THE ONLY WAY TO LEARN

MATHEMATICS IS TO DO
MATHEMATICS
MATH PROFICIENCY
(Geometry)
Example:
COMMON GEOMETRIC FIGURES:
BAC is formed by Ray
Line: a collection of points in a straight path that
AB and Ray AC
continues infinitely in two directions.
1 can be named as
 It takes at least two points to create a line.
BAD or DAB
 The distance between two points “a” and “b” in
the number line is:
D = A-B/, where A and B are the corresponding
values in the number line.
 Ex: What is the distance between point A with
coordinate -7 from point B with coordinate 2?
 Measure of an Angle: the notation mA is used
D = /-7 – 2/ = /-9/ = /9/
when referring to the measure of an angle and is
Line Segment: the part of a line from one endpoint to
measured in degrees. Example: if 1 measures
another.
100, then 1 = 100
 If B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC
 Ex: Point B lies on segment AC. AB = 10 and BC
CLASSIFYING ANGLES:
= 8; AC = 18.
1. Acute angle – measures less than 900
Parallel Lines: lines that do not meet even when
2. Right Angle - measures exactly 900
extended infinitely.
3. Obtuse Angle – measures more than 900 but less
Intersecting Lines: lines that meet at one and only
than 1800
one common point.
4. Straight Angle – measures exactly 1800 to form a
Perpendicular Lines: intersecting lines that form four
line.
right angles.
5. Complementary Angles – angles whose sum of
Collinear Points: three or more points lying in the
measures 900
same single line.
 Two points are always collinear since they
always determine a single line.
Plane: a flat surface
Coplanar: geometrical shapes that lie on the same
plane are said to be coplanar.
Skew Lines: lines that are not coplanar.
Ray: half of a line. A ray has one endpoint and
continues infinitely in the opposite direction.
6. Supplementary Angles – angles whose sum
ANGLES – formed by two rays and an endpoint or line
measures 1800
segments that meet at a point, called the VERTEX.
 Naming the angles:
a) named through the vertex as long as
other angle share the same vertex:
b) for angles with the same vertex, three
letters are used, with the vertex always
being the middle letter.
 7. Adjacent Angles – angles which have the same  Triangles have three exterior angles. In the
vertex, share one side and do not overlap 1 and example a, b and c are the exterior
2 are adjacent angles which share a common angles of the triangle.
vertex A and same side AD  An exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
 The sum of adjacent angles measures up to non-adjacent interior angles:
the bigger angle they make up Ex: ma = m2 + m3
m1 + m2 = mBAC mb = m1 + m3

CLASSIFYING TRIANGLES:
1. Isosceles triangle – triangle whose equal angles
are opposite equal sides.

8. Angle Bisector – a line which divides an angle

into two equal parts mEAD = mFAD
2. Equilateral triangle – triangle whose all sides are
equal to and all angles are 600

9. Vertical Angles – pair of angles found on

opposite sides of two intersecting lines.
1 and 3 are vertical angles
2 and 4 are vertical angles

 Vertical angles have equal measures 3. Scalene triangle – a triangle with all three sides of
 Vertical angles are supplementary to adjacent different measures
angles
m1 + m2 = 180
m3 + m4 = 180
 The sum of all adjacent angles around a
common vertex is always equal to 3600

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
 Right triangle – a triangle whose largest angle is
900
 Hypotenuse – the side opposite the right angle, also
the longest side of a right triangle. The sides other
than the hypotenuse are called the legs of the right
triangle.
 a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b represent the lengths of
TRIANGLES – the measure of the three angles in a the legs and c represents the hypotenuse of a right
triangle always add up to 1800 triangle.
 Isosceles Right triangle – right triangles with two
equal sides, two equal angles and one right angle.
The length of the hypotenuse = √2 x the length of a
leg of the triangle:

 Similar: figures with the same shape and

whose dimensions are in the same proportion,
congruent triangles are also similar.
 AA Similarity Postulate: if two angles
of one triangle are congruent to two
angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.

 The ratio of 300-600-900 right triangle has a unique

ratio of:

POLYGONS – a closed plane figure made up of several

line segments that are joined together. The sides do not
cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every
TRIANGLE INEQUALITIES vertex.
 The sum of any two sides of a triangle should
always be greater than the third side. Types:
 The longest side of a triangle is opposite the 1. Regular – all angles are equal and all sides are the
smallest angle. same length. Regular polygons are both equiangular
and equilateral.
CONGRUENT AND SIMILAR TRIANGLES 2. Equiangular – all angles are equal
Congruent – figures with exactly the same dimensions 3. Equilateral – all sides are the same length
and shape.
 S-S-S: if three sides of one triangle are Parts:
congruent to three sides of another triangle,
then the triangles are congruent.

 S-A-S: if two sides and the included angle of

one triangle are congruent to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

Side – one of the line segments that make up the

polygon.
Diagonal – a line connecting two vertices that is not a
side.
Vertex – point where two sides meet. Two or more of
these points are called vertices.
 A-S-A: if two angles and the included side of Interior Angle – angle formed by two adjacent sides
one triangle are congruent to two angles and inside the polygon.
the included side of another triangle, then the Exterior Angle – angle formed by two adjacent sides
triangles are congruent. outside the polygon.
POLYGON FORMULA: Radius – segment with one endpoint at the center of
where N = # of sides and S = length from center to a the circle and the other endpoint on the circle.
corner Ex: Radius OB and OC
 Sum of the interior angles of a polygon Chord – segment whose endpoint lie on the circle
= (N - 2) x 1800 Ex: Chord DE
 The number of diagonals in a polygon Diameter – chord that passes through the center of the
= ½ N (N - 3) circle.
 The number of triangles in a polygon Ex: Diameter AB
= (N - 2) Central angles – angles formed by any two radii in a
 Sum (S) of the exterior angles of any polygon circle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
= 3600 Ex: BOC

 If two polygons are similar, the ratios of the lengths

of corresponding sides are equal and corresponding
angles are equal.
 If two triangles are similar, then at least two of their
corresponding angles are equal.
 If two similar polygons have sides in the ratio x:y,
then their areas are the ratio x2:y2

PARALLELOGRAM – a quadrilateral with two pairs of

parallel sides. The following are true for parallelograms:
 Opposite sides are equal Arc – continuous portion of the circle consisting of two
 Opposite angles are equal endpoints.
 Consecutive angles are supplementary Ex: Minor arc DE (less than a semicircle)
 Each diagonal cuts the other diagonal in half Major arc DCB (more than a semicircle)
Semi-circle AEB (an arc whose endpoints
are the endpoints of the diameter of the
circle)
Secant – line that contains a chord
Ex: Secant DE
Tangent – line in the same plane as a circle and
intersecting the circle at exactly one point
Ex: Tangent AC
Point of Tangency – point where a tangent line
intersects a circle
Ex: Point B

 Rectangle – parallelograms with four right angles

 Rhombus – parallelogram with four equal sides
 Square – parallelogram with four right angles and
four equal sides

CIRCLE – closed figure in which each point on the circle

is the same distance from a fixed point called the center
of the circle.