av ~ aay \ Interpreting and i > Using Engineering ___ Informationco Interpreting engineering drawings, ec) lamiuction ‘Working owing reuse to provid nners wth te inermation they ned to St ee Iranfactare an engineered product, The canbe produce by hand sing paper and pen NOAM are sphisicated way ith copute-aided raving (CAD aston Deen types AMER ving crowings are used by engines cependng onthe inermaton ney rege [eeivel ld Component drawings PMI component caving wll gve us al he information needed to manufcture a OREM componens incicing sepereienetri REIMURIIREIE « rotwialiobowsed 9 airscefinsh Seer 2 physical dimensions 4 specific features such es thread sizes. The key advantage ofthis typeof draving is that | component ses and featues |) ADempiere doip are ey fo understand fom geen. compete the draning (se Figure 9.) Te ee ete Component cranings are ‘gn roses mainly used in aworkshop ||| Campmert-osigepetiet environment wher individu ‘seonsineruedby tebvt parts are being produced, SEES ue” component daning however Senet, Ira dow ot show usw scugeninegmedseim pare ftogethe Figure 9. Eunos ofa comerenidaning a @ Assembly drawings Asseraly drawings are used to show how a series o ompenents ar ssembled together to frm afi produc They are uredby engineers working on 2 production line or ina manufacturing cell o they can Wieualie the finished product and assemble tin the come way ee Figure 9.2) (One disadvantage of an assembly drawing = it often dose not give 2 qood idea ofthe si and shape of indvidual components within the assembly, Component cravangs are used to show gue 92 An nny avrg mul accep bys ofthe BEElneptng nd Using Engines infratin There ar thee other ype of assembly hang * Sub-assembly cravings show how several components a assembled together, 25 part of orgeraemby + Fabrcatin ssrby cravings ae socio stuctures mode fom hast mati nd torhonbemawiseelnedtgeteoywthobenrornesares ang. @) TTT + Welding assombly drawings show hw par are joined together by welding SP cane ¥” Repair/modification drawings acca ae eee These a uted to show maintenance tedricans how to make aepairor modification iwsacr sara ‘given component o°assembiy Only details ofthe repamedification are required ag aemaly 3D arg fen the ceawing showing the original par and/or assembly would already have been crested, sete na awn ‘ote tec tame ) Installation drawings Sepa These chanings showthe overalldimensionsofsprocuctandhowtoinstalitinkstinallocaton. DYN Forexample, plumber would use an instalation deawing when fitingaboller;astructursl OF ongineer would use an installation eeing when constuctinga steel fame for abulding, ” Wiring/circuit diagrams CGreut lagrams are used to show how components are connected. A iting cagram & aspect ype of cut cagram used in elecrical systems. These cagrams are el when engineers ae ying to dently and ropai faults in elecvical and id power systems. One ctadvantage that they ar often cfc to interpret, because they ave no indiaton ofthe sze and shape of the parts being investigated, © Orthographic projection When you need to show an cbjet in etal common to use an orthographle In Projection technique. This involves showing a three-dimensional object in a two- im ara mensional way, for diferrt vewpons. Each rtm stars withthe font ew ~ this iknown a the ont elevation. ‘There are two common types of projection, as shown in Figures 9.3 and 98 im. A sgongccteame —| OF SS ee © gue 9.3 Fist agit api oan sam Fee 9.4 Theda crtagrphpoecton stm mDee coms projson= #39 ‘epee of 20 cect blue pejeton- amet hatrgs 2 vow afoot ea nest he 3 ‘oteion he obee iw @ Aish teh San ‘Signo Senrsaton [ashe i bsn ‘Seno Sons tne Meet egising Orthographic projection is widely used by engineers to represent and manufacture ‘components. The main disadvantage af using this sytem stat its nat always clear what the final thzee-dimensiona product wil look ike ~ Isometric and oblique drawings lkometric and oblique drawings are both ways of representing an object three simensions (0), as shove in Figure 95. This allows you to get a.good ides ofthe shape of the object you sre looking a ‘An isometric view i 92D drawing of a 30 object constructed using lines ona three: axis yetem, This can be done using special paper, or by using a CAD system. Lines are drawn to scale, with vertical ines and lines at an angle of 30° o the horizontal ‘An oblique view shows the front view ofan objet, drawn using horizontal and vertical, lines at the corect scale. Adetional parallel ines ae aidad to indicate a 30 view, usualy at 45°, Unike in an sometrieeawing, these edition lines are not drawn to scale, producing aless realistic view of the 30 cbject than an isometric drawing, SS hj lebiue vara awe 95 Carlo ei loan rd rete Drawing standards Brhish Standards (85) ar technical dccuments and specications, which show engineers how to prerent engineering drawings. These include details 22h a how ‘ose fist and third angle projectionsystems, how to present dimensions and text ‘on drawings, what size paper you should use, what line types are used, hat symbols should be used to represent electrca, pneumatic and hydraulic components, and so ‘on. Engineering drawings are often very complex technical documents and without the use of these standards it would be very dificult for engineers to understand what information ie being represented)Inertia sig Engjoeing natin Company standardised layouts \When companies produce drawings itis important that al the people within the ‘organisation can understand the information being presented. Individual companiae| will often use a standard template for thet technical drawings to ensure key information selways given in the same place Title block This isa standard feature forall templates, halding information such asthe name end scale ofthe drawing and the date is was produced ar modified. Sometimes e tle block is company-specifc with information suchas the details of the people who have chacked and approved the drawing, the divsion or depsrtment of the company that created the draning, the weight, material, testing required, ete Company logo Engineering drawings are often shared with other organisations, contractors and customers. By including the company logo, as well asthe website address and phone number, the company has the opportunity to promote telf to ary person who looks at the drawing, 1 Figure 96 shows a working drawing of a par used 2 Figure 97 shows an aerospace component in a acing bicycle. Which ofthe three sectional ‘manufactured by Freeair Limited. Produce a lings, shown on the plan view, hasbeen ured to three-view representation ofthe part using create the sectional elevation? [1] fist angle projection. [3] ee eto FARRER ed SE Fae 9.7 an svcepce componentic Graphical representations CUSED Cad) oT era ™ FE sting Introduction Engineers communicate through the ue ofa ange of graphical techniques. In this section we wil explore fie diferent pes of 'aptcal representation Sketches “These are used asa relatively quick way to communicate information about 2 ‘component or assembly particularly # secompanied by notes. They do not contain all the features of full working drawing. They ae cften used to manufacture or modify 8 component quick when a partis urcenty required Schematic diagrams A schematic clagram isa visual presentation of asytem, wing pmb ether thon realitic {Quick and easy identification. The Lordon soften usedto alow Underground map is 3 good example of ¢ schamatic diagram: Flow charts ‘flow chart shows how several individual actions are inked (see Figure 98). For ‘example, 3 flow chan could be used to show the steps required to dawnload and install an application or piece of sofware fem the Internet. Flow chars use standard symbols: the most common anes are an oblong for starfish, a rectangle for an aciorvevent, tnd a diamond for yes/no decision Physical layout diagrams | Typo Anather name for thi ie plan, For examele, ® physical layout diagram might be produced to show the aerangement of machines in 2 workshop or the way that a network of heating brventiation might be erenged around a building (oe Figure 99Inerreting and Using Engine inomation slope downand compressor Fayre 9.9 phys yout ening of apie rangement Illustrations from manufacturers’ manuals “These are printed or electonic (e.g. online) documents that cantain exploded iagrams and images of products. A designer ill rer to this type of manual when deciding which component or part to use fora particular situation, For example, when vraulic pump for a given tsk, the tables of data n a manufacturers manual help you decisis the capacity, flow rate and pressure characteris, A cagram it often provided to allow the purchaser to understand how connactions can be made, ‘what the overall sizes are and how the pum can be fited/secured. Using the Internet or meteril provides! by your tutor research examples of 8 flow charts bb physical layout diagrams « illustrations from manufacturer’ manual, For aach example you identify, explain the reason forthe fem of graphical representation used Assessment activity 9.2 1 Look beck at Figure 98, The diamond shape 2 Lookeback again at Figure 98 The oblong iba: shapes 9 Yes/No decision « Action symbol 2 Yes/No decision & Aation symbol b Staristop decision Event symbol_ [1 b Staristop decision Event symbo!_ [1] 2 Explain one achantage of a flow diagram. 2 wsroPic a! CACM EO U MOL EeD tA) a y Introduction COC sg Working érawings contain a great dea ofimportantinformaton for engineers. For example they {Look at an assembly ‘include infarmaton about dimensions wtch allow uso preduce components a the coreet size, Cee Inthis section we wl ook at how information in engineering danings interpreted and used. eet el Materials or components Engineering pars are often refed toasbeing male or female. Ths general refesto threaded components. For example, a bolt wouldhave an external treat tread on the outside), whichisknown as a ‘male’ pat. The bots ofton assembled toa nut this is known as ferale’ part because it hasan intemal thresd(a thread on the inside) \Wrking drawings show us how these 2arts are connected, Hydraulic components are cften connected with male and female threaded components to prevent fui escaping ‘and help the flow of fd within the exc. Circuit diagrams often inicate the pressure that these parts wll need to withstand and the low rate of fluids traveling through them. ina similar way an electial/alectroni circuit diagram often shows the curent or voltage that components should be able to cope with; tis important for engineers to consider this when using these cicuits Dimensional detail Engineering cawings include informaton about the dimensions of feature ot so that the final products produced atthe recure see, Dimeneions always indicate the true sizeof an object, even ithe crawing isnot at fll sie —in other words, drawn to scale. Dimensions are shown ust once for each part they are nat tepeated, Engineers use sliferent types o ine when presenting this information an a drawing se Figure 9.10) ‘Dimension line ~ used ta indicate size; there should be a small artow (or occasionally a tick marl) at each end, ' Extension line~ a line that projects tom the edge ofthe component; there should bbe a small gap between the line andthe part * Leader ine a line that poins toa feature ofthe pat there should be an arrow on the end of this ine Dimensioning rules * Shorterlines shouldbe paced closer tothe objectto_» Hidden lines should not be dimensioned prevent dimension lines crossing. * Horizontal dimension lines feature the dimension + Ecension ines should aay have the some size tent a20ve the ne gap betwean the start ofthe line and the object, Vertical dimensions have the text on the lfchand * Dimensions should alvays appear away from the side cf the dimension ine and in ine with it~ ae jobject, not on top of though the horizontal dimension and text have been * Dimensions should be grouped together wherever rotated together. possible, 6 ceperring an Using Fyoerng information pT Ne Manet et Se soma” aT yl | A reecitntiy opto Pajecion ine a Uy) Sti an Ns Ia ae cst a —|_[ee: Faure 910 Dinonining examples esa ah, ameter, cnn, lene, ae tex eb ne an tit Linear tolerances Qua Its often very expensive to make pars toa very high degree of accuracy so we have “Yemen reed to decile whether tis expense necessary Allszes have tolerances applied: thai | [anweneeneet how we determine the accracy ofa measurement. Tolerance expressed ina ruber anrereinom rs tm of way; howeves, there ae two vty common methods rbd nso + 100210 mm this means the size is required tobe 100 nmbutcanbe biggerby up | Butiedaabtas to 10mm oramaller by upto TO mm. Seow tes + 20 mm - this means that the size must fall between @ minimum of 90mm and = See ee Sppara: eer ts a sa rt ceptors rman of "10 rm, fT eepR ‘eo onae oes Manufacturing/production detail ee Manufacturing or production dexals help enginaers understand any specif requirements pert or assembly might have; these details are often indicated by notes ‘or annotations on drawings. For example, « metal part might need to be very hard a note on the drawing would indicate the heat treazment method required to achiove this. An assembly diagram might include a note specifying how adhesive should be applied to components bafore assembly. fabrication crawing might note the specific ‘torque required when assembling thresded components (or when reassembling components after making repairs or modifications). minte fi ™ Mun '” Symbols and abbreviations “To save ime and space on a drawing we often shorten words, giving an abbreviation instead, or use recognised symbols Electrical/electronic Circuit diagrams ara used by enginee's to show how a range of components are put fagather ta build exeuit Stanclard symbols (nee Figure Lon page 242 for some cof the more common ones) ae ured to allow a quick and easy representation of the parts required. Circuit eingrams will have values writen next to many of the components to indicate the required size or cacy. Mechanical components Drawings uted by mechanical engineers often us standard conventions to alow features tobe drawn qucly and contatenly, But how can you determine, or example, whethor a bolt hat aheragon ead ft allow 2 spanner to recue ior ‘tether shoul be cap heed bot fequing the use of e hexagon head key)? Recogrising cifernt features from erinasring cravings is averyimportant requirement fr all engineers + Nuts—used to secure teaded components varity of types are available such as the standard nut equate nut and loging nt. + Bots—usedto connect and secure components, belts are used with sand take Gliferent forms, such as te henagonhead bo, cap head bolt and coatVeariage bal. + Serene - use to secure componens sere are threaded and leat int threaded holes in pars diferent designs incide the countersunk ead scren cheese head screw and cap head screw Springs used to retain and control movement; called steel wie often uted, although springs can be made fomubber or ther metals they ean be used in Compression and/or enon + Pins ~ another way to secure components, pins are usual nserted “Table 9.85 wr ool nd mon through hale ina lsger component such as abot; ypicl examples a fet pS fs i= ey sy DEC gin include the split pin, cotter pin and dowel pin, © Clips ~a way of securing pars that may need to-be removed later: spring pressure is exerted to secure them in a groove; typical ‘cxamples include ixginal ard extemal clips Singin © Keys a key is amal wedge or rectangle of metal thats placed in ‘key way and locks into another groove, allowing two parts to rotate Senet rns ‘together; if one of the parts were to stop rotating the key might break em ~butthi woud prerent more serous Gamage tothe arse * Drive mechanisms ~sthough a key i often used to allow dive tobe re ‘vasftred benveen wo components, other methods incude splines, serrations and coupings a Weld symbols Weld symbol as shown in Table 91, are used on drawings to indicate the ‘ype and size of weld being applied to a particular asserly Feature.Linear and geometrical tolerances We have explored the use of linear tolerances in the section on dimensions, above. Geometrical tolerances are diferent because they describe the shape or geometry of a part. British standard symbols are used to indicate when a particular geometrical tolerance is requited, a8 shown in Figuie 2.11 Abbreviations Engineering drawings ofton havea language ll of thei own — designers use a special kind of shorthond to abbreviate wel. known expressions Many ofthese are showin Table 92. Line types Enginoers use cifferont types of line in drawings. Thre is ‘astandarl fortis so that all engineers can understand ‘what is meant by each line. Table 9.3 shows some of the different types oflines and how to interpret them, 7a as ats eclipses ae Panis Appearance Cae Vali oti nd gen Intepeting an Using Engineering infration smo Token i arti [Eh roves [Of cxunty onteny elite a ne Oren ton [OT covery FET sonny (ZI, Pot eens ogatity EE ovmesinet ort [7]. Ret Fie 9.1 Genetica bt ond decors etd ns eke ines deco Chan tinne Coe tnas nino kt Sesinastnopiee Sens and oaet ee Devegeaniarte ‘With apanner use aur messue component. Howlong sit? How ese do SORE cuir you tink you can measure to? Wrte down your enswerand-suggest how accurate CMM ane You think you are. What measuring tol woul make your answer more acura? 1 Acompenenthas the dimension 15 mm +02 ES 18 What s the maximum size ofthe component? [1 = 'b What isthe minimum size of the component I] wr 2 An engineering crning vss the symbol shown in Figur 9.12 oo ec! Which ofthe following coe the symbol represent? [1 Fon i Olpoas concenticty © parallaism d squareness: 3 Esplain why itis often dificul to see where spot welds have been used on ‘szemiled components [2 ”ri ecu Ce Ore LT'| v . y Cem EEL : a) ‘ Introduction RUE NGGAA —sioroeyou ce workingin inustry aa lecician ad atthe rtf ech wek youare RIE vena scnedule ot josto cary ot Tess are asks which aed a Be complete oan area deren slandat.ouroy wel hve lie drawing and documentation ou aed bu there coe canbe other specialized intrmation ht you wil needa refer mee eet Manufacturing or process operations AREA (cinco in monuacting or processing ten allow specie nsrctions Sac! Product manufacture or modification ee Engineers often work closely with supplies of pats or components to ensure thatthe epication beng considered meet wit the soley recommendations ond spacfiestons. Equipment installation or repair Manufacurers provide information outing how equipment should be installed and ving details on maintenance and ropa including the details of spare parts System or service planning Engineer slo ute ralerece anual rintructione forsee or stem planing For exampl, when a technician i prearing to sence act they wl refer tothe service manual for thet vehicle to exablah the replacement pas requred at that service ser Tasks \Whon carrying out specific engineering tack, you will nae to refer to very spac information to ensure they are carried out to agreed standards Electronic component pin configuration specifications \When assembling ay kind of circuit, i's important that all components are connected correctly. Electronic creuts often contain components, such a integrated creuits, \ihich have multiple pins. Published epecications ae ured to indicate the function of tech pin allowing you to design # ci i ang serve oF ell of these epproprltely Standard reference charts for limits and fits Parts that fir together have varying degrees of ft. There are generaly thee types of fits Used in engineering, depending on how a round object (halt is through a hale. * Clearance ft for example, when ashaf is aller than a hele so it ean be put together and taken apart easly often use for nuts and bolts) « Interferance ft where a shaft is on requires some deformation to allow the pars to bs assembled together producing a very tight fit (often used for assembling bearings onto drive shat) + Transition ~ a compromise betwwer clearance and interference. oC HgInterpreting an Using Engng nfrmatien 'BS 4500 the UK standard covering mis (tolerances) and ft. Engineers refer to its reference chart when specifying the dimensions for parts that need to ft together. Tapping drill reference charts Lots of componsnts have hols tht are screw’ threaded so that fixing bots can be Screwed into them. Engineers use tp to produce an internal theead ina component Itis very mportent to Gil the comect diameter hole before cuting the tread. the holes too smal the threading tool wl jam up and snap. Hfthe leis too big, the ‘thread willbe weak, and may strip out By refering to a standard reference chart you can determine the correct size dl forthe thread being produced, Bend allowances Qn Before bending a piece of sheet meta hasta be marked out and extia length addled Acar body anally thsiscoladhe band alonmnce and wil dopend onthe rtalthcines bend mablonenmsett radius and angle ofthe bend. Engnaers ute ables/chars to ensure thet hentia sie ee Sn ofthe materi icone. 0 that the finshed crmporent willbe the required size Soe eae minis pees Material specifications Seeaieoeietcn Engineers often need to know how 2 material may behave and what procertis it has, For example, 2 spring needs to be elastic in order to deform easily ancl eturn to its ‘original position, but you would net want a hammerhead to deform easily in usa. Using (CQ\ SENT ‘material specications allows us to judge the properties of materiale and select the al appropriate material forthe parcular application Manufacturers’ data for the use of welding rods/bonding/finishing materials Engineers involved in fabrication techriques often need to refer to manufacturers! ‘manual, which isthe properties and performance characterises ofthe products ‘being considered, These manuals wll indicate how the products will behave in terms cf their performance and thei environmental characteristics. For example, welding rods come in diferent sizes and compositions for diferent applications ¥” Data sheets and books Data sheets and reference books ar often used in engineering. "Resistor colour codes ~ Resistors have colour coded bands that allow enginaers to determine ther valves (see page 148) "Date sheets for components = Manufacturers wll ten supply standard data sheets for mass-produced products suchas resistors, fuses, nuts, bolts, ols and 0 on, ' Zeus chars - Many engineers working in mecharicel workshops willhavea small pocket book containing chess thet indicate standard cil sizes andl decimal equivalents, tapping ils and clearances for mevc and imperil treads, hardness comparisons ig boring co-ocinates for equally spaced holes, allowances for sheet metal being nd s0.0n, Zeus books contain al these charts in one conversant reference Book ' Machinery handbook A reference book that is used by design engineers, toolmakers and workshop technicians. As well containing the sort of reference information contained with the Zeus book, it has chapters on mathematics, ‘mechanics, materials and so on, imrr CCU MEUM ST: Lcl8' 2 ELC COUCH Cas) Ce Co) eee Seat hope and Mandatory -an acon bi mt SE ston orth Heath 1 pve bdy nh Uc eneloes ‘Blaine prt ah, 1 STC gg Introduction Healtn ad safety vor important carsderation for engineers as there are many hazards associated with engineering activities When you enlor an engineering workshop you wll, ‘20 sgns on the machinery and displayed on the walls and natice boards. Many ofthese Wil Fefer to health and safely and you shoul ensure both that you understana wnat tese signs ‘mean and that you fllew their requireent. These signs are presented ina specific way, with diferent shapes an colours based ona standard used across Europe indicating the ‘category ofthe sgn The signs shoud te the came wherever they ae used Mandatory signs Mandatory means you have to do sonething, so whan you sae a mandatory sign you should enaura that you ae complingwith the given requirement. A mar isahvays dsplayed a8 a white pienie on a blue background, 2s chown in Figure 9.13 Mandatory signe are ured to indicate the following © ye protection Safety glasses should be worn in any part ofthe workshop where this sign is diplayed * Ear protection - Ear protection should be worn: pe of er protection xground noi, the time that you are exposed to this noise and the noise level of specificloud noises, suchas gunfire fon the general level of = Protective footwear be expected to wear so These boots ae alo ven you are working in an engineering workshop you wil tavcap boots to protect your toes agains falling objec. feof @ spacial material that can withstand oil and cherica attack. In some workshops, such 28 foundries, more substatial safety boots are required spect to the activity youre engaged in © Use of quard ~The picture on these signs varies depending on the type of quad, vihich ean be xed or adjustable, Guar can aso be interlocked, mearing the machine ‘cannot be operated without the guard being in place. You should nat rely on this, however the sign means you must check before using the machine or equipment, * Protective gloves ~ Where this signis displayed, protective gloves must be worn to ‘protect hands from sharp edges or shen handling chemicals + Face protection Although goggle: or eafoty 9 ‘eyes, # fll foce mask should be used where there may be a sk of sparks or liquid splashes to protect all ofthe face fiom danger * Switch of instructions Ths type o'sign is posted as a reminder to operators that 2 machine must be switched off when notin use. orn Balesleterpeting a Using Engng Ifrmetion Safe condition signs ea aaa a trae Tai iaicdinadcyneemrareoncsiccacoe aan pee rs Eerie Fre exit—A.sign that indicates where to exita room or building in case of danger/fre, © Emergency eye wash ~ A sign that indicates the location of eye wash to _assst in flushing foreign objects from people’ eyes, ‘= Emergency telephone - A sign that indietes the location of an emergency telephone. ‘= Assembly point A sign that indicates the point or place where people should gather in caze of an emergency such as» fre evacuation. ” Warning signs ei hice er a fry darn cat dey Siw tevienpdr eth bk gps onayaliowbecigraad ex shomn hae “begesldetAsgiutnscschaemcamoed cen (ESR on electricity pylons, for example. Beara ae oe al clearee eee rete tee Pee das enlace eto (Gain pearl gs Re Rash Eh ig San. vals ah 1 hppr nce Alig th ndeate tt ovtoe eae cman spon sai a astra cg po SB erga Pkeda detgcatd reddy erin prtohensen where peeled sed Eaeasta dar aeieenecei aise ee eae idvchaes ocr Alta sg tt neat at loll sbslance tt can cae hrm a See eae arene eee Iritant~A sign that indicates a substance that may eaus itching or iitation ifyou coma into contact with it Harmful ~A sign tat indicates the presence ofa harmful substance; usually a note indicates the precise nature ofthe potential azar.meer + Poison ~A sign that indicates the presence of @ poisonous substance; often seen on vehicles transporting dangerous chemicals, * Riskof explosion ~ A sign that incites a volatile gas or liquid that can explode if rot carefully contained and convoled (ricco Be worn re ae eed P deal Ses igre 0.1 tnd ath ey wane 1 What kind of sign fe utes a white graphic on a blue background? [1] 18 Mandatory Warning b Safety @ Emergency 2 Which of the following is a safe condition sign? (1) » Poison © Biohazard bb Emergency stop 4 High voltage 3 What shape and colour are warning signs? 2] 1M ac HeteganngInept andi Enaeening imation Frank Jones Technical illustrator Beceuse 0 in, we ate all mult 41 Whet are the benetis to Frank of sing charts and tables? 2 What sor of data do you think Frank engineering draning for? think there need tobe safety signs avenwhere in the workshop? UNIT?roPlc Using aa production documentation Introduction Engineering tasks wll usually requir expert knowledge onthe part athe person carrying ‘them out An expert eften rete to information sources, because itcanbe gute dificult, toholdall the information they nee inthe head. In order to ensure that operation are teng carried ot elletivaly in working enviconments Yr example a brewery ra chemical works) ts important that information related to ‘manutactring, testing and maintenance is refered to and adhered CoC aad Work output documentation Manufacturing documentation When manufacturing a (SOP), assembly instructions, machines This information i often displayed on mi rete ponent, itis important that standard operating procedures tinge and soon ar referred to raguary. hines ox posters and can also be found on engineering draw iin guidance decuments, on veualdeplay boards and £0 on, Process documentation i rt imgeing'B Questions where you are asked to give a short answer worth 1-2 marke Tip: Look carefully at how the question seid out to see how many points you sill need to give Examples: Explain one advantage of on {_ wnatisthe mearing ofthe | electronic ceuit diagram. [2) symbol shown below? [1], Answer: An alactronic creut ciagram uses stondard symbols toreprecent the different ‘components. This means that drawing is clearer to read than Answer: litant ifitwere drawn as it looks © Questions where you are asked to give a longer answer - these can ‘be worth up to 8 marks Tips: Ensure you answer all parts of the question in order to achieve full marks. Remember to check your answer once you havo finished. Example: Discuss how an engineer would use a creuitcagram and an assembly