .
s_ ;Demf}tfkq cGtu{t ljleGg ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu lbOPsf] cg'bfg /sdaf6
ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿sf] nflu ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfn] n]vfkfngsf] :jLsfo{ l;4fGt adf]lhd ;a}sf]
lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L n]vfsf ;j} clen]vx¿ o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k"0f{¿kn] ;'/lIft
?kdf /fVg'kb{5 . oL clen]vx¿df cfDbfgL / vr{sf ljn e/kfO{, vftfkftf, cfly{s Pj+
;Dj4 k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿, a}+s df}Hbft ;Da4 sfuhftx¿ cflb kb{5g\ . To;sf] ;fy} ;Dk"0f{
54
 cfDbfgL / vr{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ cGo ;xfos sfuhftx¿ h:t} – ;Ssn OGEjfO:f, ljn, e|d0f
cfb]z kmf/fd, e|d0fsf l6s6x¿ tyf ;]jf jf dfn;fdfgvl/b k|ls|ofsf nflu ;DalGwt kIf;Fu
u/]sf] sf]6]zg jf ;Demf}tfsf kqx¿, g]kfneGbf aflx/af6 ;fdfgx¿ vl/b u/]/ NofPsf] eG;f/
Pj+ oftfoft ;Da4 sfuhft jf k|df0fx¿, ljnx¿ / cGo + ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;fdfg Pjd\ ;]jfsf]
vl/b ubf{ ul/Psf] cfjZos ;a} ;Demf}tf kqx¿ cflbnfO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf /fVg' kb{5 .
v_ o; v08 cGtu{t ;a} clen]vx¿ rflxPsf] a]nfdf x]g{, a'em\g / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg
;Dej x'g] lx;fjn] ;'/lIft u/L ldnfP/ /flvg' kb{5 . To;}u/L ;Demf}tfkqdf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd ul/g'kg]{ k|ltlglwTj, lhDdf lng'kg]{ jf/]G6L / tf]lsPsf] cGo bfloTjx¿ s]s] lyP ?
To;nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ ;a} clen]vx¿ ;'/lIft / e]6\g g;lsg] lx;fan] /flvg' kb{5 .
u_ bft[lgsfo cyjf o;sf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwx¿ / cGo ;DalGwt bftfx¿n] hfFr ug{ /
n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu dfu u/]sf] avt oL clen]vx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f]xL
adf]lhd tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg' kb{5 .
#=%-!_-!)_ ;dfkg ;Dj4 yk bfloTjx¿ M
• kl/of]hgfsf] clGtd k|ltj]bgx¿ bft[lgsfonfO{ k]; u/]sf] ldltn] ! jif{;Dd dfu eP
adf]lhd s'g} klg sfuh, tYo jf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
• o:tf] cjlw;Dd olb s'g} vr{;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf] af/]df km]l/ ;f]r u/]/ k'g n]vfk/LIf0f
sfo{ ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] sfo{ k"/f ug{{' u/fpg' kg]{ x'bf bft[lgsfon] lnlvt ¿kdf :jLs[lt
glbP;Dd o:tf s'g} klg sfuhftx¿ gi6 ug'{x'Fb}g .
• ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfnfO{ lbOPsf] ;xof]usf] /sd /fd|/L pkof]u ePsf] 5 / ;xL 9+un] n]vfkfng
ul/Psf] 5 egL lgwf{/0f ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu n]vfkfngsf] :jLsfo{ l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDjg ug{
cg'/f]w ul/Psf] x'G5 . n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;f]lwPsf] s'g} klg k|Zg Pjd\ ;jfnx¿sf] :ki6Ls/0f
jf hjfkm lbgsf] nflu bft[lgsfonfOn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] v08df cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ pknAw
u/fpg' ;+:yfsf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
• ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw ;dfkg x'g' cufl8 g} olb s'g} bfjf, lj/f]w, ljjfb cyjf
n]vfk/LIf0f eO{ s}lkmotx¿ p7fOPsf] cj:yfdf pk/f]Qm ;d:ofx¿ pko'Qm 9+un] ;dfwfg
geP;Dd ;a} hlt;'s} ;do nfu] tfklg n]vf Pjd\ clen]vx¿ ;xL ;nfdt 9+un] ;'/lIft
?kdf /fVg'kb{5 .
#=%-!_-!!_ ;fxfotf ;dfkg ;DaGwdf bft[lgsfosf] bfloTj
1= cg'bfg ;xof]u ;dfkg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] hfFr ;"rL x]/]/ eg]{ / ;fem]bf/
u};;;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg'¿k ;a} cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ To;sf]
hfFr ug]{ .
2= of] ;dfkg k|lqmofsf] s'g} cfjZos s'/fx¿ jf zt{x¿ k"/f ug{ ;lsPg eg] of ;dfkg
kqsf] k|ltlqmof of cfnf]rgf zLif{sdf pNn]lvt zt{x¿ k"/f ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf
To;sf] JofVof ;lxTfsf] sfuhft t}of/ ug]{ .
3= ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] kfpg'kg]{ olb s'g} afFsL jSof}tfx¿ 5 eg] ;f] sf] clGtd e'QmfgL ug]{
.
4= ;dfkg kqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ / bft[lgsfosf] tkm{af6 ljlwjt ¿kdf ;dfkg ePsf] 3f]if0ff
ug]{ .

55
 cfGtl/s tyf afXo n]vfk/LIf0f
;doM () ldg]6
cf}lrTo
n]vfk/LIf0f eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿, sfo{ k|lqmofx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt
clen]vx¿sf] :jtGqtfk"j{s ul/g] Pp6f hfFr xf] h;n] ;+:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 b]vfpg] u/L
pko'Qm /fo÷;'emfj ;lxTf k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . u};;sf] nflu n]vf
k/LIf0f w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ 5, h;n] ;+:yfsf] kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/L k|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ b]vfPsf]
x'G5 . of] ;qn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff, dxTj / o;sf k|sf/x¿sf af/]df
hfgsf/L lbg]5 / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg]sf] cEof; ug]{ df}sf lbg]5 .
l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• u};;df cfGtl/s / afx\o n]vfk/LIf0fsf] JofVof ug]{ 5g\ / n]vfk/LIf0fsf]] dxTj atfpg]5g\,
• n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg]5g\, -ug'{eGbf k"j{, ul//xFbf / u/]
kZrft\_,
• cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] cEof; ug]{5g\ .
k|lzIfssf] tof/LM
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- n]vf k/LIf0fsf] dxTj ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf agfpg] .
- n]vf k/LIf0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ s'/fx¿ -n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{eGbf cufl8, n]vfk/LIf0f u/L
/xFbf / n]vfk/LIf0f u/] k5fl8_ sf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf agfpg] .
- cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf km/Dof6x¿ kmf]6f]skL ug]{ .
- cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf cEof;sf] nlfu 36gfsf] kmf]6f]skL tof/ kf/L /fVg] .
- ;a} x\of08cfp6sf] kmf]6f]skL agfpg] .
;fdu|L M cvjf/L sfuh, dfs{/, af]8{, 6]k cflb .
d'Vo ljlwx¿ M;fgf] ;d"xsfo{, k|Zgf]Q/, JofVofg, ;d"x 5nkmn cflb .
r/0fx¿ M
 l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{ .
 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] . -;doM @) ldg]6_
 -s_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] s] dxTj 5 <
-v_ n]vfk/LIf0f ug{' klxnf, ubf{ / ul/;s]kl5 s] s] s'/f cfjZos k5{, ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
 ;d"xsfo{kl5 kfn}kfnf] k|:t't u/fpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
 ;a} ;d"xx¿sf] k|:t'ltkl5 pgLx¿sf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ k|lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tof/
kf/]sf a'Fbfx¿ k|:t't u/L JofVof ul/lbg] .
 k|lzIfsn] k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL ljBdfg cEof;x¿
cf}FNofO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] . ;fy} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿sf ;+:yfdf ljBdfg
cEof;x¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg agfpg cEof; ug]{ .
 x\of08cfp6 ljt/0f ug]{ .
 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL ljt/0f u/L ;+:yfut ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L eg{ nufpg] .
 ;a} ;+:yfn] d"NofÍg k|ZgfjnL el/;s]kl5 of]hgf agfpg] .{
56
n]vfk/LIf0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
n]vf;DaGwL ;j} clen]vx¿ / To;sf] lgod Pjd\ tl/sfdfly :jtGq 9+un] ul/g] hfFr Pjd\
n]vfhf]vf g} n]vfk/LIf0f xf] . ;+:yfsf clen]vx¿, sfo{ ljlwx¿ / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] :jtGq
hfFr g} n]vfk/LIf0f xf], h;n] Pp6f lglZrt cjlwsf] cj:yfnfO{ n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo Pjd\
;Nnfx;lxt k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug]{ sfo{{ ub{5 . o;af6 pQm cjlwsf] cfDbfgL vr{ tyf ;f]
;DjlGw s]xL s}lkmot jf k|ltls|of eP cfkm\g]f /fo jf k|ltj]bgsf] ?kdf n]vfk/LIfsn] pNn]v
ub{5 . To;}u/L n]vf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd /fv] g/fv]sf], tof/ ul/Psf cfly{s ljj/0fx¿
;+:yfsf] vftfjxL Pjd\ sfuhft cg'?k eP gePsf] / pQm cfly{s ljj/0fn] ;+:yfsf] pQm
cjlwsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;f/f+z / oyfy{ cfly{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug]{gug]{ af/] ;d]t cfkm\gf] /fosf]
?kdf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .
s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} ljsf;sf] kl/of]hgfaf6 lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd ;DkGg ubf{ eP u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/ lgod;+ut 5, 5}g, p2]Zo k|flKt eof] ePg egL hfFr jf k/LIf0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{
sfo{ g} n]vfk/LIf0f xf] . h;n] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Pj+ k/LIf0fsf k|ls|ofx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf Pjd\
j}wtf ;d]tsf] k/LIf0f ub{5 .
cyjf,
n]vfk/LIf0f Pp6f ;+:yfleqsf] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6f ;]jfsf] ¿kdf
;dLIff ug{ ul/g] Pp6f :jtGq d"NofÍg xf] . of] Pp6f Joj:yfksLo lgoGq0f xf], h;n]
lgoGq0fsf] cGo kIfx¿sf] k|efjsfl/Tffsf] d"NofÍgsf] klg dfkg ub{5 .
n]vfk/LIf0f @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
!=cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f
@=afXo n]vfk/LIf0f
qm=;+= zLif{s cfGtl/s Affx\o
1= ;do÷slxn] q}dfl;s÷jflif{s jflif{s
-cfjZostfc'g;f/_
2= s;n] ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/L÷;ldlt ;+:yfeGbf aflx/sf] dfGotf k|fKt n]=k=
bft[lgsfo
3= k|ltkmn ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;+:yfsf] jf:tljs ljQLo l:ylt tof/
x'G5 .
4= dfGotf ;+:yfn] dfq ;/sf/af6÷bft[lgsfo

5= lhDd]jf/L ;+:yfk|lt bft[;+:yf, ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt

;fdflhs ;+:yf
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f
n]vfk/LIf0f eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿, sfo{ k|lqmofx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt
clen]vx¿sf] :jtGqtfk"j{s ul/g] Pp6f hfFr xf], h;n] ;+:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 b]vfpg] u/L
pko'Qm /fo÷;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f eg]sf]
;+:yfsf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{x¿ 7Ls 9Ëaf6 ul/Psf 5g\, 5}gg\ eGg] ljifodf
;'lglZrt x'g, lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f ug{]tkm{ ;ts{, ;r]t / lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s
lx;faaf6 ul/g] cfGtl/s hfFr xf] . of] sfo{ ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfd sfjf{xL ;+:yfåf/f g} hfFr ug{
ul7t cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt, cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfssf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] ;+:yfs} s'g} sd{rf/L
57
jf ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Joj;flos n]vfk/LIfsaf6 u/fOG5 . ;+:yfsf sfd sfjf{xLx¿
ljlw;Ddt 9Ën] eP gePsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ cyf{t\ cfDbfgL vr{sf] clen]vx¿ 7Ls;Fu /
l/tk"j{s ul/P gul/Psf] / ;+:yfsf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿af6 cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L sfo{ ljefhg
cg'?k ul/P gul/Psf] / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf s] s:tf] /x]sf] eGg] jf/] /fo JoQm
ug{sf ;fy} oL ;a}df cfjZos hfFr u/L ;'wf/sf cfjZos ;'emfjx¿ lbOG5 . o;sf d'Vo
ljz]iftfx¿ eg]sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm sfo{sf/L lgsfoaf6 x'g] ub{5 / o;sf]
k|ltj]bg ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . To;}n]
o;n] n]vf÷clen]vx¿sf] sfo{ k|0ffnL, sfo{ ljlw / ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] af/]df pNn]v
u/]sf] x'G5 . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfsn] k|d'v ?kdf lgDg # j6f s'/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfkm\gf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ / k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ ub{5 ltgLx¿ s|dzM ldtJoloTff, k|efjsfl/tf /
sfo{bIftf x'g\ . ldtJolotf eGgfn] ;Dej eP;Dd sd vr{df tf]lsPsf sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{ xf] .
k|efjsfl/tf eGgfn] ;xL / k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 sfo{ u/L clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ xf] . To;/L
g} sfo{ bIftf eGgfn] sd eGbf sd ;|f]taf6 ljlzi6Ls[t 9+un] sfo{ u/L p2]Zo k|fKt ug'{ xf]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ a'emfpFb5 .
o; cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{df k|d'v ¿kn] lgDg s'/fx¿sf] hfFr jf k/LIf0fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g
cfpFb5g\ .
• ljQLo n]vf k|0ffnL / sfo{ ljlw,
• Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, sfo{ ljlw /
• cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf sfo{ ljlw Pjd\ sfo{ ;+oGq
afXo n]vfk/LIf0f
afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gfdn] g} of] k|i6 kfb{5 ls vf;u/L ;+:yfsf] afXo Pjd\ :jtGq
n]vfk/LIfsaf6 afXo kIfx¿sf] nflu of] sfo{ ul/G5 / o;sf] k|ltj]bg t}of/ ul/G5 . afXo kIf
eGgfn] ljz]iftM ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, ;+:yfksx¿ / bftfx¿nfO{ a'emfpFb5 . t/ cfGtl/s
n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf leqsf] ;+:yfut enfO Pjd\ ;+:yfut ;'ljwfsf] nflu t}of/ ul/G5 .
n]vfk/LIf0f :jfefljs ?kdf ;+:yfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 h;n] ;+:yf cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] kf/blz{tf
/ lhDd]jf/Ldf slt k|lta4 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 b]vfpFb5 . n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ vlr{nf] x'g ;Sb5 .
To;sf/0f jflif{s ah]6 t}of/ ubf{ o;sf] nflu kof{Kt ah]6 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt
ug'{kb{5 .
afXo n]vfk/LIf0f Pp6f ;+:yfn] t}of/ u/]sf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿dflysf] :jtGq k/LIff xf] . of] ;wF}
g} ;+:yfsf] j}wflgs p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ul/G5 / o;f] ug'{ sfg'gL clgjfo{tf klg xf] . o;sf]
;fy} n]vf k/LIf0f Pp6f cg';GwgfTds p2]Zosf] nflu klg ul/G5, h:tf] ls s'g} em"6f] ljj/0fx¿
cyjf gfhfoh 9+un] s'g} sfo{x¿ ePsf] 5 ls egL vf]hd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{ of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
pks/0f x'g] ub{5 .
afXo n]vfk/LIf0f n]vfx¿sf] jflif{s ;dLIffsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf cyjf bftfåf/f ul/g] Pp6f
ljz]if ;dLIffsf] ¿kdf klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . of] of]Uo Pjd\ Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf] tyf
/fHosf] sfg'gåf/f dfGotf k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsx¿ jf ltgLx¿sf] ;+:yfåf/f ;~rfng Pj+ ;DkGg
ul/G5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt jf jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f ul/G5
cyjf ljz]if n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu bftfaf6 g} n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ul/G5 . ltgLx¿ cfkm\gf]
sfo{ ug{ k]zfut lx;fjn] g} :jtGq x'g] u/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oxfF :jtGq eP/ sfo{ ug'{
eg]sf] n]vf clen]v /fVgsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfsx¿ ;dfj]z x'Fb}gg\ . b]lvPsf q'l6 Pjd\ sdL
sdhf]/Lx¿ cf}Nofpg pgLx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ / s;}af6 s'g} klg lx;fjn] k|efljt x'g' kb}{g eGg]
58
xf] . / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{df n]vfk/LIfs JolQmut ¿kdf s;}af6 s'g} klg l:yltdf k|efljt x'g'
x'Fb}g, x'g' kb}{g of] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DalGw cfwf/e"t dfGotf klg xf] .
afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] d"ntM ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yfsf] af/]df ;xL / lgikIf 9+un]
lrq0f ug{sf] nflu ;fdfGotof jflif{s n]vfx¿sf] hfFr Pjd\ ¿h' ug'{ xf] . To:t} o;sf] csf]{
p2]Zo eg]sf] ljwfgdf pNn]lvt nIo Pjd\ p2]Zox¿;Fu d]n vfg] u/L /sd Pjd\ sf]ifsf] ;xL
9+un] k|of]u ePsf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . ;+:yfdf ePsf] em"6f] Pjd\ unt s'/fx¿nfO{
36fpg' jf k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/L To;sf] lgjf/0f ug'{ dfq n]vfk/LIfssf] k|d'v e"ldsf xf]Og
oBlk of] lx;fa lstfax¿sf] hfFr ubf{ :jfefljs ?kdf cfpg] ub{5 . To;}n] n]vfk/LIfsx¿nfO{
Pp6f u'Ktr/sf] ¿kdf gx]/L kx/]bf/ (Watch Dog) sf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;n]
cfkm\gf ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfjx¿ dfkm{t cfufdL jif{sf nflu ;d]t cfly{s gLlt tyf k|ls|ofx¿
agfpg tyf yk Jojl:yt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . of] afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] d"n dd{ eg]sf] o;nfO{
;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] cfwf/e"t lgsfo vf;u/L ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f o;sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ / kfl/>lds
lgwf{/0f ug]{sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L lgo'Qm n]vfk/LIfsn] ldtJolotf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf /
cf}lrTotf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwsf] -vf;u/L cfly{s Joj:yfkg,
pQ/bfloTj;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿_ :jtGqtfk"j{s k/LIf0f ul/G5 . >f]tx¿ ;xL ?kdf k|of]u eP
gePsf], n]vf k|ls|of / o;sf] clen]vg k|i6 / lgod;+ut eP gePsf], ;Demf}tfsf ;j} zt{x¿
kfngf eP gePsf], b]zsf] ljBfdfg sfg'gcg';f/ k"/f ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTjx¿ k"/f ul/P gul/Psf],
;+:yfsf] vf; u/L ljQLo gLlt tyf o; ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|ls|ofx¿sf] kl/kfngf ul/P
gul/Psf], ;+:yfåf/f k|:t't ljQLo ljj/0f oyfy{ eP gePsf] / To;n] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s
cj:yfnfO{ oyfy{ ?kdf lrq0f ug]{ gug]{ s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo nufot
vf;u/L ;fwf/0f ;efsf ;b:o ;dIf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg dfkm{t\ k|:t't ub{5 . To;}n] of] sfo{
;+:yfsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ yk lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg Pp6f lgoGq0f /
;Gt'ngsf nflu klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm
afXo n]vfk/LIfs Jofj;flos ¿kdf k|ltli7t / of]Uotfk|fKt n]vfk/LIfs jf n]vfk/LIfssf]
kmd{af6 lng jf lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsG5 . n]vfk/LIfsx¿ ;fdfGotof ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 / slxn]sflxF
;~rfns ;ldltåf/f jf sfo{;ldltåf/f lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ cyjf ljz]if n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu
bftfx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ bftfx¿åf/f klg lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf]
n]vfk/LIfsx¿ cfkm\gf] sfo{ ug{sf] nflu :jtGq x'G5g\ . n]vfk/LIfsx¿n] ;+:yfdf n]vfk/LIf0f
ubf{ s;}sf] JolQmut k|efjdf k/]/ sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ afWotf x'Fb}g / o;f] ug'{ pgLx¿sf] k]zfut
dof{bf ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
• p2]Zo
afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo ;+:yfsf] Pp6f jf:tljs / lgikIf¿kn] ljQLo cj:yf yfxf kfpgsf]
nflu jflif{s ¿kdf ;+:yfsf] ;d:t cfly{s sf/f]jf/ cyf{t n]vfsf] hfFr ug'{ xf] . To;/L g}
o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] ljwfgdf pNn]v u/] adf]lhd lglb{i6 ul/Psf p2]Zo / of]hgf
adf]lhd sf]if Pjd\ /sdsf] plrt tj/n] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug'{, lgb]{zg ug'{ / lhDd]jf/ agfpg'
klg xf] .
n]vfk/LIfssf] k|d'v e"ldsf eg]sf] ;+:yfdf x'g] 7uL jf e"nnfO{ 36fpg' xf]Og oBlk of]
n]vf;DaGwL ljleGg clen]vx¿sf] hfFr ubf{ o;f] ug{ of] :jtGq x'G5 t/ d"n ?kdf
k|efjsfl/tf, k|ls|of / clen]vs} ;dLIff ug]{ xf] . To;sf/0f n]vfk/LIfsx¿nfO{ Pp6f u'Ktr/sf]
¿kdf gx]/L kx/]bf/ (Watch Dog) sf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . n]vfk/LIfsx¿n] Pp6f ;Lldt
59
;dloeq ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] ;Lldt ;doleq n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ug{sf] nflu n]vfk/LIfsx¿n] ;j} sf/f]jf/x¿sf] k|To]s s'/fx¿ ;"Id9+un] cWoog tyf hfFr ug{
Tolt ;Dej b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfsx¿n] s]xL sf/f]jf/x¿nfO{ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf
lnP/ To;sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ hfFr ub{5g\ / To;s} cfwf/df cfkm\gf /fo ;'emfjx¿ k|ltj]bg dfkm{t\
cleJoQm ub{5g\ .
[

Pp6f n]vfk/LIfssf] :jtGqtfnfO{ ;b}j ;Ddfg ul/g' kb{5 . lsgls :jtGq / lgikIf eO{ k/LIf0f
u/L cfkm\gf] /fo ;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lbg' o;sf] d"n dd{ xf] . oBlk n]vfkl/Ifsx¿af6 of]
;]jf, z'Ns lnP/} pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 . n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ Pp6f ;sf/fTds cg'ejsf] cfwf/df
x'g'kb{5 a? of] eok"0f{ x'g'xF'+b}g . of] ;+:yfsf] sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] ;jn / sdhf]/ kIfsf] af/]df
k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f ;'vb cj;/ klg xf] . ;+:yfsf] n]vfkfng ;DaGwL k|0ffnL, sfo{ ljlw /
k|lqmofx¿sf] tl/sfdf s;/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;w}F g}
clek|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg–kq Joj:yfkgnfO{ k]; ug{ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;b}j
pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . o:tf k|ltj]bgn] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 kQf nfu]sf s'/fx¿, tyf b]lvPsf
sdhf]/Lx¿sf] JofVof / To;sf] cfjZos ;'wf/sf] nflu ul/g'kg]{ sfo{x¿sf] l;kmfl/;;d]t u/]sf]
x'G5 .
• bftfx¿n] ug]{ n]vfk/LIf0f
s'g} vf; cj:yfdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ / clen]vx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu bftfx¿n]
Pp6f :jtGq afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfu ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] nflu bftfx¿n] Pp6f of]Uo JolQm
jf ;+:yfnfO{ oL ;j} lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] hfFr Pjd\
;dLIffsf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] ah]6 / klxn]sf] sf]if jf ;+zf]lwt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt sf]ifsf]
pkof]u ug{ agfOPsf] of]hgfsf] lj:t[t?kdf sfof{Gjog s;/L ePsf] 5 egL cg'udg ug{ /
of]hgf adf]lhd ;xfotf /sdsf] ;b'kof]u eP gePsf] hfFr Pjd\ ;dLIff ug'{ xf] . To;}u/L
bftf;Fuaf6 ;|f]t ;fwglnO{ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug"{ k"j{ s]s] sfo{s|d ug]{, Tof] s;/L ug]{ slt
nfut nfUg] < s] s:tf p2]Zox¿ k'/f x'g] / /sd vr{ ug]{ jf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogsf] k|s[of s]
x'g] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf] Pp6f ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;} u/L o:tf] ;Demf}tfsf]
cleGg efusf] ?kdf ah]6 klg ;+nUg ul/Psf] x'G5 . vf; u/L To; ah]6nfO{ g} cfwf/ dflg
;+emf}tfsf zt{x¿sf] k"0f{ kfngf ul/P gul/Psf], pQm a]nf JoQm ul/Psf] k|ltj4tfx¿ k"/f ul/P
gul/Psf], kof{Kt cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿ ;lxt ljlw ;Ddt 9Ëaf6 ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ul/P
gul/Psf] eGg] h:tf] ljifodf ulDe/tfk"j{s k/LIf0f u/L :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf] /fo ;'emfj
ljleGg cfwf/x¿ ;lxt k|:t't ug]{ ;du| sfo{ g} bftfaf6 ul/g] n]vfk/LIf0f xf] .
n]vfk/LIfs jf d"NofÍgstf{ lgZro g} ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L / ;ldltsf] ;b:ox¿nfO{ ljleGg
k|Zgx¿ ;f]wL cGtjf{tf{ lng OR5's x'G5 . oltdfq xf]Og ls ;+:yfdf ePsf] ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w klg ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfdf
cfPsf] a]nfdf ;f]lwPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbP/ ;xfotf ug'{kb{5 . ;+:yfsf] ;jntf /
sdhf]/ kIfx¿sf] af/]df atfpg OdfGbf/ Pjd\ v'Nnf x'g'kb{5, h;n] ubf{ n]vfk/LIfsn] b'?:t /
oyfy{ hfgsf/L kfP/ jf:tljstf kQf nufpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] tof/ ug]{ k|ltj]bg
oyfy{k/s x'g lbOPdf ;Nnfx ;'emfj ;xL x'g] xF'bf ;+:yfnfO{ cfjZos ;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿ u/L
cufl8 a9\g 7"nf] d2t ldNb5 .

60
n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;DaGwdf ul/g'kg]{ tof/Lx¿
-s_ n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ k"j{ tof/ ug'{kg]{ tyf ;+sng ug'{kg]{ sfuhftx¿
1= cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs lgodfjnL / ;+:yfsf] ljwfg .
2= lan ef}r/, n]h/ cWofjlws ug'{kg]{ .
3= a}+s ljj/0f lng'kg]{ .
4= lg0f{o k'l:tsf pknAw ug'{kg]{ .
5= lhG;L lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .
6= ut jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
7= ;+:yf btf{ tyf gjLs/0f k|df0f–kq .
8= ljQLo ljj/0fx¿
9= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] JolQmut kmfOn
10= ;Demf}tf kqx¿
11= labf ljj/0f÷clen]v
12= cf=n]=k= ul/Psf] ePsf] k|ltj]bg .
13= nua'sx¿ -uf8L, kmf]g, df]6/;fOsn, dd{t_
14= ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;do .
15= pQm cjlwsf k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿
16= cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;Gbe{df p7fOPsf ;jfnx¿ / To;sf] lg?k0fsf nflu ul/Psf
sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f
-v_ n]vfk/LIf0f ul//xFbf
1= tof/ kfl//fv]sf] ;a} b:tfj]hx¿ b]vfpg] .
2= ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ / ts{x¿ :ki6 tl/sfn] lbg] .
3= ;'wfg'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ ug]{ .
4= n]vfk/LIfs;Fu ax; ug'{eGbf ;xof]uL eO{ n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
5= n]vfk/LIfsn] cfjZos 7fg]sf] v08df, ;d'bfo jf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ e]6 u/fpg] .
6= cfkm";Fu pknAw gePsf gLlt÷lgodx¿ 5}gg\ egL agfpgsf] nflu ;'emfjx¿ lng] .
7= ghfg]/ jf hfg]/ ePsf e"n / uNtLnfO{ ;'wfg]{ cfr/0f k|bz{g ug]{ .
-u_ n]vfk/LIf0f u/] kZrft\
1= sfo{;ldlt / jl/i7 sd{rf/LnfO{ glthf ;'gfpg] .
2= ;'wfg'{kg]{ kIfx¿df sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .
3= n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt 5}g eg] u7g u/L ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos clwsf/ lbg] .
4= sfo{of]hgfsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{
5= k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L ljt/0f ug]{ .
-3_ n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ k"j{ sfuhftx¿ s;/L tof/ ug]{
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ sfd ug{sf] nflu zfGt Pjd\ ;xh 7fpFsf] cfjZostf kb{5, hxfF s'g} cK7]/f]
Pjd\ Jojwfg ge} hfFr Pjd\ ;dLIff ug{ ;Dej xf];\ . olb JolQmut ¿kdf s'g} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
e]6]/ cGtjf{tf{ jf ;f]wk'5 ug'{ k/]df lghL sf]7fsf] pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ePsf] v08df dfq
uf]Ko Pjd\ ;+j]bgzLn ljifosf] af/]df yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df
;fdGotof n]vfk/LIfssf] nflu cfjZos clen]v / hfgsf/Lx¿sf] af/]df k"j{ ;"rgf lbOPsf]
x'G5 .
61
n]vfk/LIf0f k|of]hgsf] nflu cfjZos ;a} clen]vx¿ r':t / b'?:t agfO{ kmfOn ul/Psf] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ lgoldt ¿kdf hfFr ug{ a9L ;/n agfpFb5 / ;+:yfsf]
clgoldttfnfO{ klg 36fpFb5 . oL ;a} sfo{x¿n] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ a9L ;/n agfpg] ePsf]n]
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu nfUg] ;dofjlw klg sdx'g hfg] / ;f]sf] sf/0fjf6 z'Ns klg sd nfUg] x'g
;Sb5 .
n]vfk/LIfssf] nflu ;fdfGotof rflxg ;Sg] clen]vx¿ / cGo sfuhftx¿sf] hfFr ;"rL tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 –
clen]vx¿sf] ;d"x lj:t[t ljj/0f
s_ n]vfsf k|f/lDes clen]vx¿ • jif{sf] cGtdf b'?:t 9+un] /flvPsf] a}+s cyjf ;fgf]
gubL sf]ifsf] ljj/0f jf b'j} vftfsf] ljj/0f
• ;a} vr{x¿sf] k'li6 ug]{ sfuhft;lxt ljn ekf{O /
ef}r/x¿sf] kmfOn
• /sd÷sf]if k|fKt u/]sf] ekf{Ox¿sf] kmfOn cyjf
lstfa
• r]sa's / n]vfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f;lxt a}+s ljj/0f
• n]h/ Pjd\ ;xfos n]h/x¿
-olb /flvPsf] 5 eg]_
v_ ;f/;+If]k / ;dfwfg ljj/0f • ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f cyjf ;a} cfDbfgL / vr{x¿sf]
ljj/0f
• n]vfk/LIf0f cjlw ;Ddsf] ;a} a}+s vftfx¿sf] a}+s
;dfwfg ljj/0f
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if ;dfwfg ljj/0f
• df}Hbft÷dfn;fdfgsf] ljj/0f tflnsf
u_ k|fKt ePsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f • k|fKt ePsf ;j} k]ZsLx¿
• ljleGg sfo{s|dx¿sf] nflu k|fKt /sd÷sf]ifsf]
lj:t[t ljj/0f
• crn ;DklQsf] /lh:6/ Pjd\ vftf
3_ cGo ;fGble{s ;"rgfx¿ • n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ a}+s df}Hbft k|dfl0ft
ul/Psf] a}+ssf] lr7L h;n] a}+sdf /x]sf] afFsL
/sdnfO{ b]vfpFb5
• ;+:yfsf] ljwfg tyf ljlgodx¿
• ;ldltsf] ;b:ox¿ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;"rL
• ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o k'l:tsf÷dfOGo"6
• bft[ ;+:yf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfkq -MOU_ ljwfg÷
k|aGwkq / cGo sfuhftx¿, olb s]xL 5 eg] .
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] n]vfk/LIf0f cjlwdf ePsf] ljleGg sfo{ ;~rfngsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;To /
lgikIf 9+un] b]vfpFb5 .
62
• ;To eGgfn] ;j} sf/f]jf/x¿ 7Ls 9+un] ePsf 5g\, h;sf k|df0fx¿ ;DklQsf] ¿kdf
Jol:yt ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] xf] .
• lgikIf eGgfn] sf/f]jf/x¿ lgikIf 9+un] ug]{ / d"NofÍg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 / ;DklQx¿ /
bfloTjx¿ lgikIf 9+un] oyfy{ ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eGg] xf] .
;+:yfsf] ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ ;+:yfn] k|:t't u/]sf] ljQLo glthf 7Ls 7xl/Pg eg]
To;nfO{ n]vfk/LIfsn] :jLsf/ gug{ ;Sb5 . o; cj:yfdf tL n]vfx¿df n]vfk/LIfssf]
x}l;otn] x:tfIf/ ug{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sb5 jf To;nfO{ ;b/ gug{ ;Sb5 . o;nfO{ a9L a'em\gsf]
nflu n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ko{j]If0fnfO{ xfdL tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;Sb5f}F, h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\ –

s_ :jLs[t gul/Psf] cyjf ;Ddlt gePsf]

v_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
u_ cGo ;jfnx¿

n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ /fd|/L a'em\gsf] nflu tnsf] gd'gfn] a9L ;xfotf k'¥ofpFb5 .

l6Kk0fL -ko{j]If0f_ ;'emfj ÷l;kmfl/; Joj:yfkgsf] hjfkm / sfo{ of]hgf

:jLs[t gul/Psf]

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

cGo ;jfnx¿

n]vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm\gf] k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf k|ltj]bgx¿

pknAw u/fpg] ul/G5 . To:tf k|ltj]bgdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿ oy]i7 eP gePsf /
ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] tyf Joj:yfksLo lg0f{ox¿ ;Demf}tf ubf{
JoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tfx¿ k"/f ul/P gul/Psf] x]l/G5 . o; afx]s ul/Psf vr{x¿sf] cf}lrTo,
k|efjsfl/tf, k|s[of / k|ltj4tfx¿ k"/f ul/P gul/Psf] x]l/G5 . o; afx]s ul/Psf vr{x¿sf]
cf}lrTotf, k|efjsfl/tf, k|s[of / k|df0fx¿sf] cfwf/df k/LIf0f u/L ;fdfGotof lgDgfg';f/sf
kl/df0fx¿ cfkm\gf] l6Kk0fLsf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ;dIf k|:t't ul/G5 . k|s[of k|df0f jf cf}lrTosf
cfwf/df e};s]sf s'g} vr{x¿nfO c:jLs[t ul/G5, o;nfO{ n]vfsf] ;fdfGo efiffdf Disallowed
cost elgG5 . k|df0f jf k|s[ofdf uDeL/ q'l6 gb]lvPsf vr{x¿ h;df s]xL yk k|df0f ;+sng
ePdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 To:tf vr{x¿nfO{ k|Zgjfrs vr{ cyf{t\ Question cost eGg] ul/G5,
o:tf] k|ltj]bg lbP kZrft o;sf] nflu cfkm\gf] egfO jf yk k|df0f s]xL eP ;f] k]; ug{
Joj:yfkgnfO{ Management response dfkm{t\ cg'/f]w ul/G5 / To;sf cfwf/df n]vfk/LIfsn]
cfkm\gf] /fo ;'emj ;lxtsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{5 . Pp6f n]vfkl/Ifsn] lx;fj lstfj /
;f] ;DjlGw k|s[of dfq x]g]{ xf] jf kl/of]hgf jf ;+:yf ;Da4 cGo ljifodf klg ;dLIff ug]{ xf] jf
ug{ kfpg] xf] eGg] ljifodf k|fo ljjfb cfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t]f l:ytLdf n]vfkl/IfsnfO{
n]vfkl/Ifssf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ubf{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . t/ Pp6f s'zn
Joj:yfkgn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnO{ j8f] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ;f] ;DaGwdf
cfkm\gf] st{Jo lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . g}ltstfsf] b[li6n] jf k|s[ofsf b[li6n] klg n]=k= k|ltj]bgnfO{
uDeL/ ?kdf lng' >]o:s/ x'G5 .
63
gf]6M n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg Psk6s t}of/ u/]kl5 o;nfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltdf /fvL 5nkmn u/fO{
To;nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;b/ u/fpg' kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dxTj
- n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;+:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 b]vfpg] u/L pko'Qm /fo÷;'emfj ;lxt k|ltj]bg t}of/
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
- o;n] ;+:yfsf] kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/Lk|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ b]vfPsf] x'G5 .
- of] ;w}F g} ;+:yfsf] j}wflgs p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ul/G5, h'g sfg'gn] g} dfu u/]sf] x'G5 .
- n]vfk/LIf0f Pp6f cg';GwgfTds p2]Zosf] nflu klg ul/G5 h:tf] ls s'g} em"6f] ljj/0fx¿
cyjf gfhfoh 9+un] s'g} sfo{x¿ ePsf] 5 ls egL vf]hd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{ of] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ pks/0f x'G5 .
- afXo n]vfk/LIf0f n]vfsf] jflif{s ;dLIffsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf cyjf bftfåf/f ul/g] Pp6f
ljz]if ;dLIffsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
- afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] ljQLocj:yfsf] af/]df ;xL / lgikIf 9+un] lrq0f
ug{sf] nflu jflif{s n]vfx¿sf] hfFr Pjd\ ?h' ug'{ xf] .
- To:t} o;sf] csf]{ p2]Zo eg]sf] ljwfgdf pNn]lvt nIo Pjd\ p2]Zox¿;Fu d]n vfg] u/L
/sd Pjd\ sf]ifsf] ;xL 9+un] k|of]u jf kl/rfng ug'{ xf] .
- o;n] n]vf÷clen]vx¿sf] sfo{ k|0ffnL, sfo{–ljlw / ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{ af/]df pNn]v
u/]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfssf] sfo{ k2ltnfO{ k|d'v # j6f s'/fx¿n] a9L k|efj
kfb{5 ltgLx¿ s|dzM ldtJoloTff, k|efjsfl/tf / sfo{bIftf x'g\ .

64
n]vfk/LIf0f

;+:yfsf] gfdM

1= tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf slxn] slxn] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/G5 <

2= n]vfk/LIfsn] ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj÷l;kmfl/; ug]{ u/]sf] 5 < pQm ;'emfj÷l;kmfl/;nfO{

sfof{Gjog ug{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] sfo{ of]hgf t}of/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 <

3= sfo{–of]hgf slQsf] cjnDjg ul/G5 / cg'udg sfo{df sf]sf]] ;+nUg x'G5g\ <

4= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;'emfj÷l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkgaf6 lg0f{ox¿ ul/Psf 5g\ <

5= s] åGåsf] k|efj sd ug{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 <
u/]sf] 5 eg] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 <

65
 cfos/ / d"No clej[l4s/

cfos/

cfos/ s] xf] ? ;+3 ;+:yfsf] lx;fjn] o;sf] s] dxTj 5 <

s'g} JolQm ;+:yf jf lgsfosf] cfodf sfg'g adf]lhd /fHon] lng] lx:;f cfos/ xf] . ;+:yf jf
lgsfosf] s'/f ubf{ pgLx¿sf] s'g} cfDbfgLdf ;f] cfDbfgL cfh{g ug{ nfUg] nfutx¿ lgodfg';f/
s§f u/L afFsL /xg] d'gfkmfsf] lglZrt lx:;f /fHonfO{ lbg] k|rng ;+;f/el/ g} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
lglZrt sfg'gL Joj:yf cg'?k JolQm lgsfo jf ;+:yf ;a}sf] cfodf lglZrt vr{ Pj+ lglZrt
;'ljwfx¿ s§L ug{ lbO{ afFsL /xg] /sddf /fHoåf/f tf]lsPsf] b/af6 ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] cfly{s
lx:;f cfos/ xf] . ;}4flGts lx;fjn] s'/f ubf{ /fHon] JolQm ;d'bfo ;+3 ;+:yf jf lgsfox¿nfO{
;'/Iff, ef}lts ;'ljwf tyf ;+/rgfx¿sf] pkef]u ug]{ Joj:yf pknAw u/fOlbPsf] x'G5 . of] ;j
ug{ vr{ nfUb5 . To;}n] /fHon] klg lglZrt /sd ;DjlGwtx¿af6 p7fpg] jf lng'kg]{ x'G5
o;}nfO{ g} s/ jf cfos/ elgG5 . csf]{ lx;fjn] s'/f ubf{ cfo cfh{g ug]{x¿;Fu s/sf] ?kdf
ltgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] lglZrt lx:;f lnO{ ljleGg sNof0fsf/L sfo{s|dx¿sf dfWodaf6 gx'g]
cyf{t b'MvL ul/ax¿ sxfF ;|f]tsf] lx:;f k'/\ofpg] jf k7fpg] sfo{ g} cfos/ xf] . ;fdflhs
Gofosf lx;fan] o;sf] dxTj tyf h?/t x'g] ub{5 .

s] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ klg cfos/ nfUb5 ? PAN btf{ ug'{ kb{5 ?

cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf btf{ geP ;Dd
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] klg cfkm"n] cfh{g jf >[hgf u/]sf] cfo jf x'g uPsf] artaf6 cGo sDkgL
jf lgsfonfO{ tf]lsPsf] b/ k|ltztdf cfos/ ltg'{ kb{5 . cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] sfof{Gjog eP
kZrft\ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ klg cfos/btf{ k|df0f kq cyf{t PAN clgjfo{ ?kdf lng'kg]{
tyf jflif{s lx;fj tyf cfoljj/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf k]; ug'{ kg]{ / ;dodf k]; gu/]df hl/jfgf
;d]t nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ l;4fGttM k|s[of k"/f u/] kZrft\ s/
gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP tf klg o; Joj:yfnfO{ Pp6f ;'ljwfsf] ?kdf /fvL o;nfO{ ;DalGwt
;+:yfn] lglZrt k|s[of k"/f u/L dfu ug'{kg]{ / dfu cg'?k :jLs[lt lbOP kZrft\ cyf{t\ s/ 5'6
x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ul/lbP kZrft\ dfq} cfos/af6 d'Qm x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
s/ 5'6 kfpg] u/L btf{ ePsf] u};;n] s/ ;DjGwdf s'g} bfloTj k"/f ug'{ kb}{g ?

u};;n] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfk"mnfO{ btf{ u/L cfkm\gf] cfodf s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf
u/fpg ;Sb5 . t/ To:tf] ;+:yfn] ug]{ e'QmfgLx¿df lgodfg';f/ s/ nfUg] eP /fHoaf6 tf]lsPsf]
b/ k|ltztdf s§f u/L jf cfos/ P]gn] >f]td} s/ s§L ug'{ kg]{ u/L tf]s]sf ;j} JolQm jf
lgsfosf] cfodf tf]lsPsf] b/ k|ltztn] s/ s§f u/L ;DjlGwt cfGt/Ls /fhZj sfof{nodf
a'emfOlbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .s] s:tf] cfodf s] slt k|ltztn] s/ s§L ug'{kg]{ xf] eGg]
;DalGw Joj:yf k|To]s jif{sf] ah]6 efif0fdfkm{t ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ug]{ P]gnfO{ cfly{s
P]g eGg] ul/G5 / ah]6 efif0f kZrft\ ;DalGwt n]vfsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQm / Joj:yfksn] cfos/

66
tyf ;|f]td} s/ s§L (TDS) sf b/x¿df ePsf kl/jt{g af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ kb{5 . /
To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 .

s§f ul/Psf] s/ /sd sxfF / s;/L hDdf ug]{ <

s/ s§f ug]{ sfof{nosf] 7]ufgf h'g cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/leq kb{5 ToxL
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf ;DalGwt JolQms} gfdsf] cfos/df hDdf x'g] u/L dfkm{t\df cfkm\gf]
clkm;sf] gfd pNn]v u/L hDdf ul/lbO{ /l;b lng' kb{5 . o:tf] /sd ? bz xhf/ eGbf a9L eP
tf]lsPsf] a}+sdf /x]sf] /fhZj vftfdf hDdf ul/lbg' kb{5 . o;/L hDdf ubf{ JolQmsf] cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]td} s/ s§f u/]sf] eP !–!–)#–!$ df / sDkgLsf] eP !–!–)#–!# df gDj/sf] /fhZj
zLif{sdf hDdf ul/lbg' kb{5 . o;/L ;|f]tdf s/ s§f ug]{ lhDd]af/L kfPsf] JolQm tyf sfo{sf/L
k|d'vn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ s/ s§L gu/]df lghaf6} nfUg] z'Ns tyf hl/jfgf ;lxt c;'n pk/ ug'{
kg]{ Joj:yf cfos/ P]g @)%* n] u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ;|f]tdf s/ s§L gx'g] JolQm klg of]
bfloTjjf6 d'Qm gx'g] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . / cu|Ld s/ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf a'emfpFbf P]g
åf/f lglb{i6 ul/Psf] kmf/fd e/L cfjZos k|df0f / Pp6f lgj]bg ;lxt btf{ u/fpg' k5{ .

cGTodf cfos/ P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ kl/kfngf gul/P ljleGg yk z'Nsx¿ nfUg'sf
;fy} s;'/ x]/L sfof{no jf sfo{s|d g} aGb ug]{ ;Ddsf] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf o; tkm{ ;j}
uDeL/ /xg' cfjZos x'G5 .

d"No clej[l4 s/

b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fhZj
kl/rfng a9fpg' j:t' jf ;]jfsf] las|L ljt/0f, x:tfGt/0f, cfoft jf lgof{t nufotsf ;j}
sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L /fhZj ;+sng
k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%@ ;fndf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ th'{df ul/ nfu"
ul/Psf] xf] . d"No clej[l4 s/ eg]sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf cfwfl/t s/ xf] of] s/ pTkfbg tyf
ljt/0f k|ls|of cGtu{tsf ljleGg txsf laqm]tfsf] lalqmdf nfUb5 . s/ nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ?
aL; nfv eGbf a9Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ jf dlxgfsf] b'O{ nfv sf/f]jf/ ug]{ laqm]tfn] o;
s/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu btf{ eO{ cfkm\gf] laqmL d"Nosf] cfly{s P]gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltztsf b/n] of]
s/ c;'n u/L ;DalGwt /fhZj sfof{nodf a'emfOlbg'kg]{ x'G5 . d"No clej[l4s/df btf{ ePsf]n]
dfq of] s/ p7fpg / o;/L p7fPsf] s/af6 cfkm"n] vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] s/af6 s§f ug{ kfpFb5 .
o;sf] ;fy} ;DalGwt P]g lgodn] lt/]sf] d'=c= s/ lkmtf{ lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu klg l/t k"j{ssf]
s/ lahs lng' h?/L x'G5 . s'6g}lts lgsfo jf s'6gLlt1n] s/ lkmtf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsfnflu s/
nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf v/Lb ub{f lt/]sf] /sd Go"gtd Ps xhf/ kfFr;o eGbf a9L /sdsf] s/
ljhs x'g' kb{5 .

of] d"No clej[l4 s/ /fHosf] Pp6f cfXjfg ;d]t ePsf]n] ;Dej eP;Dd d'=c=s/df btf{ ePsf]
Jofkfl/s kmd{jf6 ;+:yfnfO{ rflxg] ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ ;j}sf] st{Jo x'g
cfpFb5 .

67
s]xL Jojxfl/s vftfjxLx¿ M

s'g} klg ;+:yfs]f cfly{s sf/]faf/ clen]vg 7Ls 9+u;Fu x'g, ;DklQs]f cj:yf tyf ;fdfgx¿s]f
d}fHbft af/] hfgsf/L lng ;fdfGotof lgDgfg';f/sf vftf axLx¿ /flvPsf x'G5g\ . ;+:yfsf
Joj:yfksx¿n] a]nf a]nfdf o; pk/ k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]df ;+:yfs]f cfly{s lx;fa r':t, b'?:t /
kf/bzL{ x'g;Sg] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

8] a's

b}lgs ?kdf gub a'em]s]f / gub e"QmfgL u/]s]f cyf{t\ vr{ u/]sf] s'/fx¿s]f k|f/lDes clen]v
/fvL pQm lbgs]f clGtd gub d}fHbft kQf nufpg] ;fdfGo k|lqmof / o;nfO{ ;fg]f /lhi6/df
clen]v ug]{ sfo{nfO{ 8] a's /fVg] sfo{ elgG5 . o;n] sf/]faf/s]f b}lgs clen]v /fVg] / gubs]f
cj:yf ;d]t bzf{pg] x'Fbf clen]v 5'6\g] / sfuhx¿ otfplt eP/ lx;fa ;xL glg:sg]
;d:ofnfO{ w]/} sd ub{5 .

n]h/
k|fKt k|df0f tyf sfuhL cfwf/x¿ ;lxt u]fZjf/f e}fr/ p7fO{ To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/fpg] sfo{
u/]kZrft\ pQm e}fr/nfO{ cs]f{ Jojl:yt /lhi6/s]f ;DalGwt zLif{sx¿df r9fpg] ul/G5 . To]f
Jojl:yt /lhi6/nfO{ n]h/ / To;df sf/]fjf/ ptfg{] sfo{nfO{ n]h/ k]fli6Ë elgG5 . o;n]
cfDbfgL Pj+ vr{sf zLif{scg';f/ 5'§f 5'§} ljj/0f b]vfpg] x'Fbf s'g zLif{sdf s] slt cfDbfgL jf
vr{ ePsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L lng ;xof]u k'Ub5 . kl5 jflif{s lx;fa tyf lx;fax¿s]f
;+lIfKt ?k o;}af6 lgsflng] x'Fbf u};;sf nflu o]f k|ljli6 ;fx|} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

:6s a's
;+:yfs]f b]}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ vl/b ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfg Storekeeper af6 pQm :6s
a'sdf r9fpg] / p;n] clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Ls]f :jLs[ltdf ;DalGwt zfvf jf sfo{qmds]f nflu
;fdfg lgsf;f u/L pQm :6sa'saf6 pQm :6s 36fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . o]f sfo{n] ;fdfgs]f d}fHbft
s] slt 5 eGg] yfxf x'g] / slxn] s;n] s] slt ;fdfg nu]s]f 5 eGg] ;d]t yfxf kfpg ;lsg]
x'Fbf ;fdfg lxgfldgf jf b'?ko]fu x'gaf6 w]/} xb;Dd arfpFb5 .

lhG;L lstfa
u};;df /x]sf Ps jif{ eGbf a9L l6Sg] k|s[ltsf ;fdfgx¿s]f ;+Vof, /x]s]f :yfg, / cj:yf ;d]t
o:t]f /lhi6/df pNn]v ul/g] x'Fbf ;DklQs]f ;'/Iff x'g] ub{5 . To;} u/L o;sf] d2tn] To:tf
;DklQsf] b'?ko]fu tyf lxgfldgf x'gaf6 arfpg 7'n]f d2t ub{5 . s] slt ;fdfg :6]f/df
Storekeeper s]f lhDdfdf x'G5 / s] slt ;fdfg cGo s'g s'g JolQms]f lhDdfdf sxfF–sxfF 5g\
eGg] ;d]t hfgsf/L o;n] lbg] ub{5 .

nua's

68
;+:yfdf ;jf/L ;fwg eP ltgLx?s]f k|o]fus]f cj:yf, dd{t ;Def/s]f cj:yf nufot pQm ;jf/L
;fwgs]f k"0f{ ljj/0f cfpg] u/L o:t]f k|s[lts]f kmf/fds]f Joj:yf ul/Ps]f x'G5 tf ls o:tf
;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ;b'ko]fuk|lt 9'Ss x'g / pQm ;jf/L ;fwgsf ;DaGwdf oyf]lrt ;dodf
oyf]lrt lg0f{o lng d2t ub{5 .

;fgf] gulb sf]if k'l:tsf

gubsf] ;'/Iffsf] nfuL, gub b'?kof]u /f]Sg tyf n]gb]g jf e'QmfgL ;lhn]f agfpg clwsf+z
Jojzflos n]gb]gx? a}+sdfkm{t ul/g] ul/Ptf klg ljleGg ;fgf ltgf vr{x¿ h:t} lrof, vfhf,
Hofnf, uf8L ef8f, lr7Lkq k7fpg], ;fg]fltg]f :6]zg/L ;fdfg lsGg] cflbsf] e'QmfgL a}+saf6} ug{
cJofjxfl/s / c;'ljwfhgs x'g hfg] ePsfn] ;]fs]f nflu sfof{nos]f s'g} sd{rf/Ls]f lhDdfdf
Ps lglZrt /sd ;lxts]f Ps s]fif :yfkgf ul/G5 h;nfO{ ;fg]f gulb s]fif elgG5 . o;/L
/fvLg] ;fg]f gubL s]fifs]f /sd klg Jojl:yt ?kn] vr{ ul/g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;]f s]fifaf6 ePs]f
vr{s]f Jojl:yt?kn] clen]v /fVg tof/ ul/g] Ps ;xfos k'l:tsf g} ;fg]f gulbk'l:tsf x]f .
;lhn]f, ;'ljwf / ;+:yfs]f cfjZostf cg';f/ o; k'l:tsfnfO{ b'O{ lsl;daf6 /fVg] ul/Ps]f
kfOG5 h'g b]xfo ad]flhd 5g\ .
– ;fwf/0f ;]fwegf{df cfwfl/t ;fg]f gubL k'l:tsf
– ljZn]if0ffTds ;fg]f gubL k'l:tsf .
– ;fwf/0f ;]fwegf{df cfwfl/t ;fg]f gubL k'l:tsfdf e'QmfgLs]f hDdf /sd dfq lgsfNg
;lsG5 eg] ljZn]if0ffTds ;fg]f gubL k'l:tsf dfkm{t e'QmfgL ePsf vr{x¿s]f cnu
cnu lx;fa ;d]t lgsfNg ;lsg] x'G5 .
;Gt'ng k/LIf0f

;+:yfn] Ps lglZrt cjlwdf u/]sf cfly{s sf/]fjf/x¿nfO{ u]fZj/f e}fr/ jf ;xfos k'l:tsfdf
clen]v /fVb5 . log} u]fZjf/f e}}fr/ jf ;xfos k'l:tsfdf ePsf x/]s sf/]fjf/x¿nfO{
vftfjxLdf ;/]f6 ul/G5 . tL ;a} vftfjxLx? Ps lglZrt cjlw –Ps dlxgf, tLg dlxgf, 5
dlxgf, Ps jif{ cflbs]f cGTodf aGb ul/G5 . o;/L aGb ul/Psf vftfx¿s]f afFsL /sdnfO{ 5'§}
ljj/0fdf ;fl/G5 . o;/L vftfx¿s]f afFsL /sdx¿ ;fg]{ ljj/0f g} ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f x]f .
k|flKt / e'QmfgL vftf

Ps lglZrt cjlwleq gub k|fKt ePsf ;a} /sdx¿nfO{ 8]lj6df / gubdf e'QmfgL ePsf ;a}
/sdx¿nfO{ o; vftfs]f qm]l86df n]vf /flvG5 . t;y{ o]f gub sf/]fjf/s]f dfq n]vf /fVg] vftf
x]f . o; vftfdf gub lng afFsL tyf gub e'QmfgL ug{ afFsL /sdx¿ clen]v /flvb}g . o]f
gub vftfs]f k|lt:yfkg x]fOg, gub vftf k|f/lDes clen]v x]f t/ k|flKt / e'QmfgL vftf clGtd
vftf x]f .
cfDbfgL / vr{ vftf

cfDbfgLx¿ -gubdf k|fKt ePsf jf k|fKt x'g afFsL_ / ;]fxL cjlwdf ;+:yf jf ;+u7gn] u/]sf
cfout vr{x¿ -gubd} e'QmfgL u/]sf] jf e'QmfgL lbg afFsL_ cfDbfgL vr{ vftfdf qmda4 ?kdf
ldlt ldnfP/ n]vf /flvG5 . o; vftfs]f ;xo]fuaf6 g} pQm cjlw -Ps aif{_ df ;+:yfdf jrt
jf Go'gtf s] eo]f egL kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o; vftfdf k"FhLut ;DklQx¿ laqmL ubf{ ePs]f
69
cfDbfgL jf g]fS;fgL, bL3{sfnLg bfloTjx? lnFbf jf e'QmfgL ubf{ ePs]f cfDbfgL / vr{nfO{
b]vfOFb}g . t;y{ o; vftfdf Pp6f lglZrt jif{ leq lgoldt ?kdf k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL /
vr{x?dfq b]vfOG5g\ .

jf;nft

cfly{s jif{s]f cGTodf jf;nft tof/ kfl/G5 . Jofkfl/s ;+:yf / u}/ Jofkfl/s ;a} ;+:yfx¿n]
Ps} lsl;ds]f jf;nft agfpFb5g\ . jf;nfts]f bfofFlt/ ;DklQ / afofFlt/ bfloTjx? /flvG5g\ .
t/ cfhef]ln o;sf] kmd]{6 klg kl/jt{g eO{ k'hL, bL3{sfnLg bfloTj, l:y/ ;DklQ, rfn' ;DklQ
tyf rfn' bfloTj cflbsf] qmddf b]vfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . bfloTjtkm{ ;+:yfn] e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ /sd /
k"hLs]fif cflbnfO{ b]vfOG5 . To;} u/L ;+:yfs]f l:y/ ;DklQ, rfn' ;DklQ, ;+:yfn] k|fKt ug{ afFsL
/sdx¿ o;s]f ;DklQ kIfdf b]vfOG5 . k|flKt / e'QmfgL vftfs]f afFsL gub d}fHbft -a}s /
gub_ nfO{ ;DklQdf b]vfpg'kb{5 . t/ cfDbfgL / vr{ vftfdf art ePdf k"lh+s]fifdf h]f8]/
b]vfpg] / Go'gtf ePdf k"lhsf]ifaf6 g} 36fP/ b]vfpg] ug'{kb{5 .

x|f; s§L

;+:yfn] cfo cfh{g ug]{ p2]Zon] jf ;+:yfnfO{ ;'rf??kn] rnfpgs]f nflu Ps jif{eGbf a9L
;do;Dd sfd ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf, t'ngfTds ?kdf d"No w]/} ePsf ;DklQx¿s]f k|o]fu
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L k|o]fu ub}{ hfFbf k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfgx?s]f sfd ug]{ Ifdtf 36\b} hfg],
cfs{if0f 36\g], sfd gnfUg] x'b} hfg] ePsfn] ;f]s]f d"Nodf sdL cfpg' :jfefljs x]f . o;/L
;DklQs]f d"Nodf h'g;'s} sf/0faf6 qmlds Pjd\ :yfoL ?kdf x'g] sdL g} d"No x|f; x]f cyf{t\
;DklQs]f cfGtl/s k|of]u jf ;do JotLt ePs]f sf/0faf6 x'g] sdL d"No x|f; x]f . 6'6km'6, ;do
k|jfx, ck|rng, l/Qmtf, b'3{6gf, ahf/ d"Nodf lu/fj6 cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ x|f; s§L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
jf:tljs pTkfbg nfut kQf nufpg', jf:tljs ljQLo cj:yf k|blz{t ug'{, ;DklQs]f k'g{:yfkg
ug{sf nflu /sd ;+sng, sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ k"/f ug{, gfkmf gf]S;fgs]f ;xL d"NofÍg ug{s]f nflu
x|f; s6fpg] ul/G5 . x|f; s6fpg] ljleGg tl/sfdWo] ;fdfGotof lglZrt ls:tf ljlw / 36\b]f
d"No ljlwcg';f/ x|f; s§L Joj:yf u/]s]f kfOG5 .

a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f

Joj;flos jf u}/ Joj;flos ;+:yfx¿n] sf/]fjf/ ug{ ;lhn]f, gubs]f ;'/Iff / ljleGg a}+lsË
;'ljwfx¿ pkof]u ug{s]f nflu cfkm\gf] sf/]fjf/ a}+s dfkm{t ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;+:yfdf k|fKt gub a}+s
vftfdf hDdf ug{ / c¿nfO{ e'QmfgL ug{ jf cfkmF}+nfO{ gub cfjZos k/]df aF}+saf6 e'QmfgL
lngs]f nflu a}+sdf ;+:yfs]f gfdaf6 Pp6f vftf v]flnG5 . r]s hf/L ul/Psf t/ e'QmfgLs]f
nflu a}+sdf k|:t't gePsf sf/0fn], r]s k|fKt ePsf t/ a}+sdf hDdf ug{ gk7fOPsf sf/0fn],
r]s hDdf ug{ a}+sdf k7fOPsf] t/ a}+sn] hDdf gu/]sf] sf/0fn], a}+sn] Jofh lbP/ vftfdf
r9fO;s]sf] t/ ;+:yfs]f n]h/df gr9fPs]f sf/0fn], a}+sn] u|fxss]f tkm{af6 l;wF}+ e'QmfgL u/]s]f
sf/0faf6 nufot cGo o:t} sf/0faf6 a}+sdf /x]s]f a}+s d}fHbft;Fu ;+:yfn] /fv]sf] n]h/sf]
df}Hbft gldNg klg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;]fs] sf/0faf6 km/s kg{ uPs]f x]f egL Pp6f ljj/0f agfOG5
h;nfO{ a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f elgG5 . oyfy{ a}+s d}fHbft b]vfpg, gub k'l:tsf / kf;
70
a'sdf s'g} q'l6 eP kQf nufpg', r]s ;+sngdf x'g] l9nfO{ kQf nufpg' / lgoGq0f ug{' o;s]f
p2]Zo x]f .

n]vf Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt Joj:yfkssf] bfloTj

u};;sf] cfly{s >f]tsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+:yfdf ljleGg kb jf ;+:yfut

;+/rgfx¿ agfOPsf] x'G5 . ljleGg kb jf ;+:yfut ;+/rgf cg'?k ljleGg lhDd]af/L /
pQ/bfloTjx¿ tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf cf–cfkm\gf] sfd sfjf{xLx¿k|lt
;DalGwt ;a} lhDd]jf/ /xg] eP tfklg s'g} Pp6f JolQmnfO{ cfly{s ljefu k|d'v agfO{ ;fd"lxs
lhDd]jf/L lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 / Tof] eGbf klg dfly ;+:yfs} d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t ;d]t
;+:yfsf] ;du| lhDdfsf] lx;fan] lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . vf; u/L cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] Joj:yfksn]
o; ;DjGwdf cfjZostfcg';f/sf cGo y'k|} bfloTjx¿sf] cltl/Qm lgDg lnlvt Go'gtd
pQ/bfloTjx¿ kl/kfngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

!= uf]Zj/f ef}r/ ;b/ ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vn] ef}r/df ;xL u/L ;b/ ug'{eGbf klxn] lgDg
s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 .
!=! cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ n]vf clws[tn] k]z u/]sf] vr{ cyjf cfDbfgLsf] ef}r/ e}/x]sf] P]g
lgod,lgb]{zg tyf kl/kq adf]lhd / ah]6sf] kl/lwleq 5÷5}g .
!=@ /sd vr{ ul/g] ePsf]df To;/L vr{ ug]{ ah]6 5÷5}g .
!=# s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg P]g gf£g] u/L vr{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePdf To; cj:yfdf :jLs[t lnPsf]
5÷5}g .
!=$ of] eGbf ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L lx;fjn] sfd ug{ ;lsg] ljsNk lyof] ls lyPg .
!=% ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ sfuhft k|df0f k|ofKt ¿kdf ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5÷5}g .
!=! ;+:yfsf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf Joj:yf jf gLltx¿ eP gePsf] 6'Ëf]
u/L gePsf] eP agfpg / To;nfO{ :jLs[t u/fO{ nfu" ug{ kxn ug]{ .
@=! cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf If]q r]s x]lG8n ug]{ Joj:yf, vr{x¿ :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yf tyf
lhDd]jf/L lbOg] kb / JolQmsf] 6'Ëf] 5, 5}g eGg] s'/fx¿ .
@=@ cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df agfOg'kg]{ ;ldlt jf pk;ldlt ;Da4 gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿
agfOPsf] 5, 5}g .
@=# sf]if jf >f]t >[hgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLlt 5 5}g .
@=$ sf]ifsf] pkof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLlt 5 5}g .
@=% nufgL ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLtL tyf of]hgf 5 5}g .
@=^ bL3{sfnLg sf]if kl/rfng / >f]t kl/rfng ;DalGw of]hgf 5, 5}g .
@=& ah]6sf] Joj:yf / ;f] cg'?k lgoGq0fsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf 5, 5}g .

#= dflysf dWo] s]xL jf ;j} ljifo ;Da4 gLlt lgodx¿ agfOPsf] /x]5 eg] lgDgfg';f/sf]
cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg u/L cfjZos eP kl/dfh{gsf] nflu ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg' kb{5 .
#=! ag]sf gLlt lgodx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{x¿nfO{ cflwsfl/s ?kdf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5, 5}g .
#=@ gLlt lgodx¿ cGt{ut cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] ;+/rgf jf Joj:yf slQsf] k|efjsf/L /
Jofjxfl/s 5 .

71
#=# ag]sf] gLlt lgodx¿ slQsf] sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf s] s:tf] 5
<
#=$ cfDbfgL Pj+ vr{sf] clen]vgnfO{ n]vf ;DjlGw dfu{ lgb]{lzsf 5g\, 5}gg\ / k|of]udf
NofOPsf] 5, 5}g .
#=% vr{sf zLif{sx¿sf] k|ofKt Joj:yf / To;n] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] nflu s] slt ;xof]u u/]sf]
5 eGg] s'/f,
#=^ cfDbfgLsf] clen]v tyf kl/rfngsf] s'/f
#=& jflif{s ah]6 / sfo{of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog,

72
 ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnL
;do #) ldg]6
cf}lrTo
;+:yf JolQmsf] eGbf ljlwsf] zf;gaf6 rNg' k5{ gq ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] Wo]o k|fKt ug{ c;Dej x'G5 .
;+:yfnfO{ ljlwsf] zf;g cg'¿k ;~rfng ug{ ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnLx¿ cTofjZos
cf}hf/x¿ x'g\ . oL b'a} lgodfjnLn] ;+:yf ;~rfngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{sf ;fy} ;+:yfsf] 5lj /fd|f]
agfpg / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ d2t u5{g\ . of] ;qn] ;xefuLnfO{ ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnLsf]
ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L lbg]5 .

l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
• ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnLsf] ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{5g\, /
• ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnLdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug]{5g\ .

k|lzIfssf] tof/L
• l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• ljQLo lgodfjnLsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
• sd{rf/L lgodfjnLsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
;fdu|L M– cvjf/L sfuh, dfs{/, af]8{, 6]k cflb .
d'Vo ljlwx¿ M– JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/ .
r/0fx¿ M
- l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k9]/ JofVof ug]{,
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf ljQLo gLlt lgodfjnL 5÷5}g < 5 eg] To;df s] ljifo
;d]l6Psf 5g\ < egL k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
- ;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] / cfkm"n] klg tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rL k|:t't u/L
;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/;+Fu ldnfO{ Pp6f ;"rL agfpg] .
- km]l/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfdf sd{rf/L lgodfjnL 5÷5}g, 5 eg] To;df s'g÷s'g
ljifo ;dflji6 5 egL k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
- ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf] pQ/ cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
- ;xefuLx¿sf] a'Fbf / cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] a'Fbf k|:t't u/L to ul/Psf clGtd a'Fbfx¿
cvjf/L sfuhdf n]Vg] .
k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6M
;+:yfx¿ ljQLo / sd{rf/L lgodfjnL agfpg OR5's ePsf] v08df ;+bLkn] gd'gf
lgodfjnLx¿ k|bfg u/L ;xof]u ug]{5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] .
ljQLo lgodfjnLsf ljifoj:t'x¿
• a}+s / gub kl/rfng k|lqmof
• ah]6sf] nflu of]hgf agfpg] / Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmof
• ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ -Procurement_ sfo{k2lt
73
• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] gLlt -s;n] s] sfd ug]{_
• crn ;DklQ / cGo ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f
• d'Vo / ;fdfGo k"FhL / cjd"Nog k|lqmof
• ljQLo n]vf / k|ltj]bg k|lqmof
• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
• cfGtl/s / afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{
• ljQLo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/ ug]{
• :t/Lo vfsf -cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ef}r/, vl/b cfb]z, e|d0f cfb]z / km5\of}{6 kmf/fd, ;DklQ
/lhi6/, ;fdu+|L kfgf, uf]Zjf/f ef}r/, sd{rf/L C0f lgj]bg kmf/fd_

sd{rf/L lgodfjnLsf ljifoj:t'x¿

• ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf
• sd{rf/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmof, ;¿jf, a9'jf k|lqmof
• lgo'lQm kq
• sfo{ ljj/0f
• cjsfzsf] gLlt
• ;'ljwf, kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ -tna, sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if, bz}F eQf÷vr{, pkbfg gLlt,
hLjg / u}/–hLjg ladf ;DaGwL_
• e|d0f / e|d0f eQf -:yfgLo÷/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o_
• sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] cj:yf / k|lqmof
• labf / labfsf] clen]vx¿ / labf :jLs[t ug]{ k|lqmof
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;
• labfsf lbgx¿ / sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;do
• ;'/Iff ;DalGw Joj:yf
• cfd;~rf/ ;DaGwL -s;n] ug]{_
• ;DklQsf] k|of]u

s= ljQLo gLlt÷lgodfjnL

s'g}klg ;+:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf lbuf] x'g] u/L ;~rfng ug]{ xf] eg] To; ;+:yfsf cfly{s
sf/f]jf/x¿ kf/bzL{, lgod;+ut / plrt x'g' kb{5 . o:tf cfly{s sf/f]af/x¿ k|ofKt cfGtl/s
lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿ ;lxt ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . o;f] ug{
;+:yfdf k|fKt x'g] sf]if / To:tf] sf]ifjf6 >[hgf x'g] ;DklQsf] k|ofKt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'g' kb{5 . To;}u/L, vr{sf] ;Ldf k|s[of / clVtof/L tf]Sg] ;DaGwdf ;+:yfsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfoaf6
lglZrt gLlt, lgod, k|s[of tyf clVtof/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / To:tf Joj:yfx¿sf]
k|efjsf/L lx;fjn] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ;+lIfKt ?kdf eGg' kbf{ ;+:yfsf] s'zn ljQLo
Joj:yfkgsfnflu pk/f]Qm adf]lhd tof/ ul/Psf] gLlt, lgod, k|s[of / clVtof/Lsf] ;Fufnf] g}
ljlQo lgodfjnL xf] . ;+:yfsf] cfkm\gf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+:yfsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo jf To;af6
clVtof/ k|fKt s'g} ;ldlt, pk ;ldlt jf lgo'Qm ul/Psf k]zfut lj1x¿jf6 o:tf] ljQLo
lgodfjnL agfpg] ul/G5 / o:tf] lgodfjnL ;+:yfsf] ljwfg / /fHosf] k|rlnt lgod sfg'gsf]
74
k|lts"n gx'g] u/L jgfOPsf] x'g'kb{5 cGoyf o;sf] sfg'gL dfGotf jf j}Btfz"Go x'G5 . a?
;+:yfsf] sf]ifsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u x'g], ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] pRrtd ;'/Iff x'g] / sxL s;}n] v/fj
lgotjz o;nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL kfg]{ u/L s'g} sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] Jo:yfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] x'g' /fd|f]
ljQLo lgodfjnLsf] cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf xf] . o;n] cfGtl/s k/LIf0f sf ;fy} lgoGq0f nufot
sf]if kl/rfngsf cGt/fli6«o ?kd} :jLsf/ ul/Psf k|s[of / k|ljlwsf] cg'z/0f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
;+:yfnfO{ ;xof]u u/L/x]sf] jf ug]{ bft[lgsfo, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfh, /fHosf
;DjlGwt lgsfox¿ ;a}n] o; ljQLo lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx¿ / o;sf] cIf/zM sfof{GjognfO{
;f/} dxTj lbO{ x]g]{ / o;s} cfwf/df pQm ;+:yfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ub{5g\ sltko Joj:yfksx¿n]
cfkm"nfO{ ;+:yfsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf glnO{ dflnssf] ?kdf lng] / lgodsfg'g dflnsnfO{ rflxF
nfu" xF'b}g jf nfUb}g eGg] ;f]r agfpg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf o:tf ljQLo
lgodfjnL agfpb} gagfpg] jf agfP klg To;nfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ / ;+:yfsf] ;|f]tnfO{ lghL ;|f]t
h:t} ;DemL cGo k|of]hgdf ;d]t vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sltko ;+:yfsf] o:tf] k|rngs}
sf/0f ;DalGwt ;+:yf dfq} geP/ ;du| u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf hutnfO{ g} gsf/fTds ?kdf x]l/g]
ul/Psf] 5 eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

ctM ;+:yfsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg r':t, b'?:t / kf/bzL{ agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu Pp6f gd'gf
ljQLo lgodfjnL tof/ u/L o;} tflnd lgb]{lzsf;Fu ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;j} ;+:yfnfO{ 7\ofSs}
ldNg] / nfu" x'g] eGg] geO{ o;nfO{ Pp6f cfwf/e"t gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnO{ o; lgodfjnLnfO{
cfkm\gf] ;+:yf cg's"n cfjZos yk36 u/L cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] nIo Pj+ sfo{ k|s[lt cg's"nsf]
agfpg ;lsg]5 .

ljQLo lgodfjnLsf] gd'gf cg';"rL–! df ;+nUg 5 .

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnL

;+:yf sfg'g åf/f ;[lht s[ltd -artificial_ JolQm xf] . o;sf j}wfgLs b:tfj]hx¿df pNn]v ePsf
Joj:yfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;+:yf kl/rfng x'G5 . ;+:yf kl/rfng ug{ lglZrt ;+oGqx¿sf]
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 h:t} ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldlt tyf o;sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ . ;+:yfn] lnPsf
p2]Zox? k"/f ug]{ ;DaGwdf y'k|} sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 o;} l;nl;nfdf ljleGg of]hgf jf
kl/of]hgfx¿ klg ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ljleGg 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / of]Uotf ePsf
ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+:yfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[of k'/f u/L ;+:yfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5
. o;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] k|s[ofb]lv ;+nUg x'g]sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf s] x'g] ? ;+nUg x'g]n] s] s:tf]
lhDd]jf/Lx¿ jxg ug'{kg]{ < clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj s] x'g] ? lhDd]jf/L jxg gu/] jf k"/f gu/] s]
x'g] < eGg] ;DaGwdf k|i6 ul/g' jf ;j} k|i6 x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg
kIfnfO{ k|i6 k|s[ltsf] dfu{bz{g jf cfwf/sf] h?/t x'G5 . ToxL dfu{bz{g jf cfwf/sf] ?kdf
;+:yfdf sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DjlGw lgodfjnL agfO{ nfu' ug'{kb{5 . of] sfo{ ljwfgn] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;+:yfsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo jf To;af6 clVtof/ k|fKt JolQm, ;d"x jf ;ldltaf6
tof/ ul/G5 / ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ o;nfO{ nfu" ul/G5 .

elgG5 cfddflg;, ;d'bfo jf ;j} ;/f]sfnjfnfx¿n] To; ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/
Pj+ sfo{ k|s[of jf z}nLnfO{ x]/]/ To; ;+:yfk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfPsf x'G5g\ . To;}n]
75
lhDd]jf/, k|lta4 / of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6 u/L oyf]lrt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fO{ ;+:yfsf] nIo
Pj+ p2]Zo k"/f ug{ JolQm jf JolQmx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ tl/sf tyf k|s[of k|i6 ug{ tof/ ul/g]
lgodx¿sf] ;+u|x jf ;"rLg} sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnL xf] . ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
;Gbe{df o;sf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf ;xefuL ;+:yfx¿df o:tf] lgodfjnL
gagfOPsf] eP cfjZostf cg'?k agfpg / agfOPsf] eP To;sf] ;dLIff u/L kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{
cfjZostf eP kl/dfh{g ug{ ;d]t d2t xf];\ eg]/ o;} tflnd lgb]{lzsfsf] cGTodf /x]sf]
cg';"rL @ df o; sd{rf/L k|zf;g\ ;DjlGw gd'gf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo
lgodfjnLdf pNn]v u/] h:t} ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ lgodfjnL agfpFbf
o;nfO{ Pp6f cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnLsf] gd'gf cg';"rL–@ df /flvPsf] 5 .

76
 cg';"rLx?

cg';"rL–!
svu ;+:yf
cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL
@)==========

sfo{;ldlt÷;fwf/0f ;efaf6 :jLs[t ldltM =======================

k|:tfjgf
o; ;+:yfsf] cfly{s k|zf;g ;DalGw sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ / ;'rf??kn] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
;+:yfsf] ljwfg =====sf] kl/R5]b =====sf] wf/f ======= n] lbPsf] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
k|:t't cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL-@)^===== _ th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf]5 / o;sf] k|of]u /
Jo:yfdf s'g} låljwf ePdf o; lgodfjnLsf] clGtd JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ;fwf/0f ;efnfO{ x'g]5 .
k|rlnt sfg'g tyf ;+:yfsf] ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg'g tyf o; ;+:yfsf] ljwfg
adf]lhd g} x'g]5 .

kl/R5]b M !
-gfd, k|f/De, kl/efiff_

!= gfd / k|f/De
of] lgodfjnLsf] gfd cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)========================/xg]5 . of] cfly{s
k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL svu ;+:yfsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] ldltb]lv nfu" x'g]5
/ o; lgodfjnLnfO{ cfufdL ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 cg'df]bg u/fpg'kg]{5 .

@= kl/efiff M
ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf –
-s_ æ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] svu ;+:yfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ æcfly{s jif{Æ eGgfn] >fj0f ! ut]b]lv cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æsfo{qmdÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æsfo{qmd k|d'vÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] k|aGws÷ lgb]{zs jf
;a}eGbf jl/i7 sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ ætnaÆ eGgfn] :yfoL jf c:yfoL sd{rf/Ln] sfd u/] afkt kfpg] lgwf{l/t dfl;s tna
/ jflif{s j[l4 ;Demg'k5{ .
77
-r_ æn]vfk/LIfsÆ eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ k|df0fkq k|fKt n]vf
k/LIfsnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-5_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 r'lgPsf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt sfo{
;ldltnfO{{ a'emfpg]5 .
-h_ æpk;ldltÆ eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zosf nflu sfo{ ;ldltaf6 ul/Psf] lg0f{osf
cfwf/df ul7t ;ldltnfO{ a'emfpg]5 .

kl/R5]b M @
-cfly{s ;|f]t, vftf ;~rfng, ;fgf] gubL sf]if, n]vf Joj:yfkg_

#= cfly{s >f]t

;+:yfsf] cfly{s >f]t lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g]5 M

#=! cfGtl/s >f]t

s_ ;+:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿af6 ljwfgcg';f/ k|fKt x'g] k|j]z
z'Ns÷dfl;s÷jflif{s÷cfhLjg÷ljz]if ;b:otf z'Ns .
v_ ;+:yfsf] :yfoL ;DklQx¿af6 ePsf] cfDbfgL /sd - sf]7f ef8f, xn ef8f, kmlg{r/, hUufaf6
x'g] cfDbfgL tyf cGo_ .
u_ ;+:yfsf] rn crn ;DklQaf6 x'g] Aofh /sd tyf lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL .
3_ ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+:yfaf6 s'g} cGo afXo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿df k/fdz{bftf tyf
k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/] afkt k|fKt x'g] kfl/>ldssf] ========= k|ltzt ;+:yfnfO{
pknAw u/fOg] /sd .
ª_ cGo cfDbfgL >f]t

#=! afXo >f]t

s_ ljleÌ dxfg'efj / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt x'g] p2]Zo;lxtsf] cg'bfg
;xof]u .
v_ bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ k|fKt x'g] ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] cf]e/x]8 (Overhead) /
;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu k|fKt ;xof]u .
u_ ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] p2]Zo;lxtsf] cg'bfg÷ C0f ;xof]u .
3_ cGo

$= vftf ;~rfng M–

78
;+:yfut vftf / ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfo{qmdut vftf u/L @ lsl;dsf a}+s vftfx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 / ;j} vftfx¿ ;+:yfsf] gfdaf6 ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . ;+:yfsf] ;a} cfly{s
sf/f]jf/x¿ a}+s dfkm{t\ x'g]5g\ .
-s_ ;+:yfut a}+s vftf cWoIf, sf]iffWoIf / ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] s'g} Ps hgf ;b:osf]
;+o'Qm b:tvtdWo] s'g} @ hgfsf] b:tvtaf6 sf/f]jf/ x'g] u/L vftf vf]nL ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
-v_ sfo{qmdut a}+s vftfx¿ sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu sd{rf/L k|d'v, cWoIf / sf]iffWoIfsf]
b:tvtdWo] s'g} @ hgfsf] b:tvtaf6 sf/f]jf/ x'g] u/L vftf vf]nL ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-u_ ;+:yfsf] nflu cfPsf] ;j} /sdx¿ l;w} ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut a}+s vftfdf / ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿sf] nflu cfPsf] /sd sfo{qmdut a}+s vftfdf hDdf x'g]5 .
-3_ a}+s vftfx¿sf] r]s tyf n]h/x¿ n]vf /fVg] sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;'/lIft tl/sfn]
/flvg]5 .

-ª_ cfGtl/s sf]if M–

• bft[ ;+:yfaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfPsf] /sd afx]s cGo s'g} klg ;|f]taf6 x'g
cfPsf cfDbfgL /sdnfO{ cfGtl/s sf]ifdf hDdf ug'{kg]{5 .
• cfGtl/s sf]if ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf, Wo]o, nIo / p2]Zocg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
lqmofsnfknfO{ k"/f ug{ cfly{s jif{sf] ;'¿jftd} jflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L vr{
ug'{kg]{5 .
%= ;fgf] gubL sf]if M
-s_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ b}lgs ¿kdf x'g cfpg] ;fgfltgf lglZrt vr{ h'g vr{x¿sf] r]s
tof/ ug{ c;Dej x'G5 To:tf vr{x¿ e'QmfgL ug{sf] nflu a9Ldf ¿= ===========.– -
==========_ sf] ;fgf] gubL sf]if v8f u/L s'g} lglZrt sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdf lbOg]5 .
-v_ ;fgf] gubL sf]if lhDdf lbFbf ;j} eGbf a9L sfof{nodf ;do latfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf
lbOg]5 .
-u_ ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 ¿= ======.– -===========_ eGbf sd /sdsf] vr{x¿ :jLs[lt u/fP/ dfq}
e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg]5.
-3_ ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fa ;fgf] gubL sf]if lstfasf] nflu cg';"rL !
adf]lhdsf] n]h/ / cg';"rL @ adf]lhdsf] ;fgf] gubL sf]if ef}r/ tyf e/kfO{ tof/
ul//fVg'kg]{5 .

79
-ª_ ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] lx;fanfO{ dfl;s ¿kdf sfo{qmd k|d'v÷ lgb]{zsn] hfFr u/L df}Hbft
/sd k|dfl0ft u/L vr{x¿ ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tyf cfGtl/s ah]6 zLif{sdf vr{ b]vfO{ ;f]
/sd a/fj/sf] /sd ;fgf] gubL sf]ifdf ;f]wegf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
-r_ ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] nflu dfl;s ¿kdf ;f]wegf{ lng] elgP tfklg ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf]
df}Hbft sd eO{ e'QmfgLdf c;/ kg]{ b]lvPdf h'g;'s} avt klg vr{x¿ ;DalGwt
zLif{sdf b]vfO{ ;f]w egf{ lng'kg]{5 .
-5_ ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 k]ZsL :j¿k e'QmfgL ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

^= n]vf tyf n]vf Joj:yfkg M

-s_ cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fa lstfa b'¿:t /fVgsf nflu bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLcg';f/ lx;fa
lstfasf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .
-v_ ;+:yfdf k|fKt x'g] hg';'s} cfDbfgL /sdx¿ cg';"rL # adf]lhdsf] gubL /l;b sf6]/ dfq}
/sd a'em\g] jf a}+s bflvnf ug]{ sfd ul/g]5 h'g gubL /l;b # k|lt x'g]5 , klxnf]k|lt
a'emfpg] kIfnfO{ bf];|f] k|lt uf]Zjf/f ef}r/df / t];|f] k|lt 7]nLd} /xg]5 .
-u_ dfly -v_ cg';f/ /sd hDdf ePsf cj:yfdf ;f] /sd ;s];Dd ;f]xL lbg geP ef]lnkN6
sfof{no v'n]sf] lbg a}+s bflvnf ug'{kg]{5 / gub /sd g} sfof{nodf /fVg'kg]{ cj:yf
cfPdf ;f] /sdsf] lhDdf lng] sd{rf/Ln] /sdsf] k|dfl0ft u/fP/ dfq} /fVg'kg]{5 .
-3_ /sd a}+s bflvnf eP kZrft\ cfDbfgL zLif{scg';f/ ;DalGwt zLif{sdf cfDbfgL hgfpg]
u/L ;f]xL lbg uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ -cg';"rL $_ k|dfl0ft u/fO{ n]vf /fVg'kg]{5 .
-8=_ s'g} klg zLif{sdf vr{ ubf{ vr{sf] uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ p7fpg'kg]{5 / vr{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ ljn
e/kfO{ tyf cGo cfjZos sfuhftx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;+nUg ug'{kg]{5 .
-r_ e'QmfgLsf] nflu uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ tof/ ug'{eGbf klxnf pQm vr{ ljnx¿ pQm vr{ zLif{sdf
b]vfpg ldNg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt u/]/ dfq} uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
-5_ vr{sf] e'QmfgL ubf{ vr{ k'li6 ug]{ sfuhftx¿ -ljn, e/kfO{ tyf cGo sfuhftx¿_
sfo{qmd k|d'v jf lgldQ k|d'v jf ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] kbflwsf/Ln] k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{5 .
-h_ ¿= ============ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf jf ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ug{ g;lsg] vr{x¿sf]
e'QmfgL clgjfo{ ¿kdf r]saf6 ug'{kg]{5 .
-em_ x/]s sf/f]af/sf] zLif{scg';f/sf] cnucnu vftf vf]nL cfDbfgL vr{sf] sf/f]af/nfO{
;DalGwt vftfdf ;f]xL lbg k|lji6 ug'{kg]{5 .
-`_ e'QmfgL eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ jf bf]xf]/f] e'QmfgLsf] ;+efjgfnfO+{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ef}r/
nufot To;;Fu ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ ljn e/kfO{x¿nfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] (Paid) / ldlt pNn]lvt
5fkåf/f /2 ug'{kg]{5 .
80
 kl/R5]b M #
-;fdfg vl/b, lhG;L ;fdfg Joj:yfkg tyf ;+:yfn] /fVg'kg]{ ;|]:tfx¿_

*= ;fdfg vl/b M
-s_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf sfof{no Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fdfg vl/b ug{nfO{ ;ldltn] lg0f{o
u/L Ps hgf ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf lgDgfg';f/sf] vl/b Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt u7g
ug]{5 .
!_ ;+of]hs ;ldltsf] ;b:odWo]af6 -cWoIf / sf]iffWoIf afx]s_ ! hgf
@_ ;b:o jl/i7 sd{rf/Laf6 Ps hgf -lgb]{zs afx]s_ ! hgf
#_ ;b:o ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿af6 ! hgf
$_ k|ltlglw -vl/b ;fdu|L ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fVg] jf ;DalGwt sfo{qmdsf] xsdf
sfo{qmd k|d'v_ cfjZostfcg';f/
-v_ dfly pNn]lvt *=-s_ $ cg';f/sf] k|ltlglwn] ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj dfq} lbg ;Sg]5 t/
lg0f{odf efu lng kfpg]5}g .
-u_ vl/b Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] sfo{ cjlw Ps jif{;Ddsf] x'g]5 / sfo{ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L
sfo{ cjlw a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
-3_ ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'rf¿¿kn] ;~rfng ug]{] l;nl;nfdf cfjZos j:t' jf ;]jf
vl/b ug'{kbf{ dfu kmf/fd e/L tfTsfnLg k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/; k|fKt u/L lgb]{zsåf/f
:jLs[lt u/fO{ vl/bsf] cfjZos k|lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu cg';"rL g+= & sf]
k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
-ª_ vl/b Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .
!_ cfly{s jif{sf] ;'¿jft;Fu;Fu} ;+:yfsf] nflu jif{el/ cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿s]f
;"rL tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
@_ ;"rL tof/ u/L ;dfgsf] u'0f:t/, 9fFrf, ;+Vof, ljlzi6 klxrfg ;lxt jif{el/ ;+:yfnfO{
s] slt d"Nodf s;/L pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] xf] egL k|:tfj ;ª\sngsf nflu lglZrt
;do tf]sL ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ug'{kg]{5 jf ;Defljt cfk"lt{stf{x¿df ;f] ;"rL
k7fpg'kg]{5 .
#_ tf]lsPsf] ;"rgfcg';f/ cfPsf d"No ;"rLsf k|:tfjx¿ cg';"rL % cg';f/sf] kmf/fdaf6
cfk"lt{ stf{x¿ 5gf}6 ul/g]5 .
$_ vl/b Joj:yfkg pk;ldltn] ;fdfgsf] cfk"lt{ stf{x¿ 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg cfwf/x¿nfO{
;d]t cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnOg]5 .

81
 • kmd{ of cfk"lt{stf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿;Fu sfg'gL ¿kdf /LTfk"j{s btf{ ePsf]
5 eGg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• kmd{ of cfk"lt{stf s/÷d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf btf{ e} jflif{s ¿kdf
gjLs/0f ePsf] 5 ls 5}g egL hfFr ug]{ .
• ltgLx¿sf] k|d'v u|fxsx¿ sf]sf] x'g\ To;sf] hfFr ug]{ .
• sDkgL s:tf] k|sf/sf] xf] To;sf] hfFr ug]{, h:t} ;fj{hlgs–lghL, clwsfl/s
l8n/, k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 OToflb .
• j:t' Pjd\ ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ hfFr ug]{ .
• k|:tfljt d"No hfFr ug]{ .
• pwf/f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf÷;'lawf kmd{ of cfk"lt{stf{n] pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]÷
g;Sg] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• j:t' Pjd\ ;]jf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] ÷ g;Sg] ;'lglZrt
ug]{ .
• k"j{ Pjd\ ljutsf] cg'ej /fd|f] eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

-ª_ sfof{nodf / sfof{noaf6 vl/b sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf d"No ;"rL k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df
vl/b ul/P tfklg sfof{noaf6 aflx/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;dfg cfjZos k/]df e08f/ k|d'v
- e08f/sf] lhDd]af / JolQm_ nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ vl/b ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-r_ Ps k6sdf ¿= ============ -======== xhf/_ ;Ddsf] dfn;fdfg d"No ;"rL k|0ffnLaf6 vl/b
ug{ ;lsg]5 . h'g;'s} ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ vl/b cfb]z kmf/fd -cg';"rL ^_ eg'{ kg]{5 .
-5_ Ps k6sdf ¿= ========= eGbf dfly ¿= ========== -============_ ;Ddsf] s'g} ;fdfg vl/b ug{'
k/]df sDtLdf tLgj6f cfk"lt{stf{ k;nsf] sf]6]zg -b/efp kq_ lnO{ vl/b Joj:yfkg
pk;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L Go"gtd b/efpdf ;fdfg vl/b ug'{kg]{5 . t/ Go"gtd ahf/
d"Nodf vl/b ul/Psf] ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gb]lvPdf ;f] eGbf dflysf] b/efpdf ;fdfg
vl/b ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-h_ Ps k6sdf ¿= =============== -==========_ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] s'g} ;fdfg vl/b ug'{ k/]df
af]nkq jf af]nkq 36f36sf] k|lqmofaf6 vl/b ug'{kg]{5 .
-em_ o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;se/ g]kfn clw/fHodf ag]sf] dfn;fdfg
vl/b ug'{kg]{5 . b/efp jf af]nkqåf/f dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg]
g]kfnL ;fdfg ljb]zL ;fdfg eGbf % k|ltzt;Dd dxª\uf] eP tfklg g]kfnL ;fdfg g}
vl/b ug'{kg]{5 . ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ :yfgLo ahf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 .

82
 -6_ vl/b e'QmfgL M s'g} klg a:t' tyf dfn;fdfgx¿ vl/b k|lqmofcg';f/ vl/b u/L ;s]kl5
;f]sf] e'QmfgL ubf{ vl/b dfu kmf/fd, t'ngfTds d"No ljj/0f, vl/b cfb]z, bflvnf tyf
lanx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{5 . o;/L vl/bsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ ;se/ A/C Payee
r]såf/f dfq ug'{kg]{5 .

(= lhG;L ;fdfg Joj:yfkg M–

(=! o; ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'rf??kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleÌ k|sf/sf
dfn;fdfg÷;fdu|Lx¿ cfjZostfcg';f/ vl/b ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf dfn;fdfg tyf
;fdu|Lx¿ lgDg b'O{ k|sf/df afFl8Psf 5g\ M
s_ vr{ eP/ hfg] ;fdfgx¿ (Non-durable/Consumable goods)
v_ vr{ eP/ ghfg] lhG;L ;fdfgx¿ (Durable goods) cyf{t\ l:y/ k"FhL (Fixed Assets) sf]
¿kdf /xg] ;/;fdfgx¿ .

(=@ ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'rf??kn] ;~rfng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf vr{ eP/ hfg] / vr{ eP/
ghfg] lhG;L dfn;fdfgx¿sf] ;xL kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDgcg';f/ ljlw
to ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ vr{ eP/ ghfg] ;fdfg Go"gtd b'O{ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dfly / k|lt OsfO d"No ¿= @)))÷
jf ;f] eGbf a9Lsf] dfn ;fdfgnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
v_ vr{ eP/ hfg] dfn;fdfg eGgfn] clwstd cfo' b'O{ jif{ / k|lt OsfO d"No ¿=
@)))÷;Ddsf] dfn;fdfgnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

(=# dfu kmf/fd M

;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'rf??kn] ;~rfng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfjZos kg]{ a:t' jf ;]jf
vl/b ug'{ kbf{ dfu kmf/fd e/L tfTsfnLg k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/; k|fKt u/L lgb]{zsåf/f
:jLs[t u/fO{ vl/bsf] cfjZos k|lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu cg';"rL g+= & sf]
k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
(=$ ;fdu|L k|fKt / vr{ vftf M
sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu vl/b k|lqmof k"/fePsf dfn;fdfgsf] e'QmfgL ug{' cufl8
:6f]/lsk/n] e08f/ bflvnf u/L ;fdu|L k|fKt ePsf] 5fk ljn e/kfO{df nufO{ n]vfdf k];
ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu cg';"rL g+= * sf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
(=% ljg sf8{ M
sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu vl/b k|lqmof k"/feO{ e08f/df df}Hbft ePsf dfn;fdfgx¿
sd{rf/L tyf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos k/]sf] v08df cg';"rL
g+= ( e/L e08f/ k|d'vaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 .
(=% o;/L lhDdfdf /x]sf] ;fdfgx¿ tf]8kmf]8 jf x/fPsf] v08df t'¿Gt lnlvt hfgsf/L
:6f]/lsk/ dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;+of]hs jf lgb]{zsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . o; hfgsf/Ldf ;fdfgsf]
xfnsf] cj:yf / tf]8kmf]8 jf x/fPsf] kl/l:ylt v'nfpg' kb{5 . olb cfˆgf] sf/0faf6
tf]8kmf]8 jf x/fPsf] v08df ;f]sf] ;f]w egf{ :jod\ sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/L cfkm}Fn] ug'{
kg]{5 jf Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .

83
(=^ b}lgs sfof{no ;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf dfn;fdfg Pjd\ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf dd{t
;Def/sf] nflu cg';"rL !), !) -s_ / !! cg';f/sf] dd{t ;Def/ nuj'sdf clen]v
/fVgsf]nflu lgDg ljlw to ul/Psf] 5 –
s_ ;jf/L ;wfgx¿ k|of]u ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf cg";"rL !) :jLs[lt u/fO{ k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
v_ ;jf/L ;fwg tyf ;fdfgx¿sf] dd{t ;+ef/ ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf cg';"rL !) -s_ :jLs[lt
u/fO{ dd{t ;+ef/ ug'{kg]{5 / ;f] sf] clen]v cg';"rL !! cg';f/ /fVg'kg]{5 .
u_ ;fdfgx¿sf] dd{t ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;f];fdfgsf] lhDdf lnPsf] sd{rf/Ln] :6f]/ lsk/nfO{
lnlvt ¿kdf ;"lrt ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . :6f]/ lsk/n] ;f] ;fdfgsf] hfFru/L dd{t ug'{kg]{ 7x/
u/]df / dd{t ug'{ kbf{ ¿= ========÷–;Ddsf] vr{ x'g] cj:yfdf n]vf k|d'vaf6 dd{tsf]
:jLs[lt lng ;lsg]5 .
3_ dd{t ubf{ ¿========÷– ;Ddsf] vr{ x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf n]vf k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df lgb]{zs
af6 dd{t :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{5

*=& e08f/ n]vf Joj:yfkgM

-s_ vr{ eP/ hfg] / vr{ eP/ ghfg] ;fdfgx¿sf] clen]v cnu cnu /fVg'kg]{5 .
-v_ vr{ eP/ ghfg] lhG;L ;fdfgx¿sf] qmd;+Vof, vl/b ldlt, vl/b d"No, vl/b ;|f]t,
;dfgsf] cj:yf, sxfF / s;sf] lhDdf, sf]8 gDj/, cfpg] u/L e08f/ clen]v /fVg' kb{5
h;sf] nflu cg';"rL !@ b]lv !( k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
-u_ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] cGtdf vr{ eP/ hfg] / ghfg] ;fdfgx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} ;"rL tof/
ug'{kb{5 .
-3_ lhG;L ;dfgx¿sf] ;'/Iff, cfjZostf / cj:yf yfxf kfpg ^, ^ dlxgfdf ef}lts k/LIf0f
ul/g]5 h;sf] nflu sfo{ ;ldltn] lgDgfg';f/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0f pk;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
;+of]hsM sfo{ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ s''g} Ps hgf ;b:o
;b:ox¿M jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx¿af6 Ps hgf kg]{ u/L ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6
;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿af6 Ps hgf dgf]gLt ;b:o
-ª_ dflysf] ef}lts k/LIf0f pk;ldltnfO{ ;j}n] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5, To;df klg ljz]if u/]/
n]vf;Fu ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lx¿ / :6f]/;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿n] ljz]if ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-5_ s'g} lhG;L ;fdfgx¿ k|of]udf gcfpg] e} lnnfd ug'{ k/]df lnnfd a9fa9åf/f lnnfd
laqmL ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ o;/L lnnfd ubf{ k|fKtx'g] d"No -x|f; s§L ul/Psf ;fdfgx¿sf
nflu dfq_ ;fdfgsf] cjz]ifd"No eGbf sd x'g'x'Fb}g . x|f; s§L jfli{fs g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|rlnt jflif{s b/ k|ltztsf] b/n] cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf s§fug{ ;lsg]5 .
-h_ ef}lts k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g]5 –
!= ;+:yfdf df}Hbft ;DklQ / ;/;fdfgsf] nut yfxf kfpg .
@= ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / pks/0fx¿ sxfF / s;/L k|of]u ePsf 5g\, yfxf kfpg .
#= ;DklQ / pks/0fsf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] 5, kQf nufpg .
84
 $= s'g pks/0fsf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 / s'gsf] ePsf] 5}g, yfxf kfpg .
%= vr{ eP/ hfg] / ghfg] ;fdfgsf] ;"rL cBfjlws ug{ .
^= pks/0fsf] cfjZos dd{t / ;Def/ ug{ .
&= ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug{ .
*= ;+:yfsf] ef}lts Ifdtf yfxf kfpg .
(= Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ d2t ug{ .
!)= ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg k|ltsf] k|lta4tf / Ifdtf yfxf kfpg .
!!= g]t[Tjju{ / Joj:yfkssf] rl/q÷cfr/0f yfxf kfpg .

kl/R5]b M $
-sd{rf/Lsf] tnadfg tyf ;'ljwf, k]ZsL, labf Pjd\, ladf ;DalGw Joj:yf_

!)= sd{rf/Lsf] tnadfg tyf u|]8 -jflif{s j[l4_

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna, tx, >]0fL, eQf, labf, jflif{s j[l4, ;hfo tyf d"NofÍg sd{rf/L k|zf;g

lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ x'g]5 .

!!= k]ZsL tyf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 M–

!!=! sfo{ut k]ZsL
s_ s'g} klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ k]ZsL cfjZos k/]sf] v08df lglb{i6 k]ZsL cg';"rL @) df
cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f pNn]v u/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] :jLs[ltdf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
v_ k|fKt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] cfjZos kg]{ /sdeGbf a9L gx'g] u/L
tyf k]ZsL lng] sd{rf/Lsf] kb / k|of]hg k|i6 n]vL k]ZsL lbg'kg]{5 .
u_ pQm k]ZsL sfo{ ;dfKt ePsf] Ps xKtf leq km5of{}6 ul/;Sg'kg]{5 .
3_ k]ZsL ¿= ========= eGbf a9L lng'kg]{ ePdf Ps lbg cufl8 g} lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
!!=@ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf k]ZsL
;+:yfsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfn clw/fHo leq jf ljb]z e|d0fdf vl6g] kbflwsf/L,
sd{rf/L / cGo JolQmnfO{ lgodcg';f/ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf / cGo /sd eP ;f] ;d]t
lx;fa u/L a9L gx'g] u/L k]ZsL lbg'kg]{5 . ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L jf JolQmn] klg
e|d0faf6 cfˆgf] sfof{no jf :yfgdf kms]{sf] jf e|d0f sfo{ k"/f u/]sf] ldltn] !% lbg
leqdf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{5 . Dofb leqdf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gePdf ;Dk"0f{ k]ZsL /sdsf]
lhDd]af/L :jod\ JolQmn] g} lng'kg]{5 .
!!=# dfn;fdfg vl/b ;DaGwL k]ZsL M
clkm;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ dfn;fdfg tyf :yfoL ;DklQx¿ vl/b ug{sf nflu s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ k]ZsL lbg'kg]{ l:ylt cfPdf l/t k'¥ofP/ dfn;fdfg vl/b ug{sf nflu k]ZsL
pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . o;/L k]ZsL lnPsf] /sd ;fdfg vl/b u/]/ NofO{ ;s]sf] lan
ekf{O;lxt Ps xKtf leqdf km5\of{}6 u/L ;Sg'kg]{5 .
!!=$ k]ZsLsf] cg'udg ug]{ M
85
 o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd k]ZsL km5of{}6 eof] jf ePg eGg] s'/f hfgsf/L lbg / k]ZsL
km5of{}6 ;dodf u/fpg k]ZsLsf] ljj/0f tyf k]ZsL lng] JolQmsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L & lbg]
;"rgf k|sflzt ul/g]5 . ;f] ubf{ klg k]ZsL km5\of{}6 gePdf ;f]sf] nflu ;+:yfn] cfjZos
lg0f{o u/L k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
!!=% tna k]ZsL M
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu clt cfjZos kg]{ JolQmut vr{sf] nflu tna k]ZsL cfjZos k/]sf]
v08df a9Ldf Ps dlxgfsf] tna k]ZsL lgb]{zssf] :jLs[ltdf lbg ;lsg]5 . o:tf] k]ZsL
;f] sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]xL dlxgfsf] tnaaf6 s6f}tL ug'{ kg]{5 .

!@= labf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd pknAw u/fOg]5 .
!#= s/s§L M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt lgodcg';f/ k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] jflif{s s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf
u/L dlxgfsf] bfdf;fxLsf] lx;fan] s/ s§L ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ s/ s§L ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]] k|rlnt lgodcg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq s/
sfof{nodf hDdf ul/;Sg'kg]{5 .

86
!$= b'3{6gf ladf M–
sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd pknAw u/fOg]5 .
!%= ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf M
-s_ ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfo{qmddf ljz]if sfd jf lhDd]jf/L jxg u/] afkt ;+:yfn] tf]s]
adf]lhdsf] kfl/>lds jf eQf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-v_ ;+:yf sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfo{qmdsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b}lgs e|d0f ug'{ k/]df b}lgs
e|d0f eQf / ofqf vr{ sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] bkmf &=r df pNn]v
ePcg';f/sf] kfpg]5g\ .

kl/R5]b M %
-n]vfk/LIf0f, cfly{s k|ltj]bg, k/fdz{ ;'ljwf, a/a'emf/y_

!^= n]vfk/LIf0f M
-s_ x/]s ========== dlxgfdf sfo{qmddf ePsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f /
x/]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf tLg dlxgfleq dfGotf k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6
jflif{sn]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-v_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef, bft[ ;+:yf tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfodf
;dodf g} k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-u_ sfo{ ;ldltn] Go"gtd tLg :yfgLo n]vfk/LIfsx¿sf] nfut k|:tfj ;+sng u/L clGtd
5gf}6sf] nflu ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿dWo] n]vf tyf cfly{s sf/f]jf/df
hfgsf/ /fVg] t/ k|ToIf ¿kdf cfly{s sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg gx'g] ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf #
;b:o /x]sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt sfo{ ;ldltn] u7g ug]{5 h;df Ps hgf
sd{rf/L n]vf / sfof{no k|d'v afx]ssf] k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 .
-ª_ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltn] n]vfk/LIf0f u/] kZrft\ k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sfo{ ;ldltdf
k]; ug]{5 .
-r_ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cfPsf ;'emfj tyf j]¿h'
lgoldt ug{ ldNg] eP lgoldt ug]{ / c;'npk/ ug'{kg]{ eP c;'n u/L csf]{ cfGtl/s
n]vfk/LIf0f x'g' eGbf klxn] g} lgoldt ul/;s]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-5_ clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fdfly tf]lsPsf] ;doleq u/fpgsf] nflu sf]iffWoIfn] n]vfk/LIfssf]
Joj:yf ug]{, cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfx¿ b'?:t ug]{ tyf u/fpg nufO{ n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg
ug]{ / n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt ;j} lgsfox¿df k7fpg] ug'{kb{5 .
87
-h_ clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ;'¿ ug'{ eGbf klxn] n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQmsf] nflu lgDg ljlw ;Fu;Fu}
cg';"rL @% cg';f/ ;Demf}tf kq tof/ u/L To;}sf cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{5
–
!_ sfo{ ;ldltåf/f sDtLdf # j6f btf{jfnf n]vfk/LIfsaf6 nfut k|:tfj lng'kg]{5 . ;f]
sf] nflu ====== lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L nfut k|:tfj cfXjfg ug'{ kb{5 .
@_ dfly ! cg';f/ cfPsf k|:tfjx¿nfO{ nfut OsfO, n]vfk/LIfssf] >]0fL, n]vfk/LIfssf]
cg'ej, ;DjlGwt ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg] , rfx]sf] ;dodf pknJw x'g ;Sg] g;Sg] h:tf
s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ 5gf}6sf nflu jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
-em_ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx¿ clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f x'g'eGbf klxn] g} nfu"
ul/;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
!&= cfly{s k|ltj]bg M–
-s_ cfDbfgL vr{ ljj/0f b'¿:t v'Ng] u/L x/]s dlxgfdf sfo{qmd lkR5] / Psd'i6 ¿kdf
cfpg] u/L ;+:yfut k|ltj]bgsf] ¿kdf cg';"rL @! b]lv @@ cg';f/ ah]6 vr{ k|ltj]bg,
;Gt'ng k/LIf0f, a}+s lx;fj ldnfg ljj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ pkbkmf -s_ sf cltl/Qm ;Demf}tfcg';f/ yk cfly{s k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/ u/L ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿df tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-u_ jflif{s ¿kdf ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ¿kdf jf;nft lx;fj cg';"rL @# cg';f/ tof/ ug'{ kg]{5
.
!*= k/fdz{bftfsf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf M
;+:yfsf] nflu sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd k|:tfjgf, gLlt lgdf{0f, k':ts k|sfzg
cflbsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1sf] ;xof]u cfjZos ePdf ljz]if1sf] JolQmut
ljj/0f tyf ;DalGwt sfo{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/;df cWoIfåf/f 5gf}6 ul/g]5 . ;fy} o;sf nflu s;nfO{, s], slt kfl/>lds k|bfg
ug]{ lg0f{o cWoIfn] ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L kfl/>lds k|bfg ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodcg';f/sf]
s/ b:t'/ >f]taf6 s§f u/L afFsL /sd dfq e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .
!(= a/a'emf/y M
s_ gub, lhG;L, dfn;fdfg, w/f}6L tyf cGo /sdsf] nfut ;|]:tf / cfˆgf] lhDdfdf ePsf]
jf /x]sf] sfd cflbsf] lhDdf lng] sd{rf/L ;fwf/0ftof ;¿jf, a9'jf jf cjsfz k|fKt u/L
jf cGo sf/0fn] ;+:yf 5f8]/ hfFbf cfˆgf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs dfkm{t lnlvt ¿kdf a/a'emf/y ug'{
kg]{5 . of] sfo{ #% lbg leq ul/;Sg'kg]{5 .
v_ pkbkmf -s_ adf]lhd a/a'emf/y ubf{ cfˆgf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] ;fdfg x/fPsf] jf tf]8kmf]8
ePsf] t/ lnlvt ¿kdf ;dodf g} lgb]{zsnfO{ hfgsf/L gePsf] v08df ;f] ;fdfg
a/fa/sf] /sd lghsf] tnaaf6 c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
u_ a/a'emf/yaf6 k|fKt lhG;L tyf gub & lbg leq ;DalGwt ;|]:tfdf cWofjlw ug'{kg]{5 .
o;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] pQ/bfloTj n]vf clws[tsf] x'g]5 .
88
 kl/R5]b M ^
-ah]6 ,sfo{qmd ;DaGwL Joj:yf, /sd lgsf;f / vr{ ug]{ sfo{ljlw, lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg _

@)= ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL Joj:yf

s= sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug]{

;+:yfsf] k"/f ¿kdf ah]6 b]lvg] u/L ;+:yfsf] / sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 th'{df -cg';"rL @$ sf]
9fFrfdf ah]6 tof/_ ug'{kg]{5 / ah]6 tof/ ubf{ ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf, Wo]o, nIo /
p2]ZonfO{ k"/f ug{] lqmofsnfk ug{ sfo{;ldlt, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, n]vfkfnx¿sf]
;xeflutf x'g'kg]{5 . o;/L th'{df u/]sf] ah]6 sfo{;ldltdfkm{t cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{5 .
v= cfly{s tyf k|ult k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{
;+:yfsf] cfDbfgL–vr{ tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult ljj/0f sfo{qmd ;+of]hsn]
tf]lslbPsf] JolQm cyjf sfo{;ldlt dfkm{t tf]lsPsf] ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
u= j}b]lzs ;xfotf ljj/0f k]; ug]{
o; ;+:yfn] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] gubL jf lhG;L ;xfotf
k|fKt ubf{ ;+:yfsf] cWoIfaf6 ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]sf] Pj+ sfo{qmd ljs[ltsf nflu hfgsf/L
k|:tfjgf ;lxtsf] lgj]bg ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\df k]; ug'{ kb{5 .

@!= /sd lgsf;f / vr{ ug]{ sfo{ljlw

s= ah]6 lgsf;f
;+:yfn] s'g} klg sfo{qmd ubf{ s'g >f]t af6 vr{ Joxf]l/g] xf] cyjf cfGtl/ssf]ifaf6 jf
afXo sf]ifaf6 vr{ Joxf]g]{ xf], :ki6 ls6fg eO;s]kl5 dfq ah]6 lgsf;f ug'{ kb{5 .
v= :jLs[t ah]6af6 vr{ ug]{
ah]6sf]] :jLs[lt k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lafx]s c¿ s;}n] klg vr{ ug]{
cfb]z lbg] jf vr{ :jLs[t ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
u= sf]iffcWoIf jf vr{sf] lgsf;f lbg] k|d'vn] sfo{qmd ;+of]hsnfO{ / sfo{qmd ;+of]hsn]
n]vf clwsf/LnfO{ b]xfosf s'/fdf ljrf/ u/L vr{ ug]{ / vr{ ug{ lgsf;f lbg] ug'{ kb{5 .
!_ /sd :jLs[t ah]6 leq kb{5 ls kb}{g,
@_ vr{ ug{ afFsL 5 ls 5}g,
#_ vr{ ug]{ /sdsf] >f]t :ki6 5 ls 5}g,
$_ /sd s'g} sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf eP ;f] sfo{qmd :jLs[t eO;s]sf] 5 ls 5}g,
%_ ah]6 lgsf;f ubf{sf] cj:yf;Dd k"j{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] cj:yfdf s'g} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5
5}g .
3= /sd vr{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
s_ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sfo{;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ah]6 /sd ;DalGwt sf]ifaf6 lgsf;f
lnO{ ah]6sf] ;Ldfleq /xL lgwf{l/t sfo{qmddf vr{ ug'{ kb{5 .
v_ ;DalGwt ah]6leqsf] /sd vr{ ubf{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ sfo{qmd
;+of]hsn] n]vfkfnnfO{ cg'dlt lbPkl5 n]vfkfnn] vr{ ug'{ kb{5 .
89
 u_ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 vr{ :jLs[t ubf{, /sd vr{ ubf{ vr{sf] lan, ekf{O{ ;lxt
lgodfg';f/ n]vf /fVg'kb{5 .
ª= lhDdfdf lnO;s]sf] /sd, To;sf] lx;fa lstfa lan, ekf{O{ jf k|df0f, n]vf k|d'våf/f
/fVg] tyf /fVg nufpg] ;d]tsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] x'g]5 . vr{ ubf{
:jLs[t ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /x]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
r= kl/of]hgf k|:tfjljxLgsf ;Dk"0f{ vr{x¿, h:t}– rGbf tyf cGo vr{x¿ ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s
sf]ifaf6 Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . o;/L rGbf lbFbf cfjZostf / cf}lrTo x]/L cWoIfn] ¿ %))
;Ddsf] rGbf jif{df a9Ldf @ k6s;Dd lbg ;Sg]5 .
5= k|d'vn] s'g} /sdsf] e'QmfgL lbg'eGbf klxn] jf e'QmfgL lbO{ ;s]sf]nfO{ l/t k'u] jf gk'u]sf]
hfFr u/L k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L hfFr ePsf] ;a} /l;b, lan, ekfO{x¿df l;n l;n]af/
gDa/ /fvL clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] tf]s nufPdf sd{rf/Ln] æe'QmfgL ePsf]æ hgfpg] 5g\
jf e'QmfgL ug]{5g\ . ;f] sfuhdf ;a}n] b:tvt u/L k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 .
h= clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] cfly{s sf/f]af/ ubf{ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/L pk/ k"/f /]vb]v
k'¥ofO{ gub tyf lhG;Ldf s'g} lsl;dsf] lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL jf nfk/jfxL ;d]t x'g
gkfpg] u/L gub tyf lhG;L ;'/lIft /fVg] Joj:yf u/fPsf] eP klg pQm sd{rf/Lsf] sfd
k|lt lghk|d'vsf] pQ/bfloTj eg] /lx/xg]5 .
em= k|d'vn] sfo{qmd ljk/Lt cyjf k|lqmof gk'u]sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL jf e'QmfgLsf]
lglDt l;kmfl/; ug{ kfOFb}g .
`= o; ;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgfut sfo{qmdsf] nflu /sdsf] e'QmfgL lbbf ef}r/df tof/ kfg]{ n]vf
clws[t , l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfo{qmd k|d'v, hfFr ug]{ / k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs u/L #
hgfsf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] ef}r/ /xg]5 .
6= sfo{qmd ;+of]hsn] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] kfFr lbgleq sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf]
kmFf6jf/L sf]iffWoIf;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .

!@= cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg M

-s_ o; lgodfjnLdf ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL @)^@ ;Fu aflemPsf s'/fx¿ :jtM
lgl:qmo x'g]5g\ / sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfj cfPdf jf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] cfjZos b]v]df
sfo{qmd Joj:yfkgsf] k/fdz{ lnP/ o; lgodfjnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug{
;Sg]5 .

cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL kfl/t ePsf] ldlt M

cg';"rL !=!M ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] ;xfos vftf

svu ;+:yf
===== ===
;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] ;xfos vftf

90
 vr{x¿
l/S;f
;fgf] cGo hDdf
ldlt ef}=g+= ljj/0f x'nfs tyf lrof km'6s/ km'6s/ df}Hbft
ltgf] ;fgf vr{
vr{ ;fgf] vr{ dd{t Hofnf
kmf]6f]skL vr{X¿
9'jfgL

hDdf

91
cg';"rL !=@M ;fgf] gubL ef}r/ tyf e/kfO{
svu ;+:yf
========
;fgf] gubL ef}r/ tyf e/kfO{

sfo{qmdsf] gfdM ldltM

e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] gfdM

vr{sf] d'Vo zLif{sM

vr{sf] ;xfos zLif{sM
ljj/0f /sd ¿= s}lkmot

tof/ ug]{ M ?h' ug]{ M :jLs[t ug]{ M

kb M kb M kb M
ldlt M ldlt M ldlt M

/sd a'em\g]sf] x:tfIf/M

gfd, 7]ufgf, 5fkM

92
cg';"rL !=#M gub k|flKt /l;b

svu ;+:yf
==============
gub k|flKt /l;b
/l;b g+= M ldlt M

>L ====================================================================================== af6

====================================
============================================== afkt ¿= ========================== -cIf/]kL ¿=
===============================
==================================================================== dfq_ ;–wGojfb a'lemlnPF .

======================= =========================
a'emfpg]sf] ;xL a'lemlng]sf] ;xL

93
cg';"rL !=$M uf]Zjf/f ef}r/
svu ;+:yf
======
uf]Zjf/f ef}r/
sfo{qmdsf] gfdM===========
ef} =g+= M =========================== ldlt M
=======================
qm=;+= ljj/0f vf=kf=g+= ;+s]t g+= 8]lj6 qm]l86

hDdf
cIf/]kL
p2]Zo M
Af}+s vftf gub÷ r]s g+= e'QmfgL lng]sf]
gfd / y/ M
;xL M
ldlt M

tof/ ug]{ M ?h' ug]{ M :jLs[t ug]{ M

gfdM gfdM gfdM
kb M kb M kb M
ldlt M ldlt M ldlt M

94
cg';"rL !=%M t'ngfTds ljj/0f kmf/fd
svu ;+:yf
============
t'ngfTds ljj/0f kmf/fd

kl/of]hgf M ============================================================================
=============================== sf] d"No t'ngfTds ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;fdu|Lsf] k"0f{ OsfO ;+Vof cfk"lt{ stf{ cfk"lt{ stf{ cfk"lt{ stf{
ljj/0f -s_ -v_ -u_
b/ /sd b/ /sd b/ /sd

hDdf d"No
vl/b Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] cfk"lt{ stf{ 5gf}6 ug'{sf] sf/0f;lxtsf] l;kmfl/;M

qm=;+= Gffd ldlt x:tfIf/

!
@

$
%

:jLs[t ug]{ M
ldlt M

95
cg';"rL !=^ M vl/b cfb]z kmf/fd
svu ;+:yf
=========
vl/b cfb]z kmf/fd

>L ============================================================================ v=cf=g+= M

ldlt M
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ldlt M
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ :yfg M

n]lvPadf]lhd lgDgflÍt dfn;fdfgx¿sf] ;a} ljn k7fpg'xf]nf .

l;=g+= ljj/0f PsfO kl/df0f b/ /sd s}lkmot

hDdf /sd
cIf/]kL

tof/ ug]{ M ?h' ug]{ M :jLs[t ug]{ M

ldlt M ldlt M ldlt M

96
cg';"rL !=& M dfu kmf/fd
svu ;+:yf
=========
dfu kmf/fd
dfukmf/fd g++=
p2]ZoM
;fdu|L cfjZos ldlt M
l;=g+= kl/df0f ljj/0f u'0f:t/ nfut d"No cfly{s ah]6 S}lkmot
;|f]t of]hgf

dfu ug]{ M l;kmfl/; ug]{ M k|dfl0ft ug]{M

gfdM gfdM gfdM
kbM kbM kbM
ldltM ldltM ldltM

97
 cg';"rL !=*MM ;fdu|L k|fKt / vr{ vftf

svu ;+:yf
============
;fdu|L k|fKt / vr{ vftf

ldl ;fdu|L dfu ÷ kl/d d"No ljn laqm]tfsf] p2]Zo cfly{s k|fKt x:tfIf/ vr{ eP/ ghfg]
t sf] vl/b f0f g+= gfd ;|f]t ug]{ / vr{ eP/ hfg]
ljj/0f cfb]z JolQm vr{ vr{
kmf/fd eP/ eP/
g+= ghfg] hfg]
k]h g+= k]h g+=

98
cg';"rL !=( M ljg sf8{
svu ;+:yf
====================
ljg sf8{

dfu /l;b
;fdu|L s'g sfdsf] nflu dfu
l;=g+= ;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/df0f

dfu ug]{
gfdM
ldlt

99
cg';"rL !=!) M ;jf/L ;fwg nua's

svu ;+:yf
====================
;jf/L ;fwg nuj's

k|of]u sxfFb]lv sxfF;Dd p2]Zo OGwg x:tfIf/ :jLs[lt s}lkmot

l;=g+= stf{sf] ln= ug]{
gfd ÷
uf8L g+=
:yfg ls=ld :yfg ls=ld

100
 cg';"rL !=!) -s_M dd{t cfb]z kmf/fd

svu ;+:yf
====================
dd{t cfb]z kmf/fd

dd{t cfb]z kmf/fd g+=

dd{t ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwg tyf ;fdu|Lsf] gfdM
;+:yfsf] ;+s]t g+=
qmd ;++M
:yfg / 7fpF M
! cg'/f]wsf] sf/0f M
@= cg'dflgt d"No M
#=cfk"lt{ stf{ M
$=;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f
M

l;=g+= ;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/df0f /sd s}lkmot

%= vr{ef/ M
%=! s'g >f]taf6
%=! s'g ah]6 zLif{saf6

:jLs[t ug]{ M cg'/f]w ug]{ M

gfd gfd
kb kb
x:tfIf/ x:tfIf/
ldlt ldlt

101
cg';"rL !=!! M dd{t ;Def/ nu a's

svu ;+:yf
====================

dd{t ;Def/ nu j's

;fdfg ;+s]t g++=

df]8]n qmd;+VofM
vl/b ul/Psf] ldltM cfk"lt{stf{
;|f]t M
ldlt ;fdfg kl/df0f D"No hDdf cfk"lt{ s}lkmot
d"No stf{

102
 cg';"rL !=!@ M Room Inventory List
svu ;+:yf
===== bfª
Room Inventory List

qm=;+= ;fdfgsf] gfd ljlzi6 klxrfg sf]8 g+= ;+Vof k|of]u stf{sf] gfd

sIfdf /xg] JolQmx¿

qm+=;+= Gffd x:tfIf/
!
@
#
$
%

103
 cg';"rL !=!# JolQmut vftf

svu ;+:yf
=======
JolQmut vftf
gfdM
kbM
;fdfgsf] d"No k|lt nu]sf]
kmsf{Psf]
qm=;== ljj/0f kl/df0f OsfO sf]8 g+= ldlt x:tfIf/ s}lkmot
kmsf{Psf]
ldlt x:tfIf/

104
 cg';"rL !=!$ M LOan Book

svu ;+:yf
========
Loan Book

nu]sf] ;fdfgsf] ;Defljt k|fKt ;fdfg a'em\g]sf] gfd

qm=;+= kl/df0f /sd ¿= p2]Zo kmsf{pg] stf{sf] x:tfIf/
ldlt ljj/0f
ldlt gfd Gfd ldlt x:tfIf/

105
cg';"rL !=!%M vl/b cfb]z lgoGq0f vftf

svu ;+:yf
==========
vl/b cfb]z lgoGq0f vftf

vl/b cfb]z
qm=;+= ldlt g+ P2]Zo ;fdfgsf] ljj/0f ;fdfg dfu ug]{sf] gfd s}lkmot

106
cg';"rL !=!^M vr{ eO{ hfg] ;fdfgsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgM
svu ;+:yf
=========
Vfr{ eO{ hfg] ;fdfgsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgM

vr{ eO{
ef}lts
hfg] n]h/ vl/b
qm=;+= ;fdfgsf] ljj/0f k/LIf0fsf] km/s s}lkmot
;fdfgsf] df}Hbft ;|f]t
;+Vof
k]h g=

ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{sf] gfd tyf x:tfIf/

qm=;+= X:tfIf/ ldlt Gfd :jLs[lt ug]{sf]
! x:tfIf/
@ gfd
# ldlt
$
%

107
cg';"rL !=!&M vr{ eO{ ghfg] ;fdfgsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgM

svu ;+:yf
===========
vr{ eO{ ghfg] ;fdfgsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgM

n]h/ n]h/ vl/b /x]sf]

qm=;+= vl/b ldlt ;fdfgsf] gfd ljlzi6 klxrfg sf]8 g+= U0fgf df}Hbft km/s cj:yf s}lkmot
kfgf g+= df}Hbft ;|f]t :yfg

108
ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{sf] gfd tyf
x:tfIf/
qm=;+= x:tfIf/ ldlt gfd :jLs[lt ug]{sf]
! x:tfIf/
@ gfd
# ldlt
$
%

109
cg';"rL !=!*M vr{ eO{ ghfg] ;fdfgsf] /]s8{M
svu ;+:yf
=========
vr{ eO{ ghfg] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f

vl/b ljlzi6 k|lt OsfO vl/b cfb]z

qm=;+= ljj/0f kl/df0f ljn g+= cfk"lt{ stf{ sf]8 g+= vl/b ;|f]t cjl:yt k|of]u stf{ s}lkmot
ldlt klxrfg d"No g+=

110
 cg';"rL !=!(M df}Hbft /lhi6/

svu ;+:yf
===============
df}Hbft /lhi6/
;fdfgsf] gfdM
OsfO

lgsf;f
qm=;+= ldlt ljj/0f vl/b cfb]z g+= k|flKt df}Hbft s}lkmot

kl/df0f k|lt OsfO d"No hDdf d"No Gfd dfu kq kl/df0f

111
cg';"rL !=@)M k]ZsL lgj]bg

svu ;+:yf
===== bfª

ldlt M
===========================
>L ===================================

ljifo M k]ZsL kfpmF eGg] af/] .

pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
x'Fbf pQm lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf nflu tkl;n adf]lhdsf] /sd pknAw u/fO{ lbg'x'g of] lgj]bg
k]; ul/G5 .
qm=;+= ah]6sf] ljj/0f PsfO d"No ¿= hDdf d"No ¿

-s_ s'n hDdf

-v_ hDdf k|fKt /sd
hDdf cfjZos –s — v_

n]vf ljj/0f M
================================================================================================================================
==================================================================================================================================
==================================================================================================================================
==================================================================================================================================
==================================================================================================================================
======================

k|dfl0ft ug]{ M ;b/ ug]{ M

ldlt M ldlt M

/sd k|fKt ug]{sf] x:tfIf/M

gfdM
cg';"rL !=@!M ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f

svu ;+:yf
===== bfª
ldltM
;Gt'ng k/LIf0f
o; jif{sf] /sd ut jif{ /sd
ljj/0f cg';"rL g+=
¿= ¿=

hDdf cfo /sd ¿= =========== =============

hDdf Joo /sd ¿= =============== ===============

tof/ ug]{ hfFr ug]{ :jLs[t ug]{

113
 cg';"rL !=@@M ah]6 vr{ k|ltj]bg
svu ;+:yf
==========
ah]6 vr{ k|ltj]bg
ldltM
o; afFsL
jflif{s cl3Nnf] dlxgf
sf]8 dlxgfsf] hDdf vr{ vr{ ah]6
qm=;== ah]6 zLif{s ah]6 ;Ddsf] vr{
g+= vr{ /sd /sd ¿= k|ltzt /sd
/sd ¿= /sd ¿=
¿= ¿=

tof/ ug]{ hfFr ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{

114
cg';"rL !=@#M a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f
svu ;+:yf
==========
a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0f

a}+s lx;fa g++ ldltM

!= a}+s :6]6d]G6 cg';f/sf] df}Hbft /sd ¿= ===========================

hf]8
@= hDdfsf] nflu a}+s k7fPsf] t/ hDdf gePsf] /sd ¿= ============================
36fp
#= r]s sfl6Psf] t/ a}+s gk'u]sf] /sd ¿= ==============================
hDdf df}Hbft =================================
$= a}+s n]h/cg';f/sf] df}Hbft /sd ¿= =================================

e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sd ¿ hDdf x'g afFsL /sd ¿=

Ldlt r]s /sd ¿= ldlt /sd ¿=

tof/ ug]{ hfFr ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{

115
cg';"rL !=@$M jf;nft

Svu ;+:yf
======
cf=j=
jf;nft
o; jif{sf] /sd ut jif{sf]
ljj/0f cg';"rL g+=
¿= /sd ¿=

hDdf bfloTj ============= ==============

hDdf ;DklQ =========== ============

tof/ ug]{ hfFr ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{

116
cg';"rL !=@$M cg'dflgt cfo Joo ljj/0f

svu ;+:yf
========
cf=j===========

cg'dflgt cfo Joo ljj/0f

o; jif{sf]
ut jif{ jf:tljs
ljj/0f cg';"rL g+= cg'dflgt /sd
/sd ¿=
¿=

hDdf cfo /sd ¿= ============= =============

hDdf Joo /sd ¿= ============= ==============

Tof/ ug]{ hfFr ug]{ :jLs[t ug]{

117
 cg';"rL !=@%M n]vfk/LIfssf] sfo{ ljj/0f

svu ;+:yf
=========

=============== Ho",
n]vfk/LIfs÷ n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{

ljifoM n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf ;t{, clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwdf .

of] ;Demf}tf kq o; ;+:yfsf] cf=j======================= sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu x:tfIf/ ePsf ldlt
b]lv nfu" x'g]5 . n]vfk/LIf0f lhDd]jf/L tyf clwsf/ klg o;} kqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ x'g]5 .

;t{x¿
!= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;+nUg cfly{s ljj/0f ;+:yfn] /fv]sf] lx;fa lstfa;Fu b'¿:t eP
gePsf] pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
@= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf vr{ /sd sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zosf] kl/lwleq /x]/ vr{ eP
gePsf] pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
#= bft[ lgsfo tyf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] ;+:yfx¿;Fu ePsf ;Demf}tfsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ vr{ eP
gePsf] pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
$= ;+:yfdf eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ cfDbfgL vr{sf ;fy} lhG;Lsf] Joj:yfkg hfFr ug'{kg]{5 .
%= lgodk"j{s x'g g;s]sf tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ If]qx¿nfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{
5.
^= n]vfsf sfo{x¿ ;+:yfsf ljwfg, lgofdfjnL, lg0f{o / ;Demf}tf kqcg';f/ eP gePsf] x]g'{kg]{5 .
&= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ================== ldlt ;Dddf k]; ul/;Sg'kg]{5 .
*= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt /sdx¿ n]h/x¿df x'g'kg]{5 .
(= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]; u/] kZrft\ n]vfk/LIf0f z'Ns afkt ¿============ e'StfgL ul/g]5 . ;f]
e'StfgLdf k|rlnt sfg'gcg';f/ >]ftdf s/ s§L ul/g]5 .

118
 cg';"rL–@
svu ;+:yf
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DalGw lgodfjnL
@)
e"ldsf M–
svu ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ kf/bzL{ / Jojl:yt Pj+ cg'zfl;t ?kdf
;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfsf] ljwfg =========== sf] wf/f ========= n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ul/ of]
sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL ======== tof/ ul/ hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljlgodfjnL nfu' x'g' k"j{
;ldltjf6 eP u/]sf sfd sf/jflxx? o;} lgodfjnL cg';f/ eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 / ljwfg;+u
jflemPsf] xb;Dd ljwfg jdf]lhd g} x'g]5, / o; ljlgodfjnLsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ;fwf/0f
;efdf /xg]5 .

!= gfd / k|f/De M–
-s_ of] lgodfjnLsf] gfd æsd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL ========Æ /xg] 5 .
-v_ of] lgodfjnL o; ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] ldlt ======= ;fn ================
dlxgf ============= ut] ================== af/ b]lv nfu' x'g]5 / o; lgodfjnLnfO{ cfufld
;fwf/0f ;efdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ul/g]5 .

• kl/efiff M–
ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf –
-s_ æ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] svu ;+:yf nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-v_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldltnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-u_ æcWoIfÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] cWoIfnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-3_ æcfly{s jif{Æ eGgfn] >fj0f ! ut] b]lv cfiff9 d;fGt ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-ª_ æsfo{qmdÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-5_ æsd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnLÆ kl/of]hgf÷cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf] nflu tof/
ul/Psf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnLeGg]nfO{ a'lemg] 5 .
-h_ æsd{rf/LÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd / ;+:yfsf] k|zf;lgs sfddf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds -tna_ kfpg]u/L ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] JolQmnfO{
;Demg' k5{

119
 -em_ æ:jo+;]jsÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd / ;dfhsf] ;]jfsf] sfddf ljgf kfl/>lds
jf kfl/>lds /lxt lgo'Qm u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-`_ ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] sd{rf/L, :jo+;]js tyf sfo{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] sfd u/] afkt
lbOg] lgwf{l/t /sdnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-6_ æJoj:yfkg ;ldltÆ eGgfn] kl/of]hgf÷cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmd Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg sfo{qmd
tyf jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d"x eGg] a'lemg] 5 .
-7_ æs/f/ ;]jf lgo'lQmÆ eGgfn] kl/of]hgf÷cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] lglZrt cjlwsf nflu
;DalGwt sd{rf/L / kl/of]hgf aLrsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sd{rf/L lgo'QmL ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5
.
-8_ æk'g/fj]bg 5fgljg ;ldltÆ eGgfn] sf/jfxLdf k/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo
eGg] a'lemg] 5 .
-9_ ælgb]{lzsfÆ eGgfn] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt -kIf_ n] sfo{ k|lqmof ;lhnf] tyf kf/bzL{ u/fpg
tof/ u/]sf]÷agfPsf] gLlt lgodx? eGg] a'lemG5 .
-0f_ æsfo{qmd k|dv ' Æ eGgfn] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd jf kl/of]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg jf
;a}eGbf jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .
-t_ æn]vf k/LIfsÆ eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ k|df0f–kq k|fKt u/]sf]
n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-y_ æ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] ;+:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ >f]t pknAw u/fpg] u}x|
;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .

• p2]Zo M–
-s_ ;+:yfsf] d'No dfGotf / ljwfgnfO{ dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag ub}{ ;+:yfsf]
sfo{qmd jf kl/of]hgfsf] Joj:yfkgkIf / sd{rf/Lx? aLrdf cg'zfl;t /xL cfk;L
;DaGw sfod ug]{ .
-v_ sd{rf/Lx?sf] xs lxtsf] ;Da4{g ub}{ Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L aLr kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .
-u_ ljljw sf/0fn] ;[hgf x'g] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKtdf 6]jf lbg] .

@= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k M

o; ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k cg';"rL ! df pNn]v ePcg';f/ x'g]5 .

#= sd{rf/L kb, tx, >]0fL, tnj ;'ljwf, u|]8 , of]Uotf / cg'ej

-s_ ;+:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf ePsf
sd{rf/Lx¿ tx / >]0fL v'nfO{ lgo'lQm lbOg]5 .
Qm=;+= Kb tx >]0fL tnj u|]8 z}lIfs of]Uotf cg'ej
120
 t[tLo #,))).)) ! jif{]
!= sfof{no ;xof]uL ! låtLo #,*)).)) !@&.)) ;fwf/0f n]vk9 @ jif{
k|yd $,^)).)) # jif{
sfof{no ;lrj, :6f]/ t[tLo %,))).)) P;=Pn=l;= ! jif{
lsk/, 8«fOe/, låtLo %,*)).)) P;=Pn= ;L= @ jif{
;dflhs k|yd ^,^)).)) k|jL0ftf k|df0f # jif{
@= @ !($.))
kl/rfns, kq
;xhstf{, sDKo"6/
ck|]6/
;dflhs kl/rfns, t[tLo &,))).)) k|jL0ftf k|df0f ! jif{
;xfos n]vfkfn, låtLo &,*)).)) kq @ jif{
n]vfkfn, ;'k/efOh/, k|yd *,^)).)) k|jL0ftf k|df0f # jif{
#= # @^).))
;xhstf{, sDKo"6/ kq
ck|]6/, lkmN8 ;xfos, k|jL0ftf k|df0f
sfo{qmd ;+of]hs kq
n]vf clws[t, t[tLo (,))).)) :gfts tx ! jif{
sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, låtLo (,*)).)) :gfts tx @ jif{
$= tflnd ;+of]hs $ k|yd !),^)).)) #@&.)) :gfts tx # jif{
;xhstf{, k|zf;g
k|d'v, l6d ln8/,
n]vf clws[t, t[tLo !!,))).)) :gfts tx $ jif{
sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, låtLo !!,*)).)) :gfts tx % jif{
%= tflnd ;+of]hs % k|yd !@,^)).)) #($.)) :gfts tx ^ jif{
;xhstf{, k|zf;g
k|d'v, l6d ln8/,

$= sd{rf/L 5gf}6 M
;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgf÷sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm 5gf}6 ubf{ ;Dk|bfo
hflt, wd{, lnË cflbsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
$=!= sd{rf/L b/jGbL lgwf{/0fM
;+:yfdf sfo{/t s'g} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s'g} klg sf/0faf6 kb l/Qm ePdf, ;fem]bf/[ lgsfo;+u
s'g} gof sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug{nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿ cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPdf /
;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf ;ldltn] sd{rf/L cfjZos kg]{ b]v]df ;ldltsf] j}7sn] b/jGbL
;lxt lgDgfg';f/sf s'/fx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
121
s= 5gf}6 ;|f]t lgwf{/0f .
v= z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej .
u= b/jGbLsf] tx / :t/ .
3= ;+:yfn] lbg ;Sg] ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f .
8= lgo'lQmsf] lsl;d -c:yfoL, s/f/, :yfoL_
r= kbLo lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj .
$=@= sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmof M–
dfly lgod $=! cg';f/ b/jGbLx¿df kbk"lt{ ug'{ k/]sf] cj:Yffdf tklzn jdf]lhdsf]
kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] pNn]lvt k|lqmof cg';f/ sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ul/ kbk"lt{ ug]{5 .
$=@=! kbk"lt{ ;ldlt
-s_ ;+:yfsf] sfo{;ldlt cWoIf jf cWoIfn] lhDdf lbPsf] ;ldltsf] ;b:o ! hgf .
-v_ ;+:yfsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 5gf}6 u/]sf] ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo]af6 !
hgf .
-u_ ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L k|d'v jf lghn] v6fPsf] ;DalGwt ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg] sd{rf/L !
hgf .
-3_ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] cfjZostf dxz'; u/]df Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g, k|fljlws tyf
sfo{qmdsf] If]qdf cg'ejL tyf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] :jtGq JolQmaf6 @ hgf /fVg
;Sg]5 .
-ª_ ;fem]bf/ lgsfo;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df cfjZos kg]{ ePdf ;fem]bf/ lgsfosf]
k|ltlglw ! hgf o; cj:yfdf dfly 3 cg';f/ :jtGq JolQmjf6 ! hgfdfq} /xg]5 .
o; pk;ldltsf] ;dfofjlw Ps lj1fkgsf nflu dfq x'g]5 .

$=@=@ sd{rf/L lgo'lQm k|lqmof M –

dfly $=! cg';f/sf] b/aGbLdf lgDgfg';f/ # ;|f]tjf6 5gf}6 ul/ lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
-s_ Head Hanunting: nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+:yfdf sfd u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? dWo] cfly{s
cg'zf;g, g}lts cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxLdf k/L ;+:yfjf6 aflxl/Psf b]lv jfx]s cGo s'g}
klg sf/0fjf6 jt{dfg ;dodf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t g/x]sf ;+:yf k"j{ sd{rf/Lx?dWo]jf6
pQmkbk"lt{ ug'{ kg]{ kbdf sfd ug{ of]Uo ePsf] cj:yfdf, sfo{;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L l;w}
lgo'lQm lbg ;Sg]5 .
-v_ cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{jf6M b/jGbL ;[hgf ePsf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s sd{rf/Lx¿jf6} ;f] kbsf]
nflu of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿ ePsf] sfo{;ldltnfO{ nfu]df cfGtl/s -sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr_
k|lt:kwf{jf6 lgo'lQm ug{nfO{ sfo{;ldltn] kbk"lt{ ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{5 .

122
-u_ v'Nnf lj1fkgM dfly s / v jfx]ssf] cj:yfdf :jtGq ?kdf /fli6«o jf :yfgLo
klqsfx¿df slDtdf Ps xKtfsf] ;do lbP/ cfjZostfsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ ;j}df
hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfj]bg kmf/fdx? ;+sng u/L 5gf}6 k|lqmof cufl8 j9fpg' kb{5 .
$=@=# sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ljlw M – dfly -v_ / -u_ ;|f]taf6 sd{rf/Lx¿ 5gf}6 ug'{ k/]sf cj:yfdf
cfj]bg lbPsfx¿ dWo] JolQmut ljj/0f / k/]sf lgj]bgsf cfwf/df Short List u/L
;dfGotof lgDgfg';f/sf] k"0ff{s+ /fvL sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ul/g]5 .
-s_ lnlvt k/LIff k"0ff{s+ hDdf %) - kbLo lhDd]jf/L ;DjlGw k|Zg #), sfof{no Joj:yfkg
tyf ;+rfng ;DjlGw k|Zg !), ;d;fdlos ;fdflhs ;jfn ;DjlGw k|Zg %, z}lIfs
of]Uotf;Fu ;DjlGwt k|Zg % _
-v_ cGt{jftf{ k"0ff{s+ hDdf @% - zf/Ll/s JolQmTj, zfnLgtf, ldng;f/ %, ;+rf/ l;k tyf
k|:t'lts/0f l;k !), sfd ug]{ OR5fzlSt %, ;+:yf k|ltsf] wf/0ff tyf 1fg %_
-u_ z}lIfs of]Uotf l8lehg %, ;DjlGwt sfd;+u ldNg] cg'ej %, sDo"6/ ;DjlGw 1fg %,
:yflgo %, dlxnf, blnt tyf lk5l8Psf] hg hflt % ul/ hDdf k"0ff{s+ @%
-3_ k|of]ufTds kl/Iff M cfjZso ePdf yk @% k"0ff{s+ k|of]ufTds kl/Iff lnO{g]5 .
o;/L hDdf !)) k"0ff{s+sf cfwf/df sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ul/g]5 tfklg ljz]if k|fljlws kbx? ePdf
;f] sf] nflu 5'§} 5gf}6 ljlw kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] to ug{ ;Sg]5 .

$=@=$ sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]UotfM

s_ !* jif{ k"/f ePsf] dlxnf jf k'?if .
v_ g]kfnL gful/s .
u_ k|ToIf ¿kdf /fhgLltdf ;+nUg gePsf] .
3_ dfgl;s ?kdf :j:Yo .
8=_ kb cg'?k z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej ePsf] .
r_ ;+:yfsf] rn crn ;DklQ lxgfldgf gu/]sf] .
5_ kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo gkfPsf] .
h_ ;+:yfsf] jxfnjfnf sfo{ ;ldltdf gePsf] .
$=@=% lgo'lQm kqM
-s_ cfGtl/s tyf afXo k|lqmofcg';f/ sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ePsf] Ps xKtf leq cg';"rL @
jdf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf pNn]lvt ljj/0f v'nfO{ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{ ;ldltn] lgo'lQm
kq k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ ;j} lsl;dsf lgo'lQmsf] k/LIf0f sfn # dlxgf /xg]5 .
-u_ k/LIf0f sfndf cfwf/e"t tnj ;'ljwf jfx]s cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5}g .
-3_ ;+:yfdf Psk6s k/LIf0f sfn k"/f u/L ;s]sf sd{rf/Ln] k'gM @ jif{ leqdf s'g} klg kbdf
lgo'lQm kfPdf k/LIf0f sfn k"/f ug'{ kg]{ 5}g .
123
-8=_ k/LIf0f sfndf sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs geP hfgsf/L lbO{ ljbf lbg ;lsg]5 .
-r_ k/LIf0f sfnsf] ;dfojlw k"/f ePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{ cjlw tf]sL k/LIf0f sfn k"/f ePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fO{g]5 .
-5_ lgo'lQm kq;Fu ;Fu} sd{rf/Ln] jxg ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ePsf] lnlvt sfo{ ljj/0f
clgjfo{ ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
$=@=^ lgo'lQmsf] lsl;dM
-s_ Hofnfbf/LM sfd u/]sf lbgsf] dfq tnj kfpg] u/L lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/L .
-v_ s/f/ M ;+:yfn] s'g} lglZrt tf]lsPsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{sf nflu bf]xf]/f] ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df
lbO{g] lgo'lQm kq, of] jl9df ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] nflu dfq x'g]5 .
-u_ c:yfoL M s'g} klg b/jGbLdf ;'?sf] klxnf] ! jif{sf] nflu c:yfoL lgo'lQm lbOg]5 .
-3_ :yfoL M c:yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf ;do k"/f ul/;s]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'gM lgo'lQm lbg'
k/]sf] cj:yfdf :yfoL lgo'lQm lbOg]5 / ;f] :yfoL lgo'QmL kl/of]hgf cjlwsf] nflu jf
;+:yfsf] nflu :yfoL klg x'g ;Sg]5 .
%= sfof{no ;doM
kmfNu'0f b]lv sflt{s;Dd !)M)) jh]b]lv %M)) ;Dd / d+l;/b]lv df3;Dd !)M)) b]lv $M))
jh];Dd / z'qmjf/sf] lbg sfof{no ;do #M)) jh];Dd /xg]5 tfklg ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs
;]jfsf] nflu sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] sfof{no ;do eGbf klg j9L sfd ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
x'g;Sg]5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf yk ;do sfd u/]sf] cfwf/df yk ;'ljw lbOg]5}g .
^= sd{rf/L xflh/L k|lqmofM
-s_ sd{rf/Lx¿n] b}lgs ?kdf cfPsf] / uPsf] ;do v'Ng] u/L cfpg] / hfg] j]nfdf xflh/L
/lhi6/df pkl:ylt hgfpg' kg]{5 .
-v_ lkmN8 jf sfh jf ljbf :jLs[t u/fO{ j;]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] xflh/L
/lhi6/df n]Vg] bfoLTj :jLs[lt lbg] sd{rf/Lsf] x'g]5 .
-u_ dlxgfsf] ;"?df dlxgf el/ sfdsf] dfl;s sfo{ of]hgf / dlxgfsf] cGTodf dlxgfel/ u/]sf]
sfd pNn]v u/L 6fod l;6 :jLs[lt u/fO{ Ps k|lt cfly{s k|zf;g zfvfdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5
.
% sd{rf/L ;?jf jf a9'jf, d"NofÍgM
-s_ ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ldltn] Ps kl/of]hgfjf6 csf]{ kl/of]hgf, Ps If]qjf6 csf]{
If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 t/ sfd ul//x]sf] kl/of]hgf ;+rfngdf c;/ gkg]{
u/L ;?jf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ cfly{s jif{sf] cGtdf ;j} sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg';"rL # jdf]lhdsf] kmf/djf6 ;j}
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ d"Nofs+g eg{ nufOg] 5 .
-u_ sd{rf/Lx?jf6 el/ cfPsf] sd{rf/L d"Nofs+g kmf/d d"Nofs+g ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] tkm{jf6
d"Nofs+g u/L To;sf] /]s{8 /flvg]5 .
124
-u_ jflif{s ?kdf sd{rf/L sfo{ Ifdtf d"Nofs+gsf cfwf/df ;j} eGbf pTs[i7 x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{
s'g} lx;dan] k'/:s[t u/L ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;Ddfg ul/g]5 / cj;/ ldn];Dd
kbLo lhDd]jf/L lgefpg ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf ;d]t ul/g]5 .
-3_ cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt x'g' eGbf sDtLdf !% lbg klxn] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] ;j} sd{rf/Lsf]
d"Nofs+g ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgf /x]sf] % ;b:o /x]sf] sd{rf/L d"Nofs+g pk;ldlt u7g ug'{
kg]{5 .
&= sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf M–
dfly lgod # df pNn]lvt tx tyf >]0fLcg';f/ tnj ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 eg] ;'ljwfsf
xsdf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .
-s_ sd{rf/L cjsfz sf]if M
s/f/ jf Hofnfbf/L lgol'Qm kfPsfjfx]s c¿ ;j} sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn k"/f ePkl5
cfwf/e"t tna :s]njf6 ======== k|ltzt / tnj :s]nsf] ============ k|ltzt eQf hf]l8
hDdf ============ k|ltzt s6\6f u/L ;/sf/L dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfdf sd{rf/L cjsfz
sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbOg]5 .
-v_ jflif{s j[l4 M
sd{rf/L cjsfz sf]ifsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] :jtM dfly lgod
# df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] jflif{s a[l4 x'g]5 . ;f] u0fgf ubf{ >fj0f ! ut] eGbf klxnf
lgo'lQm kfPsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ >fj0f ! ut] b]lv Ps jflif{s a[l4sf] ;'ljwf x'g]5 .
-u_ k/LIf0f sfndf /x]sf sd{rf/Ln] ;+rosf]if, jlfif{s a[l4, afx]s lgodfjnLdf ePsf ;a}
;'ljwfx¿ kfpg]5g\ .
-3_ b'3{6gf ljdfM
;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] =======jif{sf] cfwf/e"t tnj
/sd j/fj/sf] b'3{6gf ljdf ;+:yfn] ul/lbg]5 .
-ª_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ ljdfM

-r=_ s'g} klg sf/0fjf6 tnj eQf s6fpg' k/]sf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tnjnfO{ #^%
lbgnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ hlt lbgsf] s6fpg' kg]{ xf] ;f] lbgn] u'0ff u/L cfpg] /sd s6fpg'
kg]{5 . o:tf] cj:yf ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ j;]df, ;+lrt ljbf eGbf j9L lbg labf a;]df
cfpg ;S5 .
-5_ b}lgs e|d0f eQfM
s'g} klg sd{rf/L jf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]q eGbf aflx/ hfg' k/]sf]
cj:yfdf jf:tljs oftfoft vr{ / /ft ljtfpg] u/L hfg' k/]sf] cj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/sf]

125
 vfgf vr{ jfkt b}lgs e|d0f vr{ / jf; vr{ jfkt xf]6]n vr{ k|lt /ftsf] ?= #)).))
pknJw u/fO{g]5 / xf]6]n vr{sf] vr{ ljn g} ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{5 .
• uf=lj=;= If]qx?df ?= @)).–
• lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ?= @%).–
• gu/kflnsf If]qx?df ?= @%).–
• sf7df08f}+ pkTosf / dxf pkgu/kflnsf If]qx?df ?= $)).–
• dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/df ef/tsf] nflu /ft ljtfP afkt ef/tLo ?k}of cg';f/ x'g]5 .
• cGo d'n'sdf ;+:yfsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ x'g]5 .
• e|d0faf6 kms]{sf] lbgsf] cfwf eQf dfq pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .
• cfkm\gf] u[xIf]qdf /ft ljtfPsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ /ft ljtfPsf] cjlwe/ e|d0f eQfsf] %)Ü
eQf dfq pknAw u/fOg] 5 . u[xIf]q eGgfn] sd{rf/Lsf] 3/ /x]sf] :yfg a'em\g'k5{ .
• sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf e|d0fdf k7fpg' kbf{ sd{rf/Ln] e|d0f cfb]z kmf/d -
cg';"rL #_ e/L sfof{no k|d'vaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{5 / e|d0f eQf / vr{ bfjL ubf{
e|d0f eQf / vr{sf] aLn -cg';"rL $_ cg';f/sf] kmf/d e/L sfof{no k|d'vaf6 :jLs[t
u/fP/ k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
• sfo{ ;ldltsf] xsdf s'g} klg sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:on] lkmN8 e|d0f tyf sfo{qmd cg'udgdf
hfFbf lgDgcg';f/ b}lgs e|d0f eQfx¿ pknAw u/fOg]5 . sfo{ ;ldltsf] cGo ;j}sf]
e|d0f cfb]z cWoIfjf6 / cWoIf :jo+sf] e|d0f cfb]z ;lrjjf6 :jLs[t u/fP/ dfq} hfg'
kg]{5.
¾ uf=lj=;= If]qx¿df ?= @%).–
¾ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / gu/pGd'v uf=lj=;= If]qx¿df ?= #)).–
¾ gu/kflnsf If]qx¿df ?= #)).–
¾ sf7df8f}F pkTosf / dxf pkgu/kflnsf If]qx¿df ?= %)).–
¾ dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/df ef/tsf] nflu /ft latfP afkt ef/tLo ?k}ofFcg';f/ x'g]5 .
¾ cGo d'n'sdf ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng lg0f{o adf]lhd x'g]5 .
¾ e|d0faf6 kms]{sf] lbgsf] cfwf eQf dfq pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
¾ cfkm\gf] u[xIf]qdf /ft latfPsf] sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:on] /ft latfPsf] cjlwe/ e|d0f eQfsf]
%)Ü eQf dfq pknAw u/fOg] 5 . u[xIf]q eGgfn] ;ldltsf] ;DalGwt ;b:o jf
kbflwsf/Lsf] 3/ /x]sf] :yfg a'em\g'k5{ .
-5_ bz}F eQf M
Ps jif{ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] To;sf] Ps dlxgfsf] tna / jflif{s j[l4 a/fj/sf] /sd bz}
vr{ afkt bz} eQf kfpg] 5 . bz} eQf kfpgsf] nflu bz} cfpg' eGbf klxnf k/LIf0f
126
 sfn k"/f ul/;s]sf] sd{rf/L x'g'kg]{5 . bzF} eQf bzF} cfpg' eGbf !) lbg klxnf g}
e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .

*= ljbf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿n] tkl;n adf]lhdsf] ljbf kfpg ;S5g\ / s'g}
klg ljbf lng' k/]df cg';"rL % cg';f/sf] ljbf kmf/fd el/ sd{rf/L k|d'vjf6 l:js[t u/fP/ dfq}
ljbfdf j:g' kg]{5 .
*=!= kj{ jf ;fj{hlgs ljbf M
-s_ /fli6«o tyf wfld{s kj{x¿ ;'vb?kdf dgfpg ;+:yfn] ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ j9Ldf !% lbg
tna ;lxtsf] ljbf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . s'g s'g lbgnfO{ ljbf dfGg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L sfo{;ldltn] lgwf{/0f ug{ tyf 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ /fHon] tTsfn 3f]if0ff u/]sf s'g} ljz]if ljbf jf cGo s'g} ljz]if kl/l:ylt k/L ljbf ug'{kg]{
ePdf cj:yf x]/L sfo{;ldltn] ljbfsf] lg0f{o ug]{5 .

*=@= jflif{s ljbf M

sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|lt dlxgf @ lbgsf] b/n] jif{df @$ sfo{ lbg tnaL jflif{s ljbf k|fKt
ug]{5g\ . of] ljbf pkof]u ubf{ ljbf kmf/d -cg';"rL %_ e/L k"j{ :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{5 .
ljz]if kl/l:yltdf of] s'/f nfu" gx'g ;S5 t/ ljz]if kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L cfkm\gf]
;'k/efOh/ dfkm{t sfo{qmd k|d'vnfO{ ;dod} u/fpg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . jflif{s ljbf ! jif{df
j9Ldf !@ lbg / hDdf =========lbg ;Dd;l~rt ug{ kfOg] 5 . t/ o:tf] ;l~rt ljbf
gubdf eg] ?kfGt/ x'g] 5}g .
*=#= lj/fdL ljbf M
-s_ ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmddf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s ! lbgsf] b/n] jif{df !@ sfo{ lbg
tnaL lj/fdL ljbf kfpg] 5g\ . of] ljbf sd{rf/L jf lghsf] cleefjs / kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ lj/fdL ePsf] cj:yfdf / z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ug{ k/LIff lb+bf jflif{s ljbf
;l~rt gePsf] cj:yfdf pkof]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\ .
-v_ % lbg eGbf j9L o:tf] ljbf a:g' k/]df :jf:Yo rf}sL jf dfGotf k|fKt 8fS6/n] :jf:Yo
k/LIf0f u/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ lj/fdL ljbfsf] df}Hbft\nfO{ /sddf ?kfGt/ ubf{ lgDg ;"qcg';f/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 –
-tnadfg ± u]|8_ ÷ ;l~rt lj/fdL ljbf× !@
#^%

127
-3_ x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] cGtdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;l~rt lj/fdL ljbfnfO{ gubdf kl/0ft u/L
sd{rf/L hflu/af6 cjsfz lnPsf] jf kfPsf] ;dodf e'QmfgL lbOg] 5 .
*=$= k|;"lt ljbf M
-s_ dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;'Ts]/L x'g' cufl8 / k5fl8 u/L hDdf nuftf/ ^) lbg tna
;lxtsf] k|;"lt ljbf kfpg]5g\ . of] ;'ljwf @ aRrf hGdbf;Dd dfq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-v_ k|;"lt ljbf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] k|;'lt ljbfsf] ;dodf cGo ;fj{hlgs ljbf tyf xKtfsf]
lgoldt ljbfsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
-u_ k|;'lt ljbfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] ;fdfGotof ! dlxgf cufl8 g} ljbf a:g] ;dosf] hfgsf/L
lbg' kg]{5 .
-3_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] >LdtL ;'Ts]/L ePdf lghn] ===== sfo{ lbgsf] tnaL ;'ts ljbf ;]jf
cjlwe/ k|fKt ug]{5 .

*=%= lqmof ljbf M

sd{rf/Lsf] s'n wd{ ;+:s[ltcg';f/ cfkm} lqmof a:g' kg]{ ePdf clwstd ===== lbg tnaL
lqmof ljbf lbOg] 5 . cfkm}F a:g' gkg]{ jf gj:g]sf] v08df ==== lbg nuftf/ tnaL ljbf
lbOg] 5 .
*=^= a]tnaL ljbf M
s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] ;+lrt ljbf gePsf] cj:yfdf lj/fdL eO{ ljbf lng} kg]{ cj:yf ePdf
jf cWoogsf] hf+r k/]sf] cj:yfdf a9Ldf Ps k6sdf #) lbg;Dd j]tnjL ljbf lbg
;lsg]5 t/ ljbf :jLs[lt ug'{ k"j{ g} dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f clgjfo{ ?kdf
k]z ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq} ljbf :jLs[lt ug'{ kg]{5 cGoyf ljbf l:js[lt ug]{ clwsf/L g}
hjfkmb]xL x'g]5 .
(= sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f / ljsf; M
-s_ kl/of]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg kIfn] lglZrt dfkb08x¿ tof/ u/L sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ /
k]zfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf] df}sf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] 5 .
-v_ kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf sd{rf/Ldf ljz]if ;Lk, cfjZos ePdf cWoog,
tflnd, k|lzIf0f cflbsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsg] 5 .
-u_ nuftf/ Ps dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L cjlwsf nflu s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tflnd jf
k|lzIf0fsf nflu k7fpg' k/]df kl/of]hgf ;ldltn] b}lgs e|d0f eQf glbO{ lghnfO{
cfjf;Lo jf dfl;s ?kdf lglZrt 5fqa[lQ jf Psd'i6 eQfsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/
s'g} tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf :jod\n] cfjf;Lo tflnd jf ;f] jfkt eQf pknAw u/fPdf
;+:yfn] ;f] sf] nflu of] eQf pknAw u/fpg] 5}g .

128
-3_ nuftf/ @ dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;dosf nflu cWoog tflnd cflbsf] df}sf kfpg]
sd{rf/L;Fu ;+:yfn] ;+emf}tf u/L tflnddf k7fOg]5 / ;f]xL ;Demf}tf cg'?k tf]lsPsf]
cjlw;Dd ;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgfx¿df clgjfo{ ?kn] sfd ug'{kg]{5 . ;Demf}tf pNn+3g ePdf
;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt zt{cg';f/ sfo{jfxL x'g]5 .
-ª_ ;+:yfdf gof lgo'lQm eO{ cfpg] ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu ;+:yf / ;DjlGwt
sfo{qmdsfaf/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] sDtLdf @ lbgsf] cled'vLs/0f tflnd
clgjfo{ ?kdf lbg' kg]{5 .

!)= cfr/0f, ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg M

!@=!= ;+:yfsf ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;+:yfsf] d"No Pj+ dfGotf cg';f/sf cfr/0f Pj+ Jojxf/
ug'{kg]{5 .
!@=@= ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] lgDg cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0f u/]sf] v08df ;+:yfsf] d"No /
dfGotf pNn+3g u/]sf] 7xl/g] 5 –
-s_ cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clVtof/ b'?kof]u u/L gfhfoh kmfObf lng' .
-v_ ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd tyf k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] vfnsf] ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g' .
-u_ cbfnt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs lgsfoaf6 kmf}hbf/L d'2f nflu cleof]u k|dfl0ft
ePdf .
-3_ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ dg;fon] To:tf] ultljlwdf ;+nUg /xL sfo{qmd
/ ;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf cfFr cfPdf .
-ª_ s'g} /fhg}lts bndf k|ToIf ;+nUg /xL k|rf/ k|;f/ jf ;ef uf]i7Ldf ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL
x'g' .
-r_ cglws[t ?kdf ;+:yf jf o;sf] kl/of]hgfsf] >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u / lxgfldgf ug'{ .
-5_ cglws[t ?kdf ;+:yf jf o;sf] kl/of]hgfsf] uf]Ko hfgsf/L jf ;"rgfx? k|rf/df Nofpg'
.
-h_ cfly{s lxgfldgf ug'{, jf lxgfldgf u/fpg'df ;+nUg x'g' .
-em_ ;dodf ;"rgf glbO{ plrt sf/0f ljgf cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf u}/ xflh/L x'g' .
-`_ sfo{qmd k|d'v jf Joj:yfkg kIfn] agfPsf] s'g} klg lgb]{zgsf] pNn+3g ug'{ .
-6_ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gug'{ .

!)=#= ;hfo M
!)=#=!= cfr/0f xLgtfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ x]/L cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf lgb]{zssf]
l;kmfl/;df sfo{ ;ldltn] / lgb]{zssf] xsdf sfo{ ;ldltn] lgDg cg';f/sf] cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-s_ df}lvs gl;xt lbg] .
129
-v_ lnlvt r]tfjgL lbg] .
-u_ vfO{ kfO{ vfPsf] s'g} ;'ljwf s6f}tL ug]{ .
-3_ 36'jf ug]{ .
-ª_ lglZrt ;dosf nflu lgnDag ug]{ .
-r_ cjsf; lbg] .
!)=#=@ s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] v/fj cfr/0f lj?4 sf/jfxL ubf{ kof{Kt 5fgljg u/L Pj+
;kmfOsfnflu :ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf lbOg]5 .
!)#=#= lgnDagdf k/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] lgnDag cjlwe/ lghn] kfpg] ;a} ;'ljwf /f]Ssf x'g]5 . t/
cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePdf p;n] ;j} ;'ljwf oyfjt\ kfpg] 5 .
!)=$= k'g/fj]bg M
!)=$=!= s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ pk/f]Qm jdf]lhd ul/Psf] s'g} sf/jfxLdfly lrQ ga'em]sf] v08df
sf/jfxLdf k/]sf sd{rf/Ln] lgDg cg';f/ u7g x'g] 5fgljg k'g/fj]bg ;ldltdf k'g/fj]bg
lbg' kg]{5 –
• ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf M ! hgf
• ljefuLo ;+of]hs k|ltlglw ! hgf
• sfo{qmdsf] jl/i7 sd{rf/L dWo]af6 ! hgf .
!)=$=@ k'g/fj]bg 5fgljg ;ldlt u7g ug'{ k/]df sfo{qmd k|d'vn] 5fgljg ;ldltdf
k|ltlglwTj ug{sf] nflu s'g} Ps hgf jl/i7 sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!)=$=# k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu lgj]bg k/]sf] #% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg 5fgljg ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L ;Sg'
kg]{5.
!)=$=$ k'g/fj]bg 5fgljg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o g} clGtd lg0f{o x'g]5 .

!!= ;]jf j[lQ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

!!=!= ;+:yf ÷kl/of]hgfx¿df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ lgDg cj:yfx¿df ;]jf lgj[t x'g]5g\ –
-s_ /flhgfdf :jLs[t ePdf .
-v_ kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw ;dfKt e} csf]{ ljsNk gePdf .
-u_ lgo'lQmsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sd{rf/Ln] e+u u/]df .
-3_ sd{rf/L bL3{/f]uL ePdf .
-ª_ k/LIf0fsfn ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf .
-r_ cfr/0f xLgtfsf] sf/jfxLdf k/L k|dfl0ft ePdf .
-5_ pd]/ ^) jif{ k'u]df .
!!=@= sd{rf/Lsf] OR5fn] ;]jf lgj[Q x'g rfx]df ! dlxgf klxn] g} Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ lnlvt
hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 . cGoyf Ps dlxgf a/fj/sf] tna tyf ;'ljwfx¿ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
130
!!=#= Joj:yfkg kIfsf] tkm{af6 sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf lgj[t ubf{ Ps dlxgf klxn] g} hfgsf/L lbg'
kg]{5 . cGoyf lja[Q x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ yk Ps dlxgfsf] tna tyf eQfx¿ lbg' kg]{5 .

!@= pkbfg M–
;+:yfn] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ;|f]t x]/L ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df, sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] Ps
dlxgfsf] tnadfg / jflif{s a[l4cg';f/sf] /sdsf] / ;'?sf] tna, u|]8sf] /sd u0fgf u/L
k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] gfddf lgj[Q e/0f vftf vf]nL /sd hDdf ul/g] 5 . of] /sd e'QmfgL
ubf{ lgh sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf ! jif{ ;Dd lg/Gt/ sfd u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 eg] c:yfoL
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf jf Ps jif{ sfd u/]sf] cjlw gk'u]sf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf sfd u/]sf]
lbgsf] u0fgf u/L hlt x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/dfsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOg] 5 .
!$= lgldQ
;dfhsf] k|d'v jf sfof{nosf s'g} sd{rf/Lx¿ s'g} sf/0fn] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu cg'kl:yt ePdf
jf x'g] ePdf lghsf] dftxtsf] lgs6td sd{rf/LnfO{ pQm sd{rf/Lsf] lgldQm hgfO lghsf]
;Dk"0f{ b}lgs sfo{ef/ tyf clwsf/ ;''lDkg' kg]{ 5 .
!%= ljljw M–
-s_ ;+:yfn] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clen]v clgjfo{ ?kdf /fVg' kg]{5 . clen]v /fVbf x/]s
sd{rf/Lsf] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} kmfOn v8f ug'{kg]{5 . k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] kmfOndf lgo'lQmkq,
z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd, gful/stf, cg'ejsf k|df0fkq ljbfsf] ljj/0f r]tfjgLkq,
k|z+;fkq, sfo{ ljt/0f kq, kbf]Gglt clen]v cflb /fVg'kg]{5 .
-v_ sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fVbf lghsf] lgs6td xsjfnfsf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
;]jf/t cj:yfdf s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf lghn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwfx¿ lgs6td
xsjfnfn] kfpg]5 .
-u_ ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu sfo{qmddf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿sf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ePdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfjZos gLlt lgod th'{df u/]/ dfq o:tf]
;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 t/ o; lgodfjnL;Fu aflemg] u/L s'g} klg pklgod
agfpg kfOg] 5}g .
-3_ sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf lgb]{lzsf tyf gLlt lgodx¿ ;+:yfsf]
sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbP/ dfq nfu" ug'{kg]{5 .
!^= sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnLsf] ;+zf]wg M–
;+:yfsf] sfo{;ldlt / kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkgn] cfjZos b]v]sf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd
k|d'v jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] k|:tfj Pj+ k/fdz{df cfjZostfcg';f/ sd{rf/L
lgodfjnLnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;+zf]wgsf] af/]df ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{
hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL kfl/t ldlt M
131
cg';"rL g+= @=!M lgo'lQm kqsf] gd'gf

svu ;+:yf
================
>L================================= Ho"
========================== 7]ufgf ldltM

ljifoM lgo'lQm ;DjGwdf .

pk/f]Qm ;DjGwdf o; ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DjlGw ljlgofjnLsf] sd{rf/L 5gf}6
============================== ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ldlt ========================= sd{rf/L kbk"lt{sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
5gf}6 ePsf] xflb{s jwfO{sf ;fy hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . oxfFsf] nugzLntf, OdfGbfl/tf, Ifdtfn]
;+:yfsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ult x'g]5 cfzf lnPsf] 5 .
lgo'lQm ljj/0f
gfdM 7]ufgfM

kbM txM >]0fLM

tnj ;'ljwfM jflif{s u|]8M

ljdf ;'ljwf /sd ?=

lgo'lQm nfu" x'g] ldltM lgo'lQm k"/f x'g] ldltM

k/LIf0f sfn k"/f x'g] ldltM

sfo{ ;]S6/ -k|zf;lgs jf sfo{qmd_M

sfo{ If]qM

lgo'lQm lng]sf] b:tvt lgo'lQm lbg]sf] b:tvt

132
cg';"rL g+= @=@ M sd{rf/L d"NofÍg kmf/dM

svu ;+:yf
============= bfª

jflif{s sd{rf/L d"NofÍg kmf/d

sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM kbM lgo'lQm ldltM

d"NofÍg cjlwM of]UotfM hDdf k"0ff{Í M %)

s_ sd{rf/L cfkm}n] eg]{ M k"0ff{s+ !%
!= o; cjlwdf kbLo lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf u/]sf pbfx/0fLo s'g} % sfo{x¿M
s_
v_
u_
3_
8=_
@= sfdsf ;Gb{edf k/]sf # r'gf}tL / r'gf}tL ;dfwfgsf nflu ckgfPsf /0fgLltx¿M
s_
v_
u_
#= ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df cfkm"n] u/]sf] jf cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf # dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M
s_
v_
u_
v_ lkmN8 sd{rf/Lsf] nflu ;d'bfo / sfof{no sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf cfk"meGbf d'lgsf] s'g} Ps
sd{rf/Ln] eg]{ M k"0ff{Í !)
!= ;d'bfo jf sd{rf/Lx¿;F+u u/]sf pknlJwd"ns s'g} % sfo{x¿M
s_
v_
u_
133
 3_
8=_
u_ sfof{no k|d'vn] d"NofÍg x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] af/]df cfkm\gf] lgDg ljifoj:t'df cfkm\gf] ljrf/ eg]{
k"0ff{Í !)
s_ g]t[Tj IfdtfM r_ k|ltj]bgk|lt ;r]ttfM
v_ ;+rf/ ;LkM 5_ cfly{s cg'zf;gzLntfM
u_ cg'zf;gM h_ ;d'bfo tyf ;xsdL{;Fusf] Jojfxf/M
3_ ;xof]uL efjgfM em_ lg0f{o ug]{ IfdtfM
8=_ sfdk|lt k|ltj4tfM `_ cGo cfkm\gf] ljrf/dfM
3_ d"NofÍg ;ldltn] eg]{ k"0ff{Í !%
s_ dfly s b]lv u ;Ddsf cfwf/df ;ldltsf] ljrf/M k"0ff{Í %
v_ ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf ;DjGwdf ;ldltn] cGo hf] sf]xL;Fu klg wf/0ff a'em\g] /
sd{rf/Lk|ltsf] wf/0ffsf cfwf/df k"0ff{Í %
u_ dfly s / v df cgfPsf ljifo j:t'df cfkm\gf] ljrf/M k"0ff{Í %

134
cg';"rL g+= @=# M e|d0f cfb]z kmf/dM

svu ;+:yf
============= bfª
e|d0f cfb]z kmf/dM
sfo{qmdsf] gfdM ldltM

sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM kbM sfo{ If]qM

e|d0fsf] p2]ZoM

ljj/0fM
ldlt af6 ;Dd hfg] ;fwg sxfF a:g]

k]ZsLM
ljj/0f lj:t[t hDdf s}lkmot
b}lgs e|d0f eQf
cfjf; vr{
oftfoft vr{
cGo
hDdf

cGos]xL ePdfM===========================================================

e|d0f ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] x:tfIf/ l;kmfl/; ug]{sf] x:tfIf/ :jLs[t ug]{sf] x:tfIf/

135
cg';"rL g+= @=$ M e|d0f vr{ ljn kmf/dM
svu ;+:yf
============= bfª
e|d0f vr{ ljn kmf/dM
!= sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM kbM sfo{If]qM
@= e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[lt ePsf] ldltM vr{ bfjL ldltM
#= e|d0fsf] pb]ZoM
zLif{s Ljj/0f hDdf
oftfoft
jf; vr{
b}lgs e|d0f eQf
cGo km'6s/ vr{
hDdf
k]ZsL lnPsf eP
v"b bfjL /sd

e|d0f ug]{sf] :jLs[lt ug]{sf]

gfdM gfdM
x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M

136
 cg';"rL g+= @=% M ljbf dfu kmf/dM

svu ;+:yf
=================
ljbf dfu kmf/d

sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM kbM sfo{qmdM

dfu u/]sf ljbf cjlw cfjZos :jLs[tL

ljj/0f ;+lrt ljbf s}lkmot
b]lv ;Dd ljbf ljbf
3/ ljbf
lj/fdL ljbf
Ef}k/L cfpg] ljbf
kj{ ljbf
;"Ts]/L ljbf
lqmof ljbf
cGo s]xL eP v'nfpg]

cfj]bssf] x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/ x:tfIf/

l;kmfl/; stf{sf] gfdM
:jLs[lt ug]{sf] gfdM
ldltM kbM kbM

137
cg';"lr g+= @=^ M dfl;s sfo{ of]hgf kmf/dM

svu ;+:yf
==========
dfl;s sfo{ of]hgf kmf/d

gfdM kbM sfo{qmdM

ldltM sfo{ of]hgf cjlwM

xKtf cfOtjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ j'wjf/ j[x:kltjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/

ut]
klxnf]

ut]
bf];|f]

ut]
t];|f]

ut]
rf}yf]

ut]
kfFrf}F

tof/ ug]{sf] ;xL / ldltM k|dfl0ft ug]{sf] ;xL / ldltM

138
cg';"rL g+= @=& M dfl;s sfo{ ;Dkfbg kmf/dM

svu ;+:yf
==========
dfl;s sfo{ ;Dkfbg kmf/d
xKtf cfOtjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ j'wjf/ j[x:kltjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/
ut]
klxnf]

ut]
bf];|f]

ut]
t];|f]

ut]
rf}yf]

ut]
kfF+rf}F

gfdM kbM sfo{qmdM

ldltM sfo{ ;Dkfbg cjlwM

tof/ ug]{sf] ;xL / ldltM k|dfl0ft ug]{sf] ;xL / ldltM

139
 cg';"rL–#
;]e b lrN8«]g o'o;\ ;Dj4 s]xL Jofjxfl/s cg';"rLx¿

cg';"rL–#=! ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;sf ;DaGwdf ;fem]bf/ u};;n] lgDglnlvt k|ltj]bgx¿ k];
ug'{kb{5 .
dfl;s k|ltj]]bgM k|To]s dlxgfsf] @% ut] leq dfl;s k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ssnk|lt / Od]n If]qLo
sfof{nodf k'Ug} kb{5 . k|To]s dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] aflx/L k]hdf d]df] -cg';"rL_ ;lxt
pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . o;/L If]qLo sfo{s|d k|aGwsnfO{ d]df] k7fpFbf lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ ;dfj];
ug{' kb{5 . ljutsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffcjlwe/df If]qLo sfof{noåf/f ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm,
o; dlxgfsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt 8f6fx¿sf] JofVof Pjd\ hfgsf/L, / dfl;s ljQLo ljj/0fx¿
pNn]v ug'{kb{5 / dfly pNn]v u/] adf]lhdsf] ;j} k|ltj]bgx¿ t}of/ u/]/ To;nfO{ clGtd ¿k
lbPkl5, ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] Od]n jf k'gn]{vgof]Uo l;=l8= df ;f/]/ dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bg
;lxt If]qLo sfof{nodf k]; ug'{kb{5 .
rf}dfl;s k|ltj]bgx¿M ;fem]bf/ u};;n] k|To]s # dlxgf kl5 dfl;s ljQLok|ltj]bg ;lxt
rf}dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] Od]n jf ;Ssn k|ltlnlk -xf8{ skL_ rf}dfl;s ah]6 / jf:tljs
vr{ k|ltj]bgsf] ;fydf If]qLo sfof{nodf k]; ug}{ kb{5 . o;sf] gd'gf cg';"rL !# df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
cw{–jflif{s / jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿M ;fem]bf/ u};;n] k|To]s ^ dlxgf / jif{sf] cGtdf dfl;s ljQLo
k|ltj]bg ;lxTf cw{–jflif{s / jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] Od]n / ;Ssn k|ltlnlk -xf8{ skL_ k]; ug'{kb{5
o; ;dodf ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] cw{–jflif{s Pjd\ jflif{s ah]6 / jf:tljs vr{ k|ltj]bgx¿
If]qLo sfof{nodf k]; ug}{kb{5 . logLx¿sf] gd'gf cg';"rL !$ / !% df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';"rL #=@

n]vfsf] :t/Lo juL{s/0f ;DjlGw Ps gd'gf

;DklQx¿M
PsfpG6 sf]8 ;j PsfpG6 sf]8 ljj/0f
n]vfsf] ;xfos ;+s]t
)@$) P;=l;÷o"=P; af6 k|fKt /sd÷sf]if
)@%) ;fgf] gubL sf]if

)$)@ a}+s vftf -cnu j}ssf] nflu @ l8lh6 k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 _
)%!%) kl/of]hgf÷e|d0f÷sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tnj k]ZsL 5'§f5'§}
JolQmx¿nfO{ # c+s k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 .
)%!%% u};;sf] sfo{sf/LnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] nflu g]kfnL d'b|fdf k]ZsL

140
)%!%* cGo ;+:yf h:t} cfk"lt{stf{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, :s"n
cflbnfO{ k]ZsL -kmd{ tyf JolQmnfO{ # c+ssf] k|of]u ul/g'
kb{5_
!)&) k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ljnx¿
!@#) ljljw w/f}6L
!@(! g]kfnL d'b|fdf ef8fsf] cu|Ld e'QmfgL
!*#) kmlg{r/ / pks/0f vr{
!*%) oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] vr{
!*&) sDKo'6/ vr{

bfloTjx¿M
PsfpG6 sf]8 ;j PsfpG6 sf]8
@^)) )! ;+:yfsf] nflu sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]ubfg
)@ sd{rf/Lsf] cfos/
)# sd{rf/Lsf] ;+ro sf]if
)^ k/fdz{ ;]jf ;DaGwL s/
)& ef8f ;DaGwL s/
)* 7]Ssf s/ gful/s nufgL sf]if
!*
!( ljdf
@) cGo bfloTj

ljleGg cfo
PsfpG6 sf]8 ;j PsfpG6 sf]8
#^)) ;+:yfsf j}tlgs sd{rf/Ln] cGo s;}nfO{ k|fljlws ;]jf
pknAw u/fP jfkt cflh{t cfDbfgL
#*)) cg'bfg÷;xof]u /sd÷;Demf}tfaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL
$%)) k"FhLut ;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd
$^)) rfn' ;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd
$&)) ;]jfz'Nsaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] z'Ns

vr{x¿
PsfpG6 sf]8 ljj/0f kl/efiff
&)@) tna u};;n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] tnj / Hofnfx¿ -bz}F vr{ ;d]t_
&)%) tna afx]s ;+:yf åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf cGo ;]jf
;'ljwfx¿ h:t} ;+rosf]if, b'3{6gf ladf
&!&) ;]jf ;'ljwf u};;n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;'ljwf Pjd\ eQfx¿
&$!) ;fd'bflos >d vr{
&^)) n]vfk/LIf0f z'Ns
&^@) sfg'gL z'Ns
&&)) JolQmx¿n] u/]sf] cGo ;]jf
&&@) k/fdz{bftfsf] z'Ns
&&#) k/fdz{bftfsf] vr{
&*$) cGo ;fdu|Lx¿
141
&*%) sfo{fno ;DaGwL ;fdu|L
&*&) sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿
&**) kmf]6f]u|fkmL ;DaGwL cfk"lt{ / To;sf] w'nfO{ vr{
&()) rfn' ;DklQx¿
&(%))! b"/;~rf/M 6]lnkmf]g jLn Pjd\ vr{x¿
&(%))@ b"/;~rf/M km\ofS; / Od]n vr{x¿
*)$) x'nfs ;DaGwL vr{, sfuhft / dfn;fdfg k7fpgdf nfUg]
vr{x¿
*@)) 5kfO ;DaGwL vr{x¿
*#)) s'g} sf]7f jf 7fpFsf] ef8f
*#!) kfgL aQL Pjd\ lah'nL vr{
*#%) ejg dd{t Pjd\ ;+ef/ vr{
*$)) ladf
*%^) pks/0fx¿sf] dd{t Pjd\ ;Def/ vr{
*^)))! a:g]÷e|d0f÷oftfoft vr{
*^)))@ a:g]÷e|d0f÷;Dd]ngdfM j}7s ;Dd]ng / btf{ z'Ns
*^!))! uf8L ;~rfngM OGwg
*^!))@ uf8L ;~rfngM dd{t Pjd\ ;+ef/
*()))! ljljwM a}+s z'Ns
*()))@ ljljwM kqklqsf 5kfO, ;b:otf z'Ns / cGo
*()))# ljljwM lj1fkg

cg';"rL #=#
ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf cfjZos tTjx¿
!=! tYofÍx¿ -8f6fx¿_ sf] k|ljli6 cyjf lgoGq0f n]h/ -jxL vftf_M dfly pNn]lvt
cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf] nflu cg';"rL @ df pNn]v u/]jdf]lhd ;j} sf/f]jf/x¿nfO{
clen]v -8f6f k|ljli6_ ug{ n]h/ jf lgoGq0f n]h/df k|ljli6 ug}{ kb{5 .

!=@ lkef]6 -PIVOT_ tflnsf k|ltj]bgMM To:tf ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] lkef]6 tflnsfdf k|ltj]bg
t}of/ ug'{kb{5 . h;n] 8f6f n]h/ s]jn @ jif{ cl3 dfq agfpg yfn]sf] xf] . o;sf]
gd'gf cg'';"rL # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=# a}+s ljj/0f ;lxTfsf] a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ljj/0fM a}+s ljj/0fn] aF}sdf slt /sd hDdf
ul/Psf] 5 / slt /sd lemlsPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f b]vfpFb5 . o;/L a}+s ljj/0fn]
b]vfPsf] ljj/0f / ;+:yfsf] gubL lstfasf] a}+s zLif{sdf pNn]lvt dxndf b]vfOPsf]
ldlt Pjd\ ljj/0f b'?:t x'g'kb{5 . t/ klg Jojxf/df a}+s ljj/0fn] h'g ldltdf /sd
hDdf u/]sf] jf lems]sf] 5 ;f]xL ldltdf gub vftfdf pQm ljj/0f ;f]xL adf]lhd gePsf]
klg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] slxn]sfxLF a}+s ljj/0f / gub lstfadf b]vfOPsf] lx;fj Ps
csf{df p:t} Pjd\ b'¿:t} gx'g klg ;Sb5 h;sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ o:tf] vf; u/]/
sfl6Psf] r]s ;f6\g ;dod} a}+s gnfg] jf c¿ s;}n] cfkm\gf] vftfdf k};f hDdf
ul/lbPsf] k|df0f ;dodf sfof{nodf gcfpg] sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5 . To;sf/0f a}+s lx;fj
ldnfg ljj/0f dfl;s cGt/fndf t}of/ ul/G5 h;n] ;Dk"0f{ a}+s ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ ;xL
9+un] clen]v /flvPsf] 5 ls 5}g egL ;dLIff ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;}u/L of] aflif{s
?kdf klg tof/ ul/G5 olb s'g} sf/0fj; a}+s ljj/0f / gubL lstfadf pNn]lvt
142
 sf/f]jf/x¿ km/s b]lvg cfPdf To;sf] sf/0f ;d]t o; a}+s lx;fj ldnfg ljj/0fjf6
yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] gd'gf cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!=$ /sd÷sf]ifsf] ;f/ ;+If]kM of] kmf/fd vf;u/L a}+ssf] vf; ldlt;Dddf afFsL /x]sf] ;a}
df}Hbft, sfof{nodf /x]sf] gub, k]ZsL :j¿k lnPsf] /sd, k|fKt ug'kg]{ d"No clej[l4 s/,
a'emfpg afFsL s/ pNn]v ug{ tof/ ul/G5 . oL kmf/fdx¿ ljQLo k|ltj]bgnfO{ b'¿:t
agfpgsf] nflu / cGo lj:t[t hfgsf/Lx¿ pNn]v ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf]
gd'gf cg';"rL % df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!=% /sd÷sf]ifsf] dfuM of] cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v u/] adf]lhd cfufdL dlxgf÷rf}dfl;ssf]
nflu /sd÷sf]ifsf] rs|nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ul/G5 . cyf{t\ afli{fs tyf lglZrt
ldlt ;Dd ePsf] vr{nfO{ pNn]v ub}{ cfufdL cjlwsf nflu dfu ul/Psf] /sd pNn]v
ul/G5 .

!=^ /sd sf]ifsf] cj:yf b]vfpg] k|ltj]bgM ;fem]bf/ u};;n] of] k|ltj]bg kmf/fdsf] efu s /
v t}of/ ug'{kb{5 . o;n] k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ ;+:yfn] k]; u/]sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt
/sd÷sf]ifsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fnfO{ If]qLo sfof{non] :jLsf/ ub{5 ls ub}{g eg]/ Ps csf{df
ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ ldnfg ub{5 . /sd÷sf]ifsf] cj:yf b]vfpg] k|ltj]bgsf] gd'gf cg';"rL
& df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljj/0f n]vfkfngsf] z'4tf hfFr ug{sf] nflu Pp6f tl/sf jf
pks/0f xf] . of] Pp6f lglZrt ;dosf] nflu t}of/ ul/Psf] n]h/sf] 8]la6 / s|]l86
df}Hbftsf] ;"rL xf] . of] n]h/ vftf geP/ Pp6f ljj/0f dfq xf] h;n] ;a} vftfx¿sf]
df}Hbft Ps} 7fpFdf b]vfpFb5 . of] ;a} ;DklQx¿, bfloTjx¿, k"FhL, cfDbfgL / vr{x¿sf]
ul0ftLo z'4tf dfkg ug{sf] nflu t}of/ ul/Psf] Pp6f ljj/0f xf] .

!=& dfl;s ah]6 / vr{ ljj/0fM dfl;s ah]6 / jf:tljs vr{ ljj/0fn] cg'dflgt ah]6 /
;b/ ePsf] ah]6df art jf 3f6fsf] af/]df cg'udg Pjd\ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpbF5 . o;sf] gd'gf cg';"rL * df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!=* k]ZsL n]h/ -vftf_M ljleGg kl/of]hgf÷e|d0fsf] k]ZsLsf] cg'udg ug{ ;fem]bf/
u};;x¿n] k]ZsL n]h/÷vftf tof/ u/L k]; ug{'kb{5 . k]ZsL vftfsf] gd'gf cg';"rL (
df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!=( ltg'{kg]{ bfloTjx¿M ltg'{kg]{ bfloTjx¿sf] cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] of]
ljj/0f t}of/ u/L l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] gd'gfdf k]; ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] gd'gf cg'';"rL !) df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!=!) dfl;s tnjL kmf/fdM kl/of]hgf jf ;|f]tcg';f/ 5'6\ofOPsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnj cg'udg
ug{nfO{ ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] of] kmf/fd klg tof/ u/L k]; ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] gd'gf
cg';"rL !! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!=!! ;do tflnsf kmf/fdM sd{rf/Lx¿ slxn] sxfF hfG5g\ / slxn] cfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
cg'udg ug{ / lgwf{l/t sfo{s|dnfO{ ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ltgLx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ ;b'kof]u
ul/Psf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fem]bf/ u};;x¿n] of] kmf/fd tof/ u/L k]; ug'{kb{5 . o;sf]
gd"gf cg';"rL !@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
143
cg';"rL–#=$
ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf kmf/fdx¿
;fem]bf/ u};;sf] gfd M========================================================================
7]ufgf M===========================================================================
nfO{M If]qLo sfo{s|d Joj:yfks, ;]e b lrN8«]g – klZrdf~rn If]qLo sfof{no, g]kfnuGh
af6M
ldlt M =============÷==========÷ @)=====
;Gbe{ g+
ljifo M =============@)==== sf] dfl;s ljQLo÷n]vf k|ltj]bg

s|d ;+Vof k]; ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f k]h÷k|ltsf] ;+Vof

cg';"rL–#=$-!_
dfl;s ljQLo n]vf k|ltj]bg
s= dfl;s k|ltj]bgx¿MM
)! d]df]
)@ 8f6f n]h/ cyjf lgoGq0f n]h/
)# lkef]6 tflnsf k|ltj]bg
)$ a}+s ljj/0f ;lxTfsf] a}+s ;dfwfg k|ltj]bg
)% /sd ;f/f+z k|ltj]bg
)^ /sd dfu
)& jflif{s ah]6 / oyfy{ vr{
)* ;DalGwt vr{x¿
)( k]ZsL n]h/
!) ltg'{kg]{ n]h/
!! tnj ljj/0f
!@ ;SsnL k|ltlnlk, Od]naf6 ljB'tLo ;SsnL k|lt

v= rf}dfl;s ah]6 / jf:tljs vr{

-dWofjlw glthfcg';f/ rf}dfl;s k|ltj]bg t}of/ ul/g'kb{5_
u= jflif{s ah]6 / jf:tljs vr{
-If]qut ¿kdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg t}of/ ul/g'kb{5_
hDdf =============================
× ×
==============================
JofVofTds ljj/0f -gf]6_
klZrdf~rn If]qLo sfof{no g]kfnuGhdf ut k|ltj]bg dflysf] ljleGg ;jfnx¿df ;f]lwPsf]
k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm
144
cg';"rL–#=$-!_
lgoGq0f n]h/
;fem]bf/ u};;M

7]ufgf====================================

lgoGq0f n]h/ cfly{s jif{ )^@

vr{x¿ d"cs ;]e b

ldlt ljj/0f ef}r/ r]s hDdf a}+s gub k]ZsL k|zf;g sfo{s|d k|fKt lrN8«]g
g+ g+ ug'{kg]{ /sd÷sf]if

)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
hDdf )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=))

145
 cg';"rL–#=$-@_
;fem]bf/ u};;===============
7]ufgfM====================================
k|ltj]bg cjlw =========================@))%

ef}r/ n]vfsf] ldlt /sd 8]÷s|] n]vf tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf s'n ljj/0f
g+ cjlw ;+st] ! @ # $ % hDdf
/sd

hDdf )=))

cg';"rL–#=$-#_
n]vfsf] cjlw ;a}

hDdf /sd
tflnsf ! tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf n]vf s'n /sd
@ # $ % ;+s]t

hDdf /sd

hDdf
s'n of]u

cg';"rL–#=$-$_
j}s lx;fj ldnfg ljj/0f

;fem]bf/ u};;====================================================
7]ufgf==================================================

====================================================================================sf]

a}+ssf] gfdM============================================== n]vf g===================

:yfg==================================================== k|0ffnL
sf]8 g=================

146
)! a}+s ljj/0f=======================================sf] cg';f/ df}Hbft
)@ hf]8g]MM a}+sdf hDdf x'g afFsL /sd
)# pk–s'n /sd -pk;+Vof ! ± pk;+Vof @_
)$ 36fpg]M =============sf] cg';f/ g;fl6Psf] r]s
)% pk–s'n /sd -pk ;+Vof #– pk ;+Vof $_
)^ hf]8M ldnfg ug'{ cfjZos s'/fx¿ -lj:t[t ¿kdf tn pNn]v ug]{_
)&=========================;Dd r]s a'sn] b]vfPsf] df}Hbft

g;fl6Psf] r]s ldnfg ug'{kg]{ a}+sdf hDdf x'g afFsL /sd

ldlt R]s g+ /sd -¿_ ldlt /sd -¿_ ldlt /sd -¿_

hDdf +===== hDdf======== hDdf =======

147
cg';"rL–#=$-%_

j}s lx;fj ldnfg ljj/0fsf] ;f/ ;+If]k

;fem]bf/ u};;M========================
7]ufgf===========================================
cfly{s jif{ )^@÷)^# sf] /sd ;dfwfg÷ldnfgsf] ;f/;+If]k
r]s g+===== gub e'QmfgL eFf}r/ g+========
n]vfsf] ;+s]t n]vfsf] zLif{sx¿ klxn]sf] df}Hbft dfl;s sf/]fjf/- dfl;s sf/f]jf/- df}Hbft s}lkmot -s]xL 5
8]_ s|]_ eg]_
)$)@ glan a}+s, g]kfnuGh
)@%) ;fgf] gubL÷sf]if
)%!% ltg{ aFfsL k]ZsL
!@(! ef8f jfkt cu|Ld
e'QmfgL÷k]ZsL
!)$) d"cs k|fKt ug{'kg]{
@^,)))^ k/fdz{ s/
@),)))& ef8f s/
cGo
hDdf )) )) )) )) ))

148
cg';"rL–#=$-^_
;fem]bf/ u};;================================
7]ufgfM=========================================

/sd÷ dfu
==================================================dlxgfsf] nflu /sd dfu

lgDg If]q÷lqmofsnfksf] nflu /sd dfu ul/Psf] xf] .

s|d ;+Vof cg'bfg÷I]fqut sfo{s|d jflif{s ah]6 jif{sf] =========ldlt;Dd ePsf] vr{ dfu /sd
lqmofsnfkx¿
dWod cjlwdf
ePsf] pknlAw !
)!
)@
)#
dWod cjlwdf
ePsf] pknlAw @
)!
)@
)#
dWod cjlwdf
ePsf] pknlAw #
)!
)@
)#
)$
lg/LIf0f Pjd\ cg'udg

149
)!
)@
k|zf;lgs vr{x¿
)!
)@
)#
S'n /sd
s= dfu ul/Psf] hDdf /sd ===========)=))
v= 36fpg]M clxn] ;Ddsf] /sd÷sf]if df}Hbft ==========)=))
gubL sf]if
a}+s vftf g+=
kl/of]hgf÷e|d0f k]ZsL
ltg'{kg]{ - ef8f / k/fdz{ s/ / s=;+ sf]if_ =====================
)=))
u= lgsf;f ul/Psf] hDdf /sd -uÖs–v_ =========

of] kmf/fd dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bg g+=======@)^@ ;_u k]; ul/Psf] 5

sf]if÷/sdsf] ;b/ ug]{M sf]if÷/sdsf] dfu ug]{M
x:tfIf/ ldltM================================= x:tfIf/=============== ===
kbM If]qLo sfo{s|d Joj:yfks ldltM======================
;]e b lrN8«]g, klZrdf~rn If]qLo sfof{no,
g]kfnuGh 7"nf] cIf/df gfdM===============

gf]6M===============================================================================

150
cg';"rL–#=$-&_
sf/f]jf/ / sf]ifsf] ;f/ ;+If]k kmf/fd
==================================
sfo{s|d
@), +=====;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ / sf]ifsf] ;f/ ;+If]k

s|d ;+Vof Ljj/0f /sd -g]¿=_ /sd -g]¿_

)! klxn]sf] df}Hbft –
a}+s
Gub
klxn] n]lvPsf] kfpg' kg]{ afFsL
k|fKt ug{'kg]{ -d"cs / cGo_
)@ hf]8g], ;a} k|fKt /sdx¿ –
k|fKt /sd –ljleGg dlxgfx¿_
gf]e]Da/ )$
l8;]Da/ )$
hgj/L )$
km]j|'j/L )%
dfr{ )%
clk|n )%
d] )%
h"g )%
h'nfO{ )%

151
 cui6 )%
;]K6]Da/ )%
a}+saf6 k|fKt Aofh
cGo cfDbfgL
)# k|fKt hDdf /sd -!±±@_ –
)$ Vr{x¿ 36fpg], –
cS6f]a/ )$
gf]e]Da/ )$
l8;]Da/ )$
hgj/L )%
km]j|'j/L )%
Dfr{ )%
Clk|n )%
d] )%
h"g )%
h'nfO{ )%
cui6 )%
;]K6]Da/ )%
)% afFsL /sd -#—$_ –
s_ a}+s
v_ gub
u_ kfpg'kg]{ afFsL
3_ k|fKt ug{'kg]{ -d"cs_
ª+_ cGo
)^ 36fpg], ltg'{kg]{ /sd –

152
)& v"b df}Hbft /sd -%—^_ –

csf]{ rf}]dfl;ssf] nflu

dfu ul/Psf] /sd

S= cfufdL tLg dlxgfsf] nflu vr{ of]hgf –

V= =======;Ddsf] v"b df}Hbft /sd –
U= c¿ cfjZos /sd -s—v_ –

hfFr d"NoÖ k|fKt hDdf /sd—vr{x¿—clGtd df}Hbft±ltg'{kg]{

153
cg';"rL–#=$-*_
jf:tljs vr{ / ah]6 ljj/0f

jf:tljs vr{ / ah]6sf] ljj/0f

ah]6 / jf:tljs vr{
Dlxgf ;|f]t÷sfo{s|d
If]qut pk ls|ofsnfk jflif{s jf:tljs vr{ vr{ Ü afFsL ah]6 csf]{
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;+s]t ah]6 ;Ddsf] of] dlxgf ldlt dlxgf÷rf}dfl;ssf]
÷ ÷ ;Dd nflu cfjZos /sd

hDdf

154
gf]6MM s[kof cg'bfgsf] ;|f]t adf]lhd tof/ ug'{xf]nf .

cg';"rL–#=$-(_
k]ZsL n]h/

;fem]bf/ u};;=============================
7]ufgf===================================================
k]ZsL n]h/

cf=j= @))%
ljj/0f hDdf /sd
-g] ¿ df_ )%!%) ××× )%!%) ××× )%!%) ××× )%!%) ××× )%!%) ××× )%!%) ×××
cf=j= )$ jf6 )=))
c=Nof
cS6f]a/ )$ df )=))
lbOPsf] k]ZsL
cS6f]a/ )$ sf] )=))
k]ZsL km5\of}{6
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))

155
 )=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
hDdf )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=))

156
cg';"rL–#=$-!)_
ltg'{ kg]{ ljj/0f

;fem]bf/ u};;
7]ufgf
ltg'{kg]{ ljj/0f
cf=j= @))%
ljj/0f hDdf /sd -g]
¿ df_ @^)) ×× @^)) ×× @^)) ×× @^)) ×× @^)) ×× @^)) ××
cf=j= )$ af6 )=))
c=Nof
cS6f]a/ )$ sf] )=))
ltg'{kg]{
cS6f]a/)$ sf] )=))
lx;fa r'Stf
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
)=))
hDdf )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=)) )=))

157
cg';"rL–#=$-!!_
dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf gTyL ug]{ ljj/0f
;fem]bf/ u};;x¿================================
dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf gTyL ug]{
kb ;lxTf pNn]v ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL, ;DalGwt cg'bfgdf n]lvPsf]
tnjsf] k|ltzt / dfl;s tnj
s|=;++ sd{rf/Lsf] gfd kb ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfdf n]lvPsf] tnj dfl;s dfl;s dfl;s
vr{sf] k|ltzt tna ;'ljwf eQf
hDdf
k|zf;g ;DaGwL sd{rf/L
)! )Ü
)@ )Ü
)# )Ü
)$ )Ü
hDdf k|zf;sLo sd{rf/L )Ü
sfo{s|d ;DaGwL sd{rf/L )Ü
)! )Ü
)@ )Ü
)# )Ü
)$ )Ü
)% )Ü
)^ )Ü
sfo{s|d ;DaGwL hDdf sd{rf/L )Ü
s'n hDdf )Ü

158
cg';"rL–#=$-!@_
dfl;s ;do ljj/0f
;fem]bf/ u};;sf] gfd==========================================
dfl;s ;do ljj/0f
sd{rf/Lsf] gfd===================
dlxgf================

kbM===================================
cfly{s jif{========================
ldlt lbgx¿ ls|ofsnfkx¿ sfd labf÷labfsf] lbgx¿
u/]sf] jflif{s cfsl:ds labf la/fdL labfsf cGo
306f labf labf lbgx¿
1=
2=
3=
4=
5=
6=
7=
8=
9=
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13=

159
14=
15=
16=
17=
18=
19=
hDdf
tnjdf ;d]l6Psf] vr{
)! ;|f]t =========================Ü
)@ ;|f]t ========================= Ü
)# ;|f]t =========================Ü
)$ ;|f]t =========================Ü

160
cg';"rL–#=$-!#_
jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg

jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg

of] k|ltj]bgsf] cjlwM af6 ÷ ÷ ;Dd ÷ ÷
cg'bfg kfpg]sf] gfdM===============================
cg'bfg÷If]q g= =========================== k|d'v sfo{s|dM ========================
ah]6 nfOg cfO6d jflif{s ah]6 of] sfo{ vr{x¿ -g]¿df_ vr{sf] k|ltzt df}Hbft -g]¿df_
dfl;ssf] of] cjlw hf]l8Fb} hfg] rf}}dfl;s jflif{s
ah]6 -So'd'n]l6e_
dWo cjlw glthf !

dWo cjlw glthf @

dWo cjlw glthf #

k|zf;g
hDdf
k'li6 ug]{ ;"rgfx¿ pNn]v ug]{
ah]6 eGbf 36L÷a9L vr{ ePdf To;sf] sf/0f n]Vg]
x:tfIf/ M================================= x:tfIf/M =================
gfdM gfdMkb M===================
kbM ====================
ldltM ldltM

161
cg';"rL–#=$-!$_
jflif{s jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg
cw{–jflif{s jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg
of] k|ltj]bgsf] cjlwM af6 ÷ ÷ ;Dd ÷ ÷
;xof]u kfpg]sf] gfdM
;xof]u÷If]q g= =========================== k|d'v sfo{s|dM ========================
Ah]6 nfOg cfO6d jflif{s ah]6 cw{—jflif{s ah]6 cw{—jflif{s vr{ vr{ Ü df}Hbft df}Hbft
cw{—jflif{s jflif{s
dWo cjlw glthf !

dWo cjlw glthf @

dWo cjlw glthf #

k|zf;g

hDdf
k'li6 ug]{ ;"rgfx¿ pNn]v ug]{
ah]6 eGbf 36L÷a9L vr{ ePdf To;sf] sf/0f n]Vg]
x:tfIf/M ========================================= x:tfIf/M ===============================
gfdM gfdM
kbM ===================================== kbM ===========================================
ldltM ldltM

162
cg';"rL–#=$-!%_
jflif{s jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg
jflif{s jf:tljs rf}dfl;s vr{ k|ltj]bg
of] k|ltj]bgsf] cjlwM af6 ÷ ÷ ;Dd ÷ ÷
;xof]u kfpg]sf] gfdM
;xof]u÷If]q g= =========================== k|d'v sfo{s|dM ========================
ah]6 nfOg cfO6d jflif{s ah]6 vr{ Ü df}Hbft
jflif{s -g]¿df_
dWo cjlw glthf !

dWo cjlw glthf @

dWo cjlw glthf #

k|zf;g

hDdf
k'li6 ug]{ ;"rgfx¿ pNn]v ug]{
ah]6 eGbf 36L÷a9L vr{ ePdf To;sf] sf/0f n]Vg]
x:tfIf/M=========================== x:tfIf/M================================
gfdM gfdM
kbM====================================== kbM=======================================
ldltM ldltM
163
cg';"rL #=%M cg'bfg ;xof]u u|fG6

cg';"rL #=%-!_
ljQLo ;xof]usf] juL{s/0f
ljQLo ;xof]usf] juL{s/0f
;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;\ cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] jf k|bfg ul/g] ljQLo ;xof]unfO{ ljleGGf ¿kdf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5, h:t}M u|fG6;\ -cg'bfg_, sf] ck/]l6e Plu|d]G6 -;xsfo{ ;Demf}tf_ kl/of]hgf sG6«fS6;
-s/f/gf_ df, -lkm c/ ;le{;_ ;]jf z'Ns slG6«Jo";g -of]ubfg_ ;j u|fG6 -;xfos cg'bfg_ /
;xof]u cflb . ljQLo ;xof]usf] oL k|To]s tl/sfx¿sf] nflu leGgf leGg} lgodx¿sf] kfngf
ug'{kb{5 .

;fwf/0ftof ljQLo ;xof]usf ljleGg ¿k of juL{s/0f lgDgcg';f/ x'G5g\ –

-!_u|fG6;\ -cg'bfg_
of] zLif{s k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;+:yfn] u|fG6sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ u/L vr{ ug{ :jtGqtf
/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cg'bfg vr{ u/L sfo{ubf{ Go'gtd ?kdf lgDgfg';f/sf k|s[of jf
pQ/ bfloTjx¿ eg] k"/f ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ .
• o:tf] /sd jf sf]ifsf] clen]v /flvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
• tf]lsPsf] ;do leq} vr{ u/L ;lsPsf] x'g' kb{5 cGoyf vr{ ug{ kfOFb}g .
• vr{ geO{ afFsL /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd bftfx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kb{5 .
• cfjlws cfly{s k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ x'G5 .

-@_ sf] ck/]l6e Plu|d]G6 -;xsf/L ;Demf}tf_

of] ;xof]u klg c? ;j} lx;fjn] u|fG6 h:t} xf] . t/ o;df bftf lgsfosf] cln a9L
g} ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . o; ;xof]u cGtu{t ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{qmddf dxTjk"0f{
sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ubf{ jflif{s sfo{ of]hgfsf] tof/L ;dLIff jf :jLs[lt k|bfg ubf{
nufot cln ljz]if k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt bft[ lgsfosf] klg ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
x'G5 .

-#_ sG6«fS6;\ -kl/of]hgf s/f/gfdf_

;Demf}tf eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt sfo{ ug{sf] nflu b'O{ kIfsf] aLrdf sfg'gL ¿kn] ul/g]
;xdlt xf] . o;df sfo{s|dsf] nflu vf;cfjZos kg]{ j:t' jf ;]jfx¿ lbgsf] nflu
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ b]zsf] k|rlnt lgod sfg'g / n]vfsf]
k|rlnt lgodaf6 ;d]t lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ . o; cGtu{tsf ljifox¿ ;fdfGotof ;xfotf
jf cg'bfgeGbf km/s x'G5g\ . / o; cGtu{tsf] s/f/sf s'g} Joj:yfx¿sf] pNnª\3g
ul/Pdf b08 ;hfo jf Ifltk"lt{ Joj:yfx¿ klg ul/Psf] x'g ;Sb5 .
-$_ lkm c/ ;le{; -;]jf z'Ns_
;]jf z'Ns eg]sf] vr{x¿sf] ljj/0f k]; ug'{eGbf klg ;DkGg ePsf] kl/of]hgf jf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfwf/df ;f]wegf{ ug'{ xf] .
164
 • ;Demf}tf Pjd\ ;xdltdf h'g ah]6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, To;n] g} k|To]s sfdsf]
d"NonfO{ lglZrt u/]sf] x'G5 . o;df cg'dflgt vr{x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Fb}g jf ug{
kfOFb}g .
• sfo{s|d;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x¿ k"/f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos cGo jf:tljs vr{x¿
x'g ;Sb5g\ cltl/Qm To:tf vr{x¿ sfo{qmdsf] >f]tsf] e'QmfgL ul/Fbf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'Fb}g jf ug{ kfFOb}g .
• s]jn lglZrt vr{x¿ jf lglZrt k|ltzt /sd dfq e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .
• of] s'g} ultljlwsf nflu pQm ultljlw ;DkGg ug{ ;fy k|fKt x'g] lng] lbg] ul/g]
/sd xf] . o;df vr{sf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{ eGbf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]
k|ltj]bg k]z ul/G5 .
-%_ slG6«Jo';g -of]ubfg_
of]ubfg ;xof]u Pp6f JolQm jf ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg xf] h;nfO{ ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf]
nIo / p2]Zo leq /x]/ ;+:yfut lg0f{ocg';f/ vr{ ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] ;xfotfnfO{
lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{x¿ ul//xg' h?/L 5}g .
- /sd÷sf]ifsf] 5'§f5'§} n]vf jf clen]vsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
- /sd÷sf]ifsf] vr{ ug{sf] nflu Pp6f lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
- vr{ gePsf] jf ug{ g;lsPsf] /sd bftfx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ cfjZos 5}g .
- lglZrt ;dofjlw leq ul/g'kg]{ nfOg cfO6dsf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg -rf}dfl;s,
cw{jflif{s, jflif{s ¿kn]_ t}of/ ul//xg' kb}{g .
-^_ ;]e b lrN8«]gn] ;fem]bf/ u};;nfO{ lbg] ;xfotf (Sub-grants)
- kl/of]hgfsf] nIox¿ k|fKt ug'{sf] nflu of]ubfg u/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;DalGwt
u};;nfO{ /sd÷sf]if x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 .
- vf;u/L j:t' / ;]jfsf] ?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ xf] eg] To;sf] nflu ToxL k|s[ltsf]
;Demf}tf ul/G5 . To;}u/L ;fem]bf/ u};;nfO{ lbOg] cGo ;j} k|sf/sf] ;xfotfsf]
nflu 5§} ;Demf}tf jf ;xdlt ul/G5 .
- ;xof]u kfpg] ;fem]bf/ u};;n] pQm /sd jf sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf
bftfx¿n] lglb{i6 ul/lbPsf ;j} lgod Pjd\ k|ls|ofx¿sf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 o:tf
vr{x¿sf nflu :jfefljs ?kdf ;]e b lrN8«]gk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpg] ;Defljt ;fem]bf/ u};;;Fu pknAw u/fOg] /sd÷sf]ifnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{sf lgldQ 7Ls sfo{k|0ffnL 5 / k|of{Kt ?ksf] / e/kbf]{ cfly{s
lgoGq0ffTds k2lt 5 eg]/ ;]e b lrN8«]gn] ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 . oL
k|0ffnLx¿sf], pbfx/0fsf] nflu n]vfkfngsf] ljlw÷k|lqmofx¿, k|ltj]bgsf] tf}/
tl/sf, ;do ;lxtsf] s|da4 clen]vLs/0f, kf/bzL{ / cflwsfl/s ;fdfg vl/b
k|lqmof, cfjZos k|ls|of k"/f u/] kZrft\ ul/g] e'QmfgLsf] k|0ffnL cflb x'g\ .

o;sf] cy{ ;xfotf /sd kfpg] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ;]e b lrN8«]gs} ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL
Pjd\ lgodx¿ cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 eGg] xf]Og . t/ h] eP tfklg Go"gtd ?kdf
bft[;+:yfn] b]xfosf s'/fx¿ ug{df ;xof]u ug]{ / ul/Psf]df ;'lglZrt x'g'
cfjZos 5 .

165
- ;xof]u kfpg] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ k|0ffnL bftfsf] cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug]{
;dy{ x'g] lsl;dsf] 7Ls 9Ësf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
- ;xof]u kfpg] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf kQfnufOPsf jf b]lvPsf k|d'v sdhf]/Lx¿ /
;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljlwx¿ tyf k|s[ofsf] af/]df cf}krfl/s ¿kd} ;Nnfx lbg' kb{5 .
- oL kQf nufOPsf jf b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

166
cg';"rL #=^-!_
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fLs/0f
;]e b lrN8«]g

n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fLs/0f

ldltM xxxx
gfdM xxxx
zLif{sM xxxx
;+:yfsf] gfd XXXX
ljifoM ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] lglZrt ug]{ af/]df

>L =========================================

xfd|f] clen]vn] of] ;"lrt ub{5 ls tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yf ;+3Lo sf]if -km]8]/n P08 cjf8]{8_ sf] ;]e b
lrN8«]gåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] cg'bfg kfpg] Pp6f ;+:yf xf] -lyof]_ . Joj:yfkg / ah]6sf] sfof{no
-cf]Pdlj_ sf] kl/kq P–!## -cd]l/sL ;+:yf_ cyjf ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ljb]zLx¿ -u}/—cd]l/sL
;+:yfx¿_ sf] nflu n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf cyjf ;fem]bf/ u};; ;Demf}tf wf/f g+= Pr, pkwf/f !
-P / jL_ Æn]vfk/LIf0f, n]vfkfng / clen]vx¿æ ;]e b lrN8«]g / ;+:yfsf] aLrdf x:tfIf/
ul/Psf] 5 . ;]e b lrN8«]g of] ;'lglZrt ub{5 ls tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu cfjZos
s'/fx¿sf] ;+sng u/]sf] 5 .

gf]6M s[kof of] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'xf]nf ls ;]e b lrN8«]g / tkfO{Fsf] ;+:Yff aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf
cg'¿k tkfOF{sf] ;+:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsåf/f lgb]{lzt ;/sf/L n]vf k/LIf0f P]gcg';f/
dfGotfk|fKt :jtGq n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{5 . o;/L n]vfk/LIf0f u/]/ ToxfF kQf nfu]sf]
s'/fx¿, ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjx¿ / ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tfsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{ of]hgf ;lxTfsf]
Joj:yfkg kq oyfzSo rfF8f] ;]]e b lrN8«]gnfO{ k]; ug'{kg]{5 .

o:fsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;]e b lrN8«]gn] tkfO{FnfO{ tn pNn]lvt k|df0fx¿ k"/f ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5 /
cfjZos k/]sf] s'g} klg sfuhftx¿sf] k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg ;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5 .

s[kof efu Psdf k|df0fLs/0fsf] af/]df ;dLIff ug'{xf]nf . olb % j6} If]qx¿df tkfO{Fsf] ;+:yfsf]
nflu k|df0fLs/0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpFdf s[kof x:tfIf/ / ldlt pNn]v ug'{xf]nf .
olb efu Psdf pNn]lvt -;"rLs[t_ ;a} zLif{sx¿sf] ;sf/fTds k|df0fLs/0f rfx]sf] a]nfdf
pknAw u/fpg ;lsPg eg], s[kof efu @ k"/f u/L dfu ul/Psf] sfuhft k9\gsf] nflu pknAw
u/fpg'xf]nf .

tkfO{Fsf] hjfkm xfdLnfO{ ldlt=========eGbf l9nf gu/L k7fpg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}F . s[kof hfgsf/L
k7fpg'xf]nf M
gfdM
zLif{sM
7]ufgfM
167
;]e b lrN8]«g km]8]/]zg
cyjf km\ofS; M ;DalGwt km\ofS; gDa/
of] dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf tkfO{Fsf] Wofgfsif{0fsf] nflu xfdL tkfO{FnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5fF} . olb
tkfO{F;Fu s'g} k|Zg 5 eg] s[kof d;Fu kmf]g g+============df ;Dks{ ug{ glxRsfpg' xf]nf cyjf
Od]n gDa/=======

ejbLo,

gfdM
kbM
;]e b lrN8«]g

168
cg';"rL #=^-@_
;]e b lrN8«]g
;fem]bf/ u};;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotf

;fem]bf/ u};;sf] jflif{sn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fLs/0f

gfdM
zLif{sM
;+:yfsf] gfdM

d ÷xfdL cfly{s jif{=@))× sf] nflu k|dfl0ft ub{5' M

1= ;+:yfsf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] / vf; dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfOPsf]
5}g .

n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sDkgLsf] gfdM ===============================================

k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt=============================

2= n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08sf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt -cd]l/sL ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu_ / Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ah]6
;DaGwL sfof{no -cf]Pdlj_ sf] kl/kq P–!## adf]lhd cyjf ljb]zL ;xof]u kfpg]x¿sf] nflu
n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{ lgb]{lzsf -u}/ cd]l/sL ;+:yfx¿_ cyjf n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08 ;j{dfGo
l;4fGt / dxfn]vf k/LIfs g]kfnsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

3= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg k|d'v s'/fx¿ ToxfF kfOPg . To:t} s'g}
;fdfGo s'/fx¿ / k|ltj]bgdf l;sfot ug{'kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] kfOPg .

4= ToxfF klxn] ;dfwfg gu/L 5fl8Psf] s'g} klg ;d:ofx¿÷s'/fx¿ e]l6Pg .

=========================================
cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwsf] x:tfIf/
=========================================
kbM
=========================================
k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf] ldlt

-o;/L n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] cfly{s ljj/0fx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljrf/x¿sf] Pp6f k|ltlnlk
kfpg] clwsf/ ;]e b lrN8«]gnfO{ ;'/lIft 5 . o:tf cg'/f]wx¿ ;DalGwt ;+:yfnfO{ lnlvt
¿kdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L dfu ePsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ljj/0fx¿ / n]vfk/LIf0fdf pNn]lvt
s'/fx¿ !) lbg leqdf ;]e b lrN8«]gnfO{ k7fpg' kb{5_

169
cg';"rL #=^-#_
;]e b lrN8«]g
;fem]bf/ u};;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xfotf
;fem]bf/ u};; n]vf k/LIf0f k|df0fLs/0f

gfdM
zLif{sM
;+:yfsf] gfdM

s[kof tn pNn]lvt x/]s s'/fx¿ hfFr u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ Pjd\ sfuhftx¿ pknAw u/fpg'
xf]nf .
• cfly{s jif{ ==================sf] xfd|f] cfly{s ljj/0fx¿ Joj:yfkg / ah]6 ;DaGwL sfof{no
-cf]Pdlj_ kl/kq A–!#@ / n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08sf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt -cd]l/sL ;+:yfx¿sf]
nflu_ cyjf ljb]zL cg'bfg k|fKtstf{x¿ -u}/ cd]l/sL ;+:yfx¿_ cyjf g]kfnsf] dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08 cyjf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt adf]lhd
n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] lyof] . ;]e b lrN8«]g ;+3Lo sf]if;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/L
yfxf ePsf] s'/fx¿ oxfF ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s ljj/0fsf] Pp6f k|ltlnlk, n]vfk/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg / xfd|f] ;Nnfx ;'emfj ;lxTfsf] sfo{ of]hgf o;} ;fy gTyL ul/Psf]5 .
• xfdLn] cem} klg xfd|f] A–!## n]vfk/LIf0f cyjf ljb]zL cg'bfg kfpg]x¿ -u}/ cd]l/sL
;+:yfx¿_ sf] nflu n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{ lgb]{lzsf cyjf cfly{s jif{============ sf] nflu ;fem]bf/
u};;–;Demf}tf adf]lhd n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5}g . of] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
================;Dddf pknAw x'g] cfzf ub{5f}F . n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5, xfdL oft
v08 s sf] ;sf/fTds k|df0fLs/0f pknAw u/fpg]5f}F cyjf v08 v df ;f]lwPsf]
k|Zgx¿sf] pko'Qm hjfkm lbP/ hfgsf/L u/fpg]5fF} .

==========================================
cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwsf] x:tfIf/
=======================================
kb
=======================================
ldlt=

170
cg';"rL #=&-!_
;]e b lrN8«]g
;fem]bf/ u};; ;xfotf ;Demf}tf ;dfkg kq
;]e b lrN8]«g ======lkmN8 sfof{no

lgDg ;fem]bf/ u};;sf] nflu ;Demf}tfsf] ;dfkg ug]{ of] clGtd kq xf] .

;fem]bf/ u};;sf] gfdM====================================

;xfotf÷;Demf}tf g+=M======================================
;xfotf÷;Demf}tf ;dfkg x'g] ldltM=========================================

;]e b lrN8«]g / bftfsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ k"/f u/L hfFr ul/Psf] 5 .
;f]lwPsf cfjZos s'/fx¿ o;n] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 / of] 7Ls 9Ën] ;dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

1= vr{x¿sf] clGtd k|ltj]bg k|fKt e} ;b/ ePsf] M 5=== 5}g === =pknAw gePsf]========

2= vr{ gePsf] df}Hbft ;]e b lrN8«]gnfO{ kmsf{OPsf] 5 / ;fgf cg'bfg nfutsf] ;xL zLif{sdf
s|]l86 ul/Psf]M 5======= 5}g=======pknAw gePsf]=====

3= clGtd j0f{gfTds k|ltj]bg k|fKt eP/ :jLs[t ePsf] M 5==== 5}g ===== pknAw gePsf]

4= ;a} k"FhLut ;DklQx¿sf] k"0f{ ;"rL k|fKt ePsf]M 5===========5}g ===== pknAw gePsf]

5= x:tfGt/0f of]hgf k|fKt ePsf] 5 / ;]e b lrN8]«g Pjd\ bftfn] To;sf] ;b/ u/]sf] M 5====
5}g======= pknAw gePsf]

6= ljz]if l;sfot gePsf] afXo n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk k|fKt ePsf] M 5 ===
5}g =======pknAw gePsf]

7= kl5Nnf] ;dosf] cf]e/x]8 u0fgfsf] k|ltlnlk k|fKt ePsf] 5 / 7Ls 9+un] ;dfof]hg ul/Psf]M
5 ===5}g =======pknAw gePsf]

k|ltlqmofM -olb s'g} s'/fx¿ 5}g cyjf pknAw ePsf] 5}g eGg] cfPdf To;sf] hfFr ug'{xf]nf .

k|df0fLs/0fM dflysf] cfwf/df, ;fem]bf/ u};;sf] ;xfotf÷;Demf}tf ;Dffkg ul/Psf] 5 .

x:tfIf/M =========================== x:tfIf/M====================

gfdM=================================== gfdM=========================
kbM ;]e b lrN8«]g sfo{s|d Joj:yfks kbM==========================
ldltM======================================== ldltM=======================

171
cg';"rL #=&-@_ :jLsf/of]Uo / :jLsf/cof]Uo vr{x¿
:jLsf/of]Uo / :jLsf/cof]Uo vr{x¿

kl/efiffM
;fdfGotof ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ ul/g] vr{x¿ :jLsf/ of]Uo x'g] / ;f] ljk/Ltsf
vr{x¿nfO{ :jLsf/ cof]Uo vr{x¿sf] sf]l6df /flvg] eP tfklg lgDga'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df ;d]t
o;nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ / :jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• plrt÷sf/0f;+utM Pp6f xf]l;of/ JolQmn] o'lQm ;+ut 9Ën] vr{ u/]sf] h:tf] k|dfl0ft x'g]
;DjlGwt sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfGo k|ls|ofsf nfut Pjd\
vr{x¿nfO{ plrt / sf/0f;+ut vr{ dfGg ;lsG5 / :jLsf/of]Uo vr{leq juL{s[t ul/G5 .

• ljt/0fof]UoM To:tf vr{x¿ h'g vf;u/L ;xfotfsf nflu vr{ ug{ ;lsg] / ug'{ kg]{ k|s[ltsf
vr{x¿nfO{ ljt/0f of]Uo vr{x¿ dfGg ;lsG5 / logLx¿ klg :jLsf/of]Uo vr{x¿ x'g\ .

• :jLsf/of]UoM To:tf vr{x¿ h'g cg'bfgsf] cfjZostf / ;Ldfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ k|ls|ofut
lx;fan] ul/Psf vr{x¿nfO{ :jLsf/ of]Uo vr{ dfGg ;lsG5 .
• :jLsf/ cof]UoM To:tf vr{x¿ h'g cg'bfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xF'b}g, pk/f]Qm Joj:yfx¿ eGbf
afx]ssf vr{x¿ ul/Psf] 5, To:tf vr{x¿ :jLsf/of]Uo vr{x'g\ .

Joj:yfkg / ah]6 ;DaGwL sfof{no -cf]Pdlj_ !@@ sf] vr{÷nfut l;4fGtx¿

lj1fkg / hg ;Dks{ vr{x¿M

• :jLsf/of]UoM
- cg'bfgsf] p2[]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{ ;DjlGw lj1fkg / hg
;Dks{ vr{x¿
- cg'bfgsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu j:t' Pjd\ ;]jfx¿sf] vl/b ;DjlGw lj1fkg / hg
;Dks{ vr{x¿
- cg'bfg cGtu{tsf] 6'6]km'6]sf] jf art ePsf] dfn;fdfgsf] k|aGw÷laqmL of k|bfg ;DalGw
lj1fkg / hg ;Dks{ vr{x¿
- cg'bfgsf] cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ cfjZos cGo ljz]if p2]Zox¿ ;DjlGw lj1fkg / hg
;Dks{ vr{x¿
- cg'bfgsf] sfo{x¿ ;dfkg ug{] ;DaGwdf ;~rf/ nufot ;fj{hlgs JolQmx¿;Fusf]
;~rf/ ;DalGw vr{x¿

• :jLsf/cof]UoM
- pkxf/sf] vr{x¿
- sf]if ;ª\sng;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{s|dx¿ / a}7s ;DaGwL vr{x¿
- ;+:yfsf] k|jw{g ug{ ul/Psf] lj1fkg / hg;Dks{ ;DaGwL vr{÷nfut .

lgodsf] j}wflgstfsf cfwf/df :jLsf/ cof]Uo vr{x¿

172
1= cg'ko'Qm÷cj}wflgs -cof]Uo_ j:t' / ;]jfx¿M
• ;}Go pks/0fx¿
• hf;'; ;DaGwL pks/0fx¿
• k|x/L / sfg'gn] aGb]h u/]sf] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ j:t'x¿ tyf
;]jfx¿
• ue{ktg ;DaGwL pks/0f Pjd\ ;]jfx¿
• ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfgx¿ / h"jftf; ;DaGwL pks/0fx¿
• xfjfkfgLsf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0fx¿

2= cg'ko'Qm÷cj}wflgs -cof]Uo_ cfk"lt{stf{x¿af6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] nfut

o"P;PcfO8Ln] cof]Uo, lgnlDat / cj}w 3f]lift u/]sf] ;"rLdf k/]sf]] JolQm÷kmd{af6
o"P;PcfO8Lsf] /sd÷sf]if k|of]u u/L ;]jf jf j:t' vl/b ug{ ;lsFb}g . ul/Pdf :jLsf/
cof]Uo vr{x¿sf] sf]l6df k/L o:tf vr{x¿ c:jLs[t x'G5g\ .
3= k|ltalGwt -;fdfgx¿_ j:t'x¿M
o'P;PcfO8Laf6 lnlvt ¿kdf k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq tn pNn]lvt j:t'÷;fdfgx¿ vl/b
ug{ ;lsG5 .
– s[lifhGo j:t'x¿
– df]6/ uf8Lx¿
– cf}ifwL agfpg] ;DaGwL
– sL6gfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL
– k|of]u ePsf pks/0fx¿
– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ
– ufNg], kufNg] jf g/d agfpg] /;fogx¿
– dnx¿
pk/f]Qm ;fdfgx¿ :jLs[lt glnO{ lsg]df k|ltalGwt ;fdfg ;/x c:jLs[t x'g ;S5g\ eg] /fHosf]
sfg'gn] k|ltaGw nufPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b ul/Pdf To;f] ubf{ nfu]sf] nfut klg :jtM
c:jLs[t x'G5 .
4= ;|f]t, pTklQ / /fli6«otfM
;|f]tn] j:t' jf ;]jfx¿ vl/b u/]sf] b]znfO{ hgfpFb5 . pTklQn] j:t'x¿ lgdf{0f÷pTkfbg
ePsf] b]znfO{ hgfpFb5 . o'P;PcfO8L sf]ifaf6 vl/b ul/g] ;j} k|sf/sf j:t'x¿Æ ljz]if
:jtGq /fi6« cyjf :k];n lkm| jN8{Æ b]zx¿af6 tnsf k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df vl/b Pjd\
kl/jxg ug{ cfjZos kb{5 .
– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
– ;fem]bf/ d'n'sx¿
– 5flgPsf] :jtGq /fi6« -o'P;PcfO8Lsf] ef}uf]lns ;"rs ($!_
– 5flgPsf] :jtGq /fi6« -o'P;PcfO8Lsf] ef}uf]lns ;"rs (#%_

cd]l/sfafx]s cGo b]zx¿af6 j:t' / ;]jfx¿ vl/b ubf{ To;f] ug'{ kgf{sf] pko'{Qm sf/0fx¿
v'nfOPsf] x'g'kg]{ / ;f] ;Da4 sfuhftx¿ ;+nUg ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu o:tf]
l:ylt cfsl:ds k|of]hgsf] nflu jf l9nf ul/g gx'g] sfo{qmdsf nflu vr{ ug'{ kg]{ k|of]hg
x'g;Sb5 . olb cd]l/sL ;|f]t u}/ cd]l/sL ;|f]teGbf %)Ü n] a9L ePdf / cd]l/sL

173
 ;|f]tx¿af6 j:t' jf ;]jfx¿ pknAw gePdf dfq u}/—cd]l/sL ;|f]tx¿af6 j:t' jf ;]jfx¿
vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg';"rL #=&-#_
pks/0fx¿sf] x:tfGt/0f
;xof]u÷cg'bfgsf] cGtdf, cyjf kl/of]hgfsf] j:t'x¿ nfdf] ;do ;Ddsf] nflu cfjZos gkg]{
ePdf, ;DklQx¿ x:tfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu o'P;PcfO8Laf6 cg'dlt lng'kb{5 .

cg';"rL #=&-$_
cGt/f{li6«o e|d0f÷ofqf
k|To]s cGt/f{li6«o e|d0f÷ofqfsf] nflu o"P;PcfO8Laf6 k"j{ cg'dlt lng'cfjZos 5 . o:tf] e|d0f
Pjd\ ofqfsf] nflu ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kn] pNn]v ug'{kb{5, h:t}M e|d0f ofqfsf] ;+Vof,
k|To]s ofqfdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof, e|d0f ug{ rfx]sf] b]z / k|To]s e|d0fsf] nflu cfjZos
vr{ jf nfut . oL ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fOof] eg] dfq k"j{ cg'dlt lng ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o
e|d0fsf] nflu pknAw eP;Dd cd]l/sL em08fjfxs xjfOhxfh k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . olb of]
xjfOhxfh pknAw gePsf] v08df xjfO{ l6s6df cd]l/sL em08fjfxs xjfOhxfh pknAw
gePsf] k|df0fLs/0f kq clgjfo{ ¿kn] gTyL ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

174
cg';"rL #=&-%_
ah]6sf] k'li6÷k|i6tf
sfg"gL, sfo{s|d / cfly{s sf/0fn] klg ah]6 cg'?k g} vr{ ul/Psf] Joxf]/f k'li6 x'g' cfjZos
kb{5 . k|To]s ;xof]u Pjd\ cg'bfg k|bfg ul/Fbf To;df s]df slt / s;/L vr{ ug]{ eGg] ;DalGw
lgodx¿ ;+nUg ul/Psf x'G5g\ . cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ ;j} ;+:yf jf JolQmx¿n] ug{ vf]lhPsf]
sfo{s|d / lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ah]6sf] aLrdf s'g} leGgtf jf cGt/ ePsf] kfOPdf To;sf] hfgsf/L
lbP/ k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
–
– sfo{s|d÷kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo Pjd\ If]qdf kl/jt{g ePdf,
– ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn]lvt k|d'v JolQmx¿sf] kl/jt{g÷x]/km]/ ePdf,
– # dlxgf eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt ePdf cyjf kl/of]hgf lgb]{zsn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;do eGbf @%Ü
;do 36L ePdf,
– cltl/St /sd÷sf]if cfjZos kg]{ ePdf,
– k|ToIf nfut vr{af6 ck|ToIf nfut÷vr{sf] nflu ah]6 /sdfGt/ ug'{k/]df,
– tflndsf] lglDt eQfx¿sf nflu -k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf lbOg]_ 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd cGo
k|sf/sf] vr{x¿df /sdfGt/÷k|of]u ug'{k/]df,
– ljleGg nfOg cfO6d÷zLif{sdf 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd a9L x'g cfPdf,
– yk /sd÷sf]if cfjZos ePdf o'P;PcfO8Laf6 k"j{—:jLs[lt lng'kb{5 .

cg';"rL #=&-^_
;xfotf–k"j{ hfFr÷n]vfhf]vf
;fem]bf/ u};;nfO{ ;xfotf lbg'eGbf cufl8 To:tf] ;xfotf kfpg] JolQm÷;+:yfn] ;]e b lrN8«]gsf
s]xL cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ jf cfjZos s'/fx¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . h:tf]
ls, n]vfkfngsf] ljlw, clen]vLs/0fsf] k|ls|of÷k|0ffnL / k|ltj]bg tof/ Pjd\ k]; ug]{ ;do Pj+
k|ls|of cflb . o;sf] ;fy} k|fKt cg'bfg jf ;xof]u /sd vr{ ubf{ kof{Kt lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿
;lxt vr{ ul/g] jf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ul/g] s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]t lglZrt ul/Ps]f x'g'kb{5 .

o';=P;\=P8\= ;+:yfsf] Pp6f lhDd]af/ sd{rf/L cyjf o; ;+:yfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Pp6f afXo
n]vfk/LIfsn] lglZrt k|ls|of ckgfO{ ;xfotf k"j{sf] of]Uotf hfFr sfo{ ;DkGg u/L To;sf]
ljj/0f jf k|ltj]bg t}of/ ug]{5 . lgDg k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xfotf k"j{ hfFr jf
cfjZos ;dLIff ug'{kb{5 .
• ;f+u7lgs Joj:yfkg
• sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
• ah]l6ª / ljQLo÷n]vf k|ltj]bgsf] k|ls|of / k/Dk/f
• n]vfkfng ;DaGwL clen]vx¿
• a}+s, e'QmfgL / cfDbfgL ;DaGwL
• tnj e'QmfgL / k]/f]n ;DaGwL
• l:y/ k"FhL jf ;DklQx¿
• dfn;fdfg vl/b ;DaGwL k|ls|of / k/Dk/f

;fem]bf/ u};;sf] k"j{ ;xfotf ;j]{If0fsf] cg'udg k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ lgDglnlvt gd'gfnfO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
175
cg';"rL #=&-&_
k"j{–;xfotf ;j]{If0f hfFr k|ltj]bg

;+:yfM=================================== 7]ufgfM===================================ldlt====================================
s|=;+ l;kmfl/; sfo{x¿÷r/0fx¿ ldlt÷ lhDd]af/ ;xof]u jt{dfg ;+zf]lwt sfo{
ul/Psf] ;do JolQm ;'¿ul/g] cj:yf of]hgf
ls|ofsnfkx¿ ldlt
v08 sM ;f+u7lgs Joj:yfkg
!=
@=
v08 vM sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
#=
$=
v08 uM ah]l6ª / ljQLo÷n]vf k|ltj]bg
%=
^=
v08 3M n]vfkfng ;DaGwL clen]vx¿
&=
*=
v08 ªM a}+sx¿, e'QmfgL / cfo
(=
!)=
v08 rM k]/f]n / tnj
!!=
!@=
v08 5M l:y/ ;DklQ
!#=
!$=
v08 hM ;fdfg vl/b ;DaGwL
!%=
!^=

176