Bridge Engg-Live Load Moment and Shear in Bridges

9/25/2022
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Determination of Design Forces

in Bridge Decks
Determination of Critical Position of

Live Load on Bridge Decks
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
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Transverse position of Live Load on Bridge Deck

• In the Transverse direction, the Live Loads are placed in such
a way that they produce maximum torsional moment in deck
• Maximum torsional moment in deck due to live load is
produced if the wheels of the live loads are placed nearer to
kerb/footpath
• Since, the bridges are designed for IRC specified standard
vehicular live loads (Class-A/Class 70R), whose wheels have
to maintain a minimum clearance from kerb/footpath
• Thus, maximum torsional effect in deck will develop if vehicle
is placed at maximum eccentricity or minimum clearance
• Minimum clearance depends on vehicular live load type, and
carriageway width as discussed earlier.
Longitudinal Position of Live Load on Bridge Deck

• In the longitudinal direction, the live loads have to be placed
such that they produce maximum forces in the longitudinal
direction.
• Since, in the simply supported bridges, maximum moment
occurs near mid-span and maximum shear occurs near
support, critical positions of live load for moment and shear
become different.
• Thus, there is a need to determine critical positions of live load
for
• Maximum longitudinal bending moment and
• Maximum shear force
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
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CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED

VEHICLES FOR MAX. MOMENT ON CULVERTS:
SPAN  VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH
• IRC Tracked vechile developes a UDL on the Bridge
• Contact length of IRC 70R Tracked vehicle = 4.57 m
• If the span of bridge < length of UDL, Maximum moment will be
produced in deck, if whole length of bridge is covered by UDL
• Thus, if the span of bridge < 4.57 m, maximum moment will
develop in bridge if entire vehicle is over the span.
Total weight 700 kN
4.57m Span < 4.57 m
7.92 m
IRC Class 70-R Tracked Vehicle

VEHICLES FOR MAX. MOMENT ON CULVERTS:
SPAN > VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH
• 70R Tracked vehicle on bridge acts as a UDL of 4.57 m length
• If the span of bridge > length of UDL, Maximum moment will be
produced in deck, if whole Load is over the span
• In SS bridge decks, Max. Moment occurs at Mid-span
• Maximum moment at Mid-span of a SS bridge will occur when the
UDL is placed symmetrically at mid-span.
• Thus, for max. moment in deck, IRC Tracked Vehicle is to be placed
symmetrically at mid-span.
Total weight 700 kN

Span > 4.57 m
4.57m
7.92 m
IRC Class 70-R Tracked Vehicle BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
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VEHICLES FOR MAX. SHEAR IN CULVERTS:
WHEN SPAN < VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH
• If bridge span < Span of bridge, Maximum moment in at any
point in deck will develop when whole load is over the span.
Critical position of IRC Tracked Vehicle for Max. Shear
• At any section, Max. positive/negative shear force will develop
(at support) when NO Live load is lying in positive/ negative
zone of the SFD
• Or, the entire load must be negative/positive zone of SFD.
• In other words, entire Live load should be on single side of
section under consideration,

VEHICLES FOR MAX. SHEAR IN CULVERTS:
WHEN SPAN > VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH
(Same as for SF in Bridge Span < Vehicle Contact Length)
• If bridge span > Span of bridge, Maximum moment in at any
point in deck will develop when whole load is over the span.
Critical position of IRC Tracked Vehicle for Max. Shear
• At any section, Max. positive/negative shear force will develop
when no load is lying in positive/ negative zone of the SFD
• Or the entire load must be negative/positive zone of SFD.
• In other words, entire load should be on single side of section
under consideration
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BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

DUE TO UDL SHORTER THAN SPAN
• In this case, need to identify the location of Vehicle Max. BM and SF
Total weight 700 kN
3.6m Span > 3.6 m
7.2 m
IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle
Total weight 700 kN
4.57m Span > 4.57 m

7.92 m
IRC Class 70-R Tracked Vehicle
BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

IN DECK DUE TO WHEELED VEHICULAR
LOADS (Treated as Concentrated Loads)
• Longitudinal position of Wheeled Vehicular Live for maximum bending
moment and shear force is obtained using the rolling/moving load concept
• According to Rolling Load Concept:
– To obtain the maximum shear force at any section, the Live load
[uniformly distributed load (UDL), or concentrated loads] is placed such
that the whole live load lies on the single side of the section considered
(where maximum shear force is required) and load should start from the
section.
– To obtain the maximum BM at any section due to moving uniformly
distributed load (UDL), the UDL is placed such that this section divides
the whole load in the same proportion as this section divides the span.
This implies that the average load intensity on either side of the section
becomes equal.
– Thus, in the case of several concentrated vehicular loads, the vehicle
position is arranged such that the average load intensity on either side
of the section becomes equal.
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DETERMINATION OF MAX. BM
DUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS
WR1 WR WR2
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7
W8
A C B
• According to Rolling Load concept, Max. moment at any section ‘C’ will
develop when the average of load on left side of point ‘C’ should be equal
to the average load intensity on right side of ‘C’
• In general, concentrated loads may not be arranged exactly to produce
equal average loads on each side of section since the movement of a load
from one side to another side of point ‘C’ may cause the average load
intensity to change from larger to smaller or vise versa,
• In such case, the load which influences the average intensity of loads is
referred as critical load.
• For computation of Maximum moment, the critical load is placed at the
section itself, i.e. ‘C’ in this case
DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. BM

DUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS Cont…..
F1 F2 FR F3
x 2 x 2
L/2 L/2
• In the Simply supported bridge, normally a maximum moment occurs near
Mid-span
• Therefore, due to several concentrated loads also, the Absolute maximum
moment will develop near Mid-span.
• According to Rolling Load Concept, for producing Max. BM at mid-span, the
several concentrated loads are arranged such that the resultant of all the
loads and the load near to it (on either side of) must be equidistant from
girder’s mid-span.
• Selection of live load among the live loads on left or right side of resultant
for arranging the live load to produce absolute max. moment depends on
– Magnitude of Loads adjacent to resultant
– Distance of Loads adjacent to resultant from the resultant
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Max. BMD Always occurs under a Concentrated Load

• While arranging the vehicle position such that resultant of all the loads
and the load near to it are equidistant from girder’s mid-span, NO Live
load will occur at mid-span.
• Since, the shape of the BMD for a SS beam due to series of concerted load
is always a combination of several Straight lines, Abs. Max. BM can not
occur at mid-span unless these a concentrated load at mid-span and it will
always occur under any of the concentrated load near to resultant (Fig. on
Next Slide)
• Therefore, the Abs. Max. BM occurs under a Load only near to Mid-span
(not at mid-span if load is not available at mid-span)
BMD
DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. BM

DUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS Cont…..
• Hence, the absolute maximum moment in a Simply supported
beam occurs under one of the load near to resultant of all
loads when this load and the resultant of all the loads (over
the bridge only) are positioned equidistant from the
beam’s centerline.
• Maximum moment is to be determined under both the loads
on either side of centerline and maximum of these will give
Absolute Maximum Moment
• Generally, absolute maximum moment occurs under the
largest Load lying nearest the resultant force of the system
except when the heavier load on either side of resultant is
very far from resultant compared to lighter load on other load.
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Example on Determination of Absolute

Max. Moment Due to IRC Class-A Loading
Example: Determine the Absolute Max. Moment, in 10 m span and 4.25 m
wide carriage way Simply Supported voided slab bridge due to Class-A
Load. Thickness of slab is 450 mm and wearing coat thickness is 80 mm.
Width of kern on each side is 250 mm.
10 m
8.3 1.2 4.8 1.2 4.8
Deriving Vehicle Trailer Trailer
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
• As the span of bridge is 10 m, at a time either driving-vehicle or trailer
may lie over the bridge.
• We will consider different positions of vehicle on the span.
Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

Moment in slab culvert Cont…….. treating
Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load
(A) Considering Class-A Driving vehicle only on Deck
3.2m
1.2m
1.1m
1.8m
27 27 Axel Loads in kN 114 114
1100 3200 1200
First of all, there is need to fix the position of axels in longitudinal

direction to develop Absolute maximum moment in bridge
according to rolling/moving load concept.
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Determination of Resultant of Loads
• Let the position of resultant of the deriving-vehicle loads is at
distance x from left 27 kN load.
• ‘x’ may be determined by taking the moment of loads about
extreme left load (i.e.) 27 kN and equating it zero.
270+271.1+114(1.1+3.2)+114(1.1+3.2+1.2)–282  x = 0
 x = 4.068 m 282
Distance between the 27 27 114 114

resultant and load nearer to
it (i.e. 114 kN)
= (1100+3200)-4068 1100 3200 1200
= 232 mm 4068 232
Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert

Cont…….. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load
• In order to develop maximum moment at mid span, according
to rolling (moving) load concept, the deriving-vehicle is to be
placed such that the resultant of load and the load nearest to
resultant are equi-distant from the mid-span.
• Moreover, as we know, absolute maximum moment always
occurs under a load near to resultant.
• In this case, absolute maximum moment may occur either under
the 114 kN load or under the 27 kN load (either side of resultant).
282
• Since, the 114 kN load is heavier
as well more closer to resultant in 27 27 114 114
comparison to 27 kN, absolute

maximum moment may occur
1100 3200 1200
under the 114 kN load. 4068 232
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• Thus the position of loads resulting maximum moments will be
as follows: 282
27 27 114 114
1100 3200 1200

4068 232
282
27 27 114 114
1100 3200 1200
4068 116 116
5000 5000

282
27 27 114 114
816 1100 3200 1200
4068 116 116
5000 5000
• Reaction at right support of beam
= [27×0.816 +27×(0.816+1.1)+114×(5+0.116)+114(5+0.116+1.2)] /10
= 137.7 kN
• Maximum moment under the 114 kN Load (nearer to mid-span)
= 137.7×(5-0.116) – 114×1.2 = 535.7 kNm
• Check: BM at mid span
= 137.7×5 –114×(1.2+0.116) – 114×0.116 = 524.3 kNm <535.7
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(B) Considering Rare Axels of Class-A Driving
vehicle and Trailer on Deck
8.3 1.2 4.8 1.2 4.8
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
114 114 68 68

For the given span (10 m), it is possible to place the rare axel of
driving vehicle and single trailer on the slab bridge.
3.2m
3.0
1.2m
1.1m
w
2.0 m
1.8
1.8m
114 114 68 68
1200 4300 3000

10000
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Determination of Resultant of Loads
• Let the position of resultant of the vehicular loads is at distance
‘r’ from extreme left 114 kN load.
• r may be determined by taking moment of forces about
extreme left load (i.e.) 114 kN and equating it zero.
1140+1141.2+68(1.2+4.3)+68(1.2+4.3+3.0)–364r= 0
 r = 2.990 m
Distance between the resultant and 364
load nearer to it (i.e. 114 kN) 68 68
114 114
= 2990 – 1200 = 1790 mm
And distance of 68 kN load from
resultant = (1200+4300) –2990 1200 4300 3000
= 2510 mm 1790 2510
r = 2990

• 114 kN is heavier than the load on 364

114 68
other side of resultant (i.e. 68kN), 114 68
• and also 114 kN load is nearer to 1790 2510
resultant compared to 68 kN load,
1200 4300 3000
• keeping 114 kN load and resultant
r = 2990
at equidistant from mid span in
order to develop absolute maximum
moment in bridge.
364
114 114 68 68
1200 4300 3000
895 895
5000 5000
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364
5000-1200-895 114 114 68 68
=2905 1200 4300 3000
895 895
5000 5000
• Reaction at right support of beam

= [114×2905 +114×(5000-895) +68×(2905+1200 +4300)
+68×(2905+1200 +4300+3000)] /10000 = 214.62 kN
• Reaction at left support = 364 – 214.62 = 149.38 kN
• Maximum moment under the 114 kN Load (near mid-span)
= 149.38 ×(2.905+1.2) – 114×1.2 = 476.4 kNm
• Check:
BM at mid span = 149.38×5–114×(1.2+0.895) –114×0.895
= 406.04 kNm <476.4 kN (OK)

(C) Considering Class-A Trailers only (No driving

vehicle) on Deck
8.3 1.2 4.8 1.2 4.8
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0
27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
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3.0
3.0
w
w
1.8
1.8
w
w
68 68 68 68
3000 3000 3000

272
68 68 68 68
1500 1500
3000 3000 3000

4500 232
• Keeping the resultant and either 68 kN load (nearer to resultant) at equidistant
from mid span in order to develop absolute maximum moment in bridge.
272
68 68 68 68
750 750
3000 3000 3000

5000
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272
68 68 68 68
1250 3000 3000 3000
750 750
5000 5000
Reaction at right support of beam
= [68×1250+68×(4250)+68×(7250)+68×(10250)] /10000 = 156.4 kN
Reaction at left support = 272 – 156.4 = 115.6 kN
Maximum moment under the 68 kN Load (near mid-span)
= 115.6 ×(1.25+3.0) – 68×3.0 = 287.3 kNm
Check: BM at mid span
= 115.6×5–68×(3.0 + 0.750) –68×0.75 = 272.0 kNm < 287.3 kN OK
Thus Case (A) gives maximum moment which is 535.7 kNm.
Determination of SHEAR FORCE IN SLAB

Due to Class A loading Treating Wheel
Loads as Concentrated Loads
(A) Considering Class-A Driving vehicle only on Deck
First, there is need to fix the position of the axels in longitudinal direction to
develop maximum Shear Force in Bridge using rolling/moving load concept.
3.2m
1.2m
1.1m
1.8m
27 27 114 114
Axel Loads in kN
1100 3200 1200
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Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB Due

to Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads as
Concentrated Loads Cont……..
Determination of Max. Negative Shear Force for Case A
27 27 114 114
1100 3200 1200
L = 10000
Position of axels of driving vehicle to produce maximum shear at left support
Maximum NEGATIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support

may be determined by taking the moment about support B as
VA = [2710.0 + 27(10.0-1.1) + 114(10.0-1.1-3.2)

+114(10.0-1.1-3.2-1.2)]/10.0 = 167.31 kN

Determination of Max. Positive Shear Force for Case A
27 27 114 114
1100 3200 1200
L = 10000
Maximum POSITIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support

may be determined by taking the moment about support A as
VB = [11410.0 + 114(10.0 - 1.2) + 27(10.0 - 1.2-3.2)

+27(10.0 - 1.2 - 3.2 - 1.1)]/10.0 = 241.59 kN
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(B) Considering Rare Axels of Class-A Driving vehicle and
Trailer on Deck Only the rare axel of driving vehicle and a trailer may
be accommodated on the bridge of span 10 m
3.2m
3.0
1.2m
1.1m
w
2.0 m
1.8
w
114 114 68 68
1200 4300 3000


Determination of Max. Negative Shear Force for Case B
114 114 68 68
1200 4300 3000

VA = [11410.0 + 114(10.0-1.2) + 68(10.0-1.2-4.3)

+68(10.0-1.2- 4.3-3.0)]/10.0 = 255.12 kN
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Determination of Max. Positive Shear Force for Case A
114 114 68 68
1200 4300 3000
Maximum POSITIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support

VA = [6810.0 + 68(10.0-3.0) + 114(10.0-3.0-4.3)

+114(10.0-3.0- 4.3 - 1.2)]/10.0 = 163.48 kN

(C) Considering Class-A Trailers only (No driving vehicle) on
3.0
3.0
Deck
w
w
1.8
1.8
w
w
68 68 68 68
3000 3000 3000

VA = [6810.0 + 68(10.0-3.0) + 68(10.0-3.0-3.0)
+68(10.0-3.0- 3.0 - 3.0)]/10.0 = 149.6 kN
Note: Due to symmetric loads, Here, Max. Positive SF = Max. Negative SF
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Summary of Shear Forces

Case A: Driving Vehicle over the Span:
Maximum Negative Shear Force = 167.3 kN
Maximum Positive Shear Force = 241.59 kN
Case B: Rare Axels of Driving Vehicle and Trailer over the Span:
Case C: Only Trailers over the Span:

Hence, Maximum Shear Force = 241.59 kN
Dispersion of Live Load

through deck slab
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Dispersion of Wheel Loads having

Finite Contact Area
• For simplicity in calculations, normally wheel loads
are assumed to have Infinitesimal contact area, as a
result, loads are treated as Concentrated loads.
• However, in reality, loads have a certain contact area
and the wheel load is uniformly distributed over the
contact area.
• If wheel Loads are distributed over the Finite Contact
Area, dispersion of load through the deck slab also
takes place and wheel load is assumed to be
uniformly distributed over this dispersed area
DISPERSION OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON DECK SLAB

• Dispersion of Load is
considered up to bottom fiber of
concrete slab.
Effective width
• In thickness direction, load

passes through
– wearing coat, and
– concrete slab
• Dispersion of load is considered
through wearing coat as well as
concrete slab,
• Dispersion of load takes place
in span direction as well as in Effective Length
Transverse direction
Length of Load after dispersion along length  ‘Effective length of Load’
Width of Load after dispersion along width  ‘Effective width of Load’
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DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG SPAN

(DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH)
• Load is assumed to disperse in longitudinal direction by 450
through wearing coat as well as concrete slab
• Effective length of load along the span after dispersion through
the deck thickness and wearing coat is obtained as
l
tw
l+2tw
D
450
l+2tw+ 2D
le  l  2  D  t w 
Where, D= overall thickness of concrete slab and
tw = Thickness of wearing coat
DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG WIDTH

(DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE WIDTH )
• In width direction, dispersion of load through wearing coat is
considered at 450 (same as in case of effective length)
• width of the wheel after dispersion through wearing coat only
bw  b  2 t w
where, tw = thickness of wearing coat
• However, dispersion of load along width through slab depends on
• Distance of load from
nearest support, and b
• Aspect ratio (B/L) of the
450 450 tw
slab where, B is width of
slab including kerb/ bw = b+2tw
D
footpath)
• Type of support conditions be
i.e. SS or Cont. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
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DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG THE

WIDTH (EFFECTIVE WIDTH) Cont..
Width of load after dispersion through wearing coat and slab i.e.
effective width is calculated as
 x
be  K . x1    bw  Actual width of slab
 L
where, x = distance of CG of Load from Nearest Support
K = constant which depends on
(i) the (B/L) ratio where B is the width of the slab and
(ii)Type of support conditions of slab (i.e. SS or Cont.)
b
450 450 tw
bw = b+2tw
D
be
Value of K for Different Aspect ratios

of slab (Annexure B-3 of IRC 112)
The Coefficient ‘K’ for Simply Supported (SS) and
Fixed/Continuous (Cont.) Slabs are given in following Table
S. K for S. K for
B/L B/L
No. SS Cont. No. SS Cont.
1. 0.1 0.4 0.4 11. 1.1 2.60 2.28
2. 0.2 0.8 0.8 12. 1.2 2.64 2.36
3. 0.3 1.16 1.16 13. 1.3 2.72 2.40
4. 0.4 1.48 1.44 14. 1.4 2.80 2.48
5. 0.5 1.72 1.68 15. 1.5 2.84 2.48
6. 0.6 1.96 1.84 16. 1.6 2.88 2.52
7. 0.7 2.12 1.96 17. 1.7 2.92 2.52
8. 0.8 2.24 2.08 18. 1.8 2.96 2.60
9. 0.9 2.36 2.16 19. 1.9 3.00 2.60
10. 1.0 2.48 2.24 20. 2.0 3.00 2.60
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Determination of Effective width for Single Wheel Load

L
l
be
1m W kN b B
 x
Pressure on entire area, be  K .x1  L   bw
 
p kN/m2
 Actual width of slab
le
bw  b  2 t w
le  l  2  D  t w 
UDL, w = p (kN/m2) x 1 m
w kN/m
= p kN/m
le
L
Effective Width Due to Two or More Wheel Loads on Deck

• When two or more wheel loads are placed on deck slab, actual
contact area of wheels do not overlap, however, the dimensions
of wheels after considering dispersion may overlap.
• Overlapping of wheel’s dispersed areas (at bottom fiber) may be
(i) along length of wheel only
(ii) along width of wheel only
(iii) along length as well as width of wheel
3.2m
1.2m
1.1m
1.8m
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Determination of Effective Length of

Dispersion Due to Two wheel Loads
Two possibilities
• Effective Lengths of the wheels NOT Overlap
• Effective Lengths of the wheels Overlap
No Overlap of Effective Lengths Effective Lengths of wheels Overlap

Effective Lengths of Wheels will overlap or not it depends on:
• Spacing between axels
• Wheel length
• Thickness of slab
Determination of Equivalent Effective Length

due to Two or more Loads along the span :
NO overlapping along length
• Loads are treated as two separate loads
• Load for per m length for each load is calculated separately
• If the Effective with for ith load is bi and effective length is lei
• UDL under a load W i load, pi = W i/(le x be) kN/m2
lw1 s lw2
W1 W2
p1 kN/m p2 kN/m
lew1 lew2
p1 kN/m p2 kN/m
le le
L
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Determination of Equivalent Length due to

Two Loads along the span : Overlapping
along length
lw1 s lw2
W1 W2
lew1/2 lew1/2
lew2/2 lew2/2
overlap
If C/C spacing between axels  (lew1 + lew2)  NO Overlap
If C/C spacing between axels < (lew1 + lew2)  Overlapping
If overlapping is there, both the loads (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 )
are assumed to produce pressure on 𝑝=
𝑙𝑤1 𝑙
Equivalent length 𝑙𝑒𝑤1 + + 𝑠 + 𝑙𝑤2 + 𝑒𝑤2
2 2
(lew1/2) + lw1/2 + s lw2/2 + (lew2/2)

Determination of Equivalent Effective Width

Due to Two wheels Loads kept Along width
Two possibilities
• Effective widths of the wheels Do not Overlap
• Effective widths of the wheels Overlaps
No Overlap of Effective Widths Effective Width of wheels Overlap

Effective Widths of Wheels will overlap or not it depends on:
• Spacing between wheels on a axel
• Wheel width
• Distance of axel from nearest support and
• type of support condition i.e. SS or Cont.
• Aspect ratio of slab
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Equivalent Effective Width Due to Single

Axel having Two Wheels when
Effective widths of wheels Do not Overlap
If C/C spacing between wheels  (lew1 + lew2)  NO Overlap
If C/C spacing between wheels < (lew1 + lew2)  Overlapping
For No overlapping case: Both wheels on a axel are treated as separate wheel
Pressure under each wheel is calculated seperately
L
le1
p1 = W1/(le1 be1) kN/m2 W1 kN be1
W2 kN be2
p2 = W2/(le2 be2) kN/m2 le2
Bending Moment in Slab Due to Single Axel

having Two Wheels when
Effective widths of wheels Do not Overlap
• A 1 m wide strip is considered under a wheel and then pressure is calculated.
• If a slab panel is subjected to two loads of different magnitudes (because
wheels from different vehicles) L
• 1 m wide le1
strip is
considered p1 kN/m2
W1 kN be1
under a p1 = W1/(le1 be1) kN/m2
wheel
1m B
having a
maximum p2 kN/m2 W2 kN be2
pressure
p2 = W2/(le2 be2) kN/m2 le2
pmax = Max. of (p1 and p2) kN/m2
w = pmax x 1 m = pmax kN/m

w kN/m
le
L
26
9/25/2022
Effective Dimensions of dispersed Load for Pair of

Axels (each axel having Two wheels): No Overlap of
effective Lengths and No Overlap of Effective widths
A strip considered at any location, will have pressure of p kN/m2
L L
le1 le2
1m
W1 kN be1 W2 kN be1
p1 kN/m2
p2 kN/m2 B
p1 = W1/(le1 be1) kN/m2
1m W1 kN W2 kN be2
be2
le1 le2
p1 kN/m p2 kN/m
le le
L
Effective Width due to a Axel Containing

Two Wheels and their Effective Widths
Overlaps
• For the two or more concentrated loads in a direction
perpendicular to the span direction and effective width for these
load may overlap.
• If effective widths of two or more loads overlap, net effective
width is calculated
Kerb/
footpath bw1 g bw2
bew1/2 bew1/2
bew2/2 bew2/2
Overlap
When loads are away from the edge
The resulting effective width is calculated as sum of individual width minus the overlap
27
9/25/2022
Effective Width of a wheel placed near the Kerb

• For the patch (distributed) Load loads placed near the
kerb/footpath (at minimum clearance), there may be two
possibilities:
– When Effective width of wheel is within the bridge premises
– When effective width extends beyond the premises of bridge
When Effective width of wheel When effective width extends
is within the bridge premises beyond the premises of bridge
bw
b
w
(Effective width to be
considered in analysis)
bew/2 bew/2 bew/2 bew/2

Effective width of a Single Axel containing

Two wheels and their Effective widths
Overlaps but NOT Extends out of Bridge
L
p1 = W1/(le be1) le1 = le2 = le

bew/2
W1 be1
be 1m B
bw
bew/2
W2 be2
p2 = W2/(le be2)
Both the wheels are treated as a

p kN/m p = (W1+ W2) /(le be)
single load of magnitude (W1+W2)
le
L
28
9/25/2022
Effective Width due to Two Loads along

width of slab: Effective within slab
When loads are near to edge (kerb)
w
bw1 g bw2
c
bew1/2 bew1/2 bew2/2 bew2/2
If (bew1/2-bw1/2) + (bew2/2-bw2/2) < g

OR bew1/2 + bew2/2 < (g+ bw1/2 + bw2/2)  No overlap
If (bew1/2-bw1/2) < c + w (if any)
OR bew1/2 < (c + bw1/2 + w)
 Effective width remains within the slab
Maximum Moment Due to Single Axel

containing Two wheels and their Effective
widths Overlaps but Extends out of Bridge
le1 = le2 = le
kerb be1
bew/2
W
bw
1m
be
B
bew/2
bw
W be2
Both the wheels are treated as a

single load of magnitude (W+W) =2W
p kN/m p = 2W /(le be)
le
L
29
9/25/2022
Effective Width due to Two Loads along

width of slab: Effective Extends beyond
the slab
When loads are near to edge (kerb)
w
bw1 g bw2
c
bew1/2 bew1/2 bew2/2 bew2/2
If (bew1/2-bw1/2) + (bew2/2-bw2/2) < g

OR bew1/2 + bew2/2 < (g+ bw1/2 + bw2/2)  No overlap
If (bew1/2-bw1/2) > c + w (if any)
OR bew1/2 > (c + bw1/2 + w)
 Effective width extends beyond the extreme edge of the slab.
Longitudinal Position of Wheel for

Determination of Maximum Shear
L
le
l
be
1m b B
W kN p kN/m2
p kN/m
le
L
30
9/25/2022
Example Single Lane Voided Slab Bridge
•Example: Determine the Absolute Max. Moment, in 10 m span and

4.25 m wide carriage way Simply Supported voided slab bridge due
to Class-A Load. Thickness of slab is 450 mm and wearing coat
thickness is 80 mm. Width of kern on each side is 250 mm.
Bending moment due to IRC Class A Vehicle Considering
Dispersion of Wheel Loads
• For accuracy point of view, wheel loads are considered as Distributed
loads
• Since, last two (rare) axels are close, probably the dispersed lengths
of rare wheels may overlap, and,
• In case effective lengths of rare axels overlaps, two wheels will be
treated as a single distributed load in longitudinally direction.
• Therefore, firstly there is a need to determine the effective lengths of
the rare two axels (over the bridge deck) and check for overlapping.
Example Single Lane Voided Slab Bridge Cont….

Bending moment due to IRC Class A Vehicle
Considering Dispersion of Wheel Loads
8.3 1.2 4.8 1.2 4.8
Deriving
Vehicle Trailer Trailer
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0
27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68 (554)
IRC Class A Loading BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
31
9/25/2022
Contact Areas for IRC Class-A Loading

1.8 Axel Loads Ground Contact Area
(kN) B(mm) W(mm)
27 kN 114 250 500
1.1
Wheel Contact area
68 200 380
1.8m
27 kN Section 27 150 200
Clear Carriage g f
3.2 Width
Varying between 150 mm for
5.5 m to 7.5 m
114 kN 0.4 m to 1.2 m all carriage
Above 7.5 m 1.2 m way widths
1.2
B 114 kN
w w
1.975 m to 2.3 m
Effective Length of Dispersion of Two Rare

Axels of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Loading
Considering 45o dispersion of loads (through wearing coat and slab thickness),
Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle (measured along span of
bridge)
le = l + 2*(D + tw) = 0.25+ 2*(0.45+0.08) = 1.31 m
250 250
1200
1310 655
2510
Effective Length of Dispersion for Rare Axels of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Wheels Loads
Since, C/C spacing between wheels (=1.2) < sum of half of the effective lengths
(0.5x1.31+0.5x1.31 = 1.31 m), effective lengths for both the axels will overlap
From the figure, total Effective length of dispersion of both the axels will be
le = 1.31/2 + 1.2 + 1.31/2 = 2.51 m
32
9/25/2022
Effective Length of Dispersion of Rare Axels

of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Loading
• Thus both the wheels will be treated as a single load of length

2.51 m and the magnitude of this combined load will be 228
kN (=2x114).
• In order to develop maximum moment at mid span this 2.51 m
long uniformly distributed load must be placed symmetrically
114 kN 114 kN
1200
2510
Effective Length of Dispersion of Front Axels

of Deriving Vehicle of Class-A Loading
Considering 45o dispersion of loads (through wearing coat and slab
thickness), Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle
(measured along span of bridge)
le = l + 2*(D + tw) = 0.15+ 2*(0.45+0.08) = 1.21 m
27 kN 27 kN
150 150
1100
1210 1210
2310
Since, C/C spacing between wheels (=1.1) < sum of half of the effective
lengths (0.5x1.21+0.5x1.21 = 1.21 m) , effective lengths for both the
front axels also will overlap
33
9/25/2022
Effective Length of Dispersion of

Trailer Axels of Class-A Loading
Considering 45o dispersion of loads (through wearing coat and slab
thickness), Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle (measured
along span of bridge)
le = l + 2*(D + tw) = 0.20+ 2*(0.45+0.08) = 1.26 m
68 kN 68 kN
200 200
3000
1260 1260
Since, C/C spacing between wheels (=3.0) > sum of half of the effective lengths
(0.5x1.26+0.5x1.26 = 1.26 m) , effective lengths for both the axels will not
overlap and each load of 68 kN will be dispersed over a length of 1.26 m.
Determination of Maximum Moment

in Deck Due to Class-A Loading
• Maximum Moment in bridge deck (normally occurs near mid-span)
• Steps to determine Maximum Moment at Mid-span, are
• The critical position of Vehicle for producing Maximum moment
at Mid-span
• Longitudinal dispersion of wheel loads, and the possibility of
overlapping wheel effective lengths, if any.
• Transverse dispersion of wheel loads, and the possibility of
overlapping wheel effective width, if any.
• Determination of UDL on deck due to a wheel or group of wheels
[in case of overlapping the effective dimension(s)]
• Consider 1 m wide strip and calculate UDL (kN/m) on this strip
• Calculate moment at mid-span
34
9/25/2022
Longitudinal Position of Class-A Loading

for Max. Moment at Mid-span
• Since span of bridge is 10 m and the length of vehicle
(distance between front axel of driving vehicle and rare axel of
last trailr) is 18.8 m , the following possibilities need to be
examined for determination of maximum moment in bridge:
• Case A: Only Driving Vehicle on Bridge
• Case B: Rare axels of deriving vehicle and few wheels of
Trailers
• Case C: Two no. of Trailers
Determination of Longitudinal Position of

Class-A Driving Vehicle for Max. Moment at Mid span
Case A: Only Driving Vehicle on Bridge
• Total Load of wheels on a side of Deriving Vehicle = (272 + 114 2)/2 = 141 kN
• For maximum moment at mid-span, the mid span should divide the load in same
proportion as it divides the span i.e. 1:1,
• Hence, the load on each side of mid-span must be 141/2 = 70.5 kN.
• Since, the front axels dispersion lengths overlap, i.e. (27/2)x2 = 27 kN load is to
applied over a length of 2.31 m and intensity of UDL will be 27/2.31 = 11.69 kN/m
• Thus, the part of the rare axel load to be considered on left side of mid-span
= Total Load required on left half – load of front axel = 70.5- 27 = 43.5 kN
• As the rare axel lengths also overlap and dispersed over a length of 2.51 m, intensity
of UDL under rare axel = (114/2+114/2)/2.51 = 45.42 kN/m
• Hence, length of the distributed load of rare axel on left of mid-span = 43.5/45.42 =
0.9577 m, and length of load on right side of mid span = 2.51 – 0.9577 = 1.5632 m
27 kN 43.6 kN 70.5 kN Total Load of Rare axel = 114 kN
2.31 0.9577 1.5523

C/C distance between the Loads
= 1.1/2 +3.2+ 1.2/2 = 4.35 m
35
9/25/2022
Determination of Effective Width of Class-A

Loading Driving Vehicle Front Axels
2.31 0.9577 1.5523
5 + 0.2973 C/C distance between the Loads

– 4.35 = = 1.1/2 +3.2+ 1.2/2 = 4.35 m
0.9473 m
2.51/2-0.9577 = 0.2973 m
10/2 = 5.0 m
• Effective width of dispersion (measured along width of bridge) for a wheel load,
be = Kx(1- x/L)+ bw
• Aspect ratio of slab = (B/l)= (0.25+4.25+0.25)/10.0 = 0.475
• For (B/L) = 0.475, the coefficient K (from Table IRC 112) = 1.66
• Distance of CG of Front axel Load from nearest support
= (5 + 0.2973 – 4.35) = 0.9473 m
• be = Kx(1- x/L)+ bw = 1.660.9473(1-0.9473/10) + (0.20+20.075)= 1.774 m
• Since the C/C distance of wheels on Front axel is 1.8 m, the effective widths
of Front wheels will NOT overlap each other and these wheels will be treated
individually along the width
Effective Width of Front Axels of Driving Wheels of

Deriving Vehicle of Class A Loading
: check for effective width Extending beyond bridge, if any
• Moreover, if the Class-A vehicle is placed at minimum clearance of 0.15 m from
the kerb, the distance of CG of extreme eccentric wheel from extreme fibre of
bridge (in transverse direction)
= kerb width + clearance + wheel width/2 = 0.25+0.15+ 0.20/2 = 0.5 m
• Width of dispersion of each (near/far) wheel = 1.774 m
• Since the available space for dispersion (= 0.5 m) is less than the half of the
width of wheel after dispersion (= 1.774/2 = 0.887), effective width of wheel
nearer to kerb will extend beyond the bridge
• Net width of dispersion of front wheel (nearer to kerb) = 0.5+1.774/2=1.387 m
• Since the C/C spacing of wheels (=1.8 m) > (1.774/2+ 1.774/2), Front wheel’s
effective widths will NOT overlap and will be considered as SEPARATE loads
Since, there are two axels on
Front side of driving vehicle and
250 27 kN 27 kN
1800
both of them have been found
overlapping longitudinally,
hence, total load (27/2+27/2 =
27 kN) will be acting on the 1774 1774
500
overlapped over a length 2.31 m 1387
And width as shown in Fig. . 2594
36
9/25/2022
250 27 kN 27 kN
1800
1387 1788
500
2594
• Hence, the 27 kN load nearer to kerb will be dispersed over a width of 1.387
m, while the load far from the kerb will disperse over a with of 1.774 m.
• Since, dispersed width for load nearer to kerb (1.387 m) is less than that for
far load (1.774 m), the intensity of pressure under the load nearer to kerb
will be higher than that for far load.
• Hence, the one meter wide strip to be considered for design of slab will pass
under the load near to kerb.
Pressure under the front axel wheels nearer to kerb

= (27)/ [1.387 2.31] = 8.43 kN/m2
Effective Width of Rare Axels of Wheels of

8.43 kN/m To be determined
2.31 0.9577 1.5523
C/C distance between the Loads CG of load

= 1.1/2 +3.2+ 1.2/2 = 4.35 m
2.51/2-0.9577 = 0.2973 m
10/2 = 5.0 m
• Distance of CG of Rare axels (acting as a single load due overlapping in

longitudinal direction) from nearest (right) support
x = (5 – 0.2973) = 4.703 m
• Width of wheel after Dispersion Through the Wearing Coat
bw = (b+2tw) = 0.50+20.08 = 0.66 m
• be = Kx(1- x/L)+ bw = 1.664.703(1-4.703/10) + 0.66 = 4.796 m
• Since the C/C distance of wheels on Front axel is 1.8 m, the effective widths
of Rare wheels will OVERLAP each other.
37
9/25/2022
Effective Width of Rare Axels of Driving

Wheels of Deriving Vehicle of Class A Loading
• Available distance from center of wheel to edge of bridge
= width of kerb + clearance+ width of wheel/2)
= 0.25 +0.15+0.5/2 = 0.65 m < half of effective length(4.796/2 m),
• Hence, dispersed width of wheel will extend beyond the bridge (in
transverse direction)
• Net width of dispersion of rare axel loads
= 0.65 + 1.2 + 4.796/2 = 4.248 m
250 114 kN 114 kN
Since, there are two axels 1200
on rare side of driving
vehicle and both of them
are overlapping
4796
longitudinally, hence, load 4794
650
(114/2+114/2 = 114 kN) will 4248
act over a length of 2.51 m
and width 4.248 m 4091
Pressure under the Rare axel wheels (acting as a single wheel)
= (114+114) / [4.248 2.51] = 21.38 kN/m2
Determination of Bending Moment due to

Once, the intensity of pressure under the front and rare axels is known, maximum
moment may be determined as
8.43 kN/m 21.38 kN/m
2.31 0.9577 1.5523

2.51
0.9473 m C/C distance between the Loads
= 1.1/2 +3.2+ 1.2/2 = 4.35 m
2.51/2-0.9577 = 0.2973 m
10/2 = 5.0 m
• Reaction at left support, RA
= [21.382.51(5.0 – 0.2973) + 8.432.31 (10.0 –0.9473)]/10.0 = 42.87 kN
• Reaction at Right support = 8.432.31 + 21.382.51-42.87 =30.27 kN
• Moment at Mid-span = 30.275.0 – 21.381.5523(1.5523/2)
=126.6 kNm per m width
• Previously treating the wheel loads as concentrated load, Moment was determined as
535.7 kNm which was for total width i.e. (0.25+4.25+0.25 = 4.75 m).
• Hence moment per unit width = 535.7/4.75 = 112.78 kNm which is approx. 10% lower
than that determined considering the dispersion of load.
38

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9/25/2022

Determination of Design Forces

Determination of Critical Position of

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Transverse position of Live Load on Bridge Deck

Longitudinal Position of Live Load on Bridge Deck

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED

Total weight 700 kN

4.57m Span < 4.57 m

CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED

Total weight 700 kN

CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Total weight 700 kN

3.6m Span > 3.6 m

Total weight 700 kN

4.57m Span > 4.57 m

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. BM

Max. BMD Always occurs under a Concentrated Load

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. BM

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Example on Determination of Absolute

Deriving Vehicle Trailer Trailer

1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

27 27 Axel Loads in kN 114 114

1100 3200 1200

First of all, there is need to fix the position of axels in longitudinal

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

Distance between the 27 27 114 114

Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert

comparison to 27 kN, absolute

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

1100 3200 1200

4068 116 116

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

4068 116 116

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

Deriving Vehicle Trailer Trailer

1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

1200 4300 3000

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

• 114 kN is heavier than the load on 364

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

• Reaction at right support of beam

Example on Determination of Abs. Max.

(C) Considering Class-A Trailers only (No driving

Deriving Vehicle Trailer Trailer

1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0