The document provides an overview of primary cementing for oil and gas wells. It defines cementing objectives and describes the well construction process and equipment used, including conductor pipe, surface casing, intermediate casing, production casing, liners, and cementing hardware. The cementing process from well construction through plug and abandonment is outlined.
The document provides an overview of primary cementing for oil and gas wells. It defines cementing objectives and describes the well construction process and equipment used, including conductor pipe, surface casing, intermediate casing, production casing, liners, and cementing hardware. The cementing process from well construction through plug and abandonment is outlined.
The document provides an overview of primary cementing for oil and gas wells. It defines cementing objectives and describes the well construction process and equipment used, including conductor pipe, surface casing, intermediate casing, production casing, liners, and cementing hardware. The cementing process from well construction through plug and abandonment is outlined.
The document provides an overview of primary cementing for oil and gas wells. It defines cementing objectives and describes the well construction process and equipment used, including conductor pipe, surface casing, intermediate casing, production casing, liners, and cementing hardware. The cementing process from well construction through plug and abandonment is outlined.
o Casing and cementing hardware o Cementing equipment o Job Procedures Well cementing process
•Well construction : a telescopic
series of casing sections • Conductor • Surface • Intermediate • Production • Liner CEMENT JOB OBJECTIVES The introduction of a cement material in the annulus between casing and open hole in order to:
o Provide total zonal isolation in annulus
o Productive zones o Potable water zones o Problem intervals Surface Formations o Provide casing protection Potable Water o Support the borehole o Provide casing support Shale o Support axial load of casing strings to be run later Oil & Gas reservoirs ➔ Cement bonded to casing as to formations ➔ Uniform cement sheath without mud, gas channels.. CONDUCTOR PIPE
Purpose: o Prevents washing out under the rig o Provides elevation for flow nipple oCommon sizes : o 30” - 20” (welded) in 36” – 24” hole o 20” - 16” (threaded) in 24” – 20” hole o 10 to 150 m (< 30 m common) Not always drilled and cemented to surface : oHammering or jetting CONDUCTOR PIPE
Other Remarks: o Plugs not used o Thru-drill pipe cementing common o Careful pumping practices (losses) o Large excess required (300%) o BOP’s unusually connected o Common cements o Accelerated Lead & Neat or just accelerated Neat THRU-DRILL PIPE CEMENTING Technics and Tools : oKey Points: o Reduced cement contamination o Channelling o Reduced displacement o Pump until cement to surface o Less cement o Reduced job time o 2 Procedures / THRU-DRILL PIPE CEMENTING
Top job purpose :
Bring cement to surface
o Macaroni tubing used
o Max. depth 75- 100m (250- 300 ft) Tubing moved during job o High friction pressure o Non-standard connections SURFACE CASING
Purposes: oProtects surface fresh water formations oCases off unconsolidated or lost circulation areas oSupports subsequent casing strings & wellhead oProvides primary pressure control (BOP support) oMust withstand eventual kicks Common sizes and depths: o20” – 16” threaded in 24” – 20” hole o30 to 1000 m and even deeper SURFACE CEMENTING
oCemented to surface o Excess of 100% plus not uncommon oLow formation frac pressure o Low density fluids oRecommend thru-drill pipe or Inner string technique to save o Cement o Rig time oCommon cements: o Lead light weight slurries with high yields o Neat tail slurries with good compressive strength o Reduce WOC to a minimum with accelerators SINGLE STAGE PRIMARY CEMENT JOB ( 2 PLUGS)
13 STAB-IN CEMENTING TECHNIQUE
Float collar
Float shoe
Circulating Pumping cement. Dropping dart Dart landed. Pulling out
mud. and End stinger. displacement. of cementing.
Note : Dart is optionnal
INNER STRING CEMENTING TECHNIQUE
o A tubing run above the float collar-shoe
o Same procedure as for Stab –In technique Procedure o String run above the collar o Distance collar- end of string 2 to 5 m maximum (5 to 15 ft) o Seal Head equipment to run string o Advantages / Stab –in technique o No need for stab in tools ( collar and stinger) o Collapse risk reduced : Surface differential pressure applied inside casing BOP
Rotary table Rig Floor Mud Outlet Annular Preventor Choke Line Kill Line BLIND RAMS
oPurposes : o Separates hole into workable sections o Lost Circulation o Overpressured Zones o Salt Section o Heaving Shales o Common sizes and depths: o 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8” in 17 1/2”, 16”, 13 3/8” hole o Vertical or deviated 1000 to 5000 m or more INTERMEDIATE CASINGS
o Cementing technique o Cemented to previous casing shoe or to surface o Single stage (2 plugs) o Two stage jobs common or Specialised Lightweight cements o Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories usual o Good cementing practices are required o Large cement volumes o Common Cements: o Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail o Specialised (lightweight, heavyweight, salt cement, etc…) TWO STAGE CEMENTING
oKey Points: o Separation and isolation of zones o Reduces hydrostatic Stage Collar o Can leave uncemented zone in the annulus (cement at TD and at surface)
1st Stage TWO STAGE CEMENTING
First stage sequences Second stage sequences
PRODUCTION CASING & LINER oPurposes : o Isolates the pay zone from other formations and the fluids in them (gas, oil, water). o Protective housing for production equipment. o Subsurface artificial lift o Multiple zone completion o Screens for sand control o Covers worn or damaged intermediate string. Common sizes : o 9 5/8”,7”, 5”, 4 1/2” in 13 3/8’’, 8 1/2”, 6” hole o MD 3000 to 5500 m or more (ERD, horizontal) LINERS Pump Down Plug oKey Points: “Dart”
o Requires less casing Liner Hanger
o Deeper wells Liner Wiper
Plug o Small annular clearance Liner Over Lap o Specialized equipment o Liner hanger Previous Shoe o Running tool o Dart(s) & Wiper plug(s) o Float landing collar Landing collar o Cost effective + o Risk of poor isolation at top of liner Float collar Float Shoe LINERS
1 2
3 CEMENT THROUGH THE LIFE OF THE WELL
▪ Squeeze operations – Fill annulus to raise top of cement – Plug perforations to control water production – Repair corroded casing
Oil
After few years of production ... Water
cone
▪ Plug and Abandonment
– Make sure impervious plugs are set for 100’s of years Casing and cementing hardware CASING
o API Casing Specs
o OD 9 5/8” o Weight 53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID) o Grade C75 (yield point allowable tension) o Burst pressure 7430 PSI o Collapse pressure 6380 PSI o Thread Buttress o Tapered string used to minimize well cost. o Casing program for well based on : o Burst Pressure o Collapse Pressure o Tensile Load THREAD TYPES
• 8 Round • Seals on threads
• Buttress couplings • Seals on threads • VAM couplings • Seals on threads & shoulder • Hydril couplings • Seals on threads & shoulder
• Integral couplings • 2 sets of threads FLOAT SHOES
Float Shoe Float Shoe
Float Shoe Cement Nose - Ball Valve - Poppet Valve with Down Jets with Flapper Valve and Automatic Fill-Up FLOAT COLLARS
Purpose: Reduce contamination around the shoe STAB-IN EQUIPMENT (EXAMPLE)
Reduce excess cement
Avoid contamination
Reduce job time
Option : Flexible Latch-In Plug
Stab-In Shoe Stab-In Stab-In
Auto Fill Unit AutoFill Collar CASING CENTRALISER
oPurpose : o Assist in centering the string to assure mud removal and good isolation o Facilitate casing running o Allow casing reciprocation or free pipe rotation
oPre- job o Check calculations : co-man & cementing engineer o Check materials o Rig up o Maintenance on equipment o Safety and organization meeting o Prepare mix fluids, spacers and washes oWell operation o Run Casing at TD o Intermediate circulations o Mud circulation and conditioning oCement job RUNNING CASING oInspection of Casing o Tuboscope o Pipe tally, rabbit and calliper oHole Preparation o Mud condition o Clearance oRunning o Casing crews o Too fast o Intermediate circulations o Landing Casing o Nippling up THE CEMENT JOB Test lines Load plugs Resume mud circulation Pump washes Drop bottom plug Pump spacer Mix and pump cement Drop top plug Displace and control returned volumes Bump plug and check returns Pressure test casing if required WAIT ON CEMENT – EVALUATION
oPost Job • Post Job – Well
o Wash up equipment operation o Rig down • Land casing string o Equipment maintenance • Wait On Cement o Job reports, data acquisition. • Drill shoe track o Initial cement evaluation • Shoe bond test • Drill below the rat hole FIT / LOT
