St.

Louis College of Bulanao

Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga 3800

TITLE/TOPIC
DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS/INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
I. INTRODUCTION

This Chapter is designed to provide an overview and concept of crisis and emergencies. This
module discusses the types of crisis/emergencies and terrorism as one major source of crisis.

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Describe and explain the basic concept of crisis and emergency.
 Identify all warning system during disasters and emergencies.
 Develop self-awareness and strengthen capacities as negotiators and as peace builder

III. COURSE CONTENT

A. CRISIS AND EMERGENCY

Crisis came from the Greek word “crisis”, which means to separate. As defined Wagnalls, crisis is a
turning point in the progress of an affair or a series of events. Through crisis is often used
interchangeably with emergency, and crisis develop from an emergency and vice versa, these terms
have certain degree of difference.
Emergency came from the Latin word “emergentia” meaning a dipping; plunging. It is defined as a
sudden condition or state of affairs calling for immediate action.

TYPES OF CRISIS/EMERGENCY
Crises or emergencies are either man-made or natural, and categorized as follows:
a. Man-Made Crises/Emergencies
(1) Civil disturbance
(a) Violent labor strikes
(b) Riots
(c) Anarchy
(d) Disorderly Mass Demonstrations
2) Revolt
(a) Mutiny
(b) Insurrection
(c) Coup d `etat
(3) Revolution
(4) Boarder incident
(5) War
a. Conventional
b. Nuclear
(6) Kidnapping
(7) Hijacking
(a) Air
(b) Sea
(c) Land
(8) Hostage-taking
(9) Terroristic activities (bombing, arson, assassination/liquidation, extortion, intimidation, etc.)
(10) Attacks/raids on government installations/ facilities and vital facilities
(b) Natural Crises/Emergencies
(1) Fire
(2) Marine/Air Disasters

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 (3) Structural collapse
(4) Hazardous spills
(5) Utilities failure (power, water, telephone)
(6) Nuclear accidents
(7) Food Scarcity/famine
(8) Fuel shortage Pestilence/epidemic
(9) Pestilence/Epidemic
(10) Floods
(11) Volcanic Eruption
(12) Earthquake Tsunami
(13) Tidal Wave
(14) Typhoons
(15) Drought

When a crisis occurs as a result of natural disasters or calamities, the organization that shall primarily
address the same will be the National Disaster Coordinating Council and its subordinate entities. The
disaster management activities: n this regard shall then be governed separately by Presidential Decree No.
1566 dated June 11, 1978 and its implementing rules, regulations and policies
However, the NDCC is presently called National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
through R.A. 10121.
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), formerly known as
the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), is a working group of various government, non-
government, civil sector and private sector organizations of the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines established by Republic Act 10121 of 2010. [2] It is administered by the Office of Civil
Defense (OCD) under the Department of National Defense (DND). The Council is responsible
for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or emergencies

Note: Executive Order 137 declares July as the NATIONAL DISASTER CONSCIOUSNESS MONTH

B. THE 4P CRISIS MANAGEMENT MODEL

Crisis incidents occur when they are least expected. What make these incidents me crises situations is
when they go out of control and cause destruction to lives property or endanger public safety. The 4P
Crisis Management Model is envisioned dress crises situations in two-phases the Proactive and the
Reactive phase. The reactive phase composed of four stages; Prediction, Prevention, Preparation and
Performance.
a. The Proactive Phase. This phase is designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence the
same time prepare to handle them when they occur. It encompasses 3Ps of the 4P Crisis Management
Model
(1) Prediction This stage involves foretelling of the likelihood of crises occurring or manmade
through the continuous assessment of the all possible threats and threats groups, as well as the analysis
of developing or reported events and incidents. Crises incidents can be predicted through updated
inputs from intelligence reports as well as the continuous monitoring and analysis of the confluence of
related events. In case of man-made crises/emergencies, and some natural crises/ emergencies, this
stage requires continuous study of the targets of existing threats, specifically the threat groups, their
probable targets and the vulnerabilities of critical installations and facilities. All threats and threat
groups should be considered whether they are internal or external to any organization or facility.
(2) Prevention When most man-made crises/emergencies, this stage involves the institution of
passive and active security measures, as well as the remedy or solution of destabilizing factors
and/insecurity flaws leading to such crises/emergencies. On the other hand, most natural
crises/emergencies at this stage require vigilance and alertness to signs and manifestations of
developing crises/ emergencies. Warning/alert systems have to be established to increase the chances or
odds of preventing the occurrences of crises/emergencies. Preventive actions may well be applied to
both natural and manmade crises/emergencies to prevent them from developing to uncontrollable
proportions.
(3) Prepare Preparation for crises/emergencies entails planning, organization, training and
stockpiling of equipment and supplies needed for such crises/emergencies. Simulated drills at
unspecified days and times test the effectiveness of preparations bring out flaws and weaknesses, and
corrections/remedies effected to heighten levels of readiness of systems, procedures, organization,
equipment and logistics to better cope with actual crises/emergencies.

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 b. The Reactive Phase - Performance This phase covers the last of the 4Ps, Performance, which is the
actual execution or implementation of any of contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs despite
the pro-active measures. The objectives in this stage are:
 to ensure a high probability of success in neutralizing the perpetrator(s);
 to minimize, or cushion the adverse effects of the crisis incident; and, to ensure a smooth
and speedy rehabilitation or return to normalcy.
The performance of crisis management action for terrorist-based crises! Management is done in three
stages:
(1) Initial Action All Unit Commanders are required to understand and acquaint themselves on Crisis
Management doctrine. As such, they will be held responsible for all their actions. Any military/police unit
taking cognizance of a crisis incident shall immediately undertake appropriate actions to contain the crisis
situation and report the matter to the cognizant agencies through channels, regardless such crisis situation
is within or beyond its capability to handle. The initial action includes monitoring of the progress of the
incident, securing the scene, protecting itself, establishing perimeter security, evacuating innocent
civilians, if possible, preventing the escape of the perpetrators, until the designated security and tactical
elements/units augment its unit as they arrive. Other than the aforecited tasks, the initial action unit shall
not engage in any tactical action against the perpetrators except in its own defense.

(2) Action The action phase begins as soon as the On-Scene Command Post (OSCP) is established and
the Tactical intervention, service support units, Negotiations Teams and the Public Affairs personnel
arrive and are deployed. The On-Scene Commander (OSC) gradually relieves the initial action unit
commander and completes staffing of the OSCP. The OSC discusses the incident with the commanders
and staff of the units and agencies involved and plans what actions to take and establish positive contact
with Crisis Management Committee (CMC) to ensure that all his succeeding actions are cleared. The
action phase consists of two distinct activities: negotiation and tactical action/intervention which may take
place independently either simultaneously or in succession; In any case, however, both activities are
under the complete control and supervision of the On-Scene Commander.

(3) Post Action This stage begins as soon as the perpetrators surrender, or when they are captured or
neutralized and the crisis situation is deemed cleared. The on scene Commander ensures that necessary
Post Action activities are undertaken to restore normalcy and bring responsible to court.

C. THE THREAT GROUPS

(a) Political Terrorists these are ideologically-inspired individuals or groups. They want prestige and
power for a collective goal or higher cause. Many of its members have extensive criminal backgrounds.
They often recruit new members from prisons. beginning their indoctrination and training while still
confined thereat. These recruits see membership in the terrorist groups an opportunity to exercise violent
behavior and they have pathological need for the support and identification provided by group
membership. The CPP/NPA, MILF and MNLF Lost Command are basically considered as belonging to
the category of political terrorists, being called Dissident Terrorists (DTs) and Southern Philippine
Terrorists (SPTs), respectively. The ultra armed elements are likewise classified under this category.
While these groups advocate different ideologies, their characteristics, organizations, and modus operandi
re similar in that they may follow violent patterns of terrorist actions such as hostage takings,
assassinations, bombing of buildings, bridges and power lines, arsons, ambuscade, etc.
(b) Criminals These are people who commit terrorists acts for personal either than ideological gain.
Some of their terroristic acts such as kidnapping or extortion, are planned. Others are not planned, but
happen as a result of the confrontation and encounter with law enforcement agencies to an on-going
crime. For instance, a number of bank robberies have evolved into hostage-taking situations when
policemen arrive in response to an alarm while the robbery is still in progress.
(c) Mentally-Damaged Individuals These people commit terrorists acts during a period of psychiatric
disturbance. These type maybe the most difficult terrorists to deal with. Many of them are impulsive and
unpredictable.
(d) Religious Extremists Mainly belonging to Southern Religious Fundamentalists orient of other
faiths, they are apt to execute hostages belonging to other religious groups.
(e) Economically-motivated groups/individuals mainly belonging labor groups. Depending on their
ideological orientations, motivations and long understanding situation, recourse to violence may be
resorted to many reasons favorable them. (2) Terrorist Characteristics (a) Common Characteristics - The
following are characteristics common to terrorist groups: - They promote fear. - Usually militarily weaker
than the opposing security force. - Do not necessarily equate tactical with mission success. Publicly may

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 be the main terrorist objective. - Highly mobile. - Exploit the fact that terror is cheap. A few perpetrators
with inexpensive small arms can create disruptions affecting whole nations. - Possess limited resources. -
Operate most often under cover. - Believe small groups means security and efficiency.

C. TERRORIST OPERATIONS
Terrorist operations are covert and well-executed. They are usually carried out by specially-trained,
specially-equipped and specially-organized clandestine elements.
(a) Weapons Terrorist usually use basic arms and explosives during operations. However, they
continue to seek access to advanced weaponry.
(b) Training Terrorist often undertakes training activities away from their homeland, usually in
countries known to be sympathetic to terrorist activities. They really train on subversion, weaponry,
infiltration and negotiation practices. Generally, specially trained terrorist are of above-average
intelligence. They are usually trained on:
1. subversion
2. weaponry
3. infiltration
4. negotiation practices and others

(c). Sequence of Terrorist Actions

1. Pre-Incident Pre-operational activities include reconnaissance missions, thirty periods
of training, and rehearsals. Plans are conceived by the command rents while target and area
reconnaissance teams and actual perpetrators do not et Information are passed down through
intermediaries, liaisons, or by message drops. Most terrorist contingency plans include alternative
targets, alternative negotiation demands, departure or escape routes and reassembly points.
2. Post-Incident Phase During the post-incident phase, the terrorist members regroup,
critique and criticize the operation. They learn their successes and failures. This learning is often
shared with other terrorist groups.

Terrorist tactics
(a) Bombing - Delivery to target is done through:
1. vehicle Bombs - Booby trapped vehicles with attached devices and car bombs.
2. Laid Charges - bombs placed by hand.
3. projected Bombs - bombs thrown by hand, launched from rifles, or projected by
a mortar device.
4. Postal/Mail Bombs - bombs sent through letters, parcels and other items sent by
mail.
Activation means
1. Command Activation - by radio, electric leads, pull wire, or mechanical strikers.
2. Action by the Subject/Target - Trip wire, pressure device, light sensitive device,
electric switch.
3. Time Delay - clock, burning, fuse, chemical delay, atmospheric pressure.

(b) Arson -This is used to destroy or disrupt targets such as public utilities, official
headquarters, economic and industrial facilities.
(c) Hijacking -Hijacking and skyjacking are very popular means used by the Terrorists.
Terrorists hijack vehicles with supply, ammunition, fuel cargoes. Hijacked a closed military
installation. Skyjacking of commercial aircraft, on the other hand, ~an(ee pu6aclty nor the terrors.
d) Assassination/Liquidation This is the oldest but still the most widely used terrorist
tactic. Targets are often predictable, and invariably, the terrorist will claim responsibility for the
assassination. All three categories of terrorists operate against government officials, corporate
executives, military, police and security officials. The CT's sparrow operations are considered
under this type of terrorist tactics.
(e) Ambush This is a well-planned, generally well-thought-out, properly rehearsed and
precisely executed operation. The terrorist have time on his side and will spend considerable time
preparing for an operation. Terrorists have an advantage in that they can choose their time and
place on operation.
(f) Kidnapping -Kidnapping for ransom is the most common form of this tactics. The
victim is normally confined in a secret hideaway and the kidnapper makes material demands.

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 (g) Hostage- Taking The hostage-taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the
victims for ransom. His demands are often more than just material in mature. Political
concessions are frequently demanded in exchange for the hostages’ lives media. Second, the fact
that live hostages are involved increases the drama of the event, thus pressure can be applied by
the terrorists to force accessions hostage is a tangible-asset to the terrorist, something with which
to bargain.
(h) Robbery/ Extortion Terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their
activities, terrorist rob banks and armoured vehicles and persons carrying large sums of cash.
Bank robberies are also used as graduation exercises for terrorist training programs and viewed as
a tactical operation. They conduct reconnaissance, plan escape routes and operate with a high
degree of efficiency.
(i) Progressive Taxation The progressive taxation scheme of the CPP/NPA is a form of
extortion through coercion or use of force against the victim or his property.
(j) Raids/Attacks Target may not necessarily be vital, isolated or large ones what is
important is the raid/attack will attract public/media attention.

TERRORIST TARGETS
(a) Military/Police To the terrorist, the military, para-military and police elements are
sources of arms, explosives and other weaponry. Attacks against the military seen as the
protective element of the political or national body the terrorist is attempting terrorist effort
Military/Police targets of the terrorists include: - Sensitive weapons - Arms and ammunition
depots - Command and control facilities - Logistical/Storage facilities - Explosives
(b) Engineering and Energy Systems - Hydroelectric plans Offshore oil rigs - Nuclear
facility sites - Gas pipelines - Dams and electric power lines
(c) Communication and Supplies - Communication lines and facilities - Chemical
storage sites - Dock facilities - Equipment warehouses - Computer facilities
(d) Transportation - Rail lines and cars - Bus depots - Airports and aircrafts - Trucking
facilities - Shipyards and ships - Main land routes and bridges
(e) Human (VIP’s) - Members of the Diplomatic Corps - Government officials -
Corporate Executives - Police - Military personnel - Dependents/close relatives/sympathizers of
the above

A. ASSESSMENT
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read each instruction very carefully. Students who are residing in Tabuk
should submit it personally to the CJJE OFFICE on Decemeber 08, 2020. Should you have any questions
or clarifications, you may message me through my messenger account (Reyna Dumaguing) or call my
number (09455776672).
I.RESEARCH CONNECTION.
1. Identify the colors of danger given by the PAGASA to alert the public of possible rainfall and
flood.
2. Identify the various public storm signal levels issued by the PAGASA.

Note; Write your answer on a yellow pad paper. Continue writing on a separate sheet of pad
paper.

I. REFERENCES
 Alternative Modes of Dispute Resolution: The Philippine Practice by Victor P. lazatin
 https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Download/Als/pdf/18.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276355338_Alternative_Dispute_Resolution_Module
 Crisis-Management-Manual-1996.pdf (pnp.gov.ph)

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 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga 3800

This module is a requirement of the St. Louis College of Bulanao in response to

the implementation of the Blended Learning way of Instruction.

This Learning Material is a property of the College of Education – St. Louis

College of Bulanao, Tabuk City. It aims to improve students’ performance specifically in
the Criminology Education.

Date of Development : October, 2020

Resource Location : Bulanao, Tabuk City
Learning Area :CRIM 15 (Dispute Resolution and Crisis
Management)
Learning Resource Type : Module 5 (Final coverage)

General Instruction/s:
The module is designed to provide an overview and concept of crisis/
emergencies.. Series of activities and discussions will encourage you to explore and
learn about the topic. Through this module, the following instruction/s should be followed.

1. This module is exclusively for SLCB students only.

2. Reproduction and use of this module for any purpose is strictly prohibited, unless
with the written permission from SLCB.
3. You may use this module for any acceptable purposes.

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