SELF-LEARNING MATERIAL

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 – GRADE 12 (STEM)

Third Quarter - Lesson 1

OBJECTIVE/S:
 THINK: Classify forces as contact or non-contact force.
 INTUIT: Associate Newton’s Laws of Motion on the state of motion of an object.
 FEEL: Admire the presence of forces needed to balance an object, to cause or stop
motion
 DO: Apply Newton’s laws of motion in solving problems involving forces and motion
 COMMUNICATE:Describe the effects of net force on the motion of objects
 LEAD: Guide others in upholding justice and equality
 BE: Be fair and good example to others

Prayer
Lord true source of light and wisdom; give me a keen sense of understanding, a
retentive memory and the capacity to grasp things correctly. Grant me the grace to
be accurate in my expositions and the skills to express myself with thoroughness
and clarity. Be with me at the start of my work, guide its progress and bring it to
completion. Grant these through Christ, our Lord. Amen

A. Preparatory Activities
Settling down: Reminders before doing this SLM
 Do your work diligently and refrain from doing other stuffs while doing this SLM.
 Manage your time while working; follow your class schedule.
 Review your answers before submission.
 Be on time on submitting your SLM.
 Keep an open line for communication, message or call your subject teacher for questions,
clarifications and concerns to be addressed.

Yield Not into the Might of a Sword

Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back into its place. For all who take
the sword will perish by the sword. - Matthew 26:52

B. Developmental Activities
LESSON FOCUS:

What do you need to know?

FORCE is a push or a pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction
with another object. It causes a change in motion to an object.NET FORCE is the vector sum of
all the forces acting on a body. It causes an object at rest to start moving, a moving object to stop,
or cause a moving object to change direction.
TYPES OF FORCES
A. Contact Forces are forces acting between objects in direct contact with each other.
1. Normal Force – It is the force exerted by an object in contact with another object. Suppose a
plate is on the table. To support the weight of the plate, the table is exerting
an upward force on the plate. SUPPORT FORCE
2. Frictional Force – It is the force exerted by a surface to an object as it moves across the
surface. Frictional force opposes the object’s motion. Suppose a student
pushes a table. The floor exerts a frictional force opposite to the table’s
direction of motion. Tire tread

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3. Tensional Force – It is the force acting on an object which are tightly pulled by forces acting
on the ends of an object. When you pull both ends of a string, you exert
tensional force on it. Clothesline
4. Air Resistance – It is a special type of frictional force. When an object travels in air, the
particles in the air exert resistance on the object. Air resistance also opposes
the object’s motion. VACUUM – is the absence of air (empty space)
5. Applied Force – It is the force applied by an object to another object. Suppose a student
pushed a table. The “push” given by the student on the table is the applied
force.
6. Spring Force – It is the force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring attached to an
object. Spring force allows an object to return to its resting or equilibrium
position.
B. Non-Contact Forces are forces acting between objects that are not in direct contact with each
other.
1. Gravitational Force – It is the force exerted by an object such as the Earth, moon, or other
planets that attract another object toward itself. The bigger the mass of
the object, the stronger is its gravitational force. Your weight is a
measure of Earth’s gravitational pull on your body.
2. Magnetic Force – It is the force exerted by magnets or magnetized objects. A magnet attracts
the iron filings on the table because it exerts a magnetic pull on the iron
filings.
3. Electric Force – It is the force exerted between electrically charged object. Suppose you rub
two objects together, rubbing causes the electrons to move between these
two objects. As a result, the object that gains electrons acquires a negative
charge and the object that loses electrons acquires a positive charge. Since
unlike charges attract, these two objects temporarily attract each other.

Force is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and direction. The magnitude of the force indicates
how large the applied force is. On the other hand, the direction of the force indicates in what
direction the force is applied.

What do you need to know?

NEWTON’S LAW’S OF MOTION

THE LAW OF INERTIAstates that:“An object continues in its state of rest or in state of motion at a
constant velocity (constant speed and direction), in a straight line unless acted upon by a net force.”
INERTIA is the resistance of an object to any change in its state of rest or in its state of motion. A measure
of the inertia of an object is mass.
Example: A car’s engine must apply a constant force to give it a constant velocity. Turning off the engine
will remove the force acting on a car, but the car still moves until the force of friction causes it to stop. If
friction can be eliminated the car will be moving even without the force of the car’s engine.

LAW OF ACCELERATION states that:“The acceleration (𝒂) produced by a net force (𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 ) on an object
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass (𝒎)of
the object. The acceleration produced is in the same direction as the net force.”
In equation form, the law of acceleration is written as:
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒂 ∝ 𝒎
or𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂 Units: Force – Newtons (N) = 1 kgm/s2
Mass – kilograms (kg)
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
where: 𝑎 = ∆𝑡
Acceleration – m/s2

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Example: When you kick a ball, its velocity changes from zero (at rest) to some value to the direction of
the applied force. It may be a case of catching a ball where there is also a change in its velocity from
maximum to zero as it comes to rest upon being caught.

LAW OF INTERACTION states that: “For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.”
𝐹1−2 + 𝐹2−1 = 0
𝐹1−2 = − 𝐹2−1
Example: If you pound a nail into a wood, your hand hurts as if the nail is exerting a backward force on you.
Also, pushing a wall, you would feel like the wall is also pushing you back.

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

“Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the centers of the two objects, and the line connecting their centers.”

𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 where: Fg – gravitational force

G – universal gravitational constant (G = 6.67 x 10-11N·m2/kg2)
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮 m1& m2 – the magnitude of the masses
𝑹𝟐 R – the distance between the masses measured from their centers

THE MASS OF THE EARTH

APPLYING NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION, 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂, we may equate
Fg = mg; such that
𝒎 𝒎𝑬
𝐺 = mg, then the MASS OF THE EARTH is
𝑹𝑬 𝟐
𝑔𝑅𝐸 2 𝐺𝑚 𝐸
mE = and gE = (acceleration due to gravity)
𝐺 𝑅𝐸 2

2𝐺𝑚 𝑃
𝑣𝑒 = 𝑅𝑃
the escape velocity from the surface of a planet

The mass of an object is a measure of the object's inertial property, or the amount of matter it contains.
The weight of an object is a measure of the force exerted on the object by gravity, or the force needed to
support it. The pull of gravity on the earth gives an object a downward acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.
Weight (W) = mg

OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION:

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distance from Earth to the sun  1.50 x 10 m
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distance from Saturn to the sun  1.43 x 10 m MASS OF: RADIUS OF:
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distance from Earth to the moon  3.84 x 10 m Uranus  8.74 x 1025 kg Venus  6.05 x 10 m
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Venus  4.89 x 1024 kg Uranus  2.61 x 10 m

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sun 1.99 x 1030kg 8
sun 7.00 x 10 m
Saturn  5.68 x 1026 kg Neptune  2.43 x 10 m
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Neptune  1.03 x 1026 kg 6
Mercury  2.44 x 10 m
moon 7.36 x 1022 kg 6
Mars  3.40 x 10 m
Mercury  3.32 x 1023 kg 7
Mars  6.43 x 1023 kg
Jupiter  7.14 x 10 m
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Jupiter  1.91 x 1027 kg Earth  6.38 x 10 m
Earth  5.98 x 1024 kg

EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

ALONG A STRAIGHT HORIZONTAL PATH
Vf = Vi + at - Equation 1
2
d = Vit + ½ at - Equation 2
2 2
Vf = Vi + 2ad - Equation 3

SAMPLE PROBLEMS (NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION):

1. A man of mass 50kg on the top floor of a skyscraper steps into an elevator. What is the man's weight as
the elevator accelerates downward at a rate of 1.5m/s2?
GIVEN: REQUIRED: SOLUTION:
m = 50kg W=? W1 = mg = (50 kg) (9.8 m/s2) W 1 = 490 N
2
g = 9.8 m/s
a = 1.5m/s2 However, when the elevator is accelerating W2 = m (g - a)
downward, the man appears to be lighter since = 50 kg (9.8m/s2 – 1.5m/s2)
the elevator is negating some of the force from W2 = 415 N
gravity.

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2. A skydiver of mass 50kg is mid jump and has an instantaneous acceleration of 4m/s2. What is the net
force exerted on the diver from the air?
GIVEN: REQUIRED: SOLUTION:
m = 50kg Fnet= ? Fnet = Fg - Fair Fnet = (50kg)(9.8m/s2) – (50kg)(4m/s2)
g = 9.8 m/s2 Fnet = mg - mainst Fnet = 290 N
ainst = 4 m/s2
There are two forces in play in this scenario. The first is gravity, and the
second is air resistance that are opposing each other.

3. A new planet is discovered with mass 3.21x1023kg and with a diameter of 8.53x103km. What is the
lowest escape velocity required to escape this planet's gravitational pull?
GIVEN: REQUIRED:
mP = 3.21x1023kg Ve = ?
3
d = 8.53x10 km where R = 4.27x106 m
-11 2 2
G = 6.67 x 10 N·m /kg

SOLUTION:
m2
2𝐺𝑚 𝑃 2(6.67 x 10 −11 N· )(3.21x10 23 kg )
kg 2
𝑣𝑒 = = 𝑣𝑒 = 3166.77 m/s
𝑅𝑃 4.27x10 6 m

4. There are two isolated stars orbiting each other. The first star has a mass of 2×1012kg and the second
star has a mass of 4.5×1014kg. If the stars are 2,000km away, what is the gravitational force felt by the
first star?
GIVEN: REQUIRED:
m1 = 2×1012kg Fg= ?
m2 = 4.5×1014kg
G = 6.67 x 10-11N·m2/kg2
R = 2,000km = 2x106m

SOLUTION:
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 2×10 12 kg (4.5×10 14 kg )
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮 = 6.67 x 10-11N·m2/kg2 𝑭𝒈 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝑵
𝑹𝟐 2x10 6 m 2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION:

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝒂 ∝ 𝒎
or 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂 where: 𝑎 = ∆𝑡

EXAMPLE #1:
A 0.050-kg tennis ball approaches a racket at 25 m/s. If it is in contact with the racket’s strings for
0.005 s, then rebounds at 25 m/s, what is the average contact force between ball and racket?
GIVEN: REQUIRED: SOLUTION:
m = 0.050 kg 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ? 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝑚
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 −25 − 25 𝑚/𝑠
vi = 25 m/s 𝑎= ∆𝑡
= 𝑠
0.005 𝑠
= −10,000 𝑚/𝑠 2
The negative sign means that the
t = 0.005 s force is in the direction opposite to 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
vf = - 25 m/s that of the ball when the ball 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈 ∙ (−𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
approaches the racket. 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = −𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵

EXAMPLE #2:
A net horizontal force of 5000 N is applied to a stalled car whose mass is 1500 kg. What will be the
car’s speed after 10 s?
GIVEN: REQUIRED: SOLUTION:
𝑣 −𝑣
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 5000 N vf = ? 𝑎 = 𝑓∆𝑡 𝑖 first, find for 𝑎 using: 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
m = 1500 kg 𝑎= 𝑚
= 1500 𝑘𝑔
= 3.33 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
t = 10 s 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 3.33 2 (10 𝑠)
𝑠
vi = 0 𝑣𝑓 = 33.3 𝑚/𝑠
Closing Prayer

May God the Father bless us. May God the Son heal us. May God the Holy Spirit enlighten
us, and give us eyes to see with, ears to hear with, hands to do the work of god with, feet to
walk with, a mouth to preach the word of salvation with, and the angel of peace to watch
over us and lead us at last, by our lord's gift, to the kingdom. Amen
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Reference:
1. Padua, A. L., &Crisostomo, R. M. (2010). Practical and Explorational Physics (Modular
Approach) (2nd ed., pp. 66-75;122-131). Iloilo, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
2. Alastre-Dizon, M.T., et al. (2004). Science and Technology for the Future (pp. 234-245).
Makati City: Diwa Textbooks.
3. Santisteban, C.J. & Baguio, S.M. (2007). Breaking Through Physics (pp. 107-145;
149-154). Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
4. Varsity Tutors. (2021). AP Physics 1 : Newton’s Second Law. Retrieved October 15, 2021,
from https://www.varsitytutors.com/ap_physics_1-help/newton-s-second-law

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 ACTIVITY SHEET
GENERAL PHYSICS 1 – GRADE 12 (STEM)
Third Quarter - Lesson 1
Name of Learner: ___________________________________________ Date:_____________
Grade & Section: ____________________________________________
PROCESSING QUESTIONS: Matthew 26:52
1. What does the sword symbolizes in the text?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. In what way can we avoid confrontations with people who hold grudges against us?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. If you are traveling on the right path or doing the right thing, can you be easily detracted from
that path by outside forces?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 1 – NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION IN EVERYDAY-LIFE

Identify which of Newton’s three (3) laws of motion explains the given situations:
_____________1. A magician pulls a tablecloth out from under dishes and glasses on a table
without disturbing them.
_____________2. A person is skateboarding, but hits a curb and flies forward, while the
skateboard stays behind.
_____________3. A person not wearing a seat belt flies through a car window when someone
slams on the brakes because the person's body wants to remain in continuous
motion even when the car stops.
_____________4. A person's body is thrown outward as a car rounds a curve on a highway.
_____________5. A picture is hanging on a wall and does not move.
_____________6. A soccer ball accelerates more than a bowling ball when thrown with the same
force.
_____________7. A soccer player kicks a ball with their foot and their toes are left stinging.
_____________8. A student leaves a pencil on a desk and the pencil stays in the same spot until
another student picked it up.
_____________9. Pushing a child on a swing is easier than pushing an adult on the same swing,
because the adult has more inertia.
_____________10. Rockets are launched into space using jet propulsion where exhaust
accelerates out from the rocket and it accelerates in the opposite direction.

EXERCISES: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION(express your answers to the nearest hundredths)

1. A force of 20 N is applied to a 5-kg block that is at rest on a level surface. Determine:

a. The acceleration produced
b. The velocity of the block after 6 seconds
c. The distance it has gone after 6 seconds

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2. A 2000-kg car decelerates from 10 m/s to 5 m/s in 2 seconds. Find the force acting on it.
Hint: Find acceleration first.

3. What is the mass of an object accelerated to 6 m/s2 by a force of 18 N?

EXERCISES: LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

1. Determine the mass of the Earth if the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 and the
Earth’s radius is 6.38 x 106 m.

2. Determine how the acceleration due to gravity (g) varies when a body is located 1000 m
above the ground and when the body is located at ground level.

3. What can you infer with your answers in No. 2?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. The force of attraction between Jose and his 40.0 kg classmate Maria is 3.00 x 10 -8N.
𝒎 𝒎
Determine the mass of Jose if they are 2.00 m away from each other.𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮 𝑹𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

5. A saleslady whose mass is 52 kg, is doing a product demonstration in front of customers. She
exerts a gravitational force of 7.45 x 10-8 N on a 57 kg woman who is standing in the front row.
How far is the woman from the saleslady?

C. Closure
1. How does the acceleration due to gravity varies with height?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the practical applications of Newton’s 3 laws of motion?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

-END-
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