Part 7 - Data Analysis and Interpretation

Research Design and Methodology
Data Analysis and result interpretation
Gebeyehu B. (Dr. of Eng.) Associate Professor

[email protected]
1
BDU: Bahir Dar Institute of Technology: Computing Faculty
Fundamental of data analysis
• Fundamental of interpretation is presenting clear and scholarly done
analysis that may come in the form of tables, figures or charts.
• It refers to the skill of the researcher in describing, delineating simil

arities and differences, highlighting the significant findings or data,
• Interpretation is the explanation or suggestions inferred from the dat

a, their implications but not conclusions, and
• Analysis should be approached as a critical, reflective, and iterative
process that cycles between data and an overarching research frame
work that keeps the big picture in mind,
• Therefore, researchers and/or you students should:

• keeping your eyes on the main game
• managing your data
2
Fundamental of data analysis
• Regardless of data type, managing your data involves
• familiarizing yourself with appropriate software
• developing a data management system
• systematically organizing and screening your data
• entering the data into a program
• and finally ‘cleaning’ your data
• Different data types demand discrete treatment, so it’s important to

be able to distinguish variables by
• cause and effect (dependent or independent)
• measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio)
3
Key Consideration in Data Analysis
• Conventional story of data analysis
• Complex analysis and big words impress people.
• Analysis comes at the end when there is data to analyze.
• Qualitative analysis is easier than quantitative analysis
• Data have their own meaning
• Stating limitations and weakens the evaluation
• Computer analysis is always easier and better
• Criteria of data analysis

• Present all the evidence
• Develop rival hypotheses
• Address all major rival interpretations
• Address most significant aspect of the case study
• Use prior or expert knowledge 4
• Think about analysis EARLY
• Start with a plan
• Code, enter, clean
• Analyze and interpret
• Reflect: What did we learn? What conclusions can we draw? What are our recommend
ations? What are the limitations of our analysis?
• Describe approach for data analysis in detail
Conclusions &
Raw Data
Interpretation
Analysis should not

be Black Box
5
• Why do I need analysis plan?
• To make sure the questions and your data collection instrument wil
l get the information you want
• Think about your “report” when you are designing your data collec
tion instruments
• Example: do you want to report the number of people who answered each ques
tion? how many people answered a, b, c, d? the percentage of respondents who answered
a, b, c, d? the average number or score?
• The key components of data analysis are:

• Purpose of the evaluation
• Questions and your hope to learn from the question
• Analysis technique
• How data will be presented
6
• Identify the purpose of the analysis or research project
• Understand the issues (sample(s)) under study
• Understand the methods or methodology being used to collect data
• Be cognizant of data layouts and formats
• Establish a unique identifier if matching or merging or else….
• There is an abundance of analytical techniques that can be applied
for understanding:
What are the most important issues? Pareto Analysis
What performance areas are weak? Benchmarking

What are the core competencies of the client? SWOT
What forces can influence the problem? Force Field Analysis
• Plan your work and work on your plan!

7
Key consideration in data analysis
• Specific Sequential Steps that lead up to the Analysis
• Make sure you know what you are trying to solve – Clearly defined issues or questi
ons drive the analysis!
• Match up the clearly defined question or issue with the appropriate analytical tool(s)
• Once you’ve matched up the analytical tools against the question or issue, then go
out and collect the facts
• Apply analytical tools and move back upstream:
1. Start with clearly defined issues or questions
How much efficient and 2. Select the Analytical Tool

effective to accommodate • Number of subscribe
all inquiry? companies, individuals….
Benchmarking
3. Collect required information per the

??? analytical Tool selected
4. Once you complete your analysis, move back upstream

to answer the key question you started with
8
Key consideration in data analysis
• Once knowing the key factors of analysis
• Organize and prepare the data for analysis
• Read all data, get a sense of the whole
• Begin detailed analysis with coding process
• Generate a description of the setting/people as well as categories
or themes for analysis
• Represent themes (writing, visual, etc.)
• Interpret and make meaning out of data
• Iterative, non-linear process
• Keep in mind:
• Goal is to demonstrate that enough data will be collected to support
analysis, and straightforward procedure
9
Components of a Data Analysis
• Statement of research questions
• Methods used to answer research questions
• Timeline
• Resources such as financial matters,
• File restructuring procedures (syntax creation, adding new variables
as needed)
• Algorithms for scoring, equating, etc.
• Data cleaning procedures (e.g. removing outliers or noisiness)
• Quality control procedures at every step in the research
• Knowing the common descriptive of statistics
10
Components of a Data Analysis
• The statistical techniques of analysis

• Frequency Distributions and Cross -Tabulations
• Descriptive Statistics (Means, Std. Deviations, Correlations)
• T-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Regression
• Principal Components/Factor Analysis (Data Reduction)
• Cluster and Discriminate Analyses (Segmentation)
• Latent Class Analysis (Classification)
• Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM)
• Differential Item Functioning (DIF)
11
Types of Analyses Techniques
• Benchmark techniques
• Measures and compares your performance against other similar activities or
processes internally or externally
• Differences indicate possible performance issues
• May be difficult to collect comparable measurement data
• Comparing “best in class” performance is better than comparing average
performance
• Best sources of data are in the private sector -Hays Benchmarking,
Benchmarking Exchange, The Benchmarking Exchange, etc.
• SWOT Techniques
• Identifies Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats by asking: What t
hings are we good at, what things are we not good at, what things might we do,
and what things should we not do?
• Probably the most common analytical tool for strategic planning
• Somewhat subjective, and Easy to understand and follow
• Very useful for identifying the core business research
12
• SWOT Techniques example:
Internal Assessment of the organization, its people, services, competencies, etc.

Strengths Weaknesses
Customers has a global infrastructure to Customers has connection problems for
service all types of web services expanding its global search
Services are in high demand in most par The GUI are not very friendly to interact users as
ts of the world compared to other web services providers
External Assessment of direct and indirect forces, social, economic, political, etc.
Opportunities Threats
Untapped demand exists in almost all over Other clients are investing in newer technologies
the World
New Technologies make it possible to expand Some clients are entering into strategic partners
service reach hips to expand their global footprint
13
• Force field Techniques
• Visually shows significant forces that impact the problem
• Forces tend to be those factors that promote or hinder a solution to a problem
• Prioritize forces between direct (more important) and indirect (less important)
• May need to brainstorm to generate ideas to list all forces
Problem: issues are not strategically focused
Positive Forces – Promotes the Solution Negative Forces – Inhibits the Solution
• Customer department is promoting the service • Subscriber s are mandates lack enforcement to
• Global ISP has …. publicize the service – no major urgency to
• Branch or sub domain level have good performa become strategically focused.
nce or not • Agency is not resourced to develop strategic
• Strategic planning is growing in importance with plans and execute on non-strategic issues
in the entire service …. • Customers are has too many other change
initiatives going on
Direct – More Important Indirect – Less Important
14
• Impact analysis technique
• Identifies broad and diverse effects or outcomes associated with a problem a
nd/or the proposed solution
• Answers certain questions: How will this change impact our agency? What
are the consequences of not acting on the problem?
• Objective is to minimize adverse or negative impacts going forward
• Very useful in assessing risk of different proposed solutions – helps you reac
h the right solution
• Numerous tools can be used to assess impacts
• Impact analysis tools
• Scenario Playing – Storyboarding out how the future will unfold between
alternatives: Do Nothing vs. Solution
• Cost Benefit Analysis - Used to quantify impacts
15
• Impact analysis tools
• Decision Tree Analysis – Build a tree and assign probabilities to each alternative
to arrive at the most likely solution
• Simulation – Modeling a process and seeing how it changes when one or more
variables change
• Prototype Model – Build and test the solution on a small scale before implement
ation to flush out lessons learned
• Pareto analysis
• Quantifies what is most important on a graph and puts focus on the significant
problems or issues
• Must group problems or issues based on a common and measurable attribute
(such as reworks, errors, downtime, hours, etc.)
• Must categorize problems or issues – what type is it? (poor quality, long wait times,
etc.)
• Plot the data and rank according to frequency
16
• Quantitative : Statistical descriptive and inferential or experiments
• Understanding numbers is very much important

• Mean , median, SD, T-test value etc..
• Parameter /Variable settings (assumptions..)-

• Do planed experiments
• Conduct as many as required experiments
 Laboratory experiment
 Using machine learning algorithms (for NLP, DM, IR….)
 Using network analysis tool (simulators, emulators, test beds..
 Different parameter settings and various experiments
 How many experiments ?
17
• Quantitative :
• Statistical - two types
 Descriptive statistics
 Used to describe the phenomena with frequency, mean, median, mode
 Inferential statistics
 Is used to infer about the population from the sample data
 T-test to compare means of two groups
 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- (When groups more than two)
 Regression , ……
18
• Qualitative: Understanding the meanings through pattern matching, cont

ent/thematic analysis, time series analysis … using coding
• Providing “Thick” description is important including rival explanations.
• Design research : Suggest, Design, Construction and Evaluate an arti
fact
• Following standards and principles is important (eg OOSE)
• Creativity is also important
• Iterations and improvement has to be reported
• May need input from qualitative type of analysis
19
Relational Databases
• Accessible using Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Optimal for filtering & sorting
• One or more rectangular tables contain data of interest
• This format is often at odds with statistical analysis needs
Index Student TestDate Measure Score
• Example: 1
2
29101
29101
10/13/2006
10/13/2006
Verbal
Math
650
640
SAT 3
4
29102
29102
5/21/1995
5/21/1995
Verbal
Math
370
400
5 29201 2/3/2000 Verbal 520
6 29201 2/3/2000 Math 550
Student Index Student TestDate Test Measure Score

1 29101 5/6/2006 General Verbal 760
Index Student School Gender Ethnicity
2 29101 5/6/2006 General Quantitative 540
1 29101 291 F 3
3 29102 5/3/2006 General Verbal 340
2 29102 291 M 2
3 29201 292 F 6 GRE 4 29102 5/3/2006 General Quantitative 420
5 29102 5/3/2006 General Analytical 0
6 29102 Subject Subject1 540
7 29201 5/6/2006 General Quantitative 500
8 29201 5/6/2006 General Verbal 530

20
Data analysis principles
 Collect the data in your selected source and study all the data carefull
y to find out similarities and difference, concepts and reflection.
 The data analysis can be stopped only with the emergence of regulari
ties (Saturation and sufficiency of information).
 Accountability of information: Keep notes or transcripts if readers or

reviewers want to review the data analysis procedures and results.
 Divide the data into smaller , more meaning units related to your maj
or points after reading them all.
 Organize the smaller units into categories (based on major points).

The process is inductive.
21
Data analysis principles
 Use comparison to build and refine categories, define conceptual simi

larities, find negative evidence, and discover patterns.
Ex: pro one pattern

con one pattern
 The categories are flexible and are modified as further data analysis
occurs.
 Analyze negative cases to reflect their perspectives.
 Synthesize the patterns into the grounded theory.
 Your analysis should be connected with what is being discussed in

the major points and exact excerpt used in the statement.
22
Meaning of interpretation
• It is Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences fro
m the collected facts after an analytical and experimental study
• Usefulness and utility of research findings lie in proper interpr
etation
o To understand the abstract principle that works beneath the findings
o Establishment of explanatory concepts
o To explain the real significance i.e. why students finding are what they
are.
o Interpretation is required for hypothesis results.
23
 Therefore, It is the task that the researcher discuss/interprets the
newly analyzed data and suggests a conclusion.
 Interpretation means identifying relationship between variables/and

or other works to draw conclusions
 Provide lessons from designing a solution
 Testing hypothesis if any – Reject or Accept
 Provide explanations for accepting or rejecting

 Example :The Data for SW success shows low figures, below our expectation. W
hat it tells us! Does it mean the SW failed? What causes the Failure? How do we
overcome those Failures?
24
• The data will either support the propositions and hypotheses or they
won’t.
• This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier step in th
e process and begin again with a new hypothesis.
 This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated with th
e scientific method.
 Interpreting the data means several things. In particular, it means:
 Relating the findings to the original research problem and to the specific resea
rch questions and hypotheses.
 Researchers must eventually come full circle to their starting point – why they
conducted a research study in the first place and what they hoped to discover –
and relate their results to their initial concerns and questions
 Relating the findings to preexisting literature, concepts, theories, and research
studies.
25
• To be useful, research findings must in some way be connected to the larger pictu
re – to what people already know or believe about the topic in question.
Perhaps the new findings confirm a current theoretical perspective, perhaps they
cast doubt on common “knowledge”, or perhaps they simply raise new questions
that must be addressed before we can truly understand the phenomenon in question
 Determining whether the findings have practical significance as well

as statistical significance.
Statistical significance is one thing; practical significance – whether findings ar
e actually useful – is something else altogether.
 Identifying limitations of the study. Finally, interpreting the data inv

olves outlining the weaknesses of the study that yielded them.
No research study can be perfect, and its imperfections inevitably cast at least a h
int of doubt on its findings. Good researchers know – and they also report – the w
eaknesses along with the strengths of their research
26
What we interpreting?
• Is the process of attempt or find the meaning to the data.

o Numbers do not speak for themselves.
• Checking the works as we planed or not….
• We suppose or need to interpreting:

o Flow of the research work: to make it simple, consistent and impleme
ntable,
o Research design and methodology: to be effective and efficient,
o Our research data for its many purpose,

o Our research results,
o …others
27
Interpreting our data
• Data interpretation
• Analysis not left until the end
• To avoid collecting data that are not important the student
s and/or researcher must ask:
o How am I going to make sense of this data?
• As they collect data we must ask:
o Why do the participants act as they do?
o What does this focus mean?
o What else do I want to know?
o What new ideas have emerged?
o Is this new information?
28
• Could be subject to errors and bias

• Reliability: were our work to be replicated by another, would the sa
me result be produced?
• Validity: did your approaches, methods and techniques relate to th
e issues you were exploring and the variables you attempted to meas
ure?
o It tells you whether an item measures or describes what it is sup
posed to measure or describe.
o If an item is unreliable, then it must also lack validity, but a reli
able item is not necessarily also valid.
o It could produce the same or similar responses on all occasions, but
not be measuring what it is supposed to measure.
29
• Threats to validity
• History
• Finding out about job satisfaction after some dramatic change in the rece
nt past of the firm could influence your research findings.
• Testing
• Suppose your research included timing the number of issues tested like c
oding testing, computability,
• Instrumentation
• Suppose the hardware and software compatibility, memory, processors
• Fault tolerant
• Computability and speed...
• Ambiguity regarding causal direction
• Its clarity, understand ability, usability....
30
Interpreting on results and work flow as a whole
• Following run evaluation

o Determine if there are any suspect samples errors
o Strictly follow your methodology and give more attention to you
r research issues
o Cross check with other previous work or research results
o Interpretation demands fair and careful judgments. Often the sa
me data can be interpreted in different ways. So, it is helpful to i
nvolve others or take time to hear how different people interpret t
he same information.
o Think of ways you might do this…for example, hold a group dis
cussion with data collectors to discuss the data; ask individual p
articipants what they think
31
Interpreting on results and work flow as a whole
• Part of interpreting information is identifying the lessons learned
• What did you learn? – about the program, about the participants,
about the evaluation.
• Are there any ‘ah-has’? What is new? What was expected?
• Were there findings that surprised you?
• Are there things you don’t understand very well – where further stu
dy is needed?
• We often include recommendations or an action plan. This helps e

nsure that the results are used.
32
Techniques and fundamental of Interpretation
• Basic concepts
• Select and plan the solution that has the greatest impact on solvi
ng the problem
• Use a solutions rating matrix to weigh different solutions based
on selection criteria (costs, probability of success, ease of imple
mentation)
• Solutions should have support from your previous analysis that
you can clearly communicate to the client
• Test your solutions as much as you can – use some of the Impact
Analysis Tools
• Briefly discuss the outcomes
• Remember to discuss expected results and interpretation of an
alysis
33
• The basic techniques are:
• Reasonable explanation of the relations and interpret the lines

of relationship in terms of the underlying processes.
• Extraneous information must be considered
• Consultation with experts
• Consider all relevant factors affecting the problem to avoid fal

se generalization.
34
• Fundamental concepts
• By comparing the issues to a peer in the norm group to determine ho
w different the issue is from the norm group
• Comparing the performance
• A general frame work of interpretation depends on the research app

roach or methodology,
• It can be numeric, or graphic or textual
• It is pertinent to show the findings or the result

35
Meaning and Importance of Interpretation
• Expected result interpretation
Research
question
Close the Interpretation of Study

loop results to answer... design
Analysis of
Collection of
findings
information
• Limitations
• Briefly discussed as it happened including
36
Interpretation of the results
• Include segment on potential difficulties & limitations at one of foll

owing locations
• Under each Specific objectives
• End of entire Research Design and Methods section
• As they occur in methods
• Use limitations to point to future studies
• Close Research Design and Methods with overall statement about
significance of studies
• Be enthusiastic
• Make appearance conducive to easy reading on paper and on screen
• Neat, white space, proper font style and size (11-12)
• Proofread, Make figures, tables, and legends legible
37
Pre-requisites of Interpretation; Errors in
Interpretation
• Knowing the general expectations of the research
• The interpretation tools including data analysis software and

requirements or indicators
• Identify the research limitation and state clearly,
• Defining the interpretation procedures and flows such as pseudo

code or algorithms,
• Related past experience and procedures as a concept or for

comparison,
38
Interpretation
• The most common interpretation errors:
• Allegorizing Too much
• a story or description in which the reader is pointed to a second meaning
beneath the surface one.
• Decontextualizing
• Ignoring or missing the important explanation or way of expression
(Context is highly important),
• Selectivity
• Choosing specific words and phrases while ignoring others
• Danger: may miss the overall sweep of a passage
• False combination
• Takes phrases and verses from here and there and makes a point out of the
resulting mixture, a point that would not be valid if the passages were c
onsidered separately
39
Interpretation
• The most common interpretation errors:
• Redefinition
• When plain mean of a text leaves us cold or it says something we do not
want to hear, we re-word it.
• Keying on an extracanonical authority
• Understanding the issue takes special knowledge
• Personalizing Everything
• Asking insistently:
• What is the moral of this story?
• What does this mean for me?
• Assuming there’s a very personal meaning in every single words in
your work or not
40
Purpose of writing Report’s
• There are basically two main documents in the process of a research.
• A proposal
• A final report (conference paper, journal article, thesis, ---)
• Slight tolerable difference on the format content and structure.
• Generally, the purpose of the written report is to present the results

of your research, but more importantly to provide a persuasive argu
ment to readers of what you have found.
41
Structuring of computer research report’s
• Title
• Write this on its own in the centre on the first page, with your name, the title
and the date. This page should following by the acknowledgements, which s
howed list of people you wish to thank for help given
• Abstract
• Give a brief summary or overview of your research report, including its conc
lusions. Restrict this to one paragraph. Omit details or examples, except main
experimental data.
• Report abstracts may be reproduced and read separately from the rest of the r
eport, so they often contain information also included on other sections.
• List of contents
• List the main section of the report and the page on which each begins, includ
ing any appendices.
42
• List of tables and figures
• List any illustrations, charts, maps and others, giving the page number
for each.
• Introductions
• Briefly discuss what the research is about, why is it important or signi
ficant? State your proposals or hypothesis briefly: what are you going
to show or prove or develop?
• It address: What is the nature of the issue or problem the research inve
stigates? Why is this worthy of investigation? What have previous res
earchers discovered about this issue or problem? What does your rese
arch attempt to prove?
• Review of the literature
• It is is a summary of the major studies that have been published on a research
topic. The purpose of it is to discuss briefly some of the most important writi
ngs on the subject, discussing other authors’ main finding. Focus on how pre
vious works connects with and leads up to your research.
43
• Research methodology and method
• How do you conduct your research? What method do you use? Did yo
u replicate methods used by other researchers? Even if you are told to
use certain methods, include these in the report.
• Measurement criteria
• Discuss the kinds of data you gathered. How do you analyese them? H
ow reliable or accurate are your data?
• Discuss the results
• Present your main findings briefly, under headings if appropriate. Giv
e results in the order in which you conducted any experiments or start
with the most important.
• This is a longer section. Analyze and explain your findings. Were they
what you had expected? Did they fit the theory or disprove it? Were th
ey consistent with your hypothesis? How are they significant? How co
uld the research have been improved? What follow up would be usefu
l?
44
• Conclusions
• It is to summarize your findings, that is, to restate your argumen
t and conclude whether or not it is valid. In light of the statistical
results, what can you infer about your hypothesis? To what exte
nt did your testing confirm your analysis?
• Recommendations
• It depends as the research or subject type so as to include the recomm
endation. Therefore, it is list of suggestions for action to resolve probl
ems.
• Future research direction
• It is a direction to present an extended research work that need to synt
hesize in the future by considering some other facts.
• References
• List all your sources, according your University or publisher or intern
ationally accepted standard and rules. 45
• Bibliography
• If required, list relevant further or additional reading as the structure a
nd rules of your references.
• Appendices
• Present together any essential extra materials, programming source co
de, tables of data or algorithms or models, some details and further co
mputational analysis. Do not include items unless they are mentioned
in the report.
• Future research direction
• It is a direction to present an extended research work that need to synt
hesize in the future by considering some other facts.
BahirBahir
Dar University, BIT: Computing Faculty, Computing
2016
46
BDU: Dar Institute of Technology: Faculty
Steps in writing Report’s
• Logical analysis of the subject matter
• Preparation of the final outline
• Preparation of the rough draft
• Rewriting & polishing the rough draft
• Preparation of the final reference
• Writing the final draft
47
Essentials of a Good Research Report’s
• Written reports:
• Be explicit about your research work including the
limitations
• Oral reports:
• Be prepared to discuss including the limitations
• Be honest about your research results or finding
• Know your readers and what they would expect
• Do not claim causation without a true experimental
design
• Do not generalize to the population without sample and
analysis on it
48
The summary of Layout of a Research Process and
Writing up of the Report
• Research process
Research issue Design Experiment Testing Reporting
Problem Approach to Field work Data preparation Report preparation

definition problem & Analysis & Presentation
Research
design
• Research report
Title Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
References Appendix
49
End!
50

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Research Design and Methodology

Data Analysis and result interpretation

Gebeyehu B. (Dr. of Eng.) Associate Professor

• It refers to the skill of the researcher in describing, delineating simil

• Interpretation is the explanation or suggestions inferred from the dat

• Therefore, researchers and/or you students should:

• Different data types demand discrete treatment, so it’s important to

• Criteria of data analysis

Analysis should not

• The key components of data analysis are:

What are the most important issues? Pareto Analysis

What performance areas are weak? Benchmarking

What forces can influence the problem? Force Field Analysis

• Plan your work and work on your plan!

1. Start with clearly defined issues or questions

How much efficient and 2. Select the Analytical Tool

3. Collect required information per the

4. Once you complete your analysis, move back upstream

• The statistical techniques of analysis

Internal Assessment of the organization, its people, services, competencies, etc.

Problem: issues are not strategically focused

Direct – More Important Indirect – Less Important

• Understanding numbers is very much important

• Parameter /Variable settings (assumptions..)-

• Qualitative: Understanding the meanings through pattern matching, cont

5 29201 2/3/2000 Verbal 520

6 29201 2/3/2000 Math 550

Student Index Student TestDate Test Measure Score

3 29201 292 F 6 GRE 4 29102 5/3/2006 General Quantitative 420

5 29102 5/3/2006 General Analytical 0

6 29102 Subject Subject1 540

7 29201 5/6/2006 General Quantitative 500

8 29201 5/6/2006 General Verbal 530

9 29201 Subject Subject1 490

10 29201 Subject Subject2 530

 Accountability of information: Keep notes or transcripts if readers or

 Organize the smaller units into categories (based on major points).

 Use comparison to build and refine categories, define conceptual simi

Ex: pro one pattern

 Analyze negative cases to reflect their perspectives.

 Synthesize the patterns into the grounded theory.

 Your analysis should be connected with what is being discussed in

o Establishment of explanatory concepts

o Interpretation is required for hypothesis results.

 Interpretation means identifying relationship between variables/and

 Provide lessons from designing a solution

 Testing hypothesis if any – Reject or Accept

 Provide explanations for accepting or rejecting

 Determining whether the findings have practical significance as well

 Identifying limitations of the study. Finally, interpreting the data inv

• Is the process of attempt or find the meaning to the data.

• Checking the works as we planed or not….

• We suppose or need to interpreting:

o Research design and methodology: to be effective and efficient,

o Our research data for its many purpose,

• Could be subject to errors and bias

• Following run evaluation

• Part of interpreting information is identifying the lessons learned

• Are there any ‘ah-has’? What is new? What was expected?

• Were there findings that surprised you?