MET’s Institute of Technology-Polytechnic (BTech)

Bhujbal Knowledge City

Adgaon, Nashik

Seminar-I Report

On

“Empirical Study On IoT”

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree

Of
Bachelors of Technology [Computer Science and Design]

SUBMITTED BY
APURVA SARJERAO BADHE

Under the Guidance of

Prof. M.B. Sonje

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND DESIGN

2022-23
 MET’s Institute of Technology-Polytechnic (BTech)
Bhujbal Knowledge City
Adgaon, Nashik

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Apurva Badhe

[Second Year B.Tech Computer Science and Design]

Semester-III

Has Successfully Completed his Seminar-I on

“Empirical Study On IoT”

Towards the Partial Fulfillment of

Bachelor’s of Technology [Computer Science and Design]

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere

During the Academic Year 2022-2023

(Prof. M.B. Sonje)

Seminar Guide Head, Computer Science and Design Principal
Abstract:
An integration of sensor, embedded, computing, and communication technologies is known
as the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things is designed to offer seamless services
to anything, at any time, everywhere. IoT technologies are essential everywhere, bringing
about the fourth disruptive revolution.

technologies developed since the advent of the internet and ICT (ICT). The IoT will have a
greater impact on society than the internet and ICT, which will benefit both sectors and
society, according to the research and development community. The usage of a prospective
IoT system result from addressing the common system-level design issues such energy
efficiency, robustness, scalability, interoperability, and security concerns. In this study, the
functional pillars of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications that inspire researchers
and academics to create real-time, energy-efficient, scalable, reliable, and secure IoT
applications.

This paper provides a brief overview of IoT designs and their current state. The key IoT
system-level concerns for creating more sophisticated real-time IoT applications have been
covered. Interoperability between the millions of devices that share information using various
communication standards is a serious problem. This paper presents the current state of the
application layer protocols and communication standards used in the Internet of Things along
with a thorough analysis. Data offloading, resource and device management, and other
services are made possible by computing paradigms like Cloud, Cloudlet, Fog, and Edge
computing. This paper provides a thorough examination of edge computing in the Internet of
Things using several edge computing architectures and existing Status decisions are made.
IoT security and privacy concerns have arisen as a result of the broad deployment of IoT
throughout society. The focus of this article is on examining security difficulties, privacy and
security concerns, traditional mitigating strategies, and potential future developments in IoT
security. The creation of time-sensitive IoT applications is made possible by real-time
operating systems (RTOS), which have features including smaller memory footprints,
scheduling, real-time task execution, fewer interrupts, and lower thread switching latency.

Additionally, this research provides an examination of RTOSs that are appropriate for IoT
with regard to their current status and networking stack. The discussion concludes with open
research questions in IoT system development.
Keywords:

IoT, pillars of IoT, emerging IoT applications, IoT application requirements, IoT architecture,
IoT application layer protocols, computing paradigms (edge, fog, cloudlets & cloud), privacy
& security, and platforms for IoT.

 NOMENACLATURE

AES Advanced Encryption Standard

BS Base Stati

CART Classification and Regression Tree

CHAID Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector

DTLS Datagram Transport Layer Security

CoAP Constrained Application Layer Protocol

DDS Data Distribution Services

AMQP Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

APIs Application Interfaces

BAN Body Area Networks

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Proto

IDPs Intrusion Detection and Prevention System

IoT Internet of Things

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO International Standard Organization

LTE Long-Term Evolution

ITU International Telecommunication Union

MAC Medium Access Control

ML Machine Learning

PDR Packet Delivery Ratio

MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

ITS Intelligent Transportation System

OS Operating System

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

KNN K-Nearest Neighbor

NS3 Network Simulator-3

QUEST Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree

QoS Quality of Services

SVM Support Vector Machine

TLS Transport Layer Security

TIS Traveler Information System

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

WWW World Wide Web

 Index

Page
Chapter Chapter Name
No.
No.

1 Introduction

1.1 Applications of IoT

1.2 Applications of IoT

1.3 Architecture of IoT

2 Literature survey

3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of IOT

4 Conclusion

5 Future Scope of IoT

6 References
 List of Figures

Figure-1 how many devices are expected to be online by 2025

Figure-2 Trend in IoT research from 2015 (Source: IEEE digital

library).

Figure-3 The diversity of IoT applications is depicted

Figure-4 The hybrid architecture of the IoT ecosystem

Figure-5 The entire IoT deployment scenario

Figure-6 The Internet Of Things Graph

 Introduction

What is iot?

The network of physical items, or "things," that are implanted with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of communicating and exchanging data with other devices
and systems through the internet is referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). These gadgets
include anything from common domestic items to high-tech industrial gear. Today, there are
more than 7 billion connected IoT devices, and according to analysts, there will be 10 billion
by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025. Device partners are part of Oracle's network.

Information transmission is significantly aided by the Internet [1]. IoT, a new technology, is
the outcome of the shift in technology toward data collecting, analysis, and remote device
control over the Internet rather than merely information sharing. To gather, control, analyze,
and share data in real-time, numerous physical objects are connected through the Internet of
Things (IoT) [2]– [4]. The goal of IoT is to improve quality of life [5]. The majority of the
manufacturing, service, and software sectors are investing more and implementing IoT
technologies more quickly, which is the driving force behind their rapid expansion.

According to Forbes, the transition from the iot concepts' hypothetical state to reality began
in 2015 [6].

According to the report, there will probably be 75.44 billion internet-connected things [7] and
the IoT industry will grow economically by $2.7 to $6.2 trillion by 2025 [8], demonstrating
the influence of IoT technology on society.
Figure 1 shows how many devices are expected to be online by 2025, and these devices will
produce about 80 Zettabytes of data [9]. The development of IoT research is seen in Figure 2
[10]. When doing the search and selection process, IEEE Digital Library (IEEE Xplore) is
considered. The Internet of Things, or IoT, is utilized for searches.

keyword. By restricting the IEEE Xplore's year field, the number of conferences and journal
papers can be found.

The majority of applications, including healthcare, smart homes, smart agriculture, industry
4.0 and factory automation, intelligent transport systems, smart cities, infrastructure
monitoring, the retail sector, environmental monitoring, smart water, and power grids, among
others, are impacted by IoT [10].

Figure 1 : How many devices are expected to be online by 2025

IoT technology has come a long way (almost ten years) and presents a wide range of
opportunities. There are numerous Internet of Things (IoT) components and devices being
developed with a variety of message protocols, compute technologies, and security
techniques. The main manufacturers of IoT components/chips and development tools with
associated standards, for instance, include many suppliers including ARM, Atmel, Silicon
Labs, Texas Instruments, Intel, NVIDIA, Samsung, etc. The short- and long-range
communication technologies utilized by IoT devices include BLE, ZigBee, WIFI, Z-wave,
Sigfox, NB-IoT, 5G, etc. IoT applications send and receive messages using
application/messaging protocols as MQTT, CoAP, DDS, XMPP, RESTful APIs/HTTP.
Additionally, to store, process, and analyze the data, IoT applications use computing
technologies including Edge, Fog, Cloudlets, and Cloud. Data is used extensively in IoT to
make judgments that are extremely sensitive and private.

The hybrid architecture of the IoT ecosystem is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows that the
two main technologies needed for an IoT system are compute and communication.
Additionally, it demonstrates how the aforementioned technologies facilitated the creation
and introduction of IoT systems. The entire IoT deployment scenario is shown in Figure 5.
End-node, Edge, Fog, Cloudlets, and Cloud computing technologies are included in IoT
technology, which gives it intelligence. The end-nodes, which are employed when an
application needs to deploy a large number of high-density sensors to collect the physical
characteristics from the environment, are typically coupled to sensors and signal-conditioning
circuits. Typically, a cluster is formed by several end-nodes.

The edge nodes serve as the cluster head, gathering and preprocessing the raw data from the
end nodes. Additionally, edge-nodes are in charge of ensuring that data is transmitted
accurately via short- and long-range communication standards. The introduction of edge-
nodes at the network's edge offers many deployment scenarios dependent on the services that
the application needs. In Scenario 1, the edge node sends the data to the gateway (which
serves as the fog node) for additional processing. In Scenario 2, mobile edge nodes have
access to the cloudlets' services, while in Scenario 3, the edge nodes directly access the cloud.
Additionally, Gateway or BS does fog computing as a fog node. The more frequent
operations at the fog level are data processing and information extraction. The estimation of
optimum communication costs is one of the critical services that these data are utilized to
deliver to the underlying devices (Edge and end nodes). Additionally, it establishes the
connection to cloudlets and cloud infrastructure to store and transmit higher-level value(s)
that are more service-oriented.

When IoT devices are highly mobile, cloudlets services are typically deployed. As an
illustration, consider streaming an HD film or movie in an autonomous vehicle.
IoT devices (end nodes, edge nodes, fog nodes, and cloudlets) can communicate effectively
over short or long distances using short-range (RFID, BLE, Zigbee, Z-Wave, Thread) or
long-range (LoRaWAN, NBIoT, Sigfox, 5G, Telensa, Ingenu) communication protocols.

Since IoT devices are resource-constrained and present a number of difficulties, both
compute and communication resources must be used effectively and wisely. While realizing
the potential and mature IoT system, it is important to consider system-level factors like
energy-efficiency, resilience, heterogeneity & interoperability, as well as other factors like
data & device management and QoS parameters.

The IoT system design process should also address privacy and security concerns.

Some of these problems can, however, be resolved using conventional internet technologies.
However, because IoT systems use a variety of different technologies, it is impractical to
implement those solutions or methods directly.

In a limited environment, sensors, communication standards, protocols, and computer

technologies are combined with demand-driven services. IoT devices require innovative
lightweight algorithms with reduced memory needs and processing complexity. In order to
construct an IoT system that is interoperable, secure, scalable, dependable, and energy-
efficient, this article discusses system-level design issues.

Knowledge, which is frequently mistaken for power, is a priceless intangible resource and the
basis for competitive advantage (Davenport and Prusak 1998; Grant 1996). The proliferation
of online collaboration platforms in our knowledge economy is becoming increasingly reliant
on people's information sharing (IS) behaviours. To encourage and enable information
exchange, organizations, for instance, invest in technology and knowledge management
systems. However, many knowledge-sharing initiatives fall short because people frequently
choose to keep significant knowledge to themselves (Akhavan, Jafari, and Fathian 2005),
distributing information that is broadly accepted more frequently (e.g. Stasser and Titus
1985). We contend that this is the case since IS is strategic behavior that is impacted by
incentives, and we want to find out if technology can help resolve this issue.

The information pooling game was created by Steinel, Utz, and Koning (2010) to examine
the effect of social incentive on strategic information sharing (SIS), which involves sharing a
number of seemingly inconsequential pieces of information while keeping the crucial private
information to oneself. They discovered that people with prosocial motivation shared more
private and important information than people with pro-self-motivation, who strategically
shared public and unimportant information to appear cooperative and concealed or even lied
about their private and important information. They did this by using different reward
systems to manipulate social motivation (Steinel, Utz, and Koning 2010). First, by examining
the generalizability of these results from an abstract lab experiment to a more complex setting
involving more and actual information, we hope to further this line of inquiry into the
function of motivational processes. The second thing we want to do is look at how time
pressure affects situations. In our fast-paced society, people frequently have to make
decisions under time pressure, and it would be especially relevant at those times to share tacit
or private information. This is the practical justification for taking time pressure into
consideration. Theoretically, prior studies have demonstrated that time pressure reduces
decision quality in groups, both in the lab and in real teams (Bowman and Wittenbaum 2012;
Chong et al. 2012; De Dreu 2003), ostensibly because it increases the need for cognitive
closure (NFCC), or the desire to make decisions quickly in ambiguous situations (Webster
and Kruglanski 1994). In addition, the motivated information processing in groups (MIP-G)
model (De Dreu, Nijstad, and Van Knippenberg 2007) makes the prediction that social and
epistemic motivations, such as NFCC, have an impact on information processing and sharing
in groups both separately and, most crucially, in interaction.
1.1 Applications of IoT

 IoT Applications in Agriculture

IoT enables monitoring and managing microclimate conditions for indoor planting a reality,
which in turn boosts output. IoT-enabled devices can monitor soil moisture, nutrients, and
meteorological information to better manage irrigation and fertilizer systems for outdoor
planting. For instance, this prevents resource waste if sprinkler systems only release water
when necessary.

 IoT Applications in Consumer Use

IoT gadgets like wearables and smart homes make life simpler for average people.
Accessories like Fitbit, cellphones, Apple watches, and health monitors, to mention a few,
fall under the category of wearables. These gadgets enhance network connectivity, health,
and fitness as well as enjoyment.

 IoT Applications in Healthcare

First and foremost, wearable IoT devices enable hospitals to keep tabs on their patients'
health while they are away from the hospital, cutting down on length of stay while still
supplying up-to-the-second real-time information that could save lives. Smart beds reduce the
wait time for available space in hospitals by keeping the personnel informed of availability.

 IoT Applications in Insurance

The Internet of Things revolution can even help the insurance sector. Insurance firms may
provide discounts to policyholders for IoT wearables like Fitbit. Fitness tracking enables the
insurance to provide personalized coverage and promote better lifestyle choices, which
ultimately benefits both the insurer and the consumer.

 IoT Applications in Manufacturing

Another significant winner in the IoT competition is the manufacturing and industrial
automation sectors. RFID and GPS technology can assist a manufacturer in tracking a
product from its initial placement on the factory floor to its final placement in the target
retailer, or the entire supply chain. These sensors can collect data on the distance traveled, the
state of the product, and the environmental factors the product was exposed to.

 IoT Applications in Retail

The retail industry has a lot to gain from IoT technology. Sales data from both online and
offline retail can manage warehouse robotics and automation using data from Internet of
Things sensors. This is dependent in large part on RFIDs, which are currently widely used.

 IoT Applications in Utilities/Energy

IoT sensors can be used to keep an eye on things like temperature, humidity, and
illumination. IoT sensor data can help with the development of algorithms that control energy
usage and make the necessary adjustments, doing away with the need for humans (since, let's
face it, who among us hasn't forgotten to turn off the lights in a room or lower the
thermostat?).

 IoT Applications in Wearables

Wearables have a variety of uses, from GPS tracking to fitness tracking to medical
monitoring. In the previous three years, these IoT have more than doubled.

The fitness bands track a variety of metrics, including calories burned, distance travelled,
heart rate, and blood oxygen saturation. The majority of these IoT devices are watches or
wristbands. However, they can also take the form of smart fabric, clip-on gadgets, or
earphones.

 IoT Applications in Traffic Monitoring

The Internet of Things, a key component of the idea of smart cities, helps huge cities manage
their automobile traffic. IoT is used in applications like Google Maps or Waze to collect and
exchange data from our cars utilizing mobile phones as sensors. In addition to aiding in
traffic monitoring, it provides information on the various routes' traffic conditions, expected
arrival times, and distances to destinations.
1.2 Challenges of IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) has quickly expanded to play a significant role in how people
live, interact, and conduct business. Web-enabled devices are transforming our universal
rights into a larger switched-on area to live in all over the world.

There are various types of challenges in front of IoT.

 Security challenges in IoT:

 Lack of encryption –

Encryption is one of the biggest IoT security challenges even if it is a great technique to stop
criminals from obtaining data.

These drives are accustomed to the processing and storage power offered by a conventional
computer.

The end outcome is an increase in attacks where hackers may quickly change the security
algorithms.

 Insufficient testing and updating –

IoT (internet of things) makers are more eager to develop and deliver their gadget as quickly
as possible without giving security much thought as the number of IoT (internet of things)
devices rises.

The majority of these IoT products and gadgets do not receive enough testing or updates,
making them vulnerable to hackers and other security risks.
 Figure 2: Trend in IoT research from 2015 (Source: IEEE digital library).

 Brute forcing and the risk of default passwords –

Nearly all IoT devices are susceptible to password hacking and brute force attacks due to
weak credentials and login information.

Any firm that leaves the factory default passwords on its devices exposes not only its own
assets but also the sensitive information of its customers to the possibility of a brute force
assault.

 IoT Malware and ransomware –

increases as the number of devices rises.

While retaining access to a user's important data and information, ransomware uses
encryption to effectively lock out users from a variety of devices and platforms.
  Design challenge in IoT:
 Battery life is a limitation –

issues with the packaging and integration of small chips that are light in weight and use little
power. If you've been paying attention to the mobile market, you've probably noticed how
every year it seems like there are no limitations on display screen size. Consider the
increasing popularity of "phablets," which are essentially large-screen phones. Although they
are useful, larger monitors aren't always just for comfort; rather, they are getting bigger to
accommodate bigger batteries. Although computers are becoming more compact, battery
energy has not changed.

 Increased cost and time to market –

Cost is only a minimal constraint on embedded systems.

To manage cost modelling or cost optimally with digital electronic components while
creating IoT devices, there is a need to push improved techniques.

In order to release the embedded device on the market at the appropriate time, designers also
need to address the issue of design time.

 Security of the system –

Systems need to be secure with cryptographic algorithms and security protocols in order to be
created and implemented.

It uses a variety of techniques to secure every element of embedded systems, from the
prototype to the finished product.
  Deployment challenges in IoT:
 Connectivity –

It is the main issue when integrating devices, programmes, and cloud platforms.

Connected devices that offer helpful information and front are quite valuable. However, when
IoT sensors are needed to monitor process data and provide information, weak connectivity
becomes a problem.

 Cross platform capability –

IoT applications must be created with future technology advancements in mind.

Its creation necessitates a balance between software and hardware operations.

The optimal performance of the device and IoT platform drivers despite high device rates and
fixes is a challenge for IoT application developers.

 Data collection and processing –

Data is crucial to the growth of the Internet of Things. The processing of the recorded data or
its usefulness is more important in this situation.

Development teams must make sure they plan well for how data is gathered, stored, or
processed within an environment in addition to security and privacy.

 Lack of skill set –

Only if there is a qualified resource working on the IoT application development will all of
the aforementioned development problems be overcome.

The proper talent will always help you overcome the biggest obstacles and will be a valuable
advantage while developing IoT applications.
1.3 Architecture of IoT

There are different phases in the IoT architecture, but they can change depending on the
circumstances. Generally speaking, there are these four phases.

 Networked Devices

These are the actual objects, such as transducers, actuators, and sensors. These are the actual
machinery used in data collection and transmission. They can convert physical quantities into
electrical signals that can be sent over a network and can receive real-time data.

 Data Aggregation

It is a crucial stage since it involves turning the unprocessed sensor data into information that
can be used to act. Internet gateways and data acquisition systems are also included. It
changes the analogue signals that sensors provide into digital signals.

 Final Analysis

In this stage, data is processed to increase its effectiveness and readiness for use, as well as
edge IT analytics. It also includes managing and locating all the devices correctly

 Cloud Analysis

Here, the final data is obtained and carefully and precisely analyzed in data centers. To
remove all errors and missing numbers, they process and clean the data. The data is now
prepared to be transmitted back and executed to carry out operations.
 Figure 3 : The diversity of IoT applications is depicted

♦ Now let us see the basic fundamental architecture of IoT which consists of four stages

 Sensing Layer

Sensors, devices, actuators, and other components are part of the IoT's initial stage. These
components gather data from the physical world, process it, and then transfer it over the
network.

 Network Layer

Network Gateways and Data Acquisition Systems make up the IoT's second level. The
analogue data (gathered from sensors) is transformed into digital data using DAS.
Additionally, it manages data and detects infections.

 Data Processing Layer

The most crucial stage of the Internet of Things is the third. Data is pre-processed here
according to its variety and separated as necessary. It is then delivered to data centers. Edge
IT is used in this situation.

 Application Layer

Cloud/Data Centers are the fourth stage of the Internet of Things, where data is maintained
and used by applications for agriculture, defense, healthcare, and other industries.
 Literature Survey

“N. Bălău and S. Utz” in [1] The purpose of this study is to comprehend how communication
technology and human incentives combine to influence IS. In particular, we broaden the
understanding of IS as a strategic behaviour by (1) examining the interaction between social
motivation (prosocial vs. pro-self) and time pressure (high vs. low). as well as (2) how
technical elements (pull versus push information display) may encourage the exchange of
sensitive data. Over the course of two tests, we discovered that push-information displays
encourage the exchange of personal data. This was true in particular for those with prosocial
motivation. We also discovered that actual time pressure, not imagined time pressure, affects
(private) IS. Knowledge management and its implications for technology design are
examined.

“H. Liu, D. Han, and D. Li” in [2] The mobility, performance limitations, and distributed
deployment of IoT devices make it challenging for standard centralized access control
systems to accommodate them. access management in the present industrial IoT ecosystem.
This paper suggests a fabric-iot access control system for IoT that is based on the
Hyperledger Fabric blockchain framework and uses attribute-based access control to address
these issues. The system includes Device Contracts (DC), Policy Contracts (PC), and Access
Contracts, three different types of smart contracts. DC offers both a way to query the URL of
resource data produced by devices as well as a way to store it. IoT devices have several
unique qualities, such as mobility, low performance, and PC functions that allow admin users
to maintain ABAC policies. The main programme used to establish an access control strategy
for common users is called AC. IoT fabric-iot can offer decentralized, granular, and dynamic
access control management when combined with ABAC and blockchain technology. Two
sets of simulation experiments are created to test the system's performance. The findings
demonstrate that fabric-iot can maintain high throughput in large-scale request environments
and efficiently reach consensus in a distributed system to guarantee data consistency.
“P. Sethi and S. R. Sarangi” in [3] IoT devices have certain unique qualities, like mobility,
performance limitations, and

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which things having sensors, actuators, and
processors interact with one another in order to accomplish a useful task. We review the most
recent techniques, protocols, and applications in this newly developing field in this study. In
addition to highlighting some of the most significant technologies and outlining certain
applications that have the potential to significantly improve human life, particularly for the
elderly and others with special needs, this survey report suggests a novel taxonomy for IoT
technologies. When compared to other survey papers in the field, this one is significantly
more thorough and includes all important technologies, from sensors to application.

“J. Lin, W. Yu, N. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Zhang, and W. Zhao” in [4] IoT devices have certain
unique qualities, like mobility, performance limitations, and To enable computing services
devices deployed at network edges and improve user experience and service resilience in the
event of failures, fog/edge computing has been proposed to be connected with the Internet of
Things (IoT). Fog/edge computing can deliver a faster reaction time and higher quality of
service for IoT applications thanks to the benefits of distributed architecture and proximity to
end users. Fog/edge computing-based IoT therefore becomes future IoT development
infrastructure. It is important to first analyze the architecture, enabling technologies, and IoT-
related problems before considering how to integrate fog/edge computing and IoT. This will
help to create IoT infrastructure based on fog/edge computing. In order to achieve this, this
article provides a thorough review of IoT, including information on system design, enabling
technologies, security and privacy concerns, as well as the integration of fog/edge computing
with IoT. It also presents IoT applications. This research specifically examines the interaction
between IoT and cyber-physical systems, both of which are crucial to the realization of an
intelligent cyber-physical world.
Then, to further clarify the state of the art in IoT development, existing architectures,
enabling technologies, and security and privacy challenges are discussed. This study
examines challenges in fog/edge computing-based IoT as well as the interaction between IoT
and fog/edge computing in order to better understand the fog/edge computing-based IoT.
Finally, a number of applications are presented, including smart grid, smart cities, and smart
transportation, to show how fog/edge computing-based IoT can be used in practical
applications.

“V. Miori and D. Russo” in [5] The average age of the global population is rising, and by
2050, life expectancy will have increased by an additional 10 years. The burden on public
health services and associated expenses rise as the population of elderly people does.
Reducing these costs can be significantly aided by the use of information and communication
technologies (ICT) to support integrated healthcare services in elderly homecare. In order to
improve the quality of life of the elderly, the SOCIALIZE AAL project aims to establish a
new reference platform for them by implementing technological solutions that make it easier
for them to go about their daily lives and access specialized services. The Elderly Monitoring
service, an IoT module of the SOCIALIZE platform, is described in this paper. Its goal is to
gather environmental and physical user data so that it may be monitored by medical and
caregiver staff. The system has been created to make it simple to add and/or replace new
services and equipment in the environment. In order to do this, the service develops a
framework that enables disparate devices using various domotic systems and protocols to
directly communicate data, creating an infrastructure suited for the realization of a true Social
IoT.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF IOT

 ADVANTAGES OF IOT

1. Improved productivity of staff and reduced human labor

IoT solutions enable monotonous chores to be completed automatically, freeing up human

resources for more complicated tasks that call for unique abilities, particularly creative
problem-solving. By doing this, the number of employees may be kept to a minimum, which
lowers operating costs for the company.

2.Efficient operation management

The automated control of numerous operational areas, including, among others, inventory
management, shipping tracking, fuel and spare parts management, is another important
advantage provided by the connectivity of smart devices. For instance, this strategy employs
RFID tags and an associated network of sensors to track the whereabouts of machinery and
cargo.

3. Better use of resources and assets

The automatic scheduling and monitoring made possible by networked sensors allows for
greater resource efficiency, including reduced water and power usage. For instance,
inexpensive motion detectors could result in significant electricity and water bill savings,
increasing the efficiency and environmental friendliness of both small and large
organizations.
4. Cost-effective operation

The equipment may have a greater production rate leading to increased profitability because
of the decreased downtime times, guaranteed by autonomously scheduled and regulated
maintenance, supply of raw materials, and other manufacturing requirements. Once more,
IoT devices significantly improve administration across the entire company structure as well
as within specific departments.

5. Improved work safety

In addition to the previously mentioned benefits, periodic maintenance is also very helpful for
guaranteeing operational safety and adherence to the necessary laws. Safe working conditions
also increase the enterprise's appeal to partners, partners, and employees, which improves the
company's reputation and brand trust. In addition to increasing safety, smart technology
lowers the possibility of human error at many points in corporate operations. Additionally, an
enterprise's security may be guaranteed and thefts and even corporate espionage prevented by
using a network of IoT devices like surveillance cameras, motion sensors, and other
monitoring devices.

Figure 4 : The hybrid architecture of the IoT ecosystem

6. Thorough marketing and business development

Voice assistants and other smart home products that may regularly engage in direct
communication with end customers are particularly helpful as sources of data for business
research. IoT supports businesses by collecting massive amounts of user-specific data used
for creating corporate plans, focusing advertising, adjusting price policy, and other
management and marketing tasks.

7. Improved customer service and retention

Businesses can better understand customer expectations and behaviour by employing the
aforementioned user-specific data collecting made possible by smart devices. IoT facilitates
post-sale follow-ups such as automatic tracking and informing clients about required
maintenance of acquired equipment after its predetermined duration of use, the expiration of
warranty periods, etc., which further improves customer service.

8. Better business opportunities

The company that employs IoT solutions is able to offer a greater selection of services or
products, or raise the quality of those items, in contrast to its rivals, while maintaining the
same pricing. Such a corporation may instead take on jobs that are more complex in terms of
production difficulty, time, or quantity. An organization becomes more competitive and
appealing as a potential business partner when smart solutions are used across the board.

9. More trustworthy image of the company

Customers, investors, and other business partners who are aware of the many benefits
provided by the Internet of Things tend to have a favorable opinion of a firm that uses high-
tech solutions, and IoT in particular. Moreover, if a business offers a secure working
environment supported by a network of smart devices, it will be simpler to recruit highly
sought-after expert workers.

10. Real-Time Access to Information

We can all agree that having access to real-time data is quite beneficial for both business and
everyday uses based on the growing popularity of real-time analytics and heatmap
technologies. The constant flow of information is one of the main benefits of the internet of
things. Data can be transferred between internet-connected devices at the speed of light,
resulting in fewer delays and less chance of misunderstandings.
  DISADVANTAGE OF IOT

1. Security flaws

The most pervasive issue impeding IoT development as a whole is insufficient security
measures. Because smart gadgets capture and transmit private information that may have
serious repercussions if revealed, there is always a concern about data leaks. However, IoT
solutions rarely adhere to all applicable data protection standards, encryption protocols, and
other laws and technologies intended to prevent unwanted access to sensitive data. They also
rarely have sufficient anti-tampering measures. Inadequate data protection may have
expensive, terrible, or even tragic results, such as identity theft, the theft of company secrets,
the loss of tools or products, sabotage, etc. Because of this, experts who can guarantee that
the installed hardware and software systems have no vulnerabilities and are well-protected
against any hacking attempts must develop and implement IoT solutions in business.

2. Associated costs

Implementing IoT infrastructure in a corporate firm entails creating a sizable network made
up of numerous smart devices and the technical infrastructure that goes along with them, such
as the power grid and the communication network. As a result, such an endeavor necessitates
large financial outlays for the installation, upkeep, and progressive network expansion
required to meet future demands. IoT solutions offer a variety of advantages, but it takes a
while for them to start making money, even while their financial advantages outweigh the
costs of their first adoption.

3. Power supply dependence

Even while IoT suggests that numerous devices would operate independently, a network of
this kind is still very dependent on outside factors that must be considered in order to
successfully apply it in a corporate setting. Smart gadgets must first and foremost have a
consistent and ample supply of electricity, which necessitates the provision of additional
infrastructure that has been carefully thought out. It must contain an adequate number of UPS
units, surge protectors, and other devices with the necessary ingress protection (IP) ratings.
4. Network dependence

The extensive network of connections between different devices and accessibility to the
global network are the essential components of the Internet of Things. IoT devices
consequently also need an infrastructure that guarantees continuous cable and wireless
connection with high throughput, low latency, and ongoing Internet access. Therefore, in
order to take use of IoS, a corporate firm must first offer the full complement of necessary
networking hardware, including cables, routers, hubs, local data storage devices, etc.

5. High skill requirements

IoT solutions need for responsible, knowledgeable experts who are well aware of the scope
and potential repercussions of their job. IoT solution deployment, setup, upkeep, and scale
changes in a commercial operation require highly trained administrators, who may be
difficult to discover and hire given their high salary expectations. All staff members should
obtain the appropriate training and manuals before dealing with the implemented network of
smart devices. Therefore, even though IoT decreases the need for human resources, the staff
that is still on-site must be well-trained to avoid interfering with the operation of smart
devices and causing a "snowball effect."

6. Connectivity and power dependence

For many devices to operate successfully, the internet and constant power are required. Both
the device and anything connected to it cease to function when either one fails. Given how
ingrained IoT devices are in today's businesses, when they go down, everything can come to
a screeching halt.

7. Integration

IoT protocols and standards are still up for debate, therefore devices made by various
manufacturers may not be compatible with current hardware. It may be challenging to deploy
effectively because each one may need various hardware connections and setups.

8. Higher costs (time and money)

IoT device deployment frequently requires a significant time and financial investment. There
are numerous devices that must be acquired and setup, as well as staff members who must
install them, others who must integrate them into the network, and calls for support to the
vendor. Businesses can swiftly recoup their investment if they are all going to one place.
Expect the cost to increase enormously if the company is dispersing them.

9. Complexity

There are greater chances for failure, just as there are with any complex systems. With the
Internet of Things, errors could increase dramatically. Let's imagine, for example, that you
and your husband both receive notifications that your milk has run out and that you both
decide to stop at a supermarket on the way home to buy milk. As a result, you and your
husband have spent twice as much as is necessary. Or perhaps a software flaw causes your
printer to automatically order a new ink cartridge every hour for a few days, or at the very
least after each power outage, even though you only require a single replacement.

10. Lesser Employment of Menial Staff

The automation of daily tasks may result in the loss of employment for unskilled workers and
assistants. This may cause problems with unemployment in the community. Any new
technology will cause problems like this, but they can be solved with education
 Conclusion

As you can see, the Internet of Things (IoT) is recognized as one of the most
promising digital technologies and will undoubtedly grow in popularity and use over the
coming years. IoT systems have tremendous capabilities even in their current condition, and
their benefits are alluring. It's crucial to understand, though, that successful IoT integration in
an organization takes a lot of work and expertise in order to reap the benefits without
experiencing any negative effects. In order to obtain a successful IoT solution, it is therefore
most logical to employ the help of trustworthy and knowledgeable experts. Contact us, and
one of our talented developers will deliver to you the effective software products created
specifically for the Internet of Things integration in your company.
 Future Scope of IoT

 A course called "The Internet of Things" examines how objects are linked to the web
and how this might keep people in touch. People can learn how to use the Internet to
stay connected and how the Internet of Things can help them in their daily life. People
who successfully complete an Internet of Things course can find job in this sector as
IoT Engineers, IoT Experts, Development Engineers in IoT Applications, and in a
number of other positions. Students can have a greater understanding of the subject
thanks to the course's overview of the topic and all of its elements. The course gives
students excellent practical skills as well as a theoretical foundation for professional
understanding. The Internet of Things includes cloud computing, software develop-
ment, statistical data analysis, and dissertation.
 IOT will have a good impact on the automation industry since data can be sent from
one place to another. This will also allow for data analysis, which will allow us to
forecast future values by comparing them to past and present values.
 It can be used in cities for more than just locating traffic; it can also be used to ana-
lyze data and take wise decisions to reduce vehicle traffic.
 IOT and cloud computing will work hand in hand.
 The IOT industry will present a chance for business owners who want to launch tech-
nical ventures, and it will undoubtedly aid many people in finding employment.
 In the future years, IOT will experience a huge increase in demand.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected computing devices, mechani-
cal and digital machines, items, animals, or people that can exchange data over a net-
work without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
 Figure 5 : The entire IoT deployment scenario

 However, it has also found use cases for organizations within the agriculture, infra-
structure, and home automation industries, leading some organizations toward digital
transformation. In general, IoT is most prevalent in manufacturing, transportation, and
utility organizations, using sensors and other IoT devices.
 There are many job opportunities because there are more than 300 tech start-ups
working on IoT-related projects in India alone.
 A cloud computing platform for IoT called Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT was in-
troduced by Amazon. With the help of this framework, smart devices will be able to
securely connect to and communicate with other connected devices as well as the
AWS cloud.
 The Arm Mbed IoT platform allows for the creation of IoT applications using Arm
microcontrollers. By incorporating Mbed tools and services, the Arm Mbed IoT plat-
form aims to give IoT devices a scalable, connected, and secure environment.
 The Azure IoT Suite from Microsoft is a platform made up of a number of services
that let users interact with and receive data from their IoT devices as well as perform
different operations on that data, like multidimensional analysis, transformation, and
aggregation, and visualise those operations in a way that's appropriate for business.
 A platform for the quick implementation of IoT applications is Google's Brillo/
Weave. Brillo, an Android-based operating system for the creation of embedded low-
power devices, and Weave, an IoT-focused communication protocol that acts as the
device and cloud's common language, make up the platform's two main pillars.
 Calvin is an open source Internet of Things (IoT) platform created by Ericsson for
creating and managing distributed applications that let devices communicate with one
another. Calvin comes with a runtime environment for managing applications that are
already running as well as a development framework for programmers creating new
applications.
 Organizations can gain a number of advantages from the internet of things.
 The Internet of Things has become a dominant technology globally. In a short period
of time, it has become extremely popular. In addition, the automation of IoT devices
has become simple thanks to advancements in artificial intelligence and machine
learning.
 In essence, IoT devices are combined with AI and ML programmes to properly auto-
mate them. As a result, the IoT has broadened the range of industries in which it can
be applied.

 Figure 6 : The Internet Of Things Graph

References
[1] N. Bălău and S. Utz, ‘‘Information sharing as strategic behaviour: The role of
information display, social motivation and time pressure’’

[2] H. Liu, D. Han, and D. Li, ‘‘Fabric-IoT: A blockchain-based access control system in
IoT”

[3] P. Sethi and S. R. Sarangi, ‘‘Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and

Applications’’

[4] J. Lin, W. Yu, N. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Zhang, and W. Zhao, ‘‘A survey on Internet of
Things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications’’

[5] V. Miori and D. Russo, ‘‘Improving life quality for the elderly through the social
Internet of Things (SIoT)’’

[6] A. Rizzardi, ‘‘Security in Internet of Things: Networked Smart Objects’’

[7] W. Zhou, Y. Jia, A. Peng, Y. Zhang, and P. Liu, ‘‘The effect of IoT new neatures on
security and privacy: New threats, existing solutions, and challenges yet to be
solved’’

[8] M. A. A. da Cruz, J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, J. Al-Muhtadi, V. V. Korotaev, and V. H. C.

de Albuquerque, ‘‘A reference model for Internet of Things middleware’’

[9] https://www.globaldots.com/blog/41-6-billion-iot-devices-will-begenerating-79-4-
zettabytes-of-data-in-2025

[10] IEEE Xplore Digital Library. Accessed: Dec. 6, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https//ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp