CAPACITANCE

capacitor
-

Construction -

>
Dielectric
An electronic component that is material

used to store and use 19 insulator )

energy
the the
it when current
from
main
supply drops .

lommoly used in fans tube lights , , symbol for

flashguns stabilizers power suppliers
, , capacitor

charging of a
capacitor
Two Metal
> ,

The
1.
positive terminal of the
battery Plates
-

pull electrons from one plate of

+
> -

, • •

tA
the
capacitor and deposit them on
-

other .

2. One
plate gets positively charged and ?
other
the
gets negatively charged .

in to
3. this causes a
potential difference
+

lvc ) to induced
-

be
← -
across
capacitor .

e e
4. The voltage capacitor
across
-

the VW -

increases till it becomes

equal Vt * voltage across

to voltage of the battery .

capacitor
5- Hence the
charges stops .

Current in the
6.
to
circuit
gradually
decreases zero .

"
2
, " >

exponentially tls

Discharging of a
capacitor
IIA
^

I : current
Capacitor discharges * in
•

^e
when the potential -

the circuit

diff .
across
capacitor is

less than voltage of

<

i
capacitor
-

, , >

tls
flow from
"
Same
"

to
"
Electrons
for both charging
✓
"

plate -1
•
-

plate .
and
discharging of
a capacitor .
Capacitor stores
energy ,
not
charge Explain .
.

+ -

+ -

Both
t
the
plates and
opposing
-

equal
✓ are + -

hence the
charged ,
net
charge on a
after before
capacitor is zero .

charging charging
However work
✓
,
was done in
separating
those the Thus is stored
charges across
plates .

energy .

Capacitance Define the Farad 111=1

The charge stored on plate of a

one the
capacitance of a capacitor
capacitor per unit potential difference .

if 1C of charge is stored
across
potential difference
a

( =
q SI Unit : Farad ( F ) of IV.
V MF
,
MF , PF .
. .

>
storage capacity
C 10-3 10-6 "
(capacitance)
:
capacitance 10
^

q
:
charge > Amount of liquid
V : Potential
Difference (
Charge )
> Height
v lpolñrlial Diff .
)
 Energy stored in a
capacitor
( of
FV
=

V V=E J
Energy or
=

charge -9 9
, 92
or E-
Vq
recalling formulae . . .
I 2

Area under V q
graph
-

"

VIV tells the

^ energy stoned
9
1 ( =

V
in a
capacitor
T ;
- - - - - - - - -

i. Area
Energy
%
2 V =
=

i E
v
V
'
lzbh =

lzqxv
✗ E-
q ; >
-

q qlc
Tic E-
q, q,
tzvq
-

to
Iv
I
is
reflect about
For potential difference average voltage
-

the same the

,

plate of V
charge stored on one as
changes during
than
capacitor is more on 2
charging of capacitor .

on 1 .
Hence Cz > C1 .
,
 E-
Izvq
and C.
Iv
A
capacitor of capacitance 400µF
=
-

discharges from potential of a

CV hence IZV to 9V Calculate The

energy
as
q=
.

lost
by the
capacitor .

tgv
E =
. CV
'

AE
Lzclvf Vil
= -

lzcvz
E =

b) (92-122)
12=1400×10
-

change in
energy of a DE = - 0.0126 or -1.26×10 -2J

capacitor . . .

*
AE
izclvi Vil
- -
-
Capacitor in Series 4- C2 ↳
e

e.ci :< I
: : : :<
Charge +
•
←

.
Cz Cz : : : : : :

• 9
,
=
V2 =
V3
• The current in the circuit is same

V19 ,
V29 . V39, so charge stored on
capacitors
'

plates
-
is also same .

Vt Voltage V3
V1
V2
Capacitance
V1 1- V2 -1 V3 = Vt •
V1 + V2 + V3 =
Vt
as c- -

kg so V =

%
•
The voltage across each capacitor depends
its capacitance
upon .

E. E.
" less voltage &
¥ Layer capacitor will have
°

+ +
-
-

, smaller will have more .

as 9--92=93--4 so .
When
charging stops ,
sum
of voltages of
I -1 E. E.) (E)
*
+ +
= *
capacitor is
equal to the
voltage of battery .

E. I. E. to = + +
 50µF
20µF 100µF
¥=÷o+Eo+ too
a)

Ct =
12.5µF
V19 ,
Vzqz V39}
b) of , = We =
93 = 9T
CV
q= T T
1-

Find the Total 12.5×10-6×12

capacitance
=
a)

of the
capacitors 9- 1.5×10-4 (
150µL )
-

- =

b)
Charge stoned on each

9=4 92=42 ↳ V3
capacitor
c)
, V3 -
-

150--100 V3
4 Potential
difference across 150=20 V ,
V 7- 5V
150=50 V2
Vz=3V V3 1. 5V
each
capacitor
-
- -_
.
,
Capacitors in Parallel
voltage
Both the
capacitors in
parallel
•

Ci will the
"
get charged to
q, same
potential difference
to that
which is equal
of
the
battery .

V1 =
V2 =
Vt
>

11/1
T
V,
charge
•

Charge stoned on each

capacitance plate depends upon the

capacitance of the
capacitor
-

91-192=9 t .

Large capacitor can hold

as q
-
- CV so mine
charge & smaller one

holds less CV qxc

q =
.

LIV , + ↳ V2 = CTVT
✗ 14 + G) =
G- t ) 9 , +92 = At
Ct = C, + Cz .
. .
+ Ln
Functions capacitor
of a

1. Stores
energy
Used in time circuit
2.
delay
3. Tuning circuits
4. Rectifiers Power
supply s
for smoothing
Discharging of a
capacitor +

rate
→ When the
of change of
a
quantity depends The
upon R
the
quantity itself
<
.

quantity follows an

exponential function .

IIA
"

Dq
1¥
or Io N I
q
.
←
, • ✗ • ✗
Hence
during discharge charge 91C
→ or v.
,
,

potential difference and VIV

•

¥t ✗
✓
current in the circuit decreases

exponentially .

" "
"

V at
"
•

Initially when q,
and

capacitor is high ,
the
discharge
rate is
fast
very
.
But as the
'

and value
capacitor Vdischarges
" "
of I ¥
tis
and Io e-
" "
decreases
capacitor
• =
on
q ,

the rate also decreases .

•
q =
% e- ¥c
•
V =
Vo e- Ec
 I = Io e- ¥ q =
go e- Ec
" "

current
" "

I : at time t W :
charge at time t
t: time t: time
Io : Max current when t :O 9 .
: Max charge when t :O

R resistance
of resistor R resistance
of resistor
: :

C capacitance of capacitor C capacitance of capacitor

: :

^
IIA " "" when tis time constant

;.,,y
at t T RC I will be to
equals
: -
-

I = I. e- Ec
I I. e- 1T¥ e.
g. Io 2A
-

= -

1-
Ioz Ie
'
I = Io e- = = 0.736 A
,
I
Ioz
=

"
T,
"
: i T
1 I
,
>
Time constant is the time taken
for
12C Rc
tls the current in the circuit to decrease
IT, ) ( Tu)

T ,
> I ,
to
IIe .
 the value Time constant will it
of decides how long
T
take

for a
capacitor to
discharge .

Layer value
of means

slower discharge .

As T : RC so
if
129 or CT ,
capacitor will discharge slow .

Capacitance of a
sphere I
point charge )

The

Y
9g 1-
C- k=
as so
capacitance of
-

>
r

•
41T Eo a
point charge
9
for a
point charge ,
is
directly proportional
" "
¥
" "
"" " " " " "" "
%
the !
4¥
'
sphere
c-
-

¥÷÷
.

:
C =
41Ttorr .

c-
÷
-