1

Course of Study Exercises Statistics

Bachelor Computer Science WS 2020/21

Sheet I - Solutions
1 Descriptive Statistics - Variables

1. It is possible to transform a variable ”downwards”, from a scale with

more information contained, to a scale with less information contained.
Give an example for the variable Price for a bottle of wine for the
transformation from a ratio to an ordinal scale.
Answer:

ˆ Ratio scale: Price measured in euro.

ˆ Ordinal scale: Price mesured as cheap, normal, expensive.

2. Is it possible to transform a variable ”upwards”, from a scale with less

information contained, to a scale with more information contained?
Give an example (showing if it is possible or not)!
Answer: No, you cannot gain more information about a variable by
transforming the variable from one scale to another. Example: Assume
that the variable Price for a bottle of wine originally has an ordinal
scale. This means that you know for each bottle if it is cheap, normal
or expensive. Given only this information for each bottle, do you know
the price in euro (ratio scale) for the bottles? No!

3. Consider the question of describing students attitudes towards to le-

galisation of Marihuana, what proportion of them wants to legalize the
drug and whether this proportion differs by gender and age.

(a) Which data collection method is most suitable here: survey or

experiment?
(b) How could you capture the attitudes towards legalisation in a
single variable?
(c) Which variables are needed to answer the questions? Describe the
type and the scale of the variables.

Prof. Dr. Falkenberg, Faculty 2 Statistics WS 20/21

 2
(d) How would an appropriate data set look? Try to describe the
question in more details.
Answer:
(a) Survey: The information would be obtained via a questionaire
given to a sample of students.
(b) There are different options to ask the students attitudes:
ˆ simply ask: “What do you think about legalisation?”
Problem: Capturing long answers in a variable attitutde may
make it difficult to summarize and distil the information ob-
tained.
ˆ Common way: translate it into a score
One could for example ask 5 “yes/no” questions which relate
to attitudes towards legalisation like “Do you believe that le-
galisation would endanger the health of young people?”, “Do
you think legalization would encourage the entry into harder
drugs?”, .... The number of answers showing a positive atti-
tude can be summed up. Thus the answers of each student
can be summarized on a scale from 0 to 5.
(c) Needed variables are:
ˆ Attitude: quantitative variable, ordinal scale
ˆ Legalise: binary (“yes/no”) variable capturing wether the stu-
dent agrees to legalize Marihuana. This is qualititaive variable
with nominal scale.
ˆ Gender: qualititaive variable with nominal scale
ˆ Age: quantitative (continous) variable with ratio scale.
(d) A data set might look as:
Student A1 ... A5 Attitude Legalize Gender Age
1 yes ... no 3 yes male 22
2 no ... yes 2 no female 25
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . ... . . . . .
A1, ..., A5 refer to variables capturing attitudes towards legal-
isiation and “Legalise” is the score variable summarizing these
questions.
More detailled questions:
ˆ What is the average attitude towards legalisation among stu-
dents and how much does ist vary?

Prof. Dr. Falkenberg, Faculty 2 Statistics WS 20/21

 3
ˆ What percentage of students answer “yes” when asked to le-
galise Marihuana?
ˆ What is difference in the proportion calculated above when
stratified by gender?
ˆ What is average of those students who support the legalisation
compared with the average age of those students who do not
support the legalisation?

Prof. Dr. Falkenberg, Faculty 2 Statistics WS 20/21

R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio file:///D:/Lehre/MATHE/Statistik/Exercises/R_Solutions/Sheet_1/exerc...

R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio

Dr. Falkenberg
WS 2020/21

Introduction to R, RStudio
Task 1: Calculate the following quantities:
# sum of 52.3, 74.8, 3.17
52.3+74.8+3.17

## [1] 130.27

# the square root of 144

144**0.5

## [1] 12

# the 10-based logarithm of 200 multiplied with sin of $\pi/4$

log10(200)*sin(pi/4)

## [1] 1.627074

# the cumulative sum of the numbers 1,3,18,20,2

cumsum(c(1,3,18,20,2))

## [1] 1 4 22 42 44

# find 10 numbers between 0 and 20 rounded to the nearest

sample(x = 0:20, size = 10, replace = FALSE)

## [1] 5 8 17 14 0 12 7 3 9 6

# or
round(runif(n = 10, min = 0, max = 20))

## [1] 11 18 7 17 11 11 18 16 19 14

Task 2: Assigning Variables

# Assign the number 5 to x and the number 10 to y.
x <- 5
y <- 10
# Calculate the product of x and y.
x * y

## [1] 50

# Store the result in a new variable z.

z <- x * y
# Make a vector myvec of the objects x,y,z.
myvec <- c(x,y,z)
# Find the minimum, the maximum and the mean of the vector.
min(myvec)

## [1] 5

max(myvec)

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## [1] 50

mean(myvec)

## [1] 21.66667

# Remove myvec from the workspace.

rm(myvec)

Task 3: The numbers below are the first ten days of rainfall in a year
# values: 0.1 0.5 2.3 1.1 11.3 14.7 23.4 15.7 0 0.9
# Read them into a vector using the c() command.
rainfall <- c(0.1,0.5,2.3,1.1,11.3,14.7,23.4,15.7,0,0.9)
# Calulate the mean and the standard deviation.
mean(rainfall)

## [1] 7

sd(rainfall)

## [1] 8.533594

# Calculate the cumulative rainfall over these ten days.

cumsum(rainfall)

## [1] 0.1 0.6 2.9 4.0 15.3 30.0 53.4 69.1 69.1 70.0

# What is total sum of the rainfall?

sum(rainfall)

## [1] 70

# Which day saw the highest rainfall? Find an appropriate

# R command.
which.max(rainfall)

## [1] 7

# Take a subset of the rainfall data where rain is larger

# than 10.
rainfall[rainfall>10]

## [1] 11.3 14.7 23.4 15.7

# What is mean rainfall for days where the rainfall was at

# least 5?
mean(rainfall[rainfall >=5])

## [1] 16.275

# Subset the vector where it is either exactly 0 or 1.1 and

# find the corresponding days.
rainfall[rainfall == 0 | rainfall == 1.1]

## [1] 1.1 0.0

# alternative solution
rainfall[rainfall %in% c(0,1.1)]

## [1] 1.1 0.0

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R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio file:///D:/Lehre/MATHE/Statistik/Exercises/R_Solutions/Sheet_1/exerc...

# days where the rainfall is 0 or 1.1

which(rainfall %in% c(0,1.1))

## [1] 4 9

Task 4: The length of five cylinders are 2.5, 3.4, 4.8, 3.1, 1.7 and their diameters are
0.7, 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.9.
# Read these vectors into two vectors with appropriate names.
len <- c(2.5, 3.4, 4.8, 3.1, 1.7)
diam <- c(0.7, 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.9)
# Calculate the volumes of each cylinder and store it
# in a new vector.
vol <- len * (diam/2)**2 * pi
vol

## [1] 0.9621128 0.4272566 0.9424778 0.6086836 1.0814933

# Assume the values are given in centimeter.

# Recalculate the volumes so that their units are cubic
# millimeter.
vol.cm <- 10*len * (10*diam/2)**2 * pi
vol.cm

## [1] 962.1128 427.2566 942.4778 608.6836 1081.4933

Task 5: Inspect the R commands union(), setdiff() and intersect() implying set
operations.
# Make two vectors
x <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
y <- c(3,5,7,9)
# Find values that are contained in both x and y.
intersect(x,y)

## [1] 3 5

# Find values that are in x but not y and vice versa.

# x without y
setdiff(x,y)

## [1] 1 2 4

# y without x
setdiff(y,x)

## [1] 7 9

# Construct a vector that contains all values contained in

# either x or y. Compare the result with c(x,y).
# union(): values are either in x or y
union(x,y)

## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 7 9

# c(x,y) only concatenates x and y

c(x,y)

## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 3 5 7 9

Task 6: Construct a matrix with 8 rows and 10 columns. The first row should contain
the numbers 0, 2, 4, …, 18 and the other rows should random integer numbers

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R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio file:///D:/Lehre/MATHE/Statistik/Exercises/R_Solutions/Sheet_1/exerc...

between 0 and 100. Use runif() to create the random numbers and as.integer() to
transform to integers.
mat1 <- matrix(c(seq(0,18, by = 2),
as.integer(runif(70,0,100))),
nrow = 8, ncol = 10, byrow = TRUE)
mat1

## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,] 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
## [2,] 69 26 5 41 6 45 4 79 2 60
## [3,] 89 60 15 15 27 90 18 81 27 13
## [4,] 82 49 25 8 95 30 28 6 40 98
## [5,] 37 41 6 65 96 76 2 9 60 91
## [6,] 25 41 57 2 95 91 24 30 84 61
## [7,] 55 74 0 62 53 78 49 22 6 75
## [8,] 19 34 70 73 14 83 35 16 11 16

# Calculate the row means of this matrix and the standard

# deviation across the row means.
rm <- rowMeans(mat1)
rm

## [1] 9.0 33.7 43.5 46.1 48.3 51.0 47.4 37.1

sd(rm)

## [1] 13.63456

# Store the rows 2,3,..,8 in a other matrix and

# calculate the column means. Use the command hist()
# to create a histogram of the column means.
# removing the first row of mat1
mat2 <- mat1[-1,]
mat2

## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,] 69 26 5 41 6 45 4 79 2 60
## [2,] 89 60 15 15 27 90 18 81 27 13
## [3,] 82 49 25 8 95 30 28 6 40 98
## [4,] 37 41 6 65 96 76 2 9 60 91
## [5,] 25 41 57 2 95 91 24 30 84 61
## [6,] 55 74 0 62 53 78 49 22 6 75
## [7,] 19 34 70 73 14 83 35 16 11 16

# colum means of mat2

cm <- colMeans(mat2)
cm

## [1] 53.71429 46.42857 25.42857 38.00000 55.14286 70.42857 22.85714 34.71429

## [9] 32.85714 59.14286

# creating a histogram of cm
hist(cm)

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R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio file:///D:/Lehre/MATHE/Statistik/Exercises/R_Solutions/Sheet_1/exerc...

Task 7: Inspect the R datasat mpg. Determine the types and the scales of
measurement of all variables in the dataset mpg. Further more determine whether the
variables are discret or continous.
# load packages
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyverse)

## -- Attaching packages ------------------------------------------------------------------------ tidyverse 1.3.0

--

## v tibble 2.1.3 v dplyr 0.8.3

## v tidyr 1.0.0 v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr 1.3.1 v forcats 0.4.0
## v purrr 0.3.3

## -- Conflicts --------------------------------------------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts()

--
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()

# display the variables and the first lines of the dataset

names(mpg)

## [1] "manufacturer" "model" "displ" "year" "cyl"

## [6] "trans" "drv" "cty" "hwy" "fl"
## [11] "class"

head(mpg)

manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy fl

<chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <chr>

audi a4 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p

audi a4 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p

audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 p

audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p

audi a4 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p

audi a4 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p

6 rows | 1-10 of 11 columns

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R Solutions Sheet 1: Introduction to R, RStudio file:///D:/Lehre/MATHE/Statistik/Exercises/R_Solutions/Sheet_1/exerc...

# description of the dataset

help(mpg)

## starting httpd help server ...

## done

# create the tibble

str_mpg <- data_frame(name = names(mpg),
type = rep(NA,length(names(mpg))),
level = rep(NA,length(names(mpg))),
dc = rep(NA,length(names(mpg))))

## Warning: `data_frame()` is deprecated, use `tibble()`.

## This warning is displayed once per session.

# properties of the variables

str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="manufacturer",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="model",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="displ",2:4] <- c("quantitative","ratio","continous")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="year",2:4] <- c("quantitative","interval","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="cyl",2:4] <- c("quantitative","ratio","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="trans",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="drv",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="cty",2:4] <- c("quantitative","ratio","continous")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="hwy",2:4] <- c("quantitative","ratio","continous")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="fl",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
str_mpg[str_mpg$name =="class",2:4] <- c("qualitative","nominal","discrete")
# display the structure
#str_mpg

# alternative solution

# create an empty tibble

str_mpg1 <- tibble(name = character(), type = character(), level = character(), dc = character())
# add rows
str_mpg1 <- str_mpg1 %>%
add_row(name = "manufacturer", type = "qualitative", level = "nominal", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "model", type = "qualitative", level = "nominal", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "displ", type = "quantitative", level = "ratio", dc = "continous") %>%
add_row(name = "year", type = "quantitative", level = "interval", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "cyl", type = "quantitative", level = "ratio", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "trans", type = "qualitative",level = "nominal", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "drv", type = "qualitative", level = "nominal", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "cty", type = "quantitative", level = "ratio", dc = "continous") %>%
add_row(name = "hwy", type = "quantitative", level = "ratio", dc = "continous") %>%
add_row(name = "fl", type = "qualitative", level = "nominal", dc = "discrete") %>%
add_row(name = "class", type = "qualitative", level = "nominal", dc = "discrete")
#head(str_mpg1)

# all quant. and discrete variables

subset(str_mpg, subset = (type == "quantitative" & dc == "discrete"))

name type level dc

<chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

year quantitative interval discrete

cyl quantitative ratio discrete

2 rows

Type, scale and discrete/continous for all columns of mpg

str_mpg

name type level dc

<chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

manufacturer qualitative nominal discrete

model qualitative nominal discrete

displ quantitative ratio continous

year quantitative interval discrete

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name type level dc

<chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

cyl quantitative ratio discrete

trans qualitative nominal discrete

drv qualitative nominal discrete

cty quantitative ratio continous

hwy quantitative ratio continous

fl qualitative nominal discrete

1-10 of 11 rows Previous 1 2 Next

Display all variables which are quantitative and discrete

subset(str_mpg, subset = (type == "quantitative" & dc == "discrete"))

name type level dc

<chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

year quantitative interval discrete

cyl quantitative ratio discrete

2 rows

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