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Infiltration Part 2-1

This document discusses models of infiltration including Horton's infiltration model. It provides the equations for Horton's model and shows an example of applying the model to a dataset. Specifically, it shows the steps to: 1) Convert time data to hours and calculate incremental depths, infiltration rates, and the natural log of infiltration rates minus the final capacity. 2) Plot curves of infiltration capacity vs time, cumulative infiltration vs time, and cumulative infiltration vs infiltration capacity. 3) Obtain parameter values for Horton's model that best represent the data.

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Takitaki Kaka
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947 views28 pages

Infiltration Part 2-1

This document discusses models of infiltration including Horton's infiltration model. It provides the equations for Horton's model and shows an example of applying the model to a dataset. Specifically, it shows the steps to: 1) Convert time data to hours and calculate incremental depths, infiltration rates, and the natural log of infiltration rates minus the final capacity. 2) Plot curves of infiltration capacity vs time, cumulative infiltration vs time, and cumulative infiltration vs infiltration capacity. 3) Obtain parameter values for Horton's model that best represent the data.

Uploaded by

Takitaki Kaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHILIP’S

GREEN AMPT
HORTON’S MODEL
INFILTRATION
GREEN AMPT

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S

❖Horton (1933) showed that when the rainfall


rate i exceeds the infiltration rate f, water
infiltrates the surface soils at a rate that
generally decreases with time.
Horton’s Equation
𝒇𝒑 = 𝒇𝒄 + (𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒄)𝒆−𝒌𝒕
𝒇𝒑 − 𝒇𝒄 = 𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒄 𝒆−𝒌𝒕

where fp = infiltration capacity at any time t


from the start of the rainfall (in/hr)
GREEN AMPT

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S

fo = initial infiltration capacity at t = 0 (in/hr)

fc = final steady state infiltration capacity


occurring at t=tc, also, fc is sometimes
known as constant rate or ultimate
infiltration capacity (in/hr)

k = Horton’s decay coefficient which depends


upon soil characteristics and vegetation
cover or empirical constant (hr-1)
Example 01. Determine the following using the given
Infiltration capacity data obtained in a flooding type
infiltration test:
a. Plot the curves: infiltration capacity vs time,
infiltration capacity vs cumulative infiltration, and
GREEN AMPT

cumulative infiltration vs time

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S

b. Obtain the best values of the parameters in


Horton’s infiltration capacity equation to represent
this data set

Time since
5 10 15 25 45 60 75 90 110 130
start (min)
Cumulative
infiltration 1.75 3.00 3.95 5.50 7.25 8.30 9.30 10.20 11.28 12.36
depth (cm)
Step 1: Convert time to hr and compute for the time interval
Increment
Cumulati al Depth Infiltratio
Time Interval
Time (hr) ve Depth, in the n rate, fp ln(fp-fc)
(min) time (hr)
Fp (cm) interval (cm/hr)
(cm)
GREEN AMPT

A B C D E F G

HORTON’S
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =ln(F-fc)
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1.75 1.75 21.88 2.93
10 0.17 0.09 3 1.25 13.89 2.37
15 0.25 0.08 3.95 0.95 11.88 2.16
25 0.42 0.17 5.5 1.55 9.12 1.78
45 0.75 0.33 7.25 1.75 5.3 0.75
60 1 0.25 8.3 1.05 4.2 0.02
75 1.25 0.25 9.3 1 4 -0.2
90 1.5 0.25 10.2 0.9 3.6 -0.87
110 1.83 0.33 11.28 1.08 3.27

130 2.17 0.33 12.36 1.08 3.18


Step 2: Compute for the incremental depth
Increment
Cumulati al Depth Infiltratio
Time Interval
Time (hr) ve Depth, in the n rate, fp ln(fp-fc)
(min) time (hr)
Fp (cm) interval (cm/hr)
(cm)
GREEN AMPT

A B C D E F G

HORTON’S
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =ln(F-fc)
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1.75 1.75 21.88 2.93
10 0.17 0.09 3 1.25 13.89 2.37
15 0.25 0.08 3.95 0.95 11.88 2.16
25 0.42 0.17 5.5 1.55 9.12 1.78
45 0.75 0.33 7.25 1.75 5.3 0.75
60 1 0.25 8.3 1.05 4.2 0.02
75 1.25 0.25 9.3 1 4 -0.2
90 1.5 0.25 10.2 0.9 3.6 -0.87
110 1.83 0.33 11.28 1.08 3.27

130 2.17 0.33 12.36 1.08 3.18


Step 3: Compute for the infiltration rate, fp
Increment
Cumulati al Depth Infiltratio
Time Interval
Time (hr) ve Depth, in the n rate, fp ln(fp-fc)
(min) time (hr)
Fp (cm) interval (cm/hr)
(cm)
GREEN AMPT

A B C D E F G

HORTON’S
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =ln(F-fc)
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1.75 1.75 21 2.93
10 0.17 0.09 3 1.25 15 2.37
15 0.25 0.08 3.95 0.95 11.4 2.16
25 0.42 0.17 5.5 1.55 9.3 1.78
45 0.75 0.33 7.25 1.75 5.25 0.75
60 1 0.25 8.3 1.05 4.2 0.02
75 1.25 0.25 9.3 1 4 -0.2
90 1.5 0.25 10.2 0.9 3.6 -0.87
110 1.83 0.33 11.28 1.08 3.24

130 2.17 0.33 12.36 1.08 3.24


Step 4: Compute for ln(fp-fc)
Increment
Cumulati al Depth Infiltratio
Time Interval
Time (hr) ve Depth, in the n rate, fp ln(fp-fc)
(min) time (hr)
Fp (cm) interval (cm/hr)
(cm)
GREEN AMPT

A B C D E F G

HORTON’S
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =ln(F-fc)
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1.75 1.75 21 2.88
10 0.17 0.09 3 1.25 15 2.46
15 0.25 0.08 3.95 0.95 11.4 2.1
25 0.42 0.17 5.5 1.55 9.3 1.8
45 0.75 0.33 7.25 1.75 5.25 0.7
60 1 0.25 8.3 1.05 4.2 -0.04
75 1.25 0.25 9.3 1 4 -0.27
90 1.5 0.25 10.2 0.9 3.6 -1.02
110 1.83 0.33 11.28 1.08 3.24

130 2.17 0.34 12.36 1.08 3.24


Step 5: Plot the data in Infiltration capacity, fp vs Time, t and
Cumulative infiltration, Fp vs Time, t

Fp vs Time and fp vs Time Curve


25
Cumulative infiltration (cm) &
GREEN AMPT
Infiltration date (cm/hr)

20

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time since start in hours
Fp vs t fp vs t
Step 6: Plot the data in Infiltration capacity, fp vs cumulative
infiltration

fp vs Fp
25

fp = Infiltration capacity (cm/hr)


GREEN AMPT

20

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fp = Cumulative depth of infiltration (cm)
Step 7: Plot the data in ln(fp-fc) vs Time
ln(fp-fc) vs Time
3.5

2.5
GREEN AMPT

HORTON’S
2
PHILIP’S

1.5
ln(fp-fc)

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-0.5

-1

-1.5
Time (hr)
Step 8: Compute for the parameters using two-point slope

GREEN AMPT

HORTON’S
PHILIP’S
Green and Ampt proposed a model for infiltration capacity based on
Darcy’s law as
𝜼𝑺𝒄
𝒇𝒑 = 𝒌 𝟏 +
𝑭𝒑

GREEN AMPT
Where 𝜂 =porosity of the soil
PHILIP’S

Sc = capillary suction at the wetting front and


k = Darcy’s hydraulic conductivity
Equation could be considered as

𝒏
𝒇𝒑 = 𝒎 +
𝑭𝒑
Where m and n are Green-Ampt parameters of infiltration
model.
Example 02. Values of infiltration capacities at various times
obtained from an infiltration test are given below. Determine the
parameters of Green-Ampt Equation that best fits this data

GREEN AMPT
PHILIP’S

Time since
5 10 15 20 25 30 60 90 120 150
start (min)

Cumulative
infiltration 1.0 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.0 6.1 8.1 9.9 11.6
depth (cm)
Step 1: Tabulate the given data

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp 1/Fp
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

GREEN AMPT
A B C D E F H
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =1/D
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 1
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 0.56
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 0.4
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 0.32
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 0.28
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 0.25
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 0.16
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.12
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.1
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.09
Step 2: Convert time in hr and compute for the interval time

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp 1/Fp
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

GREEN AMPT
A B C D E F H
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =1/D
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 1
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 0.56
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 0.4
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 0.32
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 0.28
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 0.25
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 0.16
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.12
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.1
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.09
Step 3: Compute the incremental depth

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp 1/Fp
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

GREEN AMPT
A B C D E F H
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =1/D
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 1
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 0.56
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 0.4
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 0.32
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 0.28
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 0.25
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 0.16
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.12
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.1
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.09
Step 4: Compute the infiltration rate, fp (cm/h)

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp 1/Fp
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

GREEN AMPT
A B C D E F H
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =1/D
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 1
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 0.56
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 0.4
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 0.32
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 0.28
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 0.25
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 0.16
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.12
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.1
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.09
Step 5: Compute for the 1/Fp

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp 1/Fp
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

GREEN AMPT
A B C D E F H
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =1/D
PHILIP’S

0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 1
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 0.56
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 0.4
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 0.32
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 0.28
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 0.25
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 0.16
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.12
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.1
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.09
Step 6: Plot the values of infiltration rate, fp vs 1/Fp
Green-Ampt Model
14

12

GREEN AMPT
10
PHILIP’S

8
fp

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1/Fp
Step 7: Draw straight line that best fit through the plotted points
Green-Ampt Model
14

12

GREEN AMPT
10
PHILIP’S

8
fp

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1/Fp
Step 8: Compute for the Green-Ampt parameters

GREEN AMPT
PHILIP’S
Philip’s Equation
Philip's two term model relates Fp(t) as

𝟏
𝑭𝒑 = 𝒔𝒕𝟐 + 𝒌𝒕

PHILIP’S
where s = a function of soil suction potential and called
as sorptivity
k = Darcy’s hydraulic conductivity

By the equation infiltration capacity could be expressed as

𝟏 −𝟏
𝒇𝒑 = 𝒔𝒕 𝟐 + 𝒌
𝟐
Example 03. Values of infiltration capacities at various times
obtained from an infiltration test are given below. Determine the
parameters of Green-Ampt Equation that best fits this data

PHILIP’S
Time since
5 10 15 20 25 30 60 90 120 150
start (min)

Cumulative
infiltration 1.0 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.0 6.1 8.1 9.9 11.6
depth (cm)
Step 1-5: Complete the table

Cumulative Incremental Infiltration


Time Interval
Time (hr) Depth, Fp Depth in the rate, fp t^-0.5
(min) time (hr)
(cm) interval (cm) (cm/hr)

A B C D E F G
=A/60 =B'-B =D'-D =E/C =B^-0.5

PHILIP’S
0
5 0.08 0.08 1 1 12.5 3.54
10 0.17 0.09 1.8 0.8 8.89 2.43
15 0.25 0.08 2.5 0.7 8.75 2
20 0.33 0.08 3.1 0.6 7.5 1.74
25 0.42 0.09 3.6 0.5 5.56 1.54
30 0.5 0.08 4 0.4 5 1.41
60 1 0.5 6.1 2.1 4.2 1
90 1.5 0.5 8.1 2 4 0.82
120 2 0.5 9.9 1.8 3.6 0.71
150 2.5 0.5 11.6 1.7 3.4 0.63
Step 6: Plot the values of infiltration rate, fp vs t-0.5

Philip’s Model
14

12

PHILIP’S
10

8
fp

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

t^-0.5
Step 7: Draw straight line that best fit through the plotted points

Philip’s Model
14

12

PHILIP’S
10

8
fp

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

t^-0.5
Step 8: Determine the equation of the model using Philip’s Equation

PHILIP’S

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